Study of free vibration characteristics of cantilever beams through modal testing and analysis 2017-18

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Vibration are time dependent displacements of system of particles with respect to
an equilibrium position. If these displacements are repetitive and their repetitions repeat
at equal interval of time with respect to an equilibrium position the resulting motion is
said to be periodic. One of the most important parameters associated with engineering
vibration is finding out the natural frequency. Each structure has its own natural
frequency for a series of different modes that controls its dynamic behaviour. Whenever
the natural frequency of a mode of vibration of a structure coincides with the frequency of
the external dynamic loading conditions this leads to potential catastrophic failures and
excessive deflections. This is the phenomenon of resonance. An example of a structural
failure under dynamic loading was the failure of well known Tacoma Narrows Bridge
U.S state of Washington during wind induced vibration.
In practical application the vibration analysis assumes more importance. For
example, vehicle-induced vibration of bridges and various structures which can be
simulated as beams and the effect of various parameters, such as suspension design,
damping, vehicle weight and velocity, matching between bridge and vehicle natural
frequencies, deck roughness etc., these dynamic behaviour of such structures where
extensively investigated by a great number of researchers . The whole research will
undoubtedly remain a major topic for future scientific researches, due to continuing
developments in design technology and application of new materials with improved
quality enable the construction of lighter and more slender structures, vulnerable to
dynamic and especially moving loads. Each and every structures which is having some
mass and elasticity is said to vibrate. When the amplitude of these vibrations exceeds
more than permissible limit, failure of the structure occurs called resonance. To avoid
such conditions occurring in our day today life one must be aware of the operating
frequencies of the materials under various conditions like simply supported, fixed or
when in cantilever conditions.
Present work deals with the study of free vibration characteristics of cantilever
beams through modal testing and analysis.

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Study of free vibration characteristics of cantilever beams through modal testing and analysis 2017-18

BACKGROUND THEORY

1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF VIBRATION

 Free Vibration

Free vibration is a vibration in which energy is neither added nor removed from
the vibrating system. It will just keep vibrating forever at the same amplitude. Except
from some of superconducting electronic oscillators, or possibly the motion of an electron
in its orbit about an atomic nucleus, there are no free vibrations in nature. They are all
damped to some extent. The oscillation of the simple pendulum is an example of free
vibration.
 Forced Vibration
Forced vibrations occur when the object is forced to vibrate at a particular
frequency by a periodic input of force. The tendency of one object to force another
adjoining or interconnected object into vibrational motion is referred to as a forced
vibration.

 Damping

Damping is the resistance offered by a body to the motion of a vibratory system.

The damping in mechanical systems is just to control the amplitude of vibration so that
the failure occurring because of resonance may be avoided.

 Un-damped and damped vibration

If no energy is lost or dissipated in friction or other resistance during oscillation,
the vibration is known as un- damped vibration. If any energy lost in this way, however,
it is called damped vibration. In many physical systems, the amount of damping is so
small that it can be disregarded for most engineering purposes. However, consideration of
damping becomes extremely important in analyzing vibratory system near resonance.
 Linear and Nonlinear vibration

If all the basic components of vibratory system the spring, the mass and the
damper behave linearly, the resulting vibration is known as linear vibration. If however,
any of the basic components behave non-linearly, the vibration is called nonlinear
vibration.

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 Natural Frequency

The natural frequency is the rate at which an object vibrates when it is not
disturbed by an outside force.

F= Eq..1.1

where f-natural frequency, k-stiffness, m-mass.

 Mode Shapes

A mode shape is a specific pattern of vibration executed by a mechanical system

at a specific frequency. Different mode shapes will be associated with different
frequencies. The experimental technique of modal analysis discovers these mode shapes
and the frequencies.

 Beam

A beam is vertical auxiliary component that is equipped for withstanding load

basically by opposing twisting. The bowing power impelled into the material of the shaft
as an after effect of the external load, own weight, range and external reactions to these
loads is known as a bending movement. A cantilever beam is one whose one end is fixed
and the other end carries a point or concentrated load.

Fig 1.1 cantilever beam

L = Length in m A = Area = w x t in m2

w = Width in m t = Thickness in m

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Study of free vibration characteristics of cantilever beams through modal testing and analysis 2017-18

1.2 BEAM THEORY

Beam theories are used for find out natural frequencies for different modes. some
commonly used beam theories are listed below

 Euler-Bernoulli 's beam theory or classical beam theory

The Euler-Bernoulli equation is a essential tool in structural and mechanical
engineering .In this theory shear deformation in the beams are neglected and plane
section remain plane and normal to the longitudinal axis or neutral axis. This theory is
best suitable for the beams whose least length is negligible when compared to longest
length. The beam is considered to the continuous and then the solution for several modes
are obtained.

 Timoshenko beam theory

For the beam with the least length is greater than one tenth of the longest side,
Timoshenko beam theory is applied. In this case the beam is considered to be thick beam
and then the shear deformation will be considered. The cross-section plane of beam will
not be normal to the longitudinal axis or the neutral axis. Hence this theory is affected for
thick beams.

 Why Euler-Bernoulli 's beam Theory?

Since the specimens we used for the investigation are of thin beams or the length
of least side is less than one-tenth of the longest side, shear deformations are not
considered hence Euler's beam theories best suitable than Timoshenko beam theory.

1.3 MATERIAL DETAILS AND SPECIFICATIONS

Aluminium 6061

Aluminium alloy 6061 is one of the most extensively used of the 6000 series
aluminium alloys. It is a versatile heat treatable extruded alloy with medium to high
strength capabilities.

Typical properties of aluminium alloy 6061 are:

 Medium to high strength

 Good toughness

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 Good surface finish
 Excellent corrosion resistance to atmospheric conditions
 Good corrosion resistance to sea water
 Can be anodized
 Good weildability

Applications for aluminium alloy 6061 are:

 Aircraft and aerospace components

 Marine fittings
 Transport
 Bicycle frames
 Camera lenses
 Drive shafts
 Electrical fittings and connectors
 Brake components
 Valves
EN8 Carbon Steel
EN8 carbon steel is a common medium carbon and medium tensile steel, with
improved strength over mild steel, through hardening. EN8 carbon steel is also readily
machinable in any condition.

Typical properties of EN8 carbon steel are:

 Enhanced wear resistance

 Good homogenous metallurgical structures
 Consistent machining properties.
 Used in untreated condition
 Surface-hardened by induction processes

Application of EN8 carbon Steel are:

EN8 steel material is suitable for the all general engineering applications requiring
a higher strength than mild steel such as:

 general-purpose axles

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 shafts
 gears
 bolts and studs
 spindles
 automotive and general engineering components
 other general engineering parts etc.

