1.

u <- 4
v <- 8
u + v
## [1] 12
u - v
## [1] -4
u * v

## [1] 32
u / v
## [1] 0.5
u^v
## [1] 65536

7.
a = c(1, 2, 5, 3, 4, 0, -1, -3)
b = c("Red", "Green", "White")
c = c(TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)
print(a)
print(typeof(a))
print(b)
print(typeof(b))
print(c)
print(typeof(c))

Sample Output:

[1] 1 2 5 3 4 0 -1 -3
[1] "double"
[1] "Red" "Green" "White"
[1] "character"
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE
[1] "logical"

8.
m1 = matrix(1:20, nrow=5, ncol=4)
print("5 × 4 matrix:")
print(m1)
cells = c(1,3,5,7,8,9,11,12,14)
rnames = c("Row1", "Row2", "Row3")
cnames = c("Col1", "Col2", "Col3")
m2 = matrix(cells, nrow=3, ncol=3, byrow=TRUE,
dimnames=list(rnames, cnames))
print("3 × 3 matrix with labels, filled by rows: ")
print(m2)
print("3 × 3 matrix with labels, filled by columns: ")
m3 = matrix(cells, nrow=3, ncol=3, byrow=FALSE,
dimnames=list(rnames, cnames))
print(m3)

Sample Output:

[1] "5 × 4 matrix:"

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 1 6 11 16
[2,] 2 7 12 17
[3,] 3 8 13 18
[4,] 4 9 14 19
[5,] 5 10 15 20
[1] "3 × 3 matrix with labels, filled by rows: "
Col1 Col2 Col3
Row1 1 3 5
Row2 7 8 9
Row3 11 12 14
[1] "3 × 3 matrix with labels, filled by columns: "
Col1 Col2 Col3
Row1 1 7 11
Row2 3 8 12
Row3 5 9 14

9.
a = array(
6:30,
dim = c(4, 3, 2),
dimnames = list(
c("Col1", "Col2", "Col3", "Col4"),
c("Row1", "Row2", "Row3"),
c("Part1", "Part2")
 )
)
print(a)

Sample Output:

, , Part1

Row1 Row2 Row3

Col1 6 10 14
Col2 7 11 15
Col3 8 12 16
Col4 9 13 17

, , Part2

Row1 Row2 Row3

Col1 18 22 26
Col2 19 23 27
Col3 20 24 28
Col4 21 25 29

10.
marks = c(70, 95, 80, 74)
barplot(marks,
main = "Comparing marks of 5 subjects",
xlab = "Marks",
ylab = "Subject",
names.arg = c("English", "Science", "Math.", "Hist."),
col = "darkred",
horiz = FALSE)

Sample Output:
11.
nums = c(10, 20, 30)
print('Original vector:')
print(nums)
print(paste("Sum of vector elements:",sum(nums)))
print(paste("Mean of vector elements:",mean(nums)))
print(paste("Product of vector elements:",prod(nums)))

Sample Output:

[1] "Original vector:"

[1] 10 20 30
[1] "Sum of vector elements: 60"
[1] "Mean of vector elements: 20"
[1] "Product of vector elements: 6000"

12.
Employees = data.frame(Name=c("Anastasia S","Dima
R","Katherine S", "JAMES A","LAURA MARTIN"),
Gender=c("M","M","F","F","M"),
Age=c(23,22,25,26,32),
Designation=c("Clerk","Manager","Exective","CEO","ASSIS
TANT"),
SSN=c("123-34-2346","123-44-
779","556-24-433","123-98-987","679-77-576")
 )
print("Details of the employees:")
print(Employees)

Sample Output:

[1] "Details of the employees:"

Name Gender Age Designation SSN
1 Anastasia S M 23 Clerk 123-34-2346
2 Dima R M 22 Manager 123-44-779
3 Katherine S F 25 Exective 556-24-433
4 JAMES A F 26 CEO 123-98-987
5 LAURA MARTIN M 32 ASSISTANT 679-77-576

13.
data = women
print("Women data set of height and weights:")
print(data)
height_f = cut(women$height,3)
print("Factor corresponding to height:")
print(table(height_f))

Sample Output:

