FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

THERMODYNAMIC LABORATORY REPORT

Course Code & Name BNJ27201 ENGINEERING LABORATORY III

Code & Title of
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
Experiment
Date of Experiment 20 APRIL 2021
Programme 2 BNL
Group GROUP 6
Name Matrix No.
1. MUHAMMAD AFIQ TAJUDDIN BIN MOHAMAD AFANDI CN190074
Student Name 2. MOHAMAD FAHIM HAQIMI BIN MOHD FAHMI CN190300
3. NUR NAZIEFAH BINTI ZUKARMI CN190200
4. LORANIE SULUKANG CN190151
5.
1. ENCIK MOHD FUAD BIN YASAK
Instructor Name
2.
ELEMENT CP MARKS LEVEL MARKS
Title, objective & background
Theory C2 2 4 6 8 10 /10
Equipment and Procedures -
Safety P2 2 4 6 8 10 /10
Experiment data & Results P4 2 4 6 8 10 /10
Assessment Calculation P4 3 6 9 12 15 /15
Discussion C3 4 8 12 16 20 /25
Observation P1 2 4 6 8 10 /10
Conclusion C3 3 6 9 12 15 /15
References C1 1 2 3 4 5 /5
TOTAL /100%
*CP (COGNITIVE AND PSYCHOMOTOR LEVEL)

INSTRUCTOR
COMMENTS
MUHAMMAD AFIQ TAJUDDIN BIN MOHAMAD AFANDI

• EXPERIMENT DATA AND RESULT

• CALCULATION
MOHAMAD FAHIM HAQIMI BIN MOHD FAHMI
• SAFETY
• DISCUSSION
NUR NAZIEFAH BINTI ZUKARMI

• THEORY
LORANIE SULUKANG

• OBSERVATION
• CONCLUSION
THEORY:

Temperature’s measurement is to measure the average kinetic energy of the particles of

a substance. The higher the temperature of an object is higher kinetic energy. Then, kinetic
energy is a type of associated energy with motion. The units that are used to measure
temperature are called Celsius degrees (℃). Also, the units used for temperature are Fahrenheit
degree (℉) and Kelvin (K) units. For the value unit of Celsius, when need to change to kelvin,
the value needs to be plus with 273. Then, for Fahrenheit the value is multiplied by 1.8 and
plus 32.

In temperature scale, thermometers are used to measure a temperature. A temperature

scale can be identified with easily reproducible temperatures. In temperature can happen in two
conditions which are hot and cold. The cold will be freezing and the hot condition will be called
boiling temperature. These two conditions are commonly used standard atmospheric pressure.
In theoretical thermodynamics when the data and result that stated are given the pressure, but
the temperature is not given. The temperature can be found in steam table thermodynamics.
From the steam table thermodynamics also state enthalpy and entropy.

However, temperature measurement can be used by many types of devices. Such as

liquid thermometer, bimetallic thermometer, digital display for type k thermometer and others.
Firstly, a liquid thermometer is a glass thermometer used around the world to measure body
temperature. It consists of a scaled glass tube with a small internal diameter and connected to
a reservoir. The temperature is increasing and pushes up the fluid in the reservoir. Next, a
bimetallic thermometer. Bimetallic thermometer converts the media temperature into a
mechanical displacement. Lastly is a digital display for type k thermometer. This device is a
sensor.
 Figure 1: Bimetallic Thermometer

Figure 2: Liquid Thermometer

Figure 3: Digital Display for Type K Thermometer

SAFETY PRECAUTION:

Pt100

i. Since an RTD is a little more delicate than a thermocouple, extra care must be taken to
protect it. Any standard process measurement should be made with three or four wires.
the 2-wire connection is only suitable for very low accuracy measurements (primarily
troubleshooting) since any wire resistance or communication resistance can introduce
error into the calculation,
ii. Do not expose the handheld readout to extremes of temperature for long periods of time
iii. Do not let the sensor fall. If the temperature sensor is subjected to strong shocks or
vibrations, it can fail.
iv. This instrument cannot be altered in any way. Any changes to this device must be
approved by an expert in order to ensure proper operation.
v. To ensure that this instrument's correct operation is preserved, any repair or service
must be performed by experienced staff or professional dealers.
vi. Keep the handheld readout away from strong magnetic fields, and don't use or store it
near equipment that produces strong electromagnetic radiation or magnetic fields.