1.4 PROJECT SIGNIFICANCE AND OBJECTIVES

 To find out the free vibration characteristics such as fundamental natural

frequencies and mode shape of cantilever beams made up of aluminium 6061 and
steel EN8 for different aspect ratios.

 To study the effects of aspect ratio of the beams on the free vibration
characteristics.

 To perform modal analysis of the cantilever beams using commercial FEM

package ANSYS (R 16.2).

 To compare the natural frequencies obtained numerically with theoretically and

experimentally by using impact hammer method.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
This chapter includes a survey of the past research already available involving the
issue of interest. Several researches had been done on Free vibration characteristics of
cantilever beam by various research institutes . A review of some of the literature
currently available on the beams are presented below.

Vaibhav Ghodge, A P Bhattu, S B Patil (2018) [1] on 2nd January 2018 they carried out
modal analysis of the cantilever and the simply supported beams in unloaded and with
loaded conditions in ANSYS for 4 different materials i.e. structural steel, Aluminium
alloy, Copper alloy and Gray Cast iron, with dimensions of the beam as 550*50*5 mm. It
was seen that for unloaded cantilever and simply supported condition of the rectangular
beam, the structural steel and aluminium alloy constantly gave higher natural frequencies
than copper alloy and gray cast iron.

Mr.P Kumar, Dr.S.Bhaduri,Dr.A.Kumar (2016) [2] took a study on behaviour of

beams with end mass on them. ANSYS and MATLAB used for Finite Element analysis.
For theoretical calculation single degree of freedom(SDOF) model analysis was used.
FFT analyzer was used to note the vibration characteristic in experimental analysis was
used. A Beam of Iron and Aluminium were taken for the analysis with dimensions of
240*30*1.16mm of length, breadth and thickness respectively for Iron. 250*24*2.04mm
of length, breadth and thickness respectively for Aluminium. It was noted that as End
mass on the beam increases the natural frequencies of the Beams were decreased for same
mode shape.

Rahul.E.Dhoble , Dr B. R.Bharjibhe (2016) [3] On April 2016 published an article

about study on vibration analysis of sandwich cantilever beam using finite element
ANSYS software . They placed a viscoelastic material in between two similar materials .
In this they have taken rubber and neoprene as viscoelastic material. the specimen were
made as follows Aluminium, steel rubber, ERP-Rubber-FRP,Aluminium-neoprene-
Aluminium,steel-Neoprene-steel,FRP-Neoprene-FRP where FRP stands fibre reinforced
polymer. The length is of 500mm,width was 50mm and thickness is of 4.5mm(each layer

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1.5mm). The dimensions were remain same for all the combinations with application of
finite element method, the visco elastic sandwich beam has been successfully modelled
and testing is carried out. In this entire sandwich beam models face and core layer
materials are different. The sandwich beams modelled are carried out for modal analysis.
It was seen that damping characteristics of neoprene visco elastic material has best result
when compared to rubber visco elastic material. For controlling the vibration of structure
like beams, plates the visco elastic constrained layer damping treatment plays a vital role.

Nirmall.T and Dr. Vimala.S (2016) [4] went on for free vibration analysis of Cantilever
Beam of different materials. Different materials refers to alloys of Aluminium referred as
AL-1, AL-2,Brass Br-1,Br-2 and Alloys of mild steel MS-1,MS-2. Such that AL-1,Br-1
& MS-1 had dimensions of (450mm*30mm). AL-2,Br-2 & MS-2 had (400mm*25mm)
with common Breadth. Numerical analysis of frequency was calculated by Euler-
Bernoulli beam theorem. Analytical was carried by using ANSYS. It was concluded that
the natural frequency increases with decreases in thickness of each material.

D.P.Kamble, Chandan Kumar, Shivprasad.R.Sontakke and Ratnadip.T.Gaiwad

(2016) [5] studied Analytical and Experimental analysis of cantilever beam under forced
vibration. Analytical analysis made use of Euler's Bernoulli's Beam theory and for
Experimental analysis FFT Analyzer.Accelometer,8-channel vibration Analyzer, a PC
loaded with DEWE43 software & impact hammer are the components used for test with
2.5N as average force applied. Beam length eg.500mm,width of 40mm and thickness was
10mm was taken for the Analysis with poisson's ratio of 0.3 & 0.35 for mild steel and
Aluminium respectively. By studying both Analytical and Experimental frequencies the
conclusion drawn were as follows. It was seen that if number of modes increases . The
frequencies of Aluminium were slightly greater than mild steel for same mode shapes. As
the distance from fixed end increases, the frequency also increases. If number of modes
increases then Acceleration of Beam will also increases.

Rishi Raj, Prabhat Kumar Sinha and Vinay Prakash (2015) [6] made a dynamic
analysis of the beam with multiple degree of freedom. Simulation of Cantilever beam is
done by ANSYS and MATLAB. The theoretical calculations were done by Lagrange's
equation. For their study two materials Steel Alloy and carbon fibre reinforced plastic
were used four different dimensions of 600*30*8, 600*30*4, 420*30*8, 420*30*4 taken

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for the analysis for both materials. The natural frequencies were calculated for these two
materials for varying length and thickness with constant breadth. Analysis shows that the
performance of carbon fibre reinforce plastic is higher than the steel alloy because al
specimens of carbon fibre reinforced plastic has higher value of frequency than the steel
alloy.

S P Chaphalkar , Subhash N Khere, Aram M Meshram (2015) [7] had been gone
through the study of modal analysis of cantilever beam structure using finite element
analysis and experiment analysis. In their study for they have used a beam of mild steel
of length= 0.8m, width=0.05m and height =0.006m has been taken for their study. With
young’s modulus(E)=210 GPa, mass density = 7856 kg^3/m and Poisson's ratio = 0.3.
The numerical analysis uses ANSYS software as their mode of calculation. For
experimental analysis a digital phosphorous oscilloscope is used as data acquisition and
accelerometer is used to acquire measure vibration response, further by getting all the
data's FFT method is applied to calculate the results. It is seen that the results are in good
agreement with the experimental test results.