[1] "Women data set of height and weights:"

height weight
1 58 115
2 59 117
3 60 120
4 61 123
5 62 126
6 63 129
7 64 132
8 65 135
9 66 139
10 67 142
11 68 146
12 69 150
13 70 154
14 71 159
15 72 164
[1] "Factor corresponding to height:"
height_f
(58,62.7] (62.7,67.3] (67.3,72]
5 5 5

14.
v = c(1, 2, 3, 3, 4, NA, 3, 2, 4, 5, NA, 5)
print("Original vector:")
print(v)
print("Levels of factor of the said vector:")
print(levels(factor(v)))

Sample Output:

[1] "Original vector:"

[1] 1 2 3 3 4 NA 3 2 4 5 NA 5
[1] "Levels of factor of the said vector:"
[1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5"

15.
list_data <- list(c("Red","Green","Black"),
matrix(c(1,3,5,7,9,11), nrow = 2),
list("Python", "PHP", "Java"))
print("List:")
print(list_data)
names(list_data) = c("Color", "Odd numbers",
"Language(s)")
print("List with column names:")
print(list_data)
print('1st element:')
print(list_data[1])
print('2nd element:')
print(list_data[2])

Sample Output:

[1] "List:"
[[1]]
[1] "Red" "Green" "Black"
[[2]]
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 5 9
[2,] 3 7 11

[[3]]
[[3]][[1]]
[1] "Python"

[[3]][[2]]
[1] "PHP"

[[3]][[3]]
[1] "Java"

[1] "List with column names:"

$Color
[1] "Red" "Green" "Black"

$`Odd numbers`
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 5 9
[2,] 3 7 11

$`Language(s)`
$`Language(s)`[[1]]
[1] "Python"

$`Language(s)`[[2]]
[1] "PHP"

$`Language(s)`[[3]]
[1] "Java"

[1] "1st element:"

$Color
[1] "Red" "Green" "Black"
[1] "2nd element:"
$`Odd numbers`
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 5 9
[2,] 3 7 11

16.
df1 = data.frame(y1 = c(0, 1, 2), y2 = c(3, 4, 5))
df2 = data.frame(y1 = c(6, 7, 8), y2 = c(9, 10, 11))
new_list = list(df1, df2)
print("New list:")
print(new_list)
print("Data frame-1")
print(new_list[[1]])
print("Data frame-2")
print(new_list[[2]])

Sample Output:

[1] "New list:"

[[1]]
y1 y2
1 0 3
2 1 4
3 2 5

[[2]]
y1 y2
1 6 9
2 7 10
3 8 11

[1] "Data frame-1"

y1 y2
1 0 3
2 1 4
3 2 5
[1] "Data frame-2"
y1 y2
1 6 9
2 7 10
3 8 11

17.
# Create two 2x3 matrixes.
m1 = matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow = 2)
print("Matrix-1:")
print(m1)
m2 = matrix(c(0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 2), nrow = 2)
print("Matrix-2:")
print(m2)

result = m1 + m2
print("Result of addition")
print(result)

result = m1 - m2
print("Result of subtraction")
print(result)

result = m1 * m2
print("Result of multiplication")
print(result)

result = m1 / m2
print("Result of division:")
print(result)

Sample Output:

[1] "Matrix-1:"
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 3 5
[2,] 2 4 6
[1] "Matrix-2:"
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 2 0
[2,] 1 3 2
[1] "Result of addition"
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 5 5
[2,] 3 7 8
[1] "Result of subtraction"
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 1 5
[2,] 1 1 4
[1] "Result of multiplication"
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 6 0
[2,] 2 12 12
[1] "Result of division:"
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] Inf 1.500000 Inf
[2,] 2 1.333333 3

18.

row_names = c("row1", "row2", "row3", "row4")

col_names = c("col1", "col2", "col3", "col4")
M = matrix(c(1:16), nrow = 4, byrow = TRUE, dimnames =
list(row_names, col_names))
print("Original Matrix:")
print(M)
result = M[M[,3] > 7,]
print("New submatrix:")
print(result)

Sample Output:

