KOMPOTENSI DASAR

3.4. Membedakan fungsi sosial, 4.4. Menangkap makna secara kontekstual

struktur teks, dan unsur terkait fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan
kebahasaan beberapa teks unsur kabahasaan teks explanation lisan
explanation lisan dan tulis dan tulis, terkait gejala alam atau sosial
dengan memberi dan meminta yang tercakup dalam mata pelajaran lain di
informasi terkait gejala alam kelas XII
atau sosial yang tercakup dalam
mata pelajaran lain di kelas XII,
sesuai dengan konteks
penggunaannya

Tujuan Pembelajaran
Melalui Pendekatan saintifik, Model discovery Learning dan Metode Audio Visual/Audio,
didik dapat Mengidentifikasi, Menjelaskan, Membedakan, dan Menanggapi/Merespon
menjawab makna terkait fungsi sosial, struktur teks dan unsur kebahasaan beberapa
explanation lisan dan tulis dengan memberi dan meminta informasi terkait gejala alam
atau sosial yang tercakup dalam mata pelajaran lain di kelas XII, sesuai dengan konteks
penggunaannya dengan religius, disiplin, percaya diri, menghargai, bersyukur, bangga,
komunikatif, kritis dan mandiri.

Materi

Explanation Text

Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social,

scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’ of the
forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text
books.

Generic Structure of Explanation Text

– General statement
General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.

– Sequenced of explanation
Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.

General Rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas
Statement of the world, providing suitable conditions for diverse
ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power
plants and crop irrigation.
Sequenced of The phenomenon of rain is actually a water circle. The
Explanation concept of the water cycle involves the sun heating the
Earth’s surface water and causing the surface water to
 evaporate. The water vapor rises into the Earth’s
atmosphere. The water in the atmosphere cools and
condenses into liquid droplets. The droplets grow until
they are heavy and fall to the earth as precipitation
which can be in the form of rain or snow.

However, not all rain reaches the surface. Some

evaporates while falling through dry air. This is called
virga, a phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry
desert regions

Purpose of Explanation Text

– Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social,

scientific, and cultural phenomena.

– To explain how or why something happens.

Language Features of Explanation Text

In an explanation text, there are linguistic features as below :

– Using simple present tense
– Using abstract noun (no visible noun)
– Using Passive voice
– Using Action verbs
– Containing explanation of the process ..

Example of Explanation Text about Natural Phenomenon

How does Rain Happen?

Rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas of the world, providing suitable
conditions for diverse ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and
crop irrigation.

The phenomenon of rain is actually a water circle. The concept of the water cycle
involves the sun heating the Earth’s surface water and causing the surface water to
evaporate. The water vapor rises into the Earth’s atmosphere. The water in the
atmosphere cools and condenses into liquid droplets. The droplets grow until they are
heavy and fall to the earth as precipitation which can be in the form of rain or snow.

However, not all rain reaches the surface. Some evaporates while falling through dry air.
This is called virga, a phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry desert regions
Example of Explanation Text about Process of Making Chocolate

How Chocolate is Made

Have we wondered how we get chocolate from? Well this time we will enter the
amazing world of chocolate so we can understand exactly we are eating.

Chocolate starts a tree called cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions,
especially in place such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree
produces a fruit about the size of a small pine apple. In side the fruits are the tree’s
seeds. They are also known as coco beans.

Next, the beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun. After that they are
shipped to the chocolate maker. The chocolate maker starts processing by roasting the
beans to bring out the flavour. Different beans from different places have different
qualities and flavour. So they are often shorted and blended to produce a distinctive
mix.

The next process is winnowing. The roasted beans are winnowed to remove the meat
nib of the cacao bean from its shell. Then the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are
grounded to make it liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter.

All seeds contain some amount of fat and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao
beans are half fat, which is why they ground nibs from liquid. It is pure bitter chocolate.