Pragnesh K. Chaudhari, Dipal patel, Vipul Patel (2014) [8] has made the study on
theoretical modal analysis of beam made with different materials such as aluminium and
mild steel. The beams were excited assign impact hammer excitation FRFs were obtained
using lab view (signal express). All the test specimens 950mm, 850mm, 750mm with
3mm, 6mm, and 10mm were tested under free vibration condition. The modal testing has
effective and non-destructive test method for estimating of characteristic of beam. The
natural frequency of both beam is increased with increase in modulus of elasticity and by
decreasing the density of the material. It is observed that natural frequency is higher for
aluminium than mild steel beam of same geometry.

K.Vigneshwaran and R.K.Behera (2014) [9] had made a Vibration Analysis of a simply
supported beam with multiple breathing cracks and published the report on
November,2016.This investigation has done to carryout systematic approach to develop
theoretical expressions for evaluation of Natural frequencies and Mode shapes. They used
Castiglione's theorem and strain energy release rate(SERR) to calculate influence
coefficient and Hamilton’s principle is used to derive equation of motion of the beam.
They also calculated Stiffness and Natural frequencies for multiple cracked beam .A

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simple elastic simply supported beam with 2 cracks is considered for the Dynamic
analysis. The beam element of length l ,axial load co-ordinate x and transverse load co-
ordinate y is used and the beam is divided into 21 numbers of discretized finite elements
for finite element formulation. They considered a mild steel beam of total length 0.8m
and rectangular cross section 0.05x0.006m and a crack of varying depth is introduced at
0.05m and a damping factor of s=0.01 were used. The beam is subjected to transverse and
bending load to know about the local flexibility of cracked beam under bending. Modal
analysis is done to find out the natural Eigen frequency and mode shapes for 3 modes of
vibration using Eigen value analysis .Numerical analysis is carried out in order to find out
the natural frequencies of open cracked, breathing cracked and also for uncracked beam.
The results are obtained and discussed that relative crack depth increases, the natural
frequency decreases for both cracked and uncracked beam. Finally they concluded that
1.the stiffness and natural frequency decreases due to presence of crack. 2.The position of
crack can be identified from the deviation of mode shapes between cracked and
uncracked beam.

Gawali.A.L and Sanjay.C.kumawat (2011) [10] studied on the behaviour of beams

without any cracks on them and with cracks on the beams, compared the results of both.
An Aluminium beam of length 200mm with cross section 9.5*9.5mm was selected for the
analysis. Firstly the frequency of the beam with no cracks were calculated using FEM
analysis. Then cracks with 2mm,6mm,8mm were induced on the beam at different
location i.e 10mm,5mm from the beam fixed end. The natural frequencies of the beam
with cracks on it were noted. The experimental analysis uses a Deltatron Accelerometer
which has high sensitivity. This is best suited for small dimensions. A model hammer is
used to give initial excitation. Bruel and Kjaer pulse analyzer system type -3560. The
software analysis was used to measure the frequency. A laptop is connected as display
unit. In this case it was noted that the frequencies of vibration of cracked beams decrease
with increase of crack depth for crack at any particular location due to reduction of
stiffness. The effect of crack is more pronounced near the fixed end than at far free end.

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2.1 LITERATURE SUMMARY

The literature on the present context reveal that, there are number of experiments
conducted to study the free vibration characteristics of cantilever beam through modal
testing and analysis. However there is a limited amount of published experimental results
providing detailed source measurements. Also detail study of modes at different points
are not provided in the majority of the previous research reviewed.

Based on cantilever beams there is abundant availability of literature. But still

there is no experimental proofs for some of the available literatures. Rishi Raj, Prabhat
Kumar Sinha and Vinay Prakash worked on study of the cantilever beam structure using
finite element package ANSYS and MATLAB but no work is carried out using
experimental method. Since numerical calculations involves with the ideal conditions of
beams no conclusions can be drawn for the application purpose which includes several
physically affecting factors like damping.

Our work addresses the modal analysis through theoretical, numerical and
experimental analysis which is not found in many of the open accessed journals. It is
important to carry out work in these three methods to understand characteristics of beam
effectively.

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CHAPTER 3

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER

BEAM
Free vibration takes place when a system oscillates under the action of forces
integral in the system itself due to initial deflection, and under the absence of externally
applied forces. The system will vibrate at one or more of its natural frequencies, which
are properties of the system dynamics, established by its stiffness and mass distribution.
In case of continuous system the system properties are functions of spatial coordinates.
The system possesses infinite number of degrees of freedom and infinite number of
natural frequencies.
In actual practice there exists some damping (e.g., the internal molecular friction,
viscous damping, aero dynamical damping, etc.) inherent in the system which causes the
gradual dissipation of vibration energy, and it results in decay of amplitude of the free
vibration. Damping has very little influence on natural frequency of the system, and
hence, the observations for natural frequencies are generally made on the basis of no
damping. Damping is of great significance in restraining the amplitude of oscillation at
resonance.
The comparative displacement alignment of the vibrating system for a particular
natural frequency is known as the Eigen function in continuous system. The mode shape
of the lowest natural frequency (i.e. the fundamental natural frequency) is termed as the
fundamental (or the first) mode frequency. The displacements at some points may be zero
which are called the nodal points. Generally nth mode has (n-1) nodes excluding the end
points. The mode shape varies for different boundary conditions of a beam.

3.1 MATHEMATICAL MODELS

For a cantilever beam subjected to free vibration, and the system is considered as
continuous system in which the beam mass is considered as distributed along with the
stiffness of the shaft, the equation of motion can be written as given by following
equation

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= ωn2m(x)Y(x) (Eq.3.1)

E = modulus of rigidity of beam material

I = moment of inertia of the beam cross-section
Y (x) = displacement in y direction at distance x from fixed end
ωn = circular natural frequency
m = mass per unit length, m = A(x)
= material density
x = distance measured from the fixed end

Fig.3.1 Cantilever beam with free vibration

Fig.3.1 shows a cantilever beam having rectangular cross section, which is

subjected to bending vibration by giving a small initial displacement at the free end.
The boundary conditions for a cantilever beam (Fig.3.1) are given by

x = 0, Y(x) = 0,

at x=L,

For a uniform beam under free vibration from equation, we get

C4= ωn2

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The mode shapes for a continuous cantilever beam is given as

fn(x)=
An
coshCn

n=1,2,3...... and C4L=n

The circular natural frequency ωn given in closed form, from above equation of motion
and boundary conditions can be written as

C4= ωn2

fn = ( L)2 Hz (Eq.3.2)

where,
=1.875,4.694,7.855

fn1 = (1.875)2 Hz

fn2 = (4.694)2 Hz

fn3 = (7.855)2 Hz

Fig.3.2 Mode shapes of cantilever beams

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3.2 THEORETICAL CALCULATION

Theoretical calculations are done using Euler Bernoulli's beam equation

considering the cantilever beams of Aluminium 6061 and EN 8 for aspect ratios 40,50,60
and 70.

