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WORKBOOK
FOR

COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

B.E. AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING VII SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

Faculty name : A. NAGAMANI, ASP / AERO

Course code and name : 16AE401 – COMPOSITE MATERIALS
of the course AND STRUCTURES
Semester : VII

A. Nagamani Dept. of Aero. Engg. 16AE323- Theory of vibrations

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UNIT- I MACRO-MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF A LAMINA

1. What is a composite material?

2. How does a composite material differ from an alloy?

3. Why did Israelites reinforce clay with straw?

4. Give four examples of naturally found composites. What are the constituents of
these natural composites?

5. List the different types of fibers.

6. List the naturally available fibers.

7. List the advantages of using composites over metals.

8. List the disadvantages of composite materials.

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9. Differentiate between composites and metals with respect to strength-to-weight

ratio.

10. Give the units for the following quantities: (i) stress (ii) Young’s modulus (iii)
Poisson’s ratio (iv) coefficient of thermal expansion (v) density.

11. List the functions of the fiber in a composite.

12. Differentiate between particulate composites and whiskers.

13. List the functions of the matrix in a composite.

14. Define isotropy, orthotropy and anisotropy.

15. Are composite materials isotropic and/or homogeneous?

16. What is a lamina? What is a laminate?

17. Enumerate the six primary material selection parameters that are used in
evaluating the use of a particular material.

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18. Define stiffness of a spring. State its unit.

19. Define stiffness of a bar. State its unit.

20. Define strength.

21. Define ultimate strength.

22. Define specific modulus.

23. Define specific strength.

24. List the various types of commercially available fibers.

25. List the functions of a fiber in a composite.

26. List out the limitations of natural fibers.

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27. Why are fiber reinforcements of a thin diameter?

28. What fiber factors contribute to the mechanical performance of a composite?

29. What are the matrix factors that contribute to the mechanical performance of
composites?

30. Other than fiber and the matrix, what other factors influence the mechanical
performance of a composite?

31. How are composites classified?

32. What are the most common advanced composites?

33. List the different types of reinforcements.

34. What are the drawbacks of polymer matrix composites?

35. List the typical mechanical properties of some polymer matrix composites.
Compare these properties with metals.

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36. Give a description of a glass fiber.

37. List the types of glass fibers and their significance.

38. Give a description of graphite fibers.

39. Are carbon and graphite the same?

40. What is the major advantage of boron fibers over carbon fibers?

41. Give a description of the aramid fiber.

42. What are the advantages and disadvantages of aramid fiber?

43. Give the maximum temperatures up to which polymers, metals and ceramics can
be used as matrix materials.

44. State the possible combination of matrices and reinforcements used in metal
matrix composites.

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45. List the various resin systems used in advanced polymer composites.

46. Give a description of epoxy.

47. Why is epoxy the most common type of matrix material?

48. What are thermosets and thermoplastics? Give examples.

49. What are prepregs?

50. Give typical applications of polymer matrix composites.

51. What are metal matrix composites?

52. What are the advantages of metal matrix composites?

53. List the applications of metal matrix composites.

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54. What are ceramic matrix composites?

55. List the advantages of ceramic matrix composites.

56. List the applications of ceramic matrix composites.

57. What are carbon-carbon composites?

58. List the advantages and applications of carbon-carbon composites.

59. Define macromechanics.

60. Define micromechanics.

61. Give example of a (i) homogeneous body that is not isotropic and (ii) non-
homogeneous body that is isotropic.

62. Define normal stress and shear stress.

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63. Define normal strain and shear strain.

64. Sketch the three dimensional state of stress.

65. Write the strain-displacement relations in three dimensions.

66. Write the 3-D stress-strain equations.

67. Write the plane-stress and plane strain equations.

68. Define strain energy.

69. Define a uni-directional lamina.

70. Why are FRP materials not called as isotropic materials?

71. What is the minimum thickness of a lamina?

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72. Why do fibers have better mechanical properties than the bulk material?

73. When is a material said to be transversely isotropic?

74. Write the number of independent elastic constants for three-dimensional

anisotropic, monoclinic, orthotropic, transversely isotropic, and isotropic
materials.

75. Differentiate between isotropic and orthotropic materials.

76. What are the reduced stiffness and the compliance matrix for an isotropic
lamina?

77. Write the Hooke’s law for a transversely isotropic material.

78. Write the Hooke’s law for an isotropic material.

79. List the assumptions made in plane-stress analysis.

80. List the assumptions made in plane-strain analysis.

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81. Define shear coupling.