Example of Explanation Text – How a Cancer is Formed

How a Cancer is formed

What is cancer? It is actually a group of more than one hundred separate diseases. Most
of us are fear from cancer It is reasonable because next to heart disease, cancer is the
second leading cause of death.
Cancer cells come from normal cells because of mutations of DNA. Those mutations can
occur spontaneously. The mutations may be also induced by other factors such as:
nuclear and electromagnetic radiation, viruses, bacteria and fungi, parasites, heat,
chemicals in the air, water and food, mechanical cell-level injury, free radicals, evolution
and ageing of DNA, etc. All such factors can produce mutations that may start cancer.

Cancer cells are formed continuously in the organism. It is estimated that there are
about 10,000 cancer cells at any given time in a healthy person. Why do some result in
macroscopic-level cancers and some do not? First, not all damaged cells can multiply
and many of them die quickly. Second, those which potentially divide and form cancer
are effectively destroyed by the mechanisms available to the immune system. Therefore
cancer develops if the immune system is not working properly or the amount of cells
produced is too great for the immune system to eliminate.
 How A Fuel Light Works

Many cars, motorcycles and other modern vehicles have fuel warning light devices. the
warning light is usually red which switches on automatically when the level of fuel in
the tank is very low. The warning light gives the driver information about the amount of
petrol in the tank. When the light switches on red, it tells the driver that the petrol in the
tank is almost empty. Therefore he have to put more fuel into the tank. However do you
know how the fuel warning works?

Well this is the way the fuel warning light work and gives the driver information about
the accurate amount of the petrol in the tank. When the level of the fuel falls, the float
inside the tank moves downwards. When this condition happens, the arm also moves
downwards and it make the lever touch an electrical contact. This switches on the fuel
light in the car dashboard.

The red light which appears in the fuel panel of the dashboard tells the driver that he
needs more petrol for his car. When he pours more petrol into the tank, this condition
makes the fuel level rise and it pushes the float upwards. In return it disconnects to the
electrical contact and makes the red light switch off.

Students’ Work Sheets (LKPD)

Kompetensi Dasar 3.4 dan 4.4
Name :
Class :
Task 1
Please read this texts, after you read this texts identify social function of the texts
Text 1
All human beings eat food and make use of the chemical energy in it, so do all
other animals. Perhaps you wonder where all that chemical energy comes from. Why
doesn’t the food all get used up?
The answer is that new food is being grown as fast as old food is used to. It is the
green plants that form the new food. Animals either eat the plants or eat other animals
that have eaten plants.
The green substance of plants is chlorophyll. Chlorophyll can absorb sunlight.
When it does so, it changes the energy of the sun into chemical energy. The chemical
energy present in sunlit chlorophyll is used to combine dioxide in the air with water
from the soil. Starch and other complicated compounds are formed. These are high in
chemical energy obtained from the sunlit chlorophyll.
They make up the food on which mankind and all other animals live. In the
process of forming this food, some oxygen atoms are left over. These are given off into
the air by the plants. The whole process is called photosynthesis.
Thus, plants use sunlight to from food and oxygen to from carbon dioxide and water
again. Plants change the sun’s energy into chemical energy. And animals change the
animal energy into kinetic and heat energy.
Answer the social function of the text
is ............................................................................................................................................................................
..
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................

Text 2
How the Water Cycle Works
Solar energy evaporates exposed water from seas, lakes, rivers, and wet soil; the
majority of this evaporation takes place over the seas. Water is also released into the
atmosphere by the plants through photosynthesis. During this process, known as
evapotranspiration, water vapour rises into the atmosphere.
Clouds form when air becomes saturated with water vapour. The two major
types of cloud formation are satisfied or layered grey clouds called staratus and
billowing white or dark grey cloud called cumulus clouds.
Precipitation as rain, or hail ensures that water returns to Earth’s surface in a
fresh from. Some of this rain, however, falls into the seasand is not accesible to humans.
When the rain falls, it either washes down hill slopes or seeps underground; when snow
and hail melts, this water may also sink into the ground.
Rain fall also replenishes river water supplies, as does underground water. Snow
fall may consilidate into glaciers and ice sheets which, whan they melt, release their
water into the ground, into stream or into the seas.
 Rain is advantageous because it brings water for all living things. But rain can be
disastrous too, because too much rain will cause floods which can wash away people,
houses and other valuable properties.
Answer the social function of the text
is ............................................................................................................................................................................
..
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................