3.2.1Aspect Ratio

It is defined as the ratio of the longest length to the least length in the geometry.

 The cases considered for Aluminium 6061 are listed below:

Table 3.1 Different cases of Aluminium 6061

MATERIAL CASES ASPECT DIMENSION DENSITY YOUNG'S

RATIO (L X w X t)m (Kg/m3) MODULUS
(L/t) (N/m2)
AL 40 40 0.20x0.025x0.005 2770 0.69 x 1011
Aluminium AL50 50 0.25x0.025x0.005 2770 0.69 x 1011
6061 AL60 60 0.30x0.025x0.005 2770 0.69 x 1011
AL 70 70 0.35x0.025x0.005 2770 0.69 x 1011

CASE 1-AL 40

Natural frequency - fn = ( L)2 Hz

Moment of inertia - I = = m4 =2.604 X 10-10 m4

A = w x t = 0.025 X 0.005=1.25 X 10-4m2

MODE 1

= 1.8752

fn = 100.76HZ

MODE 2

= 4.6942

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fn =631.55HZ

MODE 3

= 7.8552

fn = 1768.53HZ

CASE 2-AL 50

MODE 1

= 1.8752

fn = 64.49 HZ

MODE 2

= 4.6942

fn =404.18HZ

MODE 3

= 7.8552

fn = 1131.84HZ

CASE 3-AL 60

MODE 1

= 1.8752

fn = 44.78HZ

MODE 2

= 4.6942

fn = 280.68HZ

MODE 3

= 7.8552

fn = 785.99HZ

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CASE 4-AL 70

MODE 1

= 1.8752

fn = 32.90HZ

MODE 2

= 4.6942

fn = 206.19HZ

MODE 3

= 7.8552

fn = 577.41HZ

 The cases considered for EN8 are listed below:

Table 3.2 Different cases of EN8 steel

MATERIAL CASES ASPECT DIMENSION DENSITY YOUNG'S

(L X w X t) m 3
RATIO (Kg/m ) MODULUS
(L/t) (N/m2)
EN 40 40 0.20x0.025x0.005 7850 2.1 x 1011
Steel EN 8 EN 50 50 0.25x0.025x0.005 7850 2.1 x 1011
EN 60 60 0.30x0.025x0.005 7850 2.1 x 1011
EN 70 70 0.35x0.025x0.005 7850 2.1 x 1011

CASE 1-EN 40

MODE 1

= 1.8752

fn = 104.42HZ

MODE 2

= 4.6942

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fn =654.46HZ

MODE 3

= 7.8552

fn = 1832.70HZ

CASE 2-EN 50

MODE 1

= 1.8752

fn = 66.83HZ

MODE 2

= 4.6942

fn =418.86HZ

MODE 3

= 7.8552

fn = 1172.94HZ

CASE 3-EN 60

MODE 1

= 1.8752

fn = 46.41HZ

MODE 2

= 4.6942

fn = 290.89HZ

MODE 3

= 7.8552

fn = 814.57HZ

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CASE 4-EN 70

MODE 1

= 1.8752

fn = 34.09HZ

MODE 2

= 4.6942

fn = 213.70HZ

MODE 3

= 7.8552

fn = 598.43HZ

3.3 RESULT TABLE FOR THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

 Modal frequencies of Aluminium 6061 for different cases obtained theoretically are
listed in the below table
Table 3.3 Modal frequencies for Aluminium 6061 for various cases

MODES CASES
Modal Modal Modal Modal
frequencies for frequencies for frequencies for frequencies for
AL 40(HZ) AL 50(HZ) AL 60(HZ) AL 70(HZ)
1 100.76 64.49 44.78 32.90
2 631.55 404.18 280.68 206.19
3 1768.53 1131.84 785.99 577.41

By observing the above tables it can be concluded that the modal frequencies of
Aluminium 6061 decreases as aspect ratio increases.

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 Modal frequencies of EN 8 for different cases obtained theoretically are listed in the
below table
Table 3.4 Modal frequencies for EN 8 for various cases

MODES CASES
Modal Modal Modal Modal
frequencies for frequencies for frequencies for frequencies for
EN 40(HZ) EN 50(HZ) EN 60(HZ) EN 70(HZ)
1 104.42 66.83 46.41 34.09
2 654.46 418.86 290.89 213.70
3 1832.70 1172.94 814.57 598.43

By observing the above tables it can be concluded that the modal frequencies of
EN 8 is decreasing as the aspect ratio increases.

3.4 DISSCUSSION OF RESULTS ON THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

OF CANTILEVER BEAM
Graphs have been plotted between frequency versus aspect ratio for Aluminium
6061 and EN 8.

Mode 1
110
100 aluminium 6061
90 steel EN8
Frequency(Hz)

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
30 40 50 60 70 80
Aspect ratio(L/t)

Fig.3.3 Plot for frequency versus aspect ratio for mode 1

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Mode 2

700
650
aluminium 6061
600
550 steel EN8
500
Frequency(Hz)

450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
30 40 50 60 70 80
Aspect ratio(L/t)

Fig.3.4 Plot for frequency versus aspect ratio for mode 2

Mode 3

2000
1900 aluminium 6061
1800
1700 Steel EN8
1600
1500
1400
Frequency(Hz)

1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
30 40 50 60 70 80
Aspect ratio(L/t)

Fig.3.5 Plot for frequency versus aspect ratio for mode 3

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From the above graph we can observe that the frequency of the material decreases
with the increase in the aspect ratio and also we can note that the frequency of EN 8 is
more than Aluminium 6061 for given aspect ratio.
Plot 1 shows the first modal characteristics for Aluminium 6061 and EN 8. It is
observed that EN 8 has slightly higher frequencies over Aluminium 6061 and it can be
noted that the graph is almost equal for aspect ratio 60 to 70.By observing plot 2 it is seen
that frequencies are decreasing with respect to aspect ratio for mode 2. It is also observed
that plot 3 follows almost same path as plot 2 for mode 3.

