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Tests

The document discusses parametric and nonparametric statistical tests. Parametric tests assume variables are measured on interval or ratio scales and the population is known, while nonparametric tests do not require these assumptions. Common parametric tests include the t-test and ANOVA, while nonparametric equivalents are the Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon, and Kruskal-Wallis tests.

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49 views

Tests

The document discusses parametric and nonparametric statistical tests. Parametric tests assume variables are measured on interval or ratio scales and the population is known, while nonparametric tests do not require these assumptions. Common parametric tests include the t-test and ANOVA, while nonparametric equivalents are the Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon, and Kruskal-Wallis tests.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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 A statistical test, in which specific assumptions are made about the population parameter is

known as the parametric test. A statistical test used in the case of non-metric independent
variables is called nonparametric test.
 In the parametric test, the test statistic is based on distribution. On the other hand, the test
statistic is arbitrary in the case of the nonparametric test.
 In the parametric test, it is assumed that the measurement of variables of interest is done on
interval or ratio level. As opposed to the nonparametric test, wherein the variable of interest are
measured on nominal or ordinal scale.
 In general, the measure of central tendency in the parametric test is mean, while in the case
of the nonparametric test is median.
 In the parametric test, there is complete information about the population. Conversely, in the
nonparametric test, there is no information about the population.
 The applicability of parametric test is for variables only, whereas nonparametric test applies
to both variables and attributes.
 For measuring the degree of association between two quantitative variables, Pearson’s
coefficient of correlation is used in the parametric test, while spearman’s rank correlation is used
in the nonparametric test.

The Independent Samples t Test compares the means of two independent groups in order to


determine whether there is statistical evidence that the associated population means are
significantly different.

A paired t-test is used to compare two population means where you have two samples in which
observations in one sample can be paired with observations in the other sample.

The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine whether there are any
statistically significant differences between the means of three or more independent (unrelated)
groups.
Repeated measures ANOVA is the equivalent of the one-way ANOVA, but for related, not
independent groups, and is the extension of the dependent t-test. A repeated measures
ANOVA is also referred to as a within-subjects ANOVA or ANOVA for correlated samples.

The Mann-Whitney U test is used to compare differences between two independent groups
when the dependent variable is either ordinal or continuous, but not normally distributed.
As the Wilcoxon signed-rank test does not assume normality in the data, it can be used when
this assumption has been violated and the use of the dependent t-test is inappropriate. It is used
to compare two sets of scores that come from the same participants.
The Kruskal-Wallis H test (sometimes also called the "one-way ANOVA on ranks") is a rank-
based nonparametric test that can be used to determine if there are statistically significant
differences between two or more groups of an independent variable on a continuous or ordinal
dependent variable.
The Friedman test is the non-parametric alternative to the one-way ANOVA with repeated
measures. It is used to test for differences between groups when the dependent variable being
measured is ordinal. It can also be used for continuous data that has violated the assumptions
necessary to run the one-way ANOVA with repeated measures.

Type of Test: Use:


Correlational These tests look for an association between variables
Pearson Tests for the strength of the association between two continuous
correlation variables
Tests for the strength of the association between two ordinal
Spearman
variables (does not rely on the assumption of normal distributed
correlation
data)
Tests for the strength of the association between two categorical
Chi-square
variables
Comparison of Means: look for the difference between the means of
variables
Paired T-test Tests for difference between two related variables
Independent T-
Tests for difference between two independent variables
test
Tests the difference between group means after any other
ANOVA
variance in the outcome variable is accounted for
Regression: assess if change in one variable predicts change in another
variable
Simple Tests how change in the predictor variable predicts the level of
regression change in the outcome variable
Multiple Tests how change in the combination of two or more predictor
regression variables predict the level of change in the outcome variable
Non-parametric: are used when the data does not meet assumptions
required for parametric tests
Wilcoxon rank- Tests for difference between two independent variables - takes
sum test into account magnitude and direction of difference
Wilcoxon sign- Tests for difference between two related variables - takes into
rank test account magnitude and direction of difference
Tests if two related variables are different – ignores magnitude of
Sign test
change, only takes into account direction

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