Text 3
Do you know how paper is made? Well, people make paper from trees. First, they
cut down trees that make good paper, and then they transport the logs to the factory. At
the factory, they wash the logs to the factory. At the factory, they wash the logs to rinse
away dirt and other impurities. After that, the logs are put into machines to make small
wood chips and then process these chips into pulp.
This pulping process is to separate wood fibers. This is important, because
different kinds of paper need different kinds of fibers. So, that is why they have
different techniques of pulping too. The pulp looks like a mushy and watery solution,
but if you look at it with a microscope you can see the individual fibers. All have been
separated.
When you get this, you are ready to make paper. You do it by removing the water
because 99% of the solution is water. To remove the water, they spray the soup on a
long wide screen. They call this wire. And then the water runs to the bottom of the wire,
and fibers are caught on the top side of the wire. Here, the fibers bonds together and
then make a thin mat, the fiber mat. Then people squeeze this mat with rollers to
remove more water. After this pressing, the mat still contains water. It is about 60% of
it.
Now the mat is ready to go to the drying process. This mat, then, has to go
through some rollers, sometimes, a dozen of them. These hot rollers seal the
fiberscloser and closerand eventually turn the mat into paper.
To make paper with the same thickness, people use a paper machine. It is called
the calendar. This machine has big iron rollers that press and dry papers smooth with
the same thickness. From here, you can do everything else. You can coat it with fine
clayto make it glossier or easier to print on, and so on. That is why paper comes in
different sizes, thickness and appearance.
Answer the social function of the text
is ............................................................................................................................................................................
..
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................

Task 2
Please Identify this Texts (The Generic Structures of ExplanationTexts)
Text 1
All human beings eat food and make use of the chemical energy in it, so do all
other animals. Perhaps you wonder where all that chemical energy comes from. Why
doesn’t the food all get used up?
The answer is that new food is being grown as fast as old food is used to. It is the
green plants that form the new food. Animals either eat the plants or eat other animals
that have eaten plants.
The green substance of plants is chlorophyll. Chlorophyll can absorb sunlight.
When it does so, it changes the energy of the sun into chemical energy. The chemical
energy present in sunlit chlorophyll is used to combine dioxide in the air with water
from the soil. Starch and other complicated compounds are formed. These are high in
chemical energy obtained from the sunlit chlorophyll.
They make up the food on which mankind and all other animals live. In the
process of forming this food, some oxygen atoms are left over. These are given off into
the air by the plants. The whole process is called photosynthesis.
Thus, plants use sunlight to from food and oxygen to from carbon dioxide and water
again. Plants change the sun’s energy into chemical energy. And animals change the
animal energy into kinetic and heat energy.
General .................................................................................................................................................
Statement .................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Sequenced of .................................................................................................................................................
Explanation .................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

Text 2
How the Water Cycle Works
Solar energy evaporates exposed water from seas, lakes, rivers, and wet soil; the
majority of this evaporation takes place over the seas. Water is also released into the
atmosphere by the plants through photosynthesis. During this process, known as
evapotranspiration, water vapour rises into the atmosphere.
Clouds form when air becomes saturated with water vapour. The two major
types of cloud formation are satisfied or layered grey clouds called staratus and
billowing white or dark grey cloud called cumulus clouds.
Precipitation as rain, or hail ensures that water returns to Earth’s surface in a
fresh from. Some of this rain, however, falls into the seasand is not accesible to humans.
When the rain falls, it either washes down hill slopes or seeps underground; when snow
and hail melts, this water may also sink into the ground.
Rain fall also replenishes river water supplies, as does underground water. Snow
fall may consilidate into glaciers and ice sheets which, whan they melt, release their
water into the ground, into stream or into the seas.
Rain is advantageous because it brings water for all living things. But rain can be
disastrous too, because too much rain will cause floods which can wash away people,
houses and other valuable properties.
General .................................................................................................................................................
Statement .................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Sequenced of .................................................................................................................................................
Explanation .................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