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CHAPTER 4
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER
BEAM
INTRODUCTION TO ANSYS

ANSYS is a general purpose software, used to simulate interactions of all

disciplines of physics, structural, vibration, fluid dynamics, heat transfer and
electromagnetic for engineers. So ANSYS, which enables to simulate tests or working
conditions, enables to test in virtual environment before manufacturing prototypes of
products. Furthermore, determining and improving weak points, computing life and
foreseeing probable problems are possible by 3D simulations in virtual environment.

ANSYS software with its modular structure as seen in the table below gives an
opportunity for taking only needed features. ANSYS can work integrated with other used
engineering software on desktop by adding CAD and FEA connection modules .ANSYS
can import CAD data and also enables to build a geometry with its "preprocessing"
abilities. Similarly in the same preprocessor, finite element model (a.k.a. mesh) which is
required for computation is generated. After defining loadings and carrying out analyses,
results can be viewed as numerical and graphical. ANSYS can carry out advanced
engineering analyses quickly, safely and practically by its variety of contact algorithms,
time based loading features and nonlinear material models.

ANSYS Workbench is a platform which integrate simulation technologies and

parametric CAD systems with unique automation and performance. The power of
ANSYS Workbench comes from ANSYS solver algorithms with years of experience.
Furthermore, the object of ANSYS Workbench is verification and improving of the
product in virtual environment. ANSYS Workbench, which is written for high level
compatibility with especially PC, is more than an interface and anybody who has an
ANSYS license can work with ANSYS Workbench. As same as ANSYS interface,
capacities of ANSYS Workbench are limited due to possessed license.

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4.1 STEPS INVOLVED IN ANSYS

 Analytical using ANSYS
Modal analysis of cantilever beam is used to find out the natural frequencies and
different mode shapes. These parameters play a very important role in design of a
structure for dynamic analysis.

 Beam module
In the present case cantilever beam of length 350mm is considered, one of its end
is fixed and the other end is subjected to vibration. The material used is aluminum 6061.
 Beam Specification
Dimensions and Properties of a cantilever beam varies with the change in
material. The material properties and geometry variations of cantilever beam that we have
taken are listed below
Table 4.1 Material properties of cantilever beams
Properties Materials

Aluminium 6061 EN 8

Young's modulus(pa) 0.69 X 1011 2.1 X 1011

Density(Kg/m3) 2770 7850

Table 4.2 Geometry specification of Aluminium 6061 cantilever beam

Specifications Aluminium 6061

AL 40 AL 50 AL 60 AL 70

Length(m) 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

Width(m) 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025

Thickness(m) 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005

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Table 4.3 Geometry specification of EN 8 cantilever beam
Specifications EN 8

EN 40 EN 50 EN 60 EN 70

Length(m) 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

Width(m) 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025

Thickness(m) 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005

 Modal Analysis with ANSYS workbench R16.2

The modal analysis is executed by ANSYS workbench.

Fig.1.Graphical environment of ANSYS Workbench

Fig.4.1 Modal Analysis with ANSYS workbench R16.2

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 Geometry
The geometry of model is created using Design Modeler.

Fig.4.2 Geometry of Beam

 Preparation of FEM model
The mesh is prepared automatically by ANSYS. The size of the element is 2.5mm.
Table 4.4 Details related to mesh

Nodes 16605
Elements 2800
Aspect ratio(Average) 1.0

Fig.4.3 Meshing of Beam

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 Applying boundary condition
The material properties are assigned to the beam and boundary conditions are
defined as one end is fixed and the opposite end is free as shown in fig below.

Fig.4.4.Boundary conditions

 Solution
The type of solver and the solution method in the program ANSYS is selected
automatically.

Fig.4.5 Solution

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4.2 RESULTS FOR NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Results for numerical analysis for different modes are shown below
CASE 1-AL 40

Fig.4.6 Modal frequencies for AL 40

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CASE 2-AL 50

Fig.4.7 Modal frequencies for AL 50

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CASE 3-AL 60

Fig.4.8 Modal frequencies for AL 60

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CASE4-AL 70

Fig.4.9 Modal frequencies for AL 70

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CASE 1-EN 40

Fig.4.10 Modal frequencies for EN 40

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CASE 2-EN 50

Fig.4.11 Modal frequencies for EN 50

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CASE 3-EN 60

Fig.4.12 Modal frequencies for EN 60

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CASE4-EN 70

Fig.4.13 Modal frequencies for EN 70

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4.3 RESULT TABLE FOR NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

 Modal frequencies of Aluminium 6061 for different cases obtained numerically are
listed in the below table
Table 4.5 Modal frequencies for Aluminium 6061 for various cases

CASES
MODES Modal Modal Modal Modal
frequencies for frequencies for frequencies for frequencies for
AL 40(HZ) AL 50(HZ) AL 60(HZ) AL 70(HZ)
1 101.6 64.928 45.04 33.06
2 634.71 406.09 281.89 207.03
3 1770.60 1134.4 788.04 579.00

By observing the above tables it can be concluded that the modal frequencies of
Aluminium 6061 is decreasing as the aspect ratio increases.

 Modal frequencies of EN 8 for different cases obtained numerically are listed in the
below table
Table 4.6 Modal frequencies for EN 8 for various cases

CASES
MODES Modal Modal Modal Modal
frequencies for frequencies for frequencies for frequencies for
EN 8 40(HZ) EN 8 50(HZ) EN 8 60(HZ) EN 8 70(HZ)
1 105.13 67.20 46.63 34.23
2 656.81 420.34 291.84 214.36
3 1832.10 1174.10 815.81 599.49

By observing the above tables it can be concluded that the modal frequencies of
EN 8 is decreasing as the aspect ratio increases.

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4.4 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS FOR NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF

CANTILEVER BEAM

The natural frequency vs aspect ratio is plotted for different modes as per the numerical
result obtained which are listed above.

Mode 1
120
110 aluminium
100 6061
90
Frequency(Hz)

steel EN8
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
30 40 50 60 70 80
Aspect ratio(L/t)

Fig.4.14 Plot between frequency versus aspect ratio for mode 1

Mode 2
700
650 aluminium
600 6061
550 steel EN8
Frequency(Hz)

500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
30 40 50 60 70 80
Aspect ratio(L/t)

Fig.4.15 Plot between frequency versus aspect ratio for mode 2

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Mode 3
2000
1900
1800 aluminium
1700 6061
1600 steel EN8
1500
1400
Frequency(Hz)
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
30 40 50 60 70 80
Aspect ratio(L/t)

Fig.4.16 Plot between frequency versus aspect ratio for mode 3

From the above graph we can observe that the frequency of the material decreases
with the increase in the aspect ratio and also we can note that the frequency of EN 8 is
more than Aluminium 6061 for given aspect ratio.

