Introduction to Different Civil Engineering NATURE OF WORK OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Specialization
 Design and analysis of structures used to
support loads in the most economical manner,
with of safety.
Structural Engineering
 Make sure that loads applied could be of a
varied nature, including the load on bridges due
 focuses on the framework of structures, and on to traffic, effect of strong winds on high
designing those structures to withstand the buildings, load on structures because of
stresses and pressures of their environment and variation in temperatures caused due to
remain safe, stable and secure throughout their changes in weather, and load due to
use. earthquakes.
 Structural engineers make sure that buildings  Specialties of str uctural engineering are
don't fall down and bridges don't collapse. building engineering, industrial structures, and
 Structural engineering is among the oldest pipeline engineering.
types of engineering, dating back to the first  Significant influence on the life, healthiness, and
instance of tree branches being lashed together goods of people, due to which extra vigilance is
with vines to make a shelter. required during the construction and inspection
of the structures
HISTORY OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
 workalongsidecivilengineersandarchitectsaspart
 People have been designing and building ofaconstructionteam.
increasingly larger and more sophisticated  "In a nutshell," according to the Institution of
structures, from primitive huts to the Structural Engineers, "if a structure was a
International Space Station. human body, then the architect would be
 James Lucas (2014) expresses that the names of concerned with the body shape and
the earliest practitioners of Structural appearance, and the structural engineer would
Engineering are lost to antiquity be concerned with the skeleton and sinews."
 It is possible that no one will ever know who  Analyzing blueprints, maps, reports, and
designed the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the topographical and geological data.
Parthenon or the aqueducts of the Roman  Estimating the cost and quantities of materials,
Empire. equipment and labor
 Structural engineering has been in use since  Computing load and grade requirements, water
ages, and one of the greatest ancient flow rates and material stress factors to
structureswasthePyramidofGizathatwasconstru determine design specifications.
ctedinthe26thcenturyBC.  Inspecting project sites to monitor progress and
 The major structures during the medieval ensure the project is being constructed
period were the pyramids since the shape of the according to design specifications.
pyramids is basically stable  Conductingstudiesoftrafficpatternsorenvironme
 Theoretical knowledge about the structures was ntalconditionstoidentify potential problems and
limited, and construction techniques were assess how they will affect the project.
based on experience only
SKILLES NEEDED IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
 The real advancement in the structural
engineering was achieved in the 19th century 1. Critical Thinking Skill
during the industrial revolution when significant 2. Communication Skills
progress was achieved in the sciences of 3. Managerial Skills
structural analysis and materials science. 4. Leadership Skills
Earliest practitioners of structural engineering and trade activities respectively.
designed the following:  Managing the multitude of parties and workers
involved in modern projects together with the
 Hanging Gardens of Babylon
adversary relationships among the Architect,
 Parthenon
Engineer, General Contractor and owner, is not
 Aqueducts of Roman Empire
an easy task.
Latter-day practitioners of structural engineering:  This paved the way to the emergence of
construction engineering and management as a
 Gustave Eiffel > Eiffel Tower and Statue of
discipline, which is a set of professional
Liberty
management activities that must be carried out
 Eero Saarinen > Gateway Arch
to minimize the risks of the uncertainties of
 Large Hadron Collider James
time and cost, thereby enhancing the
Webb Space Telescope > Companies &
probability of the successful completion of a
Government Organizations
project.

CONSTRUCTION SITE ENGINEER’S SPECIFIC

Construction Engineering Management
RESPOSIBILITIES
 Application of technical and scientific 1. Construction Site
knowledge to infrastructure construction 2. Travelling
projects 3. Technical Activities
 Engineering focuses on design and construction 4. Quality Assurance
management is concerned with overseeing the 5. Site Engineer for Health & Safety
actual construction, CEM often represents a 6. Preparation of Reports and Schedule
blend of both disciplines, bridging design and 7. Communication & Leadership
management or project execution.