Text 3
Do you know how paper is made? Well, people make paper from trees. First, they
cut down trees that make good paper, and then they transport the logs to the factory. At
the factory, they wash the logs to the factory. At the factory, they wash the logs to rinse
away dirt and other impurities. After that, the logs are put into machines to make small
wood chips and then process these chips into pulp.
This pulping process is to separate wood fibers. This is important, because
different kinds of paper need different kinds of fibers. So, that is why they have
different techniques of pulping too. The pulp looks like a mushy and watery solution,
but if you look at it with a microscope you can see the individual fibers. All have been
separated.
When you get this, you are ready to make paper. You do it by removing the water
because 99% of the solution is water. To remove the water, they spray the soup on a
long wide screen. They call this wire. And then the water runs to the bottom of the wire,
and fibers are caught on the top side of the wire. Here, the fibers bonds together and
then make a thin mat, the fiber mat. Then people squeeze this mat with rollers to
remove more water. After this pressing, the mat still contains water. It is about 60% of
it.
Now the mat is ready to go to the drying process. This mat, then, has to go
through some rollers, sometimes, a dozen of them. These hot rollers seal the
fiberscloser and closerand eventually turn the mat into paper.
To make paper with the same thickness, people use a paper machine. It is called
the calendar. This machine has big iron rollers that press and dry papers smooth with
the same thickness. From here, you can do everything else. You can coat it with fine
clayto make it glossier or easier to print on, and so on. That is why paper comes in
different sizes, thickness and appearance.
General .................................................................................................................................................
Statement .................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Sequenced of .................................................................................................................................................
Explanation .................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

Task 3
Please identify the language features from the texts

Text 1
All human beings eat food and make use of the chemical energy in it, so do all
other animals. Perhaps you wonder where all that chemical energy comes from. Why
doesn’t the food all get used up?
 The answer is that new food is being grown as fast as old food is used to. It is the
green plants that form the new food. Animals either eat the plants or eat other animals
that have eaten plants.
The green substance of plants is chlorophyll. Chlorophyll can absorb sunlight.
When it does so, it changes the energy of the sun into chemical energy. The chemical
energy present in sunlit chlorophyll is used to combine dioxide in the air with water
from the soil. Starch and other complicated compounds are formed. These are high in
chemical energy obtained from the sunlit chlorophyll.
They make up the food on which mankind and all other animals live. In the
process of forming this food, some oxygen atoms are left over. These are given off into
the air by the plants. The whole process is called photosynthesis.
Thus, plants use sunlight to from food and oxygen to from carbon dioxide and water
again. Plants change the sun’s energy into chemical energy. And animals change the
animal energy into kinetic and heat energy.
Tenses .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
Using abstract noun .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
Using Passive voice .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
Using Action verbs .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
– Containing explanation of the process .. .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................

Note: In an explanation text, there are linguistic features as below :

– Using simple present tense
– Using abstract noun (no visible noun)
– Using Passive voice
– Using Action verbs
– Containing explanation of the process ..
Text 2
How the Water Cycle Works
Solar energy evaporates exposed water from seas, lakes, rivers, and wet soil; the
majority of this evaporation takes place over the seas. Water is also released into the
atmosphere by the plants through photosynthesis. During this process, known as
evapotranspiration, water vapour rises into the atmosphere.
Clouds form when air becomes saturated with water vapour. The two major
types of cloud formation are satisfied or layered grey clouds called staratus and
billowing white or dark grey cloud called cumulus clouds.
Precipitation as rain, or hail ensures that water returns to Earth’s surface in a
fresh from. Some of this rain, however, falls into the seasand is not accesible to humans.
When the rain falls, it either washes down hill slopes or seeps underground; when snow
and hail melts, this water may also sink into the ground.
Rain fall also replenishes river water supplies, as does underground water. Snow
fall may consilidate into glaciers and ice sheets which, whan they melt, release their
water into the ground, into stream or into the seas.
Rain is advantageous because it brings water for all living things. But rain can be
disastrous too, because too much rain will cause floods which can wash away people,
houses and other valuable properties.
Tenses .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
Using abstract noun .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
Using Passive voice .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
Using Action verbs .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
– Containing explanation of the process .. .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................