82. List the failure modes of composites.

83. List the failure theories used in the analysis of angle lamina.

84. What are hygrothermal stresses and strains?

85. What is mechanical characterization?

86. What are stiffness matrix and compliance matrix?

87. What is an angle ply?

88. What do you mean by ‘invariant stiffness and compliance’?

89. All natural fibers are organic and all synthetic fibers inorganic. TRUE OR
FALSE.

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90. Natural fibers such as hemp, jute and cotton consist of cellulose fibers in an
amorphous matrix of cellulose and hemicelluloses. TRUE OR FALSE.

91. All interfaces between the matrix and the reinforcement are stable and will never
change during service even at high temperatures. TRUE OR FALSE.

92. Glass fibers are crystalline and the crystal size is about 20  m . TRUE OR
FALSE.

93. Usually the matrix has a lower Young’s modulus than the reinforcement. TRUE
OR FALSE.

94. The most widely used composites re metal matrix composites. TRUE OR
FALSE.

1
2
E
95. The performance indicator is applicable when considering the possibility of

bucking under the action of a compressive force. TRUE OR FALSE.

96. A hybrid has a mixed metal and ceramic matrix reinforced with polymer fibers.
TRUE OR FALSE.

97. The main objective in reinforcing a metal is to lower the Young’s modulus.
TRUE OR FALSE.

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98. A laminate is an example of a particle reinforced composite. TRUE OR FALSE.

99. The properties of a composite are essentially isotropic when the reinforcement is
randomly oriented, equi-axed particles. TRUE OR FALSE.

100. A plate subjected to a unidirectional direct stress experiences strain only in the
direction of the stress. TRUE OR FALSE.

101. The elastic stress-strain behavior of an isotropic material can be characterized

by only two elastic constants. TRUE OR FALSE.

102. Principal stresses are the maximum and minimum shear stresses at a point in a
body. TRUE OR FALSE.

103. For a transversely isotropic material, the elastic properties in the longitudinal
direction are the same as those transverse to the fibers. TRUE OR FALSE.

104. The principal material axes are at 45 degrees to the fiber direction. TRUE OR
FALSE.

105. A unidirectional lamina can be characterized by only four elastic constants.

TRUE OR FALSE.

106. The major and minor Poisson’s ratios are independent elastic properties. TRUE
OR FALSE.

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107. The shear modulus of a unidirectional lamina can be determined from the
longitudinal modulus and the major Poisson’s ratio. TRUE OR FALSE.

108. According to the maximum stress criterion lamina failure is determined by the
absolute maximum component of stress in the lamina. TRUE OR FALSE.

109. The maximum stress and maximum strain criteria will predict the same failure
loads. TRUE OR FALSE.

110. A hybrid stress criterion is used for composites containing more than none fiber
type (i.e., a hybrid composite). TRUE OR FALSE.

111. An interactive stress criterion cannot directly predict the mode of failure. TRUE
OR FALSE.

112. An interactive criterion will always predict failure stresses different to those
predicted by the maximum stress criterion. TRUE OR FALSE.

113. When predicting the final failure of a laminate, it is necessary to know the failure
mode of individual plies. TRUE OR FALSE.

For each of the statements in the following questions, one or more of the
completions given are correct. Mark the correct completions.

114. The matrix

a. is always fibrous
b. transfers the load to the reinforcement
c. separates and protects the surface of the reinforcement
d. is usually stronger than the reinforcement
e. is never a ceramic.
115. Bone
a. is a natural composite

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b. consists of spirally would cellulose fibers

c. contains hydroxyapatite
d. contains inorganic crystals
e. contains the organic fiber, collagen.
116. The specific modulus
a. is given by 1/E where E is Young’s modulus
b. is given by E  where  is density
E
c. is given by

d. is generally low for polymer matrix composites
e. is generally low for metallic materials.
117. Hybrids
a. are composites with two matrix materials
b. are composites with mixed fibers
c. always have a metallic constituent
d. are also known as bidirectional woven composites
e. are usually multilayered composites
118. Metal matrix composites usually
a. have a heavy metal for the matrix
b. have a poorer ductility than the matrix
c. retain their strength to higher temperatures than the matrix
d. have a lower Young’s modulus than the matrix
e. are reinforced by polymer fibers.
119. Compared with a ceramic, a polymer normally has a
a. greater strength
b. lower stiffness
c. lower density
d. better high temperature performance
e. lower hardness.
120. Stress
a. is the total load on a component.
b. is a normalized measure of load.
c. arises only from the application of a couple
d. always exists as two components at right angles
e. has units of force / length.
121. Strain
a. is an alternative term for displacement
b. has units of 1/length
c. is a non-dimensional measure of deformation
d. is caused by the application of stress
e. can be related to the curvature of a bent beam.
122. Poisson’s ratio
a. defines the curvature of a plate