 Construction engineering managers may have SKILLS NEEDED IN C.E.M
an educational background at both
1. Communication skills
undergraduate and graduate levels as well as
2. Strong critical thinking skills
experience in construction management
techniques. Geotechnical Engineering

HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING MNGMT.  Related to the performance of soil mechanics,

subsurface conditions physical, mechanical, and
 The practice of Construction Engineering
chemical properties the assessment of the risks
started from the days the Egyptian pyramids
that may be created by conditions of the site
were built until the early eighteenth century
 Data gathered by geotechnical engineers are
where in the Architect was the master – builder
utilized in the design of earth works and
Faced with simple technology, less variety of
foundation
construction materials, and owners’ lack of
 Also related to coastal engineering, which is
sophistication in the delivery of projects, his
involved with the design and creation of
role expanded to include the management of
harbors, quay sand marinas.
the construction process.
 Ocean engineering is also concerned with
 As clients progressively demanded more
geotechnical engineering, and it
different and complex buildings and facilities,
dealswithanchorsystemsforoilplatformsandothe
the need for new construction methods and
roffshorestructures.
management techniques, coupled with
 Geotechnicalengineeringhasevolvedandgeosynt
advancement in technology, fostered the
heticshashelpedtosolve many conventional
development of the general contractor.
problems that are encountered by the
 The design and construction function was
engineers in the field.
subdivided into many engineering specialties
 Geosynthetic products have a wide range of
 applications and are currently used in many civil idea which later developed into something
and geotechnical engineering applications known as soil’s angle of repose. And then more
including roads, embankments, retaining principles of soil mechanics came in to
structures, canals, landfills, bank protection, existence.
and coastal engineering.
NATURE OF WORK OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
HISTORY OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
 Focus on the topography of the land and the
 Our ancestors in the olden days used soil for an attributes of rocks and soils in the building
extensive variety of activities from building and process
creation of construction materials to irrigation  Study water tables and floodplains to come up
and flood control. with the best approach to developments
 The earliest applications were simply related to  Study how a building or development might
flood control as well as irrigation as exhibited by sustain itself against the natural order of the
traces of dykes, dams, and canals that have land scape where it will be built.
been discovered in some parts of ancient Egypt,  Work on embankments and around waterworks
Greece and other parts of the world dating back such as relief tunnels and floodplains
to not less than 2000BCE.  Monitor drilling
 As these areas developed, construction of  Geotechnical engineer’s Roles and
structures which were supported by formalized Responsibilities:
foundations begun. For instance, the people of  Plan and design structures for buildings, roads,
Greece notably built pad footings as well as embankments and canals
strip and-raft foundations during this time.  Beyond their construction role, the geotechnical
However, the science of soil design was still a engineer will also deal with geological hazards
non-existing phenomenon. like landslides, soil erosion, & earthquakes.
 By the 18th century, numerous engineering
problems related to building foundations began TASK OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS:
to emerge. The Leaning Tower of Pisa which is a 1. Subsurface Investigation
tourist attraction today for example presented a 2. Computer Analysis
unique challenge at that time. 3. Field test
 What happened is that the tower had been 4. Client Meetings
constructed on soft ground composed mostly of
clay, fine sand, and shells without using enough SKILLS NEEDED FOR GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
stones to make a strong foundation. Due to the 1. A Civil Engineering degree from accredited civil
heavy weight without enough base support, the engineering institution with geotechnical
structure had no option but to sink a little bit engineering as main subject in the bachelors or
into the earth. One side happened to go further master's degree.
deeper into the ground than the other causing 2. Good Analytical skill and ability to work as a
the tower to lean to one side. The Leaning team with other members of the project.
Tower of Pisa makes an important part of the 3. Excellent knowledge in computer software
history of geotechnical engineering. pertaining to geotechnical designing.
 The Leaning Tower experience is what 4. Excellent written and verbal communication.
prompted engineers to start taking a more
scientific approach to setting up foundations of Water Resource Engineering
buildings with respect to soil design and
 Concerned with the structures and processes
structure. Significant soil theories guiding the
related to water supplies for human
construction of building foundations began to
consumption and the removal of water for
emerge.
safety.