Note: In an explanation text, there are linguistic features as below :

– Using simple present tense
– Using abstract noun (no visible noun)
– Using Passive voice
– Using Action verbs
– Containing explanation of the process ..

Text 3
Do you know how paper is made? Well, people make paper from trees. First, they
cut down trees that make good paper, and then they transport the logs to the factory. At
the factory, they wash the logs to the factory. At the factory, they wash the logs to rinse
away dirt and other impurities. After that, the logs are put into machines to make small
wood chips and then process these chips into pulp.
This pulping process is to separate wood fibers. This is important, because
different kinds of paper need different kinds of fibers. So, that is why they have
different techniques of pulping too. The pulp looks like a mushy and watery solution,
but if you look at it with a microscope you can see the individual fibers. All have been
separated.
When you get this, you are ready to make paper. You do it by removing the water
because 99% of the solution is water. To remove the water, they spray the soup on a
long wide screen. They call this wire. And then the water runs to the bottom of the wire,
and fibers are caught on the top side of the wire. Here, the fibers bonds together and
then make a thin mat, the fiber mat. Then people squeeze this mat with rollers to
remove more water. After this pressing, the mat still contains water. It is about 60% of
it.
Now the mat is ready to go to the drying process. This mat, then, has to go
through some rollers, sometimes, a dozen of them. These hot rollers seal the
fiberscloser and closerand eventually turn the mat into paper.
To make paper with the same thickness, people use a paper machine. It is called
the calendar. This machine has big iron rollers that press and dry papers smooth with
the same thickness. From here, you can do everything else. You can coat it with fine
clayto make it glossier or easier to print on, and so on. That is why paper comes in
different sizes, thickness and appearance.
Tenses .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
Using abstract noun .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
Using Passive voice .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
 Using Action verbs .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
– Containing explanation of the process .. .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................

Note: In an explanation text, there are linguistic features as below :

– Using simple present tense
– Using abstract noun (no visible noun)
– Using Passive voice
– Using Action verbs;
– Containing explanation of the process ..

Task 4
Please differentiate some texts based on the social function, generic structures
and language features
Text 1
All human beings eat food and make use of the chemical energy in it, so do all
other animals. Perhaps you wonder where all that chemical energy comes from. Why
doesn’t the food all get used up?
The answer is that new food is being grown as fast as old food is used to. It is the
green plants that form the new food. Animals either eat the plants or eat other animals
that have eaten plants.
The green substance of plants is chlorophyll. Chlorophyll can absorb sunlight.
When it does so, it changes the energy of the sun into chemical energy. The chemical
energy present in sunlit chlorophyll is used to combine dioxide in the air with water
from the soil. Starch and other complicated compounds are formed. These are high in
chemical energy obtained from the sunlit chlorophyll.
They make up the food on which mankind and all other animals live. In the
process of forming this food, some oxygen atoms are left over. These are given off into
the air by the plants. The whole process is called photosynthesis.
Thus, plants use sunlight to from food and oxygen to from carbon dioxide and water
again. Plants change the sun’s energy into chemical energy. And animals change the
animal energy into kinetic and heat energy.
Text 2
How the Water Cycle Works
Solar energy evaporates exposed water from seas, lakes, rivers, and wet soil; the
majority of this evaporation takes place over the seas. Water is also released into the
atmosphere by the plants through photosynthesis. During this process, known as
evapotranspiration, water vapour rises into the atmosphere.
Clouds form when air becomes saturated with water vapour. The two major
types of cloud formation are satisfied or layered grey clouds called staratus and
billowing white or dark grey cloud called cumulus clouds.
Precipitation as rain, or hail ensures that water returns to Earth’s surface in a
fresh from. Some of this rain, however, falls into the seasand is not accesible to humans.
When the rain falls, it either washes down hill slopes or seeps underground; when snow
and hail melts, this water may also sink into the ground.
Rain fall also replenishes river water supplies, as does underground water. Snow
fall may consilidate into glaciers and ice sheets which, whan they melt, release their
water into the ground, into stream or into the seas.
Rain is advantageous because it brings water for all living things. But rain can be
disastrous too, because too much rain will cause floods which can wash away people,
houses and other valuable properties.