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b. is an alternative property to shear modulus

c. relates a longitudinal direct strain to the corresponding transverse strain
d. has the same units as stress
e. is the same as shear strain.
123. Compliance
a. is the inverse of stiffness
b. is a measure of the flexibility of a material
c. is directly proportional to Young’s modulus
d. has units of force/area
e. gives stress for a unit strain
124. Transformed stiffness matrix
a. is the inverse of the stiffness matrix
b. is obtained by changing the x- for y-axes
c. is the stiffness in the principal material directions of a lamina oriented at an
angle to the x- and y-axes
d. is the stiffness of a rotated lamina in the x- and y-axes.
e. is determined from the stiffness coefficients and functions of the angle of
rotation.
125. Maximum strain criterion
a. can be obtained from the maximum stress criterion by dividing each term
by an appropriate stiffness
b. comprises five sub-criteria
c. cannot predict failure stresses
d. will give the same prediction as the maximum stress criterion for a lamina
in a uniaxial stress state when the stresses is parallel to the fibers
e. gives a better prediction than the maximum stress criterion when the
stress-strain relation shows significant non-linearity.
126. Tsai-Hill criterion
a. is only applicable if the direct stresses are tensile
b. cannot predict the mode of failure
c. gives better prediction than does a limit criterion for a unidirectional
lamina when the fibers are not aligned with the applied stress.
d. cannot be used to predict the final failure of a laminate.
e. Cannot be used to obtain a reserve factor.

127. Each of the sentences in the following questions consists of an assertion followed
by a reason. Answer:
a. If both assertion and reason are true statements and the reason is a correct
explanation of the assertion.
b. If both assertion and reason are true statements but the reason is not a correct
explanation of the assertion
c. If the assertion is true but the reason is a false statement.
d. If the assertion is false but the reason is a true statement.
e. If both the assertion and reason are false statements.

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128. The properties of a composite are influenced by the properties of the constituents
because the properties of the composite are always given by the law of mixtures.

129. The properties of a continuous fiber composite are anisotropic because the
arrangement of the fibers is often unidirectional.

130. Ceramic matrix composites have a lower toughness than monolithic ceramics
because the reinforcement is usually fibers of low stiffness.

131. Polymer matrix composites have high values for the specific modulus because
polymers are high strength materials.

132. Metal matrix composites usually retain their strength to higher temperatures
than the matrix alloy because the reinforcement is normally a ceramic which has
good mechanical properties at elevated temperatures.

133. It is preferable to use a ceramic matrix composite for a rod like-component

subject to bending rather than the unreinforced matrix because the composite is
K
likely to have the higher value for the performance indicator IC .


134. The loads acting on a component are subdivided into forces are couples because
forces can be subdivided into tension and compression.

135. In a plate loaded in its plane, the orthogonal direct strains are determined by
both direct stresses because the shear strain is determined by the shear stress.

136. An isotropic material always behaves in a linear elastic fashion because shear
modulus is related to Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio.

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137. A plate loaded by couples will exhibit anticlastic curvature because the direct
stresses vary linearly through the thickness.

138. In a pressurized cylinder, the axial and hoop stresses have the same magnitude
because axial strain is greater than the circumferential strain.

139. For a unidirectional lamina the major Poisson’s ratio is always larger than the
minor Poisson’s ratio because the transverse modulus is always smaller than the
longitudinal modulus.

140. For a unidirectional lamina, the S11 terms of the compliance matrix is always
greater than the S 22 because the stiffness term Q11 is always greater than Q22 .

141. For a unidirectional lamina, the terms Q13 and Q23 of the stiffness matrix are
always zero because the shear modulus is much smaller than the longitudinal
modulus.

142. A unidirectional lamina subjected to off-axis loading will exhibit extension-shear

coupling because the terms Q13 and Q23 are not zero.