[1] "Original Matrix:"

col1 col2 col3 col4
row1 1 2 3 4
row2 5 6 7 8
row3 9 10 11 12
row4 13 14 15 16
[1] "New submatrix:"
col1 col2 col3 col4
row3 9 10 11 12
row4 13 14 15 16
19.
exam_data = data.frame(
name = c('Anastasia', 'Dima', 'Katherine', 'James',
'Emily', 'Michael', 'Matthew', 'Laura', 'Kevin',
'Jonas'),
score = c(12.5, 9, 16.5, 12, 9, 20, 14.5, 13.5, 8, 19),
attempts = c(1, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1),
qualify = c('yes', 'no', 'yes', 'no', 'no', 'yes',
'yes', 'no', 'no', 'yes')
)
print("Original dataframe:")
print(exam_data)
print("Extract 3rd and 5th rows with 1st and 3rd
columns :")
result = exam_data[c(3,5),c(1,3)]
print(result)

Sample Output:

[1] "Original dataframe:"

name score attempts qualify
1 Anastasia 12.5 1 yes
2 Dima 9.0 3 no
3 Katherine 16.5 2 yes
4 James 12.0 3 no
5 Emily 9.0 2 no
6 Michael 20.0 3 yes
7 Matthew 14.5 1 yes
8 Laura 13.5 1 no
9 Kevin 8.0 2 no
10 Jonas 19.0 1 yes
[1] "Extract 3rd and 5th rows with 1st and 3rd
columns :"
name attempts
3 Katherine 2
5 Emily 2

20.
exam_data = data.frame(
name = c('Anastasia', 'Dima', 'Katherine', 'James',
'Emily', 'Michael', 'Matthew', 'Laura', 'Kevin',
'Jonas'),
score = c(12.5, 9, 16.5, 12, 9, 20, 14.5, 13.5, 8, 19),
attempts = c(1, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1),
qualify = c('yes', 'no', 'yes', 'no', 'no', 'yes',
'yes', 'no', 'no', 'yes')
)
print("Original dataframe:")
print(exam_data)
print("New data frame after adding the 'country'
column:")
exam_data$country =
c("USA","USA","USA","USA","USA","USA","USA","USA","USA"
,"USA")
print(exam_data)

Sample Output:

[1] "Original dataframe:"

name score attempts qualify
1 Anastasia 12.5 1 yes
2 Dima 9.0 3 no
3 Katherine 16.5 2 yes
4 James 12.0 3 no
5 Emily 9.0 2 no
6 Michael 20.0 3 yes
7 Matthew 14.5 1 yes
8 Laura 13.5 1 no
9 Kevin 8.0 2 no
10 Jonas 19.0 1 yes
[1] "New data frame after adding the 'country' column:"
name score attempts qualify country
1 Anastasia 12.5 1 yes USA
2 Dima 9.0 3 no USA
3 Katherine 16.5 2 yes USA
4 James 12.0 3 no USA
5 Emily 9.0 2 no USA
6 Michael 20.0 3 yes USA
7 Matthew 14.5 1 yes USA
8 Laura 13.5 1 no USA
9 Kevin 8.0 2 no USA
10 Jonas 19.0 1 yes USA

21.
exam_data = data.frame(
name = c('Anastasia', 'Dima', 'Katherine', 'James',
'Emily', 'Michael', 'Matthew', 'Laura', 'Kevin',
'Jonas'),
score = c(12.5, 9, 16.5, 12, 9, 20, 14.5, 13.5, 8, 19),
attempts = c(1, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1),
qualify = c('yes', 'no', 'yes', 'no', 'no', 'yes',
'yes', 'no', 'no', 'yes')
)
print("Original dataframe:")
print(exam_data)
new_exam_data = data.frame(
name = c('Robert', 'Sophia'),
score = c(10.5, 9),
attempts = c(1, 3),
qualify = c('yes', 'no')
)
exam_data = rbind(exam_data, new_exam_data)
print("After adding new row(s) to an existing data
frame:")
print(exam_data)

Sample Output:

