Homework: 49, 56, 67, 60, 64, 74 (p.

234-237)
49. A bullet of mass 10g strikes a ballistic pendulum of mass 2kg. The
center of mass of the pendulum rises a vertical distance of 12 cm.
Assuming that the bullet remains embedded in the pendulum, calculate
the bullet’s initial speed.
The collision here is a perfectly inelastic
collision, the linear momentum of the
system bullet + pendulum is conserved
because the external impulse J on the
system is zero:
m
mv = (m + M )V ⇒ V = v
m+M
After the collision, the mechanical
energy of the system bullet-block-Earth
is conserved:
1
(m + M )V 2 = (m + M ) gh ⇒ V = 2 gh
2
m+M
⇒v= 2 gh
m
Read also Sample Problem 9-8 (page 218)
56. In the “before” part of the figure below, car A (mass 1100 kg) is
stopped at a traffic light when it is rear-ended by car B (mass
1400 kg). Both cars then slide with locked wheels until the frictional
force from the slick road (with a low µk of 0.10) stops them, at
distance dA=8.2 m and dB=6.1 m. What are the speeds of (a) car A
and (b) car B at the start of the sliding, just after the collision?
(c) Assuming that linear momentum is conserved during the collision,
find the speed of car B just before the collision. (d) Explain why this
assumption may be invalid.
 2 2
v − v0 = −2ad ⇒ v0 = 2ad = 2µk gd
The magnitude of the acceleration of
each car is determined by:
Fk µ k mg
a= = = µk g
m m
Velocities of car A and B after the collision:

⇒ v A = 2µ k gd A ; v B = 2µ k gd B
(c) If p conserved: Δp = J = Favg Δt = 0
mAv A + mB vB
mB v0, B = mAv A + mB vB ⇒ v0, B =
mB
(d) p is conserved if the frictional force exerted on the cars
from the road is negligible during the collision.
However, Δp = J = Favg Δt ≠ 0
Therefore, the assumption that p is conserved (or Δp = 0) may be
invalid
60. Block A (mass 1.6 kg) slides into block B (mass 2.4 kg), along a
frictionless surface. The directions of three velocities before (i) and
after (f) the collision are indicated; the corresponding speeds are
vAi = 5.5 m/s, vBi = 2.5 m/s, and vBf = 4.9 m/s. What are the
(a) speed and (b) direction (left or right) of velocity vAf? (c) Is the
collision elastic?
We choose the positive direction is rightward
(a)  The linear momentum of the system (A+B)
is conserved (no friction):
mAv Ai + mBvBi = mAv Af + mBvBf +
mB
v Af = v Ai + (v Bi − v Bf )
mA
2.4
v Af = 5.5 + (2.5 − 4.9) = 1.9(m/s)
1.6
(b) vAf > 0, so the vAf direction is to the right
(c)
ΔK = K f − Ki =
1
(2 mAv2Af + mBvBf2 )− 2 (mAv2Ai + mBvBi2 )= 0 (J)
1

⇒ the collision is elastic

64. A steel ball of mass 2.5 kg is fastened to a cord that is 70cm long
and fixed at the far end. The ball is then released when the cord is
horizontal. At the bottom of its path, the ball strikes a 2.8 kg steel
block initially at rest on a frictionless surface. The collision is elastic.
Find (a) the speed of the ball and (b) the speed of the block, both just
after the collision.
Conservation of mechanical energy: Ug = mgh
1 2
mgh = mgl = mv ⇒ v = 2 gh h = l
2
Conservation of linear momentum (no friction):

m1v1i = m1v1 f + m2v2 f (1) Ug = 0

v1i = 2 gl
The collision is elastic:
1
2
(
2 2 1
2
) ( )
ΔK = m1v1 f + m2v2 f − m1v12i = 0

m1v12f + m2v22 f = m1v12i (2)

 m1v1i = m1v1 f + m2v2 f (1)
2 2 2
m1v1 f + m2v2 f = m1v1i (2)