Text 3
Do you know how paper is made? Well, people make paper from trees. First, they
cut down trees that make good paper, and then they transport the logs to the factory. At
the factory, they wash the logs to the factory. At the factory, they wash the logs to rinse
away dirt and other impurities. After that, the logs are put into machines to make small
wood chips and then process these chips into pulp.
This pulping process is to separate wood fibers. This is important, because
different kinds of paper need different kinds of fibers. So, that is why they have
different techniques of pulping too. The pulp looks like a mushy and watery solution,
but if you look at it with a microscope you can see the individual fibers. All have been
separated.
When you get this, you are ready to make paper. You do it by removing the water
because 99% of the solution is water. To remove the water, they spray the soup on a
long wide screen. They call this wire. And then the water runs to the bottom of the wire,
and fibers are caught on the top side of the wire. Here, the fibers bonds together and
then make a thin mat, the fiber mat. Then people squeeze this mat with rollers to
remove more water. After this pressing, the mat still contains water. It is about 60% of
it.
Now the mat is ready to go to the drying process. This mat, then, has to go
through some rollers, sometimes, a dozen of them. These hot rollers seal the
fiberscloser and closerand eventually turn the mat into paper.
To make paper with the same thickness, people use a paper machine. It is called
the calendar. This machine has big iron rollers that press and dry papers smooth with
the same thickness. From here, you can do everything else. You can coat it with fine
clayto make it glossier or easier to print on, and so on. That is why paper comes in
different sizes, thickness and appearance.
ITEMS TEXT 1 TEXT 2 TEXT 3
 SOCIAL
FUNCTIONS

GENERIC
STRUTURES

LANGUAGE
FEATURES

Task 4
Please read again this text, after you read this text, please rewrite the text by
using your own languages (retelling the text)

How a Cancer is formed

What is cancer? It is actually a group of more than one hundred separate diseases. Most
of us are fear from cancer It is reasonable because next to heart disease, cancer is the
second leading cause of death.
Cancer cells come from normal cells because of mutations of DNA. Those mutations can
occur spontaneously. The mutations may be also induced by other factors such as:
nuclear and electromagnetic radiation, viruses, bacteria and fungi, parasites, heat,
chemicals in the air, water and food, mechanical cell-level injury, free radicals, evolution
and ageing of DNA, etc. All such factors can produce mutations that may start cancer.

Cancer cells are formed continuously in the organism. It is estimated that there are
about 10,000 cancer cells at any given time in a healthy person. Why do some result in
macroscopic-level cancers and some do not? First, not all damaged cells can multiply
and many of them die quickly. Second, those which potentially divide and form cancer
are effectively destroyed by the mechanisms available to the immune system. Therefore
cancer develops if the immune system is not working properly or the amount of cells
produced is too great for the immune system to eliminate.

Rewrite the text

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

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Task 5
Pleasechoose the best answers from the questions based the texts you have read!

Text 1
The text following is for questions number 1 to 3
All human beings eat food and make use of the chemical energy in it, so do all
other animals. Perhaps you wonder where all that chemical energy comes from. Why
doesn’t the food all get used up?
The answer is that new food is being grown as fast as old food is used to. It is the
green plants that form the new food. Animals either eat the plants or eat other animals
that have eaten plants.
The green substance of plants is chlorophyll. Chlorophyll can absorb sunlight.
When it does so, it changes the energy of the sun into chemical energy. The chemical
energy present in sunlit chlorophyll is used to combine dioxide in the air with water
from the soil. Starch and other complicated compounds are formed. These are high in
chemical energy obtained from the sunlit chlorophyll.
They make up the food on which mankind and all other animals live. In the
process of forming this food, some oxygen atoms are left over. These are given off into
the air by the plants. The whole process is called photosynthesis.
Thus, plants use sunlight to from food and oxygen to from carbon dioxide and water
again. Plants change the sun’s energy into chemical energy. And animals change the
animal energy into kinetic and heat energy.