THERMISTOR

i. An RTD and thermistor does not have its own power source. A current must pass
through the system to have a measurable voltage. Inside the RTD, the current will cause
Joule heating (changing its temperature). Self-heating of this kind can manifest as a
measurement error. As a consequence, when using an ohmmeter, special attention must
be paid to the magnitude of the current.
ii. Use this product within the temperature range defined. Higher temperatures can cause
this product's characteristics or material quality to deteriorate.
iii. Consider using a minimum ohm’s measurement current that still provides the necessary
resolution to minimize errors. To get a reasonable response time, use the largest
thermistor. When compared to a thermocouple, the thermistor is a little more delicate.
To secure computers, precautions must be taken.
THERMOCOUPLE TYPE K

i. Since the tip of an injection-needle probe is very sharp and can cause damage, do not
point it at anyone.
ii. This instrument should not be used or stored in microwave ovens or in places that are
unusually hot or cold.
iii. Check for damage to or peeling on the sensor sheath on a regular straight probe. It's
incredibly risky to use such a probe.
iv. Do not touch the probe right after it has been measured because it could be extremely
hot and cause a burn.
 EXPERIMENT DATA AND RESULT:

PT100 NTC Thermistor Thermocouple

Measured Setpoint Measured Setpoint Measured Setpoint

°C Ω °C Ω °C Ω °C Ω °C μV °C μV

0.5 129.78 0 100 -39.0 2507 0 2627 -0.9 -690 0 -640

36.9 149 40 115.54 44.3 390 40 507 40.1 900 40 971

57.8 158.34 60 123.24 56.5 250.26 60 260 60.1 1760 60 1796

76.7 166.14 80 130.89 62.1 132.92 80 144 80.0 2500 80 2626

98.8 175.62 100 138.50 65.0 79.66 100 84.6 100.0 3320 100 3455

Table 1: Measured and calculated data sheet.

Note : The setpoint resistance values for PT100 were obtained according with DIN IEC 751,
and setpoint voltage values for thermocouple were obtained from DIN IEC 584 calibration
tests. As for NTC thermistor resistance setpoint values were obtained from Eqn. 1.

CALCULATION:
1 1
𝑏.( − )
Eqn, 1 ----- 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅 𝑁𝑒
𝑇 𝑇𝑁

In which,

𝑅𝑇 = Measuring resistance in Ω at absolute temperature T

𝑅𝑁 = Resistance in Ω at normal temperature
𝑇 = Operating temperature
𝑇𝑁 = Normal temperature, normally 25℃ (298.16K)
𝐵 = Material constant, 2000…6000K
Given:

𝑅𝑁 = 𝑅25 = 886.2Ω
𝑇𝑁 = 25℃
b = 𝐵25/50 = 3480K

For NTC Thermistor resistant setpoint values,

For 0℃,
1 1
𝑅𝑇 = 886.2 𝑥 𝑒 3480∙(0+273−25+273)
= 2582.06Ω

For 40℃,
1 1
𝑅𝑇 = 886.2 𝑥 𝑒 3480∙(40+273−25+273)
= 506.39Ω

For 60℃,
1 1
𝑅𝑇 = 886.2 𝑥 𝑒 3480∙(60+273−25+273)
= 259.73Ω

For 80℃,
1 1
𝑅𝑇 = 886.2 𝑥 𝑒 3480∙(80+273−25+273)
= 143.66Ω

For 100℃,
1 1
𝑅𝑇 = 886.2 𝑥 𝑒 3480∙(100+273−25+273)
= 84.68Ω
GRAPH

Graph of Resistance(R) vs Temperature(T) for PT100

Setpoint Measured

200
180
160
140
Resistance,R (Ω)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 40 60 80 100
Temperature, T (℃)

Graph of resistance (R) vs Temperature (T) for PT100

Graph of Resistance(R) vs Temperature(T) for NTC

Thermistor
Setpoint Measured

3000

2500
Resistance,R (Ω)

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 40 60 80 100
Temperature, T (℃)

Graph of Resistance (R) vs Temperature (T) for NTC Thermistor

 Graph of Voltage(V) vs Temperature(T) for Thermocouple
Setpoint Measured

4000
3500
3000
2500
Voltage, V ( 𝜇V)

2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 40 60 80 100
-500
-1000
Temperature, T (℃)

Graph of Voltage (V) vs Temperature (T) for Thermocouple

DISCUSSION:

The PT100, NTC thermistor, and Thermocouple all have different readings. Since
surfaces have different emissivity’s and thus emit radiations in different ways, the relative
accuracy and dynamic response of the following temperature reading was different. The
environment where test and calibrations are performed can have an influence on uncertainty in
measurement result. Variables such as temperature, humidity, pressure, gravity, elevation,
vibration, stress, strain, lighting, etc. can impact the measurement result. Before the experiment
is conducted, the apparatus, instrument, surrounding should be in the good conditions. From
the experiment, the Resistance Temperature Detectors, or RTDs, are temperature sensors with
a resistor that changes resistance value as the temperature changes. The Pt100 is the most
common RTD. They've been used to calculate temperature in laboratory and industrial
processes for many years, and they've earned a reputation for precision, repeatability, and
stability. Pt100 is also relatively noise-resistant, making it ideal for temperature measurement
in industrial settings, especially near motors, generators, and another high-voltage equipment.
Compared to the thermistors which are temperature-sensing elements made of sintered
semiconductor material that show significant changes in resistance in proportion to minor
temperature changes. This resistance can be determined by passing a small and precisely
measured direct current (dc) through the thermistor and measuring the voltage drop that results.
NTC Thermistors are non-linear resistors with temperature-dependent resistance
characteristics. As the temperature rises, the resistance of NTC decreases. The way the
resistance decreases is related to a constant known as beta, or ß in the electronics industry. The
unit of measurement for beta is degrees Kelvin (°K).