143. A lamina is deemed to have failed when the fiber fractures because the fibers
carry the highest stresses.

144. When predicting the failure of an off-axis lamina, it is necessary to calculate the
stresses in the principal direction because these stresses are always greater than
the applied stresses.

145. The maximum stress criterion will always predict failure in tension because the
longitudinal tensile strength of a unidirectional ply is greater than the
corresponding compressive strength.

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146. The Tsai-Hill criterion gives a more accurate prediction for off-axis loading
because it does not predict the mode of failure.

147. Initial failure of a cross-ply laminate can only be predicted by the Tsai-Hill
criterion because it corresponds to transverse ply cracking.

148. Prediction of laminate failure requires an iterative approach because ply

stiffnesses are modified as failure occur.

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UNIT-II MICROMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF A LAMINA

149. Define volume fraction.

150. Define mass fraction or mass fraction.

151. Define density of a composite material.

152. What is ‘void content’ in a composite material?

153. What is void volume fraction?

154. How is volume fraction of fiber and resin determined?

155. What is the specific modulus of a polymer fiber with a density of 1.44 g / cc and
an elastic modulus of 700 MPa?

156. For a composite, E f = 100 GPa and Em = 10 GPa. Calculate the percentage
increase in load carrying capacity of a uni-axial bar when the fiber content is
increased from 70% to 80%.

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157. Write the expression to determine the longitudinal modulus of the composites
using law of mixtures.

158. List the four elastic moduli of a unidirectional lamina.

159. What is a ‘representative volume’?

160. What is rule of mixtures?

161. Calculate the weight fraction and volume fraction for a composite laminate
containing 30% weight of E-glass fibers in a polyester resin. Assume  f  2.54
g/ml and m  1.1 g/ml.

162. What is array packing?

163. What do you mean by quasi-isotropic laminate?

164. What is acid digestion test?

165. Express longitudinal Young’s modulus in terms of fiber and matrix.

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166. Express transverse Young’s modulus in terms of fiber and matrix.

167. Define major Poisson’s ratio.

168. Write the expression for in-plane shear modulus of a lamina.

169. List the ultimate strengths of a unidirectional lamina.

170. List the failure modes of fiber composites.

171. The longitudinal modulus of a unidirectional composite is determined solely by

the fiber modulus. TRUE OR FALSE.

172. The fiber modulus has a stronger influence on longitudinal modulus than it does
on transverse modulus. TRUE OR FALSE.

173. The shear modulus of a unidirectional composite  G12  is strongly dependent on

the shear modulus of the matrix. TRUE OR FALSE.

174. Brittle fibers have high values of the Weibull modulus, m. TRUE OR FALSE.

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For each of the statements in the following questions, one or more of the
completions given are correct. Mark the correct competitions.
175. The longitudinal modulus of a unidirectional composite
a. is larger than the fiber modulus
b. is directly proportional to fiber volume fraction
c. is calculated assuming the fibers to have identical strength
d. is calculated assuming the failure strain of the fibers to be greater than
that of the matrix
e. is calculated assuming that stress is proportional to strain.
176. Transverse properties are more difficult to predict than longitudinal properties
because
a. fibers are not uniformly packed
b. they are dependent on matrix properties
c. there is a lack of data on appropriate fiber properties
d. the strain is constant
e. the coefficient of expansion is different for the fiber and matrix.

177. Each of the sentences in the following questions consists of an assertion followed
by a reason. Answer:
a. If both assertion and reason are true statements and the reason is a correct
explanation of the assertion.
b. If both assertion and reason are true statements but the reason is not a correct
explanation of the assertion
c. If the assertion is true but the reason is a false statement.
d. If the assertion is false but the reason is a true statement.
e. If both the assertion and reason are false statements.

178. When calculating the longitudinal modulus of unidirectional FRP, the matrix
can be neglected because the fiber modulus is much greater than the matrix
modulus.

179. Having the fiber modulus will halve the composite’s transverse modulus because
transverse modulus is proportional to fiber modulus.

180. The major Poisson’s ratio of a unidirectional composite is given by a Rule of

Mixtures expression because transverse strains are neglected.

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181. For practical FRPs, the composite’s longitudinal tensile stress is directly
proportional to fiber stress because the fiber modulus is much greater than the
matrix modulus.