 A French engineer by the name Henri Gautier
 Deals with the provision of water for human
recognized “natural slope” of different soils an
use, and the development of techniques for the
 prevention of destruction from floods. earthworks (the scale may range from an initial
 Planning and management of facilities such as outline to a full, detailed design)
canals for irrigation and sewers for drainage and  Keeping up to date with environmental matters;
to avoid waterlogging, and all other issues being aware of policy and developments
related with the usage and control of water.  Presenting technical data or project results;
 Ensures that water requirements of society and both technical and non-technical
environment are met.  Keeping track of the progress of projects from
beginning to end - from feasibility, to design
HISTORY OF WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
through to construction and handover (or
 Water – resources development has had a long handling just one section of a large project
history, basically beginning when humans  RESPONSIBILITIES
changed from being hunters and food gatherers OFAWATERRESOURCEENGINEER:
to developing of agriculture and settlements.  Supervisingtheoperationandmaintenanceofwat
This change resulted in humans harnessing erandsewageinfrastructure
water for irrigation. As humans developed, they  Using computer simulations to analyze, for
began to invent and develop technologies, and example, potential dam failure
to transport and manage water for irrigation.  Devising flood defense strategies
 The first successful efforts to control the flow of  Monitoring flood levels at times of high risk
water were in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Since
SKILLS NEEDED FOR WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
that time humans have continuously built on
the knowledge of water resources engineering. 1. Excellent Analytical Skills
2. Team-working Skills
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF W.R.E.
3. People-management Skills
 Deals with the provision of water for human 4. Information Technology skills
use, and the development of techniques for the 5. Problem-solving Skills
prevention of destruction from floods. 6. Time-management Skills
 Includes the planning and management of 7. Project-management skills
facilities that are constructed for these tasks 8. Communication Skills
like making canals for irrigation and sewers for
Transportation Engineering
drainage and to avoid waterlogging, and all
other issues related with the usage and control  Planning, design, operation, and maintenance
of water of safe and efficient transportation systems
 Deals with sewer systems for storms and such as roadways, railways, waterways, and
wastewater, irrigation network, river inter modal operations
engineering, including ice covered rivers,  The demand is the amount of traffic (people,
hydraulic structures, including dams, spillways, cars, railcars, barges) that is expected to use a
floodways and reservoirs, seepage control, particular transportation facility, while the
hydrology, floods, flow of mud and debris, wave supply is the quantity and type of infrastructure
analysis components (roadways, bridges, pavements,
 Development of new equipment and systems etc.)
for water resource management facilities and
HISTORY OF TRASPORTATION ENGINEERING
supervision for the construction and
maintenance of the systems are still scopes of a  Overland and river routes served the trade of
water resource engineer. Mesopotamia five millennia ago.
NATURE OF WORK OF WATER RESOURCE ENGINEER:  Roads in Rome were constructed in a large scale
and it radiated in many directions helping them
 Designing sewer improvement plans or flood in military operations. Hence, they are
defense programs, and associated structures, considered to be pioneers in road construction.
such as pumping stations, pipework and  Thorough going changes in transportation
 accompanied the evolution of the modern technical, or statistical reports on traffic-operation
world. A wave of these were seen in Europe in matters, such as accidents, safety measures, or
the centuries just before 1300, when a network pedestrian volume or practices.
of trade centers emerged to replace feudal
Moreover, on a weekly to monthly basis, they prepare
economies.
project budgets, schedules, or specifications for labor or
 By the eleventh century, road transport had
materials and plan alteration or modification of existing
adopted existing technologies including iron
transportation structures to improve safety or function.
shoes and harnesses for draft animals, swiveling
front axles for wagons, and bridge building Furthermore, they model transportation scenarios to
techniques. But because road transport costs evaluate the impacts of activities such as new
were high, coastal and river transport served development or to identify possible solutions to
most movements. transportation problems.
 Beginning about 1900, developments building
SKILLS NEEDED OF TRASPORTATION ENGINEERING
on those modes began serving the modern
world with other varieties of air, marine, and 1. Time Management
land transportation. 2. Identifying complex problems
3. Writing to communicate effectively
NATURE OF WORK OF TRANSPORTATION
4. Management of Financial Resources
ENGINEERING
5. Quality Control Analysis
Transportation Engineers focus on planning new and 6. Social Perceptiveness
different transportation means and ways that include 7. Make mathematical computations and design
roads, airports, trains, bridges, etc. To do these, they projects
analyze data, identify various problems, and solving 8. Read and interpret plans and technical reports
them through innovative answers.