Plot 1 shows the first modal characteristics for Aluminium 6061 and EN 8. It is
observed that EN 8 has slightly higher frequencies over Aluminium 6061 and it can be
noted that the three graphs of mode 1, mode 2 and mode 3 will have similar paths.

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4.5 COMPARISON OF RESULTS OBTAINED THEORETICALLY

AND NUMERICALLY

The values of frequencies for different modes are calculated through Euler's-
Bernoulli beam theory and commercial FEM package ANSYS for different aspect ratios
and are compared. Table shown below shows the percentage error between theoretical
and numerically values.

Aluminium 6061

 CASE 1-AL40

Table 4.7 Comparison of modal frequencies AL 40

Modes Theoretical Numerical Percentage error(%)

Frequency(HZ) Frequency (HZ)
1 100.76 101.6 -0.833
2 631.55 634.71 -0.5
3 1768.53 1770.6 -0.08

 CASE 2-AL50
Table 4.8 Comparison of modal frequencies AL 50

Modes Theoretical Numerical Percentage error(%)

Frequency (HZ) Frequency (HZ)
1 64.49 64.928 -0.67
2 404.185 406.09 -0.47
3 1131.84 1134.4 -0.23

 CASE 3-AL60

Table 4.9 Comparison of modal frequencies AL 60

Modes Theoretical Numerical Percentage error(%)

Frequency (HZ) Frequency (HZ)
1 44.78 45.043 -0.587
2 280.68 281.89 -0.431

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3 785.99 788.04 -0.260

 CASE 4-AL70

Table 4.10 Comparison of modal frequencies AL 70

Modes Theoretical Numerical Percentage error(%)

Frequency (HZ) Frequency (HZ)
1 32.90 33.068 -0.51
2 206.19 207.03 -0.41
3 577.41 579 -0.28

EN 8

 CASE 1-EN40

Table 4.11 Comparison of modal frequencies EN 40

Modes Theoretical Numerical Percentage error(%)

Frequency (HZ) Frequency (HZ)

1 104.428 105.13 -0.67

2 654.465 656.81 -0.36
3 1832.705 1832.1 0.03

 CASE 2-EN50

Table 4.12 Comparison of modal frequencies EN 50

Modes Theoretical Numerical Percentage error(%)

Frequency (HZ) Frequency (HZ)
1 66.83 67.204 -0.56
2 418.86 420.34 -0.35
3 1172.94 1174.1 -0.09

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 CASE 3-EN60

Table 4.13 Comparison of modal frequencies EN 60

Modes Theoretical Numerical Percentage error(%)

Frequency (HZ) Frequency (HZ)
1 46.41 46.631 -0.47
2 290.89 291.84 -0.33
3 814.577 815.81 -0.15

 CASE4-EN70

Table 4.14 Comparison of modal frequencies EN-70

Modes Theoretical Numerical Percentage error(%)

Frequency (HZ) Frequency (HZ)
1 34.0980 34.239 -0.41
2 213.70 214.36 -0.31
3 598.438 599.49 -0.18

4.6 GRID INDEPENDENCE TESTING

Grid independence is carried out to find the changes in the frequency that occurs
with change in the grid size. Here we took three different mesh sizes (1.5,2.5,3.5) in mm
and found out that the changes in the frequency is negligible. It can be observed in the
below table and graph.

Fig.4.17 Cantilever beam with mesh 1.5 mm grid size

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Fig.4.18 Cantilever beam with mesh 2.5 mm grid size

Fig.4.19 Cantilever beam with mesh 3.5 mm grid size

Table 4.15 Comparison of grid size and mode shape

GRID SIZE MODE 1 MODE 2 MODE 3

(mm) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
1.5 46.62 291.78 815.64

2.5 46.63 291.84 815.81

3.5 46.63 291.87 815.9

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Grid independence graph

900
850
800
750
700 MODE 1
650 MODE 2
Frequency (Hz)

600 MODE 3
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Grid size (mm)

Fig.4.20 Grid independence graph

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CHAPTER 5
MODAL ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAM WITH
IMPACT HAMMER TEST
5.1 INTRODUCTION TO EXPERIMENTAL MODAL ANALYSIS
Modal testing is the form of vibration testing of an object whereby the natural
(modal) frequencies, modal masses, modal damping ratios and mode shapes of the object
under test are determined.

There are several ways to do modal testing but impact hammer testing and shaker
(vibration tester) testing are commonplace. In both cases energy is supplied to the system
with a known frequency content. Where structural resonances occur there will be an
amplification of the response, clearly seen in the response spectra. Using the response
spectra and force spectra, a transfer function can be obtained. The transfer function (or
frequency response function (FRF)) is often curve fitted to estimate the modal
parameters.

 IMPACT HAMMER MODAL TESTING

In this method the sensor will be preset in the hammer, when the tip of the
hammer is impacted on the specimen the sensor in the hammer picks the signal and sends
to the DAQ card when the force imparted is in between the pre-entered value it will
accepts the value of the vibration from accelerometer, and finally the results are obtained
from the laptop which has the preinstalled vibration analyzing software.

One of the methods in this is rowing impact hammer method. Here three location
are considered and marked on the test specimen The accelerometer is fixed at one
location and the impact by the hammer is made on all the three locations and the value at
all the location is considered and the average of all the three values is taken.

 SHAKER MODAL TESTING

A shaker is a device that excites the object according to its amplified input signal.
Several input signals are available for modal testing, but the sine sweep and random
frequency vibration profiles are by far the most commonly used signals.

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Small objects or structures can be attached directly to the shaker table. With some types
of shakers, an armature is often attached to the body to be tested by way of piano wire.
When the signal is transmitted through the piano wire or the stinger, the object responds
the same way as impact testing, by attenuating some and amplifying certain frequencies.
These frequencies are measured as modal frequencies. Usually a load cell is placed
between the shaker and the structure to obtain the excitation force.

Following apparatus will be used to perform the real experiment:

 Impact Hammer

 Accelerometer

 Multi-channel Vibration Analyzer (DAC)

 A PC or a Laptop loaded with software for modal analysis.

 Test-specimen (A cantilever held in a fixture)

 Impact Hammer

It looks like a normal hammer. It is fitted with a load cell in the head of the
hammer and contains electronic circuit and an output cable that is connected to vibration
analyzer. While hitting the impact hammer on any structure an impulsive force is created
to the structure. This impulsive force is sensed by the load cell fitted in the head of the
hammer. Thus generating electric signals that is sent to vibration analyzer which analyzes
the signal, compares the signal received from accelerometer fixed to the structure, and
this information helps to develop FRF (Frequency Response Function) and finally the
natural frequencies of the structure are found out.

