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Chapter 1 Introduction

The document provides information about a physiology course including details about the instructor, textbook, assignments, and topics to be covered in the first chapter including the levels of organization of the human body, organ systems, homeostasis, and the scientific method. The first chapter will introduce physiology, review levels of organization and organ systems, and discuss homeostasis and key themes in physiology including structure-function relationships and energy flow.

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25 views

Chapter 1 Introduction

The document provides information about a physiology course including details about the instructor, textbook, assignments, and topics to be covered in the first chapter including the levels of organization of the human body, organ systems, homeostasis, and the scientific method. The first chapter will introduce physiology, review levels of organization and organ systems, and discuss homeostasis and key themes in physiology including structure-function relationships and energy flow.

Uploaded by

plsssss
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physiology I:

Human Physiology

Fall 2007
Rooms 1810
Lecture: Monday Wednesday 5:00-
6:15
Lab: MW 6:30-9:20

Developed by
John Gallagher, MS, DVM
John Gallagher, BS, MS,
DVM
_ Colorado State
University
_ BS, Animal
Sciences, 1974
_ MS, Clinical
Sciences, 1976
_ DVM, Veterinary
Medicine, 1980
A Few Details:

Turn off your Cell Phone!


Review the new Safety Rules in the syllabus.
Don’t bother to telephone me.
There are new guidelines for microscope use.

Email:
[email protected]
My web site:
http://lpc1.clpccd.cc.ca.us/lpc/jgallagher/index.htm

Blackboard: http://clpccd.blackboard.com/
First Assignment!
Send me an email before
Sunday, 11:00PM, the first week
of class
(3 points!)
_ Always put Physiology in the subject
line.
_ Why are you taking this class?
_ Do you plan a career in the medical field?
_ What special interests do you have?
_ What is your college background?
_ Do you have a job? Where?
_ Who was your Bio 31 instructor?
Anatomy?
Textbook, some special
features:
 Background basics
 RUNNING
PROBLEM
 Concept checks
 EOC questions and
Explorations
 Silverthorn web site
(http://www.aw-
bc.com/physiologyplace/,
or Google physiology
Course Introduction
Lectures and exams are textbook
based
Lecture Notes: Posted on my
website.
About Chapter 1: Introduction
to Physiology

• What is physiology?
• From cell to human (levels of organization)
• A review of the organ systems
• Introduction of the concept of homeostasis
• Themes in Physiology
• The science of Physiology
 Experimental design
 Data
Physiology is
 the study of the function of all plants and
animals in their normal state.

 an integrative science

Figure 1-1: Levels of organization and the related fields of study


Review Levels of Organization
Organ Systems
 operate as integrated
units

 How many? Can you


list them?

Examples:
•Regulation of
•Plasma calcium
concentration
•Blood pressure etc.
Function and Process:
Teleological vs. Mechanistic
Approach to Science

Teleological:
What is purpose or function?
Why does something exist?
Why does it need to be done?

Mechanistic:
What are processes involved?
How does something work?
Distinguish between Process & Function

How do we breathe? Why do we breathe?

How does blood Why does blood


flow? flow?

How do RBCs Why do RBC


transport O2? transport O2?

Integrate both for complete picture!


Focus on . . . . (Concept)
Mapping
1. Structure – function maps
2. Process maps or Flow
charts
Follow process in sequence

Fig 1-5b
Key Themes in Physiology:
1. Homeostasis (Chapter 6)
Body systems work together (Integration of
function)
Internal vs. external failure of homeostasis

2. Communication and movement across


cell membranes
Vital to integration & homeostasis
Cells communicate with other cells, tissues &
organs
Energy Flow and Law of Mass Balance
Major routes
for input?
All living processes require
constant input of energy
Where from? - How is it stored?
How is it used to do work?
Major routes
for output?

Total amount of substance in body = intake + production - output

What substances are maintained through law of mass balance?


The Science of Physiology
is based on the Scientific Method

Review:
1. Basic steps of scientific method
2. Parameters to consider
3. Experimental design
4. Anecdotal evidence
Basic Steps of Scientific Method:
Observation (and/or study of prior
knowledge)

Hypothesis

Experimentation

Collection and analysis of data (can you


replicate results?)

Conclusion: reject or accept hypothesis

theory
Parameters to consider:
Independent vs. dependent variables

Controlled by Responds to independent variable:


experimenter gives results.

Experimental group vs. control group:


only one independent variable is changed
Independent variable (= manipulated, altered variable) = ?
Dependent variable (= responding to independent variable) = ?
Example:

Company has found new artificial


sweetener (S)
Prior knowledge:
Some food additives are not safe.
Hypothesis: ?
Experiments: ?
Collect and analyze data
Conclusion
Animal vs. Human Experimentation

 InPhysiology most knowledge is derived from


animal experimentation.

 Sometime human experimentation necessary.

 Difficulties of Human Experimentation:


 Very dissimilar test subjects
 Psychological aspects (placebo and nocebo effects)
 Ethical questions (is it o.k. to withhold potential
drug from seriously ill?)
Experimental Design for
Human Studies

Blind study (subjects do not know if they get


treatment or placebo)

Double blind study (subjects & administrators . . .)

Cross over study (each subject participates in


experimental AND control group)

Double blind cross over study


Experimental Design for
Human Studies cont.

Longitudinal studies

Prospective studies

Cross-sectional studies

Retrospective studies

Meta-analysis
Development of
pharmaceutical drugs (not in book)
In vitro
few

In vivo tests on lab animals


< 10%

In vivo human clinical trials (3 phases)

FDA approval
Focus on Graphs

 Data are often presented in form of a


graph

 For examples see Fig 1-8

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