While thermocouples of type K, which are intended for general temperature

measurements in normal atmospheric conditions. While oxidation causes drift and recalibration
at temperatures above 800°C, the maximum continuous temperature is around 1,100°C.
However, there is a minor extension to 1,200°C for short-term exposure. Because of its large
temperature range, accurate, reliable and low cost, Type K is commonly used, but it is not as
stable as other base metal sensors. Temperature cycling hysteresis may cause errors of several
degrees at temperatures between 250°C and 600°C, but particularly between 300°C and 550°C.
Although Type K thermocouples are common for nuclear applications due to their relative
radiation hardness, they should not be used in reducing atmospheres unless covered by a
suitable sheath. type K thermocouples are also known as chromel-alumel thermocouples.
OBSERVATION:

In this experiment, we quantify the temperature-determined cold and hot water from
the experiment temperature calculation in Table 1 using three devices: a PT 100 sensor, an
NTC thermistor, and a Type K thermocouple. The three instruments we used to measure
temperature and resistance yielded contradictory results. We measure at 0 ° C, 100 ° C for the
PT100 device and the result is 0.5° C and 129.78 Ω. Next, we measure 40ºC and 60ºC for the
temperature and 115.54Ω and 123.24Ω for the resistant. The result is 36.9ºC, 57.8ºC and 149Ω,
158.34Ω. Finally, we measure 80ºC and 100ºC on temperature and 130.89Ω and 138.50Ω for
the resistant which is resulting 76.7ºC, 98.8ºC and 166.14Ω, 175.62Ω.

Secondly, we measure using NTC Thermistor on temperature and resistant. The

apparatus NTC Thermistor we measure at 0ºC, 2627 Ω and the result is -39.0ºC and 2507Ω.
Next, we measure 40ºC and 60ºC for the temperature and 507Ω and 260Ω for the resistant. The
result is 44.3ºC, 56.5ºC and 390Ω, 250.26Ω. Lastly for the apparatus NTC Thermistor, we
measure 80ºC and 100ºC on temperature and 144Ω and 84.6Ω for the resistant and which is
resulting 62.1ºC, 65.0ºC and 132.92Ω, 79.66Ω.

Thirdly, we measure using Thermocouple on temperature and resistant. The apparatus

Thermocouple we measure at 0ºC, -640 Ω and the result is -0.9ºC and -690μV. Next, we
measure 40ºC and 60ºC for the temperature and 971μV and 1796μV for the resistant. The result
is 40.1ºC, 60.1ºC and 900μV, 1760μV. Lastly for the apparatus Thermocouple, we measure
80ºC and 100ºC on temperature and 2626μV and 3455μV for the resistant and which is
resulting 80.0ºC, 100.0ºC and 2500μV, 3320μV.

Finally, it is thought that, while connecting thermocouple wires to the surface has a
minor effect on the distribution of surface temperatures during air cooling, wire conduction
during jet water cooling has a significant impact on the measured temperature. The temperature
field disturbance was also detected and displayed comparable but less apparent effects to those
of surface measurements due to the addition of a small hole for internal thermocouple
installation.
CONCLUSION:

In the process industry, temperature is the most critical process component that needs
constant measuring and control. RTDs and thermocouples are the most widely used
temperature transducers among the various groups. Ruggedness, repeatability, and a wide
variety of service are the key reasons for their success. In nature, bare RTDs and thermocouples
are rarely used; instead, they are encased in sturdy metal sheaths. To prevent errors caused by
lead wires in RTDs and variations in cold junction temperatures in thermocouples, signal
conditioning circuits should be properly constructed. In some situations where the temperature
to be determined exceeds 2000C, traditional measurement methods struggle to capture the high
temperature. The calculation is done from a distance instead.
REFRENCES:
1) OMEGA Engineering (2003 – 2019) RTD sensors (https://www.omega.com/en-
us/resources/rtd-hub) (25 April 2021).
2) Ametherm-circuit protection thermistors (1998-2013) What Is An NTC Thermistor
(https://www.ametherm.com/thermistor/what-is-an-ntc-thermistor) (25April 2021).
3) TC for temperature sensing, measurement and control (1998-2021) Type K
Thermocouple - Technical Information (https://www.tc.co.uk/thermocouples/type-k-
thermocouple.html) (25 April 2021).
4) Soil instruments (PT100Temperature Sensor User Manual)
(http://www1.soil.co.uk/downloads/Manuals/Man239_PT100_Temperature_Sensor.p
df) (25 April 2021).
5) YOKOGAWA meters & instruments corporation (January 2015) Thermocouple Type
K Probes (banana plug output) (https://cdn.tmi.yokogawa.com/IM90050-E.pdf) (25
April 2021).