Fig.5.1 Impact hammer

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 Accelerometer

An accelerometer is a transducer which when attached to a vibrating structure

gives out electric signals. When these signals are sent to vibration analyzer it processes
and analyzes these signals. The signals coming from accelerometer is compared and
analyzed to the one received from the impact hammer testing method in order to find the
natural frequencies of the structure.

Fig. 5.2 Accelerometer

 Vibration Analyzer

Vibration Analyzer is an electronic device for vibration measurement that processes and
analyzes the signals received from transducers like impact hammer, accelerometer, digital
tachometer, etc. The NI 9234 is a four-channel dynamic signal acquisition module for
making high-accuracy measurements from IEPE sensors. The NI 9234 delivers 102 dB of
dynamic range and incorporates Integrated Electronics Piezoelectric (IEPE) signal
conditioning at 2mA constant current for accelerometers and microphones. The four input
channels simultaneously acquire, at rates up to 51.2 kS/s. In addition, the module includes
built-in anti-aliasing filters that automatically adjust to your sampling rate. Compatible
with a single-module USB carrier and NI Compact DAQ and Compact RIO hardware, the
NI 9234 is ideal for a wide variety of mobile or portable applications such as industrial
machine condition monitoring and in-vehicle noise, vibration, and harshness testing.

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Fig.5.3 DAQ NI-9234

 A PC or a Laptop loaded with a software for modal analysis

Now-a-days softwares are available exclusively to the modal analysis. Such
softwares helps in inputting data to the computer related to location of fixing the
accelerometer on the structure, points of hitting of the impact hammer, geometry of the
structure and their directions. these software also help to find out ranges of various
parameters of interest and type of analysis required. These softwares essentially process
the signals received from the impact hammer and accelerometer, carrying out their FFTs,
finding FRF, obtaining Mode Indicator Function, carrying out curve and finally providing
the natural frequencies with mod shapes and modal damping factors.

Fig.5.4 Laptop

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 Fixture and Test-Specimen

A fixture holds the Steel bar of rectangular cross section firmly at one end so that
the specimen can be considered as a cantilever.

Fig.5.5 Fixture and specimen

Fig.5.6 Actual specimens of Aluminium 6061

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Fig.5.7 Actual specimens of EN 8

5.2 Experimental procedure

 Test specimens were made of Aluminium 6061 and EN 8 with aspect ratio
40,50,60,70 were taken for testing. The specimens were marked at 3 different
nodes such that each node is equidistant to each other. Prepared specimens were
subjected to experimental model testing with one side fixed.
 The cantilever beam is now attached to the fixtures and hence ready for testing.
Tri accelerometer is then attached to the free end node with adhesive as paraffin
wax.
 The connections of the DAQ, accelerometer, impact hammer was properly made.
An impact through hammer was given at the free end, the reading is plotted in
FRF graph
 We get peaks where there is a modal frequency. The acceptance of these peaks are
governed by corresponding coherence and phase angle plot. If the coherence
value is nearer to 1 at the respective modal peaks then the peaks are acceptable.
 If the modal frequency peaks have 1800 phase shift at respective positions then
the obtained modal frequencies is agreed.

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 The response at node 3 due to impact on node 3 is referred as r33and the
corresponding frequencies are plotted on FRF plot, in same way response at node
3 due to impact at node 2and 1 is noted r32 and r31.
 Similar way frequencies are plotted for different specimen and average is shown.

5.3 FRF (FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTION)

Frequency Response Function in experimental modal analysis:

 Is a frequency based measurement function

 Used to identify the resonant frequencies, damping and mode shapes of a physical
structure
 Expresses the frequency domain relationship between an input and output of a
linear, time invariant system

Fig.5.8 FRF plot

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5.4 COHERENCE IN FREQUENCY RESPONSE

Coherence is a measure of frequency response that how well the output matches
with the input. For good response system coherence should be 1, this shows that the
output is agreeing with the input which is acceptable.

Fig.5.9 Coherence versus frequency graph

5.5 PHASE CURVES IN FREQUENCY RESPONSE

Whenever there is a natural modal frequency is detected then there will be a complete
phase shift of 180o. Hence this shows that the modal frequency obtained can be agreed.

Fig.5.10 Phase versus frequency graph

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5.6 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND FIXTURE

The experimental setup is shown in the below figure, the fixed specimen is
attached with accelerometer then vibrations in the beam is converted to electrical signals
which is detected by DAQ card which is shown on screen as FRF plot.

Fig.5.11 Actual experimental setup

Fig.5.12 Schematic experimental setup

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5.7 EXPERIMENTAL RESULT VALUES AT DIFFERENT MODES

The experimental results at different modes are tabulated in column and

averages are taken

Aluminium 6061

Table 5.1 Experimental results at different modes of AL 40

Al 40 r31(HZ) r32(HZ) r(HZ)33 Average(HZ)

Mode 1 78.12 78.13 73.95 76.73
Mode 2 538.54 537.50 534.37 536.80
Mode 3 1647.9 1675 1661.45

Table 5.2 Experimental results at different modes of AL 50

Al 50 r31(HZ) r32(HZ) r33(HZ) Average(HZ)

Mode 1 52 50 51 51
Mode 2 366 365 366 365.66
Mode 3 976 980 979 978.33

Table 5.3 Experimental results at different modes of AL 60

Al 60 r31(HZ) r32(HZ) r33(HZ) Average(HZ)

Mode 1 37 37 37 37
Mode 2 249 248 249 248.66
Mode 3 721 722 720 721

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Table 5.4 Experimental results at different modes of AL 70

AL 70 r31(HZ) r32(HZ) r33(HZ) Average(HZ)

Mode 1 28 28 27 27.66
Mode 2 185 185 185 185
Mode 3 568 530 554 550.66

EN 8

Table 5.5 Experimental results at different modes of EN 40

EN 40 r31(HZ) r32(HZ) r33(HZ) Average(HZ)

Mode 1 83.33 83.33 83.33 83.33
Mode 2 538.54 536.45 538.55 537.84
Mode 3 1635.42 1635.42 1616.67 1629.16

Table 5.6 Experimental results at different modes of EN 50

EN 50 r31(HZ) r32(HZ) r33(HZ) Average

Mode 1 56 56 56 56
Mode 2 370 370 372 370.66
Mode 3 1178 1169 1169 1172

Table 5.7 Experiment results at different modes of EN 60

EN 60 r31(HZ) r32(HZ) r33(HZ) Average(HZ)

Mode 1 38 39 39 38.66
Mode 2 288 289 289 288.66
Mode 3 802 793 789 794.66

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Table 5.8 Experiment results at different modes of EN 70

EN 70 r31(HZ) r32(HZ) r33(HZ) Average

Mode 1 30 31 31 30.66
Mode 2 191 191 192 191.33
Mode 3 543 544 544 543.66

Referring to above result tables it is seen that the frequencies at r31,r32and r33 are
almost agreeing to each other hence the average values are taken for plotting the graphs

5.8 COMPARISSION OF RESULTS AT DIFFERENT MODES

Experimental results at different modes with responses r31,r32 and r33 are
compared and plotted to show actual modal frequencies.