Environmental Engineering
In order to solve these difficulties, Transportation
Engineers typically need collection and validation of  Concerned with protecting people from the
systems, traffic flow, accidents, price, and any other effects of adverse environmental effects, such
means of statistics. as pollution, as well as improving environmental
quality. Environmental engineers work to
Transportation Engineers may also be involved in improve recycling, waste disposal, public health,
government departments or other utility company and water and air pollution control.
parties to cooperate for certain projects.
HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Transportation engineers draw up plans for new
multilane highways to be built in places where only local  Branch of civil engineering that is concerned
road sexist. with protecting people from adverse
environmental effects such as pollution, as well
Other duties of Transportation Engineers include as improving environmental quality
analysis of schematics and engineering data, posing  Application of science and engineering
recommendations for traffic and driving policies, principles to improve the environment (air,
designing transit means and analyzing the effects of water, and/or land resources), to provide
transition urban areas. healthful water, air, and land for human
habitation and for other organisms, and to
Transportation engineers may administer plans with
remediate polluted sites.
contractors and determine the overall costs for a
 Involves sustainable design for the control and
project.
protection of the environment and its
Also, Transportation Engineers review development resources.
plans to determine potential traffic impact.  The practice of environmental engineering
dates back to the dawn of civilization. Ever since
Transportation Engineers also prepare administrative,
groups of people began living in semi-
 permanent settlements, they have had to deal  George F. Pinder- a professor of civil and
withthechallengesofprovidingcleanwateranddis environmental engineering, mathematics, and
posingofsolidwasteandsewage. statistics at the University of Vermont. He is
 With the growth of cities and the advent of known for his expert testimony in the legal
large-scale farming and manufacturing, people cases regarding environmental contamination
have also had to worry about air quality and soil at Love Canal, New York, and Woburn,
contamination. Massachusetts.
 Environmental engineering was traditionally a
NATURE OF WORK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
specialized field within civil engineering
andwascalledsanitaryengineeringuntilthemid-  Environmental Engineers use the principles
1960s. of engineering, soil science, biology and
 5 chemistry to develop solutions to
 Joseph Bazalgette, considered as first environmental problems.
environmental engineer, oversaw the  Environmental engineering functions
construction ofthefirstlarge- include applied research and teaching;
scalemunicipalsanitarysewersysteminLondonint project planning and management; the
hemid-19th century. This was prompted by a design, construction, and operation of
series of cholera epidemics, as well as persistent facilities; sale and marketing of
unbearable stench, that were attributed to the environmental-control equipment; and the
discharge of raw sewage into the Thames River, enforcement of environmental standards
which was also the main source of drinking and regulations.
water for the city.
SKILLS NEEDED IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
 This “great stink”, which was so noxious that it
caused Parliament to evacuate Westminster, 1. Imagination - able to foresee how proposed
gave then-prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli designs will interact with the other components
grounds to ask for 3.5 million pounds to of larger system
improve the city’s sewage disposal system. 2. Interpersonal Skills - able to work with others
 6 toward a common goal
 Ellen Henrietta Swallow Richards- a pioneer 3. Problem Solving Skills - able to identify and
19th century industrial and environmental anticipate problems in order to prevent losses
chemist. She was the first woman admitted to for their employers, safeguard workers’ health
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and mitigate environmental damage
(MIT)and later, an instructor in sanitary 4. Reading Skills – able to read and understand
chemistry there. She worked with many local documents with topics outside their scope of
and national groups dealing with water supplies training
and public health problems. 5. Writing Skills – able to write clearly so that
 G.D.Agwaral a respected environmental others without their specific training can
engineer in India. He has worked to clean up the understand their plans, proposals,
Ganges River and fasted to protest the specifications, and findings
damming of the Bhagirathi River
 7
 Marc Edwards- a professor of civil and
environmental engineering at Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University. He is
pioneer in detecting and reducing lead in
drinking water.
 JosephLstiburek-
aleadingauthorityonbuildingscienceandindoorai
rquality.