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TIPS FOR POP ARRANGING

If something's letting down your pop tracks, it could be the arrangement rather
than the song itself at fault. Derek Johnson & Debbie Poyser offer some advice
on how to make sure your music gets the star treatment it deserves.

You don't need us to tell you how important arranging is. If

a song is a bare room with plain walls, empty so that you
can see its structure, the arrangement is the carpet on the
floor, the pictures and hangings on the walls, the furniture
that adds life and comfort to the room, enhancing its good
points and disguising its weaknesses. Sometimes you're
quite happy to sit on the floor in a bright empty room, but
often you want to luxuriate in beautiful or stimulating
surroundings.

Training in proper classical orchestration takes a long time and lots of formal instruction, but
training to be a competent arranger of pop music requires only your ears, your brain, and a
pile of your favourite records. Some of the ideas in this feature we picked up simply through
careful listening to commercial recordings. The validity of this approach is proved by the
fact that when we did some extra background reading and research we came across many
of the same ideas in textbooks. In addition, as an educated listener, you probably know
what works in a pop track: you may just need to identify your instinctive reactions and apply
them to your own music.

Eric Turkel, at the start of his excellent book Arranging For Synthesists (available from the
SOS Bookshop -- see contact details on page 46), provides a set of guidelines for anyone
about to begin on an arrangement. He suggests first becoming acquainted with a song's
lyrical content, and understanding it if possible. If you haven't written the lyrics, this makes
good sense, and even if you have written them you should consider what atmosphere is
evoked by them. It's going to help you arrange the song if you have a feeling of its mood.
Then get together a list of sounds and/or samples you might
like to use for it, together with the sections of the song where
you think they'll work. A list of off-the-cuff rhythmic and
harmonic ideas can also give you some starting points. Then
begin trying out the ideas, discarding all but the best ones. As
Turkel observes, "Arranging is like assembling a jigsaw puzzle
with more than one solution and too many pieces."

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These arranging ideas, which inevitably also cross over into

production, can't pretend to turn anyone into a fantastic arranger by themselves, obviously,
and they're directed more towards actual songs than, say, dance instrumentals. But you
can try them out right away, and they might get you thinking about why some things work in
musical terms and some things don't.

Beginnings & Endings

How do you start your songs? Make an effort to think of a few different ways to introduce
variety and grab the listener's attention right from the word go, especially if you're working
on a whole album's worth of songs. For example:

Fade a long instrumental intro in from nothing, so that the

song begins as just a suspicion in the listener's mind and
gains strength gradually. Check out 'This Is The Day' from The
The's Soul Mining album for a good example of this tactic -- a
sparkly, haunting, music-box synth part twinkles in from the far
distance. You strain to hear this lovely sound and your delight
only grows as it becomes more audible. By the time the song
proper kicks in, you're hooked.

A variant on the above idea is starting a song with ambient

noise and bringing the instruments in over that. Air's 'La Femme d'Argent' uses a technique
something like this, with rain as the ambient noise, and it works beautifully. (As a side note,
there's really only one thing you can hum in this whole atmospheric instrumental, and that's
the distinctive bass line, so Air make sure to bring that in right at the start -- after all, it's
their hook.) Using ambient sounds related to the subject of the song is a well-used but
potentially winning idea too: Kraftwerk's 'Autobahn', opening with car noises, is an example,
as are Madonna's 'Swim' (from Ray Of Light), which starts with the sound of running water,
and 'Good Morning Good Morning', by The Beatles, which starts with a cockerel crowing.

A deliberately weird intro can work with the right kind of song: listen to Air's 'Le Voyage De
Penelope' (from Moon Safari), which kicks off with thoroughly out-of-tune, heavily-
processed piano oddness, for one example. Erasure's 'Chorus', from the album of the same
name, uses the weird noise intro -- bloopy, bleepy, sci-fi synth textures -- to good effect.
However, do not let this type of intro last too long! Boredom will set in very rapidly if you
don't get going on the song.

It may sound obvious but don't forget you can pile in immediately with a catchy riff.
Kraftwerk, amongst many other examples, do a lot of this (just think of 'The Model' or
'Pocket Calculator'), as do Blondie for at least half the
tracks on their huge classic 1978 Parallel Lines album.
The advantage is that the track is stamped immediately
with a strong identity and the listener's desire for
something to happen is satisfied right away. Thundering
in with a big, brash, hooky chorus, lyrically the simpler
the better, is another time-honoured trick.

