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1 Problems Chapter 1: Introduction to Nanoelectronics

2 Problems Chapter 2: Classical Particles, Classical Waves, and
Quantum Particles
2.1. What is the energy (in Joules and eV) of a photon having wavelength 650 nm? Repeat for an electron
having the same wavelength and only kinetic energy.
Solution: For the photon,
hc hc hc 19
p = ; E= = 9
= 3:058 10 J (1)
E 650 10
EJ
EeV = = 1:91 eV.
jqe j

For the electron,

h2 h2 25
E= 2 = = 5:704 10 J (2)
2me jqe j 2me (650 10 9 )2
e
6
= 3:56 10 eV.

2.2. For light (photons), in classical physics the relation

c= f (3)

is often used, where c is the speed of light, f is the frequency, and is the wavelength. For photons,
is the de Broglie wavelength the same as the wavelength in (3)? Explain your reasoning. Hint: use
Einstein’s formula p
E = mc2 = p2 c2 + m0 c4 ; (4)
where m0 is the particle’s rest mass (which, for a photon, is zero).
Solution: Yes, these wavelengths are the same. From Einstein’s formula, E = pc for photons, and
using E = hf we have
E pc
c= f = = ; (5)
h h
so that we must have = h=p.
2.3. Common household electricity in the United States is 60 Hz, a typical microwave oven operates at
2:4 109 Hz, and ultraviolet light occurs at 30 1015 Hz. In each case, determine the energy of the
associated photons in joules and eV.
Solution:

E = hf; (6)
32 13
Eelec = h60 = 3:98 10 J = 2:48 10 eV
9 24 6
Eoven = h 2:4 10 = 1:59 10 J = 9:92 10 eV
15 17
Euv = h 30 10 = 1:99 10 J = 124:2 eV.

2.4. Assume that a HeNe laser pointer outputs 1 mW of power at 632 nm.

(a) Determine the energy per photon

Solution: Each photon carries

2 c (2 ) 3 108 19
Ep = }! = } =} = 3:145 10 J = 1:963 eV. (7)
632 10 9

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(b) Determine the number of photons per second, N .

Solution: The sum of all N photons has power
3
P = N Ep (1/s) J = 10 J/s (8)
3
10
!N = 19
= 3:179 7 1015 photons/s.
3:145 10
2.5. Repeat 2.4 if the laser outputs 10 mW of power. How does the number of photons per second scale
with power?
Solution: The sum of all N photons has power
3
P = N Ep (1/s) J = 10 10 J/s (9)
3
10 10
!N = 19
= 3:179 7 1016 photons/s.
3:145 10
The number of photons scales linearly with power.
2.6. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of
(a) a proton moving at 437; 000 m/s,
(b) a proton with kinetic energy 1; 100 eV,
(c) an electron travelling at 10; 000 m/s.
(d) a 800 kg car moving at 60 km/h.
Solution: (a)
h h h 13
= = = 27 ) (437000)
= 9:065 10 m (10)
p mp v (1:673 10
(b)
r
1 (2) (1100 jqe j)
E= mp v 2 = 1100 jqe j ! v = = 4:59 105 m/s (11)
2 1:673 10 27
h h h 13
= = = = 8:631 10 m
p mp v (1:673 10 ) (4:59 105 )
27

(c)
h h h 8
= = = 31 ) (10000)
= 7:274 10 m (12)
p me v (9:1095 10
(d)
km 1m 1 hour 1 min 60
60 = = 16:67 m/s (13)
hour 10 3 km 60 min 60 s 10 3 (602 )
h h h
= = = = 4:969 10 38 m
p mv (800) (16:67)
2.7. Determine the wavelength of a 150 gram baseball traveling 90 miles/hour. Use this result to explain
why baseballs do not seem to di¤ract around baseball bats.
Solution:
90 miles 1 km 1m 1 hour 1 min
3
(14)
hour 0:6214 miles 10 km 60 min 60 s
90
= = 40:23 m/s (15)
0:6214 (10 3 ) (602 )
h h h
= = = = 1:098 10 34 m
p mv (150 10 3 ) (40:23)
The de Broglie wavelength is too small to observe di¤raction, since one would observe di¤raction on
size scales of the order of . The size scale of the bat is far to large.

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2.8. How much would the mass of a ball need to be in order for it to have a de Broglie wavelength of 1 m
(at which point its wave properties would be clearly observable)? Assume that the ball is travelling 90
miles/hour.
Solution:
h h h h 35
= = = =1m!m= = 1:647 10 kg (16)
p mv m (40:23) 40:23

2.9. Determine the momentum carried by a 640 nm photon. Since a photon is massless, does this momentum
have the same meaning as the momentum carried by a particle with mass?
Solution:
h 9 h 27
= = 640 10 !p= 9
= 1:035 10 Js/m=kg m/s (17)
p 640 10
The momentum has essentially the same meaning as for a particle having mass: the photon momentum
exerts a force on objects (in general, force multiplied by time equals momentum) that can be used to,
for example, move objects.
2.10. Consider a 4 eV electron, a 4 eV proton, and a 4 eV photon. For each, compute the de Broglie
wavelength, the frequency, and the momentum.
Solution: For the photon,
h hc hc
= = = = 310:17 nm, (18)
p E 4 jqe j
E 4 jqe j
E = hf ! f = = = 9:672 Hz,
h h
E 4 jqe j
p= = = 2:136 10 27 kg m/s.
c c
For the electron,
h h
=p =p = 0:613 nm, (19)
2me E 2me 4 jqe j
E 4 jqe j
E = hf ! f = = = 9:672 Hz,
h h
p = me v = (me ) 1:186 106 = 1:080 10 24 kg m/s, since
s
1 (2) (4 jqe j)
E = me v 2 = 4 jqe j ! v = = 1:186 106 m/s
2 me

For the proton,

h h
=p =p = 0:0143 nm, (20)
2mp E 2mp 4 jqe j
E 4 jqe j
E = hf ! f = = = 9:672 Hz,
h h
p = mp v = mp (27683) = 4:630 10 23 kg m/s, since
s
1 2 (2) (4 jqe j)
E = mv = 4 jqe j ! v = = 27; 683 m/s
2 mp

Obviously, f is the same for all particles since E = hf . The momentum values are very small, but
smallest for the photon. The wavelength is far larger for the photon than for the electron, which itself
has a far larger wavelength than for the proton (the proton has far greater mass than the electron).
2.11. Determine the de Broglie wavelength of an electron that has been accelerated from rest through a
potential di¤erence of 1:5 volts.