1. The text is about…

 A. The process of changing chemical energy
B. The formation of carbon dioxide
C. The process of photosynthesis
D. The green substance of plants
E. The use of chemical energy
2. From the text we know that …
A. Plant need to heat energy to live
B. All human beings need chemical energy
C. Plants absorb sunlight to produce kinetic energy
D. Sun’s energy cannot be formed into kinetic energy
E. Chlorophyll is the most important thing in photosynthesis
3. The green substance of plants is chlorophyll. The underlined word in the above is
closest in meaning to ...
A. Stuff
B. Core
C. Body
D. Material
E. Essence

Text 2
The text following is for questions number 4 and 5

How the Water Cycle Works

Solar energy evaporates exposed water from seas, lakes, rivers, and wet soil; the
majority of this evaporation takes place over the seas. Water is also released into the
atmosphere by the plants through photosynthesis. During this process, known as
evapotranspiration, water vapour rises into the atmosphere.
Clouds form when air becomes saturated with water vapour. The two major
types of cloud formation are satisfied or layered grey clouds called staratus and
billowing white or dark grey cloud called cumulus clouds.
Precipitation as rain, or hail ensures that water returns to Earth’s surface in a
fresh from. Some of this rain, however, falls into the seasand is not accesible to humans.
When the rain falls, it either washes down hill slopes or seeps underground; when snow
and hail melts, this water may also sink into the ground.
Rain fall also replenishes river water supplies, as does underground water. Snow
fall may consilidate into glaciers and ice sheets which, whan they melt, release their
water into the ground, into stream or into the seas.
Rain is advantageous because it brings water for all living things. But rain can be
disastrous too, because too much rain will cause floods which can wash away people,
houses and other valuable properties.

4. The text mainly discusses....

A. The characteristics of solar energy
 B. To describe the water cycle in genaral
C. The process of water stream
D. The process of water cycle
E. The definition of clouds
5. The social function of the text is....
A. To persuade the reader about the water cycle works
B. To explain how and why of water cycle works
C. To retell about the water cycle in general
D. To describe the water cycle in genaral
E. To describe the phenomena of water

Text 3
The text following is for questions number 6 and 7
The following is how rain formed.
The air is filled with tiny particles known as ‘vapour’ vapour is actually the
gaseous form of water. Vapour is a part of air. The air around us is constanly moving
because the air near the surface of the aerth is hotter and lighter . this is why this air
rises. The air higher up in the sky is cold and heavy, so it sinks. The rising of hot air and
the sinking of cold water cause the air to move. When the hot air rises. The air higher up
in the sky is cold and heavy, so it sinks. The rising of hot air and the sinking of cold
water cause the air to move.when the hot air rises to a certain level, the vapour presents
in it, cools and changes to water. This is known as ‘considesation’. When the water
particles are too heavy for the air to carry. The air is said to be “oversaturated”. The
water particles then fall as rain.
6. The air cannot carry the water particles as they are so .... that they fall as rain
A. Hot
B. Tiny
C. Light
D. Heavy
E. Constant
7. What is the purposes of the text?
A. To explain how rain is formed
B. To share experience in a rainy season
C. To amuse readers with the information
D. To warn people about the danger of rain
E. To persuade readers to prevent much rain