182. The longitudinal and transverse expansion coefficients of CFRP are the same
because the fiber expansion coefficient is larger than that of the matrix.

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UNIT – III LAMINATED PLATE THEORY

183. Differentiate between a lamina and a laminate.

184. What do you mean by laminate coordinates?

185. How does the bending analysis of a composite laminate vary from that of metals?

186. How does the buckling analysis of a composite laminate vary from that of
metals?

187. Define flexural rigidity of a composite laminate.

188. Differentiate between angle and cross-ply laminates.

189. What is a balanced laminate?

190. Specify the significance of the stiffness matrices.

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191. What are coupling coefficients? What is their significance?

192. What are inter-laminar stresses?

193. List the assumptions made in the classical lamination theory.

194. What is meant by ‘laminate code’? Give examples.

195. Condensate the laminate code [0 / 45 / -45 / -45 / 45 / 0]

196. Define a cross-ply laminate?

197. Enumerate the construction of cross-ply laminates.

198. Enumerate the construction of angle-ply laminates.

199. What is iso-strain condition in composite laminates?

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200. List the important failure criteria used for composite laminates.

201. What is yield criterion? Name the yield criteria used for the failure analysis of
composite materials.

202. Define an angle-ply laminate?

203. The major Poisson’s ratio  12 for an orthotropic lamina is said to be matrix
dependent property. TRUE OR FALSE. Justify.

204. Define a symmetric laminate.

205. Define a unsymmetric laminate.

206. What are cross-coefficients? What is their significance?

207. State the Tsai-Hill failure criteria for composites.

208. State the Tsai-Wu failure criteria for composites.

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209. Write an expression for the stiffness of a composite laminate.

210. What is a failure envelope?

211. What is is the use of Halpin-Tsai empirical relation?

212. Shear-extension coupling is always absent for an orthotropic lamina. TRUE OR

FALSE? Justify.

213. What is a hybrid laminate?

214. Do global stresses vary linearly through the thickness of a laminate? Justify.

215. The B matrix is zero for a laminate with an antisymmetric lay-up.

216. Why are failure theories developed for metals not applicable to composites?

217. What do you mean by fiber pull-out?

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218. The D13 and D23 terms are zero for a laminate with a balanced symmetric lay-
up. TRUE OR FALSE.

219. Each of the sentences in the following questions consists of an assertion followed
by a reason. Answer:
a. If both assertion and reason are true statements and the reason is a correct
explanation of the assertion.
b. If both assertion and reason are true statements but the reason is not a correct
explanation of the assertion
c. If the assertion is true but the reason is a false statement.
d. If the assertion is false but the reason is a true statement.
e. If both the assertion and reason are false statements.

220. Laminates with the same lay-up but different sequences have the same A matrix
because the A matrix depends only on ply thickness.

221. The laminate denoted by   /  /  / 90 /  /  /   has D13  0 and D23  0

because a layer at 90o does not influence these terms.

222. Classical laminate theory cannot predict failure of finite width laminates because
it ignores the existence of through-thickness stresses.

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UNIT – IV FABRICATION PROCESSES AND REPAIR METHODS

223. List the fabrication processes of composites.

224. What is compression moulding of composites?

225. List the open mould processes of manufacturing composites.

226. List the closed mould processes of manufacturing composites.

227. Differentiate between infusion moulding and resin transfer moulding.

228. What is an autoclave?

229. Enumerate the typical cure cycle used during autoclave process.

230. What is a ‘preform’?

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231. Define wettability.

232. List the advantages of epoxy matrix.

233. What is the purpose of surface treatment of fibers?

234. Why is silane preferred as coupling agent with glass fibers?

235. What is ‘braiding’ of composites?

236. How are chopped strands produced?

237. List the precursors used in the manufacturing of carbon fibers.

238. List the advantages of filament winding technique.

239. List the limitations of filament winding technique.

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240. List the applications of filament winding technique.

241. Differentiate between helical winding and hoop winding.

242. Can we use filament would PMC cylinders to replace steel cylinders for natural
gas transportation.

243. What are the residual stresses developed during fabrication of composites?

244. List the assumptions made in the netting analysis.

245. List the features of netting analysis.

246. Give examples for thermosetting and thermoplastic resins.

247. Polyethylene has the lowest density of any readily available synthetic fiber.
TRUE OR FALSE.

248. Boron fibers are produced by vapour deposition from boron trichloride on to a
heated substrate. TRUE OR FALSE.

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249. The elastic properties of graphite are anisotropic. TRUE OR FALSE.