[1] "Original dataframe:"

name score attempts qualify
1 Anastasia 12.5 1 yes
2 Dima 9.0 3 no
3 Katherine 16.5 2 yes
4 James 12.0 3 no
5 Emily 9.0 2 no
6 Michael 20.0 3 yes
7 Matthew 14.5 1 yes
8 Laura 13.5 1 no
9 Kevin 8.0 2 no
10 Jonas 19.0 1 yes
[1] "After adding new row(s) to an existing data
frame:"
name score attempts qualify
1 Anastasia 12.5 1 yes
2 Dima 9.0 3 no
3 Katherine 16.5 2 yes
4 James 12.0 3 no
5 Emily 9.0 2 no
6 Michael 20.0 3 yes
7 Matthew 14.5 1 yes
8 Laura 13.5 1 no
9 Kevin 8.0 2 no
10 Jonas 19.0 1 yes
11 Robert 10.5 1 yes
12 Sophia 9.0 3 no

22.
data = airquality
print("Original data: Daily air quality measurements in
New York, May to September 1973.")
print(class(data))
print(head(data,10))
result = data[order(data[,1]),]
print("Order the entire data frame by the first and
second column:")
print(result)

Sample Output:

[1] "Original data: Daily air quality measurements in

New York, May to September 1973."
[1] "data.frame"
Ozone Solar.R Wind Temp Month Day
1 41 190 7.4 67 5 1
2 36 118 8.0 72 5 2
3 12 149 12.6 74 5 3
4 18 313 11.5 62 5 4
5 NA NA 14.3 56 5 5
6 28 NA 14.9 66 5 6
7 23 299 8.6 65 5 7
8 19 99 13.8 59 5 8
9 8 19 20.1 61 5 9
10 NA 194 8.6 69 5 10
[1] "Order the entire data frame by the first and
second column:"
Ozone Solar.R Wind Temp Month Day
21 1 8 9.7 59 5 21
23 4 25 9.7 61 5 23
18 6 78 18.4 57 5 18
...........
119 NA 153 5.7 88 8 27
150 NA 145 13.2 77 9 27

23.
array1 = array(1:30, dim=c(3,5,2))
print(array1)

Sample Output:

, , 1

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]

[1,] 1 4 7 10 13
[2,] 2 5 8 11 14
[3,] 3 6 9 12 15

, , 2

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]

[1,] 16 19 22 25 28
[2,] 17 20 23 26 29
[3,] 18 21 24 27 30

24.
num1 = rbind(rep("A",3), rep("B",3), rep("C",3))
print("num1")
print(num1)
num2 = rbind(rep("P",3), rep("Q",3), rep("R",3))
print("num2")
print(num2)
num3 = rbind(rep("X",3), rep("Y",3), rep("Z",3))
print("num3")
print(num3)
a = matrix(t(cbind(num1,num2,num3)),ncol=3, byrow=T)
print("Combine three arrays, taking one row from each
one by one:")
print(a)

Sample Output:

[1] "num1"
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] "A" "A" "A"
[2,] "B" "B" "B"
[3,] "C" "C" "C"
[1] "num2"
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] "P" "P" "P"
[2,] "Q" "Q" "Q"
[3,] "R" "R" "R"
[1] "num3"
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] "X" "X" "X"
[2,] "Y" "Y" "Y"
[3,] "Z" "Z" "Z"
[1] "Combine three arrays, taking one row from each one
by one:"
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] "A" "A" "A"
[2,] "P" "P" "P"
[3,] "X" "X" "X"
[4,] "B" "B" "B"
[5,] "Q" "Q" "Q"
[6,] "Y" "Y" "Y"
[7,] "C" "C" "C"
[8,] "R" "R" "R"
[9,] "Z" "Z" "Z"

25.
print("Two vectors of different lengths:")
v1 = c(1,3,4,5)
v2 = c(10,11,12,13,14,15)
print(v1)
print(v2)
result = array(c(v1,v2),dim = c(3,3,2))
print("New array:")
print(result)
print("The second row of the second matrix of the
array:")
print(result[2,,2])
print("The element in the 3rd row and 3rd column of the
1st matrix:")
print(result[3,3,1])

Sample Output:

[1] "Two vectors of different lengths:"

[1] 1 3 4 5
[1] 10 11 12 13 14 15
[1] "New array:"
, , 1

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 1 5 12
[2,] 3 10 13
[3,] 4 11 14

, , 2

[,1] [,2] [,3]

[1,] 15 4 11
[2,] 1 5 12
[3,] 3 10 13

[1] "The second row of the second matrix of the array:"

[1] 1 5 12
[1] "The element in the 3rd row and 3rd column of the
1st matrix:"
[1] 14