Text 4
This text is for questions for 8- 10
Do you know how paper is made? Well, people make paper from trees. First, they
cut down trees that make good paper, and then they transport the logs to the factory. At
the factory, they wash the logs to the factory. At the factory, they wash the logs to rinse
away dirt and other impurities. After that, the logs are put into machines to make small
wood chips and then process these chips into pulp.
This pulping process is to separate wood fibers. This is important, because
different kinds of paper need different kinds of fibers. So, that is why they have
different techniques of pulping too. The pulp looks like a mushy and watery solution,
but if you look at it with a microscope you can see the individual fibers. All have been
separated.
When you get this, you are ready to make paper. You do it by removing the water
because 99% of the solution is water. To remove the water, they spray the soup on a
long wide screen. They call this wire. And then the water runs to the bottom of the wire,
and fibers are caught on the top side of the wire. Here, the fibers bonds together and
then make a thin mat, the fiber mat. Then people squeeze this mat with rollers to
remove more water. After this pressing, the mat still contains water. It is about 60% of
it.
Now the mat is ready to go to the drying process. This mat, then, has to go
through some rollers, sometimes, a dozen of them. These hot rollers seal the
fiberscloser and closerand eventually turn the mat into paper.
To make paper with the same thickness, people use a paper machine. It is called
the calendar. This machine has big iron rollers that press and dry papers smooth with
the same thickness. From here, you can do everything else. You can coat it with fine
clayto make it glossier or easier to print on, and so on. That is why paper comes in
different sizes, thickness and appearance.
8. The text is about ......
A. The pulping process
B. Different sizes of paper
C. The process of making paper
D. How a a paper machine works
E. Kinds of trees to make paper
9. This pulping process is to separate wood fiber.” (Paragraph 2).
The opposite meaning of the underlined word is ....
A. Disconnect
B. Mend
C. Unite
D. Split
E. Link
10. What is mainly discussed in paragraph 2?
A. Different techniques of pulping is needed to separate wood fibers
B. The kinds of paper depend on how fibers are processed
C. Wood produces different kinds of fibers
D. Wood produces different kinds of pulp
E. Pulp is a mushy and watery solution

Text 5
This text is for questions for 11- 13
Answer the questions
Chocolate
Have you ever wondered how peopla get chocolate from? In this article we’ll
entertheamazing world of chocolate so you can understand exactly what you’re eating.
Chocolate starts with a tree called the cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions,
especially in a places such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree
produces a fruit about the size of a small pineapple. Inside the fruit are the tress’s seeds,
also known as cocoa beans.
The beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun and then shipped to the
chocolate maker. The chocolate maker stars by roasting the beans to bring out the
flavor. Diffrent beans from different places have different qualities and flavor, so they
are often sorted and blended to produce a distinctive mix. Next, the roasted beans are
winnowed. Winnowing removes the meat nib of the cacao bean from its sheel. Then, the
nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground to make it a liquid. The liquid is called
chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter. All seeds contain some amount of fat, and cacao beans
are not different.
However, cacao benas are half fat, which is why the ground nibs form liquid. It’s pure
bitter chocolate.
11. What does the text about ?
12. The third paragraph focus on?
13. How does the chocolate maker start to make chocolate?

Task 6
Please read this narrative text, by identify the social function, generic structures and
language features. After you read and identify it, please write about explanation text,
story relates your history life, by using the explanation text before as your example text.
Follow the steps based the text before.

Explanation Text
Chocolate
Have you ever wondered how peopla get chocolate from? In this article we’ll
entertheamazing world of chocolate so you can understand exactly what you’re eating.
Chocolate starts with a tree called the cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions,
especially in a places such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree
produces a fruit about the size of a small pineapple. Inside the fruit are the tress’s seeds,
also known as cocoa beans.
The beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun and then shipped to the
chocolate maker. The chocolate maker stars by roasting the beans to bring out the
flavor. Diffrent beans from different places have different qualities and flavor, so they
are often sorted and blended to produce a distinctive mix. Next, the roasted beans are
winnowed. Winnowing removes the meat nib of the cacao bean from its sheel. Then, the
nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground to make it a liquid. The liquid is called
chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter. All seeds contain some amount of fat, and cacao beans
are not different.
However, cacao benas are half fat, which is why the ground nibs form liquid. It’s pure
bitter chocolate.

Rewrite the text

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