250. Polyacrylonitrile is a well-established precursor for SiC. TRUE OR FALSE.

251. Why is aluminum commonly used as the matrix of a metal-matrix composite?

252. Why is magnesium not commonly used as the matrix of a metal matrix
composite?

253. What are the main advantages of thermoplastic-matrix composites compared to

thermoset-matrix composites?

254. Why is the pultrusion method of composite fabrication limited to unidirectional

composites?

255. What is the main disadvantage of using woven fibers rather than nonwoven
fibers as a reinforcement in a composite material?

256. Why is it difficult to use liquid metal infiltration to prepare metal-matrix

composites with a low filler volume fraction?

257. What is the main disadvantage of the plasma spray method of metal-matrix
composite fabrication?

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258. Why is the stabilization step used in the fabrication of a carbon fiber from a
pitch fiber?

259. Describe the CVI method of carbon–carbon composite fabrication.

260. What is the main advantage of having fillers of two different particle sizes in the
same composite material?

261. Why is fiber bridging attractive for a brittle-matrix composite?

262. List the factors that influence the cure cycle.

For each of the statements in the following questions, one or more of the
completions given are correct. Mark the correct completions.
263. Aramid
a. is a form of collagen
b. may be viewed as nylon with extra benzene rings
c. fibers are stretched and drawn to align the structure
d. fibers maintain their properties to temperatures in excess of 1000o
e. fibers are produced by chemical vapour deposition from nylon
264. Glass fibers
a. are made from silica glass
b. have the highest specific modulus of any fibers
c. are produced by vapour deposition
d. have a short-range network structure
e. may be chopped to make a chopped strand mat.
265. Alumina fibers
a. are produced from an organic precursor
b. are produced via a slurry
c. are produced by melt spinning
d. cannot be produced from debased alumina
e. have extremely high values for the specific strength

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f. may be predominantly  - phase.

266. Graphite
a. is a non-crystalline from of carbon
b. has an hexagonal crystal structure
c. has covalent bonding in the basal planes
d. has weak bonds in the basal plane
e. starts to oxidize in air at around 500oC.
267. Production of carbon fibers from polyacrylonitrile
a. gives a high yield of up to 50%
b. involves initial stretching to 500 - 1300%
c. involves stretching by 50% at about 3000oC
d. gives a Young’s modulus which increases with increasing temperature of
graphitization
e. can result in what are known as ‘high strain fibers’.
268. SiC fibers
a. are produced by melt spinning
b. are produced by chemical vapour deposition
c. are produced by decomposition of a precursor
d. sometimes have a tungsten core
e. usually contain a significant amount of Al2O3 .

A. Nagamani Dept. of Aero. Engg. 16AE323- Theory of vibrations

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UNIT- V SANDWICH CONSTRUCTIONS

269. Define a sandwich construction.

270. What is the necessity to go for sandwich construction?

271. List the properties of sandwich construction?

272. How are external loads resisted by a sandwich panel?

273. What will happen if the core thickness is increased?

274. Are external stiffeners used in sandwich construction? Justify your answer.

275. Why cannot carbon fiber face sheet be used with aluminium honeycomb core?

276. List the types of foam cores.

A. Nagamani Dept. of Aero. Engg. 16AE323- Theory of vibrations

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277. List the materials used for sandwich construction.

278. Mention any two critical concepts used for sandwich construction.

279. List 5 examples of aircraft components made of sandwich structures.

280. Write the flexural rigidity for a sandwich beam with different facing thicknesses.

281. In what way a sandwich structure is different from a composite material?

282. What is the function of core in a sandwich construction?

283. What is the function of the face sheet in a sandwich construction?

284. List the important mechanical properties needed for the core material.

285. List the important mechanical properties needed for the face sheet material.

A. Nagamani Dept. of Aero. Engg. 16AE323- Theory of vibrations

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286. How are sandwich panels fabricated?

287. List practical examples of honeycomb structures in aircraft.

288. Why is low modulus honeycomb used in the sandwich beam?

289. List the failure modes of sandwich structures.

290. Give three examples of core material used in sandwich construction for
aerospace applications.

291. Give three examples of facing material used in sandwich construction for
aerospace applications.

A. Nagamani Dept. of Aero. Engg. 16AE323- Theory of vibrations