So, once you've started well, how are you going to set
about finishing? Give this some thought before the whole
arrangement is done, otherwise you might find that all
you can do is fall back on a fade. There are other
possibilities: stopping dead is a well-used one which can
be very effective. Stopping the backing track dead and leaving a final vocal phrase a

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capella can also work. Sequencer users should be familiar with the idea of dropping out an
instrument at a time until there's only one left. Alternatively, lose instruments in stages and
then build them up again to a big finish. How about not finishing at all? Segue or crossfade
into the next track! False endings, too, can be good for a laugh.

Less Is More

If you listen to a lot of good pop arrangements, it will soon become apparent to you that
most of them don't contain huge numbers of parts. Five elements at one time -- counting
the drums as one -- is generally the most you'll hear (sometimes six) and this rule seems to
extend across style boundaries. Laying on more and more
parts may be a waste of time, as there's only so much the
brain can follow before the sound turns into a mush and the
impact of the individual parts is lost. However...

Five parts doesn't necessarily mean only five instruments:

extra texture can be added through doubling parts, either
straight or an octave up or down, with different timbres. Know
why you're using doublings, though -- for example, you might
add a flute to an oboe part because it lends delicacy, lightness
and accent to the deeper warmth of the oboe, without
overpowering the oboe or the rest of the arrangement.

If you are using a lot of instrumental parts, it's wise to keep the individual parts simple and
create your effect through how they work together. Vince Clarke is a master when it comes
to using several monophonic lines to create a complex polyphonic sound.

Vox Top

Good vocal ideas can make a decent track positively sparkle. Here are a few quick ones to
try:

How about bringing in BVs shortly ahead of the line they're meant to harmonise, so that
the lead vocal is, perversely, actually an echo of the backing vocal line? Prince has used
that one. Another Prince special, although it's not unique to him, is doubling a line with the
same thing sung an octave higher or lower. (To twist this same
idea for instrumental use, consider doubling a bass line with
something high and tinkly, like a glockenspiel.)

Apply different EQ, processing or effects treatments to the

two halves of a vocal line, for a call-and-response feel. ABC's
classic 'Poison Arrow' does this to good effect. ABC also
alternate high falsetto vocal lines with lines sung an octave
lower -- listen to 'Tears Are Not Enough' from the Lexicon Of
Love album. The feel is of a manic multiple personality holding an internal dialogue with
other parts of himself.

If you have a dramatic, important vocal phrase that you'd like to highlight, stop the whole
backing track dead so that the phrase is completely a capella.

Process just the backing vocal with a weird effect such as ring modulation or vocoding,
leaving the lead au naturel. And/or pan the BV far left or far right to the lead vocal's central
panning, so that the backing vocal comes in at the listener's ear like a sneaky aside or
offstage comment -- it's even better if this idea fits with the song's lyrics.

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Always give a lead vocal space. It's great to punctuate a vocal with instrumental parts -- a
bass line that takes off on little extemporised flourishes between vocal phrases, for
example, sustains interest -- but make sure that punctuation is what you're doing and that
instrumental riffs and hooks don't fight with the vocal for the attention of the listener.
Likewise, try to avoid using instrument parts in the backing track that are in the same
register as the lead vocal.

Captain Hook

We all know the importance of a hook in a song -- it's the vocal or instrumental bit you just
can't forget. Lee Mavers of the La's, who wrote 'There She Goes', has the various hooks of
this catchy little track to thank for his continuing royalty
cheques from radio play, covers and ad campaigns worldwide.
Be crafty with your hooks. For example:

Use a hook in more than one way. It's a classic arranging

technique to have the main vocal melody played by
instruments too. To go way back in time, Frank Sinatra's 'In
The Wee Small Hours Of The Morning', arranged by the
legendary Nelson Riddle, opens with the vocal melody played
by a delicate piano/celeste layer, it has a breakdown section
which features the vocal melody, played on strings, and very
little else, and a fragment of the melody is used again, once
more on celeste, to finish the song. You'll never forget the tune after all that! (This track also
yields another arranging hint: echoing the song's lyrics with the arrangement. When Frank
sings the line "down to my shoes", the string line descends to match, reinforcing the lyrics
subliminally.)