Aluminium 6061

Fig.5.13 Plot for AL 40 Experimental analysis

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Fig.5.14 Plot for AL 50 Experimental analysis

Fig.5.15 Plot for AL 60 experimental analysis

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Fig.5.16 Plot for AL 70 experimental analysis

EN8

Fig.5.17 Plot for EN 40 Experimental analysis

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Fig.5.18 Plot for EN 50 Experimental analysis

Fig.5.19 Plot for EN 60 Experimental analysis

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Fig.5.20 Plot for EN 70 Experimental analysis

5.10 COMPARISION OF THEORITICAL , NUMERICAL AND

EXPERIMENTAL FREQUENCIES

Fig.5.21Plot between frequency versus modes

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Fig.5.22 Plot between frequency versus modes

Fig.5.23 Plot between frequency versus modes

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Fig.5.24 Plot between frequency versus modes

Fig.5.25Plot between frequency versus modes

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Fig.5.26Plot between frequency versus modes

Fig.5.27Plot between frequency versus modes

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Fig.5.28 Plot between frequency versus modes

From the above graphs it is seen that the experimental value is relatively low
when compared to theoretical and numerical values.

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CHAPTER 6

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In our study the theoretical and analytical work was carried by using Euler's beam
theory and FEM software package but this is to be verified by doing experimentally,
hence impact hammer method was used for experimental test.

It was seen that both theoretical and analytical values are in agree with the
experimental values.

Table 6.1 Comparison of modal frequency of AL 40

AL 40 Numerical Experimental PERCENTAGE

frequency(HZ) frequency (HZ) ERROR(%)
MODE 1 101.60 76.73 24.4
MODE 2 634.71 536.80 15.4
MODE 3 1770.6 1661.45 6.1

Table 6.2 Comparison of modal frequency of AL 50

AL 50 Numerical Experimental PERCENTAGE

frequency(HZ) frequency (HZ) ERROR(%)
MODE 1 64.92 51.00 21.4
MODE 2 406.09 365.66 9.9
MODE 3 1134.40 978.33 13.7

Table 6.3 Comparison of modal frequency of AL 60

AL 60 Numerical Experimental PERCENTAGE

frequency(HZ) frequency (HZ) ERROR(%)
MODE 1 45.04 37.00 17.8
MODE 2 281.89 248.66 11.7

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Study of free vibration characteristics of cantilever beams through modal testing and analysis 2017-18
MODE 3 788.04 721 8.5

Table 6.4 Comparison of modal frequency of AL 70

AL 70 Numerical Experimental PERCENTAGE

frequency(HZ) frequency (HZ) ERROR(%)
MODE 1 33.06 27.66 16.3
MODE 2 207.03 185.00 10.6
MODE 3 579.00 550.66 4.8

Table 6.5 Comparison of modal frequency of EN 40

EN 40 Numerical Experimental PERCENTAGE

frequency(HZ) frequency (HZ) ERROR(%)
MODE 1 105.13 83.33 20.7
MODE 2 656.81 537.84 18.1
MODE 3 1832.1 1629.16 11.0

Table 6.6 Comparison of modal frequency of EN 50

EN 50 Numerical Experimental PERCENTAGE

frequency(HZ) frequency (HZ) ERROR(%)
MODE 1 67.20 56.00 16.6
MODE 2 420.34 370.66 11.7
MODE 3 1174.1 1172.00 0.17
Table 6.7 Comparison of modal frequency of EN 60

EN 60 NUMERICAL(HZ) EXPERIMENTAL(HZ) PERCENTAGE

ERROR(%)
MODE 1 46.63 38.66 17.0
MODE 2 291.84 288.66 1.08

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Study of free vibration characteristics of cantilever beams through modal testing and analysis 2017-18
MODE 3 815.81 794.66 2.50

Table 6.8 Comparison of modal frequency EN 70

EN 70 Numerical Experimental PERCENTAGE

frequency(HZ) frequency (HZ) ERROR(%)
MODE 1 34.23 30.66 10.4
MODE 2 214.36 191.33 10.7
MODE 3 599.49 543.66 9.3

It is seen that the values of numerical and experimental values are in agree with each
other it was seen that a trend of error for mode 1 is slightly higher than the other 2 modes

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Study of free vibration characteristics of cantilever beams through modal testing and analysis 2017-18

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION
The main objective of our project was to make a study on free vibration
characteristics of cantilever beams of different aspect ratio through model testing and
analysis. The result obtained by three different methods i.e. theoretical, numerical and
experimental are compared and we found out that the value of frequency obtained in
numerical is greater than other two. Natural frequency of the EN8 is slightly larger than
the Aluminium 6061 of the same aspect ratio. Frequency is inversely proportional to the
aspect ratio. By carrying out the above processes our objective has been achieved.
 Free vibration characteristics are studied for different nodes for materials
Aluminum 6061 and EN 8 .
 It was seen that as the aspect ratio increases frequency decreases
 Modal analysis of beam using commercial FEM package ANSYS was done.
 Modal analysis is done theoretical experimental and then compared with
numerical values. It was seen that obtained values are in agree with each other.

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REFERENCES
[1] Vaibhav Ghodge, A.P. Bhattu, S.B. Patil. “Vibration Analysis of Beams”.
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[2] Mr. P Kumar, Dr. S. Bhaduri, Dr. A. Kumar. “Vibration Analysis of Cantilever
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[6] Rishi Raj, Prabhat Kumar Sinha and Vinay Prakash (June 2015) “Modelling,
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Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE). Volume 1, Issue 5, ISSN:
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