m1(v1i − v1 f ) = m2v2 f
m1 (v12i − v12f ) = m2v22 f

m1(v1i − v1 f ) = m2v2 f

v1i + v1 f = v2 f
m1 − m2 2m1
v1 f = v1i ; v2 f = v1i
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
74. Two 2.0kg ! bodies, A and B, !collide. The velocities before the
collision
! are v A = 15iˆ + 30 ˆj m/s and vB = −10iˆ + 5 ˆj m/s.After the collision,
v ' A = −5iˆ + 20 ˆj m/s. What are (a) the final velocity of B and (b) the
change in the total kinetic energy (including sign)?
We assume that the total linear momentum of the two bodies is
conserved:
! ! ! !
m A v A + mB v B = m A v ' A + mB v ' B
m A = mB : ! ! ! !
v ' B = v A + vB − v ' A
!
v 'B = 10iˆ + 15 ˆj
1 1
(b) K f = m Av' A + mB v'2B
2
2 2
1 1
K i = m Av A + mB vB2
2
2 2
ΔK = K f − Ki = −500 (J)
è The collision here is an inelastic collision since KE is not a constant.
 Part C Dynamics and Statics of Rigid Body
Chapter 5 Rotation of a Rigid Body
About a Fixed Axis

5.1. Rotational Variables

5.2. Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration
5.3. Kinetic Energy of Rotation, Rotational Inertia
5.4. Torque, and Newton’s Second Law for Rotation
5.5. Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy
5.6. Rolling Motion of a Rigid Body
5.7. Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Body
5.8. Conservation of Angular Momentum
 Overview

• We have studied the motion of translation, in which objects move

along a straight or curved line.

• In this chapter, we will examine the motion of rotation, in which

objects turn about an axis.
5.1. Rotational variables:
We study the rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis.
Rigid bodies: Bodies can rotate with all its parts locked together and
without any change in its shape.
Fixed axis: A fixed axis means the rotational axis does not move.
Angular Position:
Reference line: To determine the angular
position, we must define a reference line,
which is fixed in the body, perpendicular
to the rotation axis and rotating with
the body.
The angular position of this line is the
angle of the line relative to a fixed
direction.
s
θ=
r
θ : radians (rad)

1 rev = 3600 = 2π rad

Angular Displacement
Δθ = θ 2 − θ1
Convention:
• Δθ > 0 in the counterclockwise direction.
• Δθ < 0 in the clockwise direction.
Angular Velocity
θ 2 − θ1Δθ
Average angular velocity: ωavg = =
t2 − t1 Δt
Δθ dθ
Instantaneous angular velocity: ω = lim =
Δt →0 Δt dt
Unit: rad/s or rev/s or rpm; (rev: revolution)
Angular Acceleration
ω2 − ω1
Δω
Average angular acceleration: α avg = =
t2 − t1 Δt
Δω dω
Instantaneous angular acceleration: α = lim =
Δt →0 Δt dt
Unit: rad/s or rev/s
2 2

Note: Angular displacement, velocity, and acceleration can be treated

as vectors (see page 246).
5.2. Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration
For one dimensional motion: v = dx ; a = dv
dt dt
Let’s change variable names: x → θ , v → ω, a → α

ω = ω 0 + αt
1 2
θ = θ 0 + ω 0 t + αt
2
ω 2 − ω02 = 2α (θ − θ 0 )

Checkpoint 2 (p. 248): In four situations, a rotating body has angular

position θ(t) given by (a) θ=3t-4, (b) θ=-5t3+4t2+6, (c) θ=2/t2-4/t,
and (d) θ=5t2-3. To which situations do the angular equations above
apply? (d)
5.3. Kinetic Energy of Rotation
a. Linear and Angular Variable Relationship
• The position: s =θ r
where angle θ measured in rad; s: distance
along a circular arc; r: radius of the circle

• The speed:
ds dθ
= r
dt dt
v =ωr
where ω in radian measure
2πr 2π
The period of revolution: T = =
dv dω v ω
• The Acceleration: = r
dt dt
Tangential acceleration: at = α r
2
v
Radial acceleration: ar = = ω 2 r
r
b. Kinetic Energy of Rotation:
The KE of a rotating rigid body is calculated by adding up the
kinetic energies of all the particles:

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
K = m1v1 + m2 v2 + m3v3 + ... = ∑ mi vi
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2
K = ∑ mi (ωi r ) = ω ∑ mi ri
2 2
I = ∑ mi ri2 : Rotational Inertia (or moment of inertia),

Unit for I: kg m2
1 2
K = Iω
2
c. Calculating the Rotational Inertia:
•  If the rigid body consists of a few particles:
I = ∑ mi ri2
•  For continuous bodies:
2
I = ∫ r dm
•  Parallel-Axis Theorem: The theorem allows us to calculate I
of a body of mass M about a given axis if we already know
Icom:
2
I = I com + Mh
h: the perpendicular distance between the given axis and the
axis through the center of mass of the body.