As implied by the above, repetition is a good thing in pop music, even though many
consider that a lot of current hit tracks take the principle to extremes! If you've created a
good riff or clever part, making sure to use it at least two or three times will help create a
feeling of continuity. However, if you want a track that doesn't become boring, repetition has
to be balanced with novel ideas. When yo u listen back to your arrangement you should be
asking yourself whether something
More Strings To Your Bow
new happens often enough to
stimulate new interest, and also String arrangements will sound more varied and lively if
whether the best bits of the track you use the different registers wisely. Strings backing a
are repeated sufficiently often for chorus could begin in their lower registers and move up, to
end in their highest. The Frank Sinatra track mentioned in
them to become lodged in the mind the main part of the article does this for its chorus, as does
of the listener. ABC's 'The Look Of Love' and any number of other tracks.
The effect is of 'lifting' the chorus and increasing its impact
All Together Now... towards what should be a powerful ending. Speaking of
strings, one of the oldest tricks in the book is using a
single, high, sustained string note behind a chorus or
Choruses are very important. wherever you need to create extra impact or energy.
Indeed, some arrangers Another tip which will give your string arrangements more
recommend working on arranging realism and integrity is creating string counter-melodies
the chorus before you do anything which work on their own, in terms of melody, harmony and
rhythm, rather than just playing the song's chords with a
else, because the other parts of the
string sound whenever you want a string part. Also note
song should proceed from it. There that string parts sound most effective if they are able to
are various things you can do to sustain and fade out naturally when you want the part to
heighten the interest of choruses: end, so allow the time and space to allow this to happen.

An idea used well on the Dubstar Staying with background instruments for the moment, most
track 'The Day I See You modern synths come with a plentiful supply of pad voices

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Again' (from the Disgraceful album) of different kinds. Be careful which you choose if your main
is to lay a new set of chords background sounds are pads. The sound chosen needs to
underneath a part that's already be very interesting because there will probably be little
been repeated several times with its going on in the pad part rhythmically. Using a tempo-
original chords. The effect is pulsing sound or a filter-swept pad (often heard in
contemporary synth-based music) can provide movement
unsettling, adding tension and and interest without distracting from the main action.
twisting the tune to show new Another idea to enliven a static pad is to arpeggiate
aspects of itself, and once more whatever it's playing, possibly adding timed delays, if that
helps to maintain listener interest. fits with the feel of your track.

After a certain number of repetitions, even the most catchy of choruses can begin to pale.
Well, a change is as good as a rest. Take a hint from Dubstar's 'Stars' (again, off
Disgraceful) and move as far away from the established harmonic/melodic content of the
song as you can, into a dissonant section. This creates a feeling of instability. Then return
to your chorus, which now sounds even more poignant and
tuneful, and somehow new again, as well as producing the
return to stability that's a basic desire in the listener.

On the same tack -- varying choruses -- turn the first half of a

chorus into an instrumental, then bring the vocals back in for
just the last few lines. This engenders a curious feeling of
satisfaction in the listener. Another tip for listener satisfaction:
observe the rules of tension and release when working on
melodies, because these two opposites provide a lot of the
power of a melody. Melodies that proceed upwards usually
create tension, while a feeling of release is engendered when
the tune descends from the tension point.

Listen & Learn

There's a lot to be learned from classical music. It's hard to pinpoint any one thing that you'll
pick up from this source, but if you use a lot of samples of real instruments in your work
(and even if you don't), listening to the work of a wide range of composers will provide
plenty of ideas with regard to new textures and instrumental combinations. If you read
music, see if your local library has any miniature scores
available to loan. Have a score open while you're listening to a
piece, and if you hear something you like -- a texture, an
arrangement of a particular chord, an instrumentation of a
melody and accompaniment -- copy out the bars that interest
you, with a note of instruments used (but watch out for
transposing instruments!). You now have a template that you
can apply when arranging your own work. And if you don't
read music, perhaps now is the time to learn; it'll be an
invaluable facility. Check local colleges for courses.

If you'd like some instant insight into how a real orchestra works, and how the various
instrumental groups interact, there are three classic text books: Principles of Orchestration
by Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, Orchestration by Walter Piston, and Orchestration by Cecil
Forsyth. These are of most use if you read music, obviously. For those who don't (or don't
read much), Eric Turkel's Arranging Techniques for Synthesists is an invaluable book,
crammed with common-sense ideas and tips, solid information gleaned from much
experience. You'll get more from it if you read music, because he prints lots of examples to
illustrate his points, but the text alone is enormously enlightening and written in a simple,
engaging style.

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The last thing to say is this: though you can certainly improve your arrangements by
applying simple principles, rules are made to be broken, and frequently are!

Glossary
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