THEORY OF ENGLISH ALLOPHONE

Compiled to complete the assignment of English Phonology

Compiled by : Ahmad Rizki Amrizal (0304183231)

ENGLISH EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF TARBIYAH SCIENCE AND TEACHER
TRAINING
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA
MEDAN
2020
 PREFACE
Thanks to Almighty God who has given his mercy and bless to the
writer for finishing the English Phonology paper assignment. The writer
also wish to express his deep and science gratitude for those who have
guided in compliting this paper. Maybe while we on the process making
the paper, some information couldnot completely gathered. But I hope this
paper can help the readers to expand their knowledge about English
Phonology and the theory of English Allophone especially.

Hopefully we as students in “Islamic State University of North

Sumatera” can work more professional by using English as the second
language whatever we done. Thankyou.

Medan, 13 April 2020

Author

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE..............................................................................................i

TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................ii

CHAPTER I : PRELIMINARY...............................................................1

1.1 Background......................................................................................1
1.2 Formulation of Problems..................................................................1
1.3 Purpose of Writing ...........................................................................1

CHAPTER II : DISCUSSION.................................................................2

2.1 Definition of Allophone.....................................................................2

2.2 Kinds of Allophone...........................................................................5
2.2.1. Aspiration.........................................................................5
2.2.2. Flapping...........................................................................8
2.2.3. Glottal Stop......................................................................10
2.3 Rules for English Allophone.............................................................12

CHAPTER III : CLOSING......................................................................15

3.1 Conclusion........................................................................................15
3.2 Suggestion........................................................................................15

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………...16

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 CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background

an allophone (/ˈæləfoʊn/; from the Greek ἄλλος, állos, "other" and

φωνή, phōnē, "voice, sound") is one of a set of multiple possible spoken
sounds, or phones, or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a
particular language. For example, in English, [t] (as in stop [stɒp]) and the
aspirated form [tʰ] (as in top [ˈtʰɒp]) are allophones for the phoneme /t/,
while these two are considered to be different phonemes in some
languages such as Thai and Hindi. On the other hand, in Spanish, [d] (as
in dolor [doˈloɾ]) and [ð] (as in nada [ˈnaða]) are allophones for the
phoneme /d/, while these two are considered to be different phonemes in
English.

1.2 Formulation of Problem

1. What is the definition of Allophone?
2. What is kind of Allophone?
3. What is the rules of English Allophone?

1.3 Purpose of Writing

1. To know the definition of Allophone.
2. To know the kinds of Allophone.
3. To know the rules of English Allophone.

1
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition of Allophones

an allophone (/ˈæləfoʊn/; from the Greek ἄλλος, állos, "other" and

φωνή, phōnē, "voice, sound") is one of a set of multiple possible spoken
sounds, or phones, or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a
particular language1. For example, in English, [t] (as in stop [stɒp]) and the
aspirated form [tʰ] (as in top [ˈtʰɒp]) are allophones for the phoneme /t/,
while these two are considered to be different phonemes in some
languages such as Thai and Hindi. On the other hand, in Spanish, [d] (as
in dolor [doˈloɾ]) and [ð] (as in nada [ˈnaða]) are allophones for the
phoneme /d/, while these two are considered to be different phonemes in
English.

The specific allophone selected in a given situation is often

predictable from the phonetic context, with such allophones being called
positional variants, but some allophones occur in free variation. Replacing
a sound by another allophone of the same phoneme usually does not
change the meaning of a word, but the result may sound non-native or
even unintelligible.

Native speakers of a given language perceive one phoneme in the

language as a single distinctive sound and are "both unaware of and even
shocked by" the allophone variations that are used to pronounce single
phonemes.2

The term "allophone" was coined by Benjamin Lee Whorf circa

1929. In doing so, he placed a cornerstone in consolidating early phoneme
1
R. Jakobson, Structure of Language and Its Mathematical Aspects: Proceedings
of symposia in applied mathematics, (AMS Bookstore, 1980)
2
B.D. Sharma, Linguistics and Phonetics, (Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2005)

2
theory3. The term was popularized by George L. Trager and Bernard Bloch
in a 1941 paper on English phonology4 and went on to become part of
standard usage within the American structuralist tradition 5.

An allophone is a phoneme that shares similarities of pronunciation.

More technically, allophones are phonemes, which share a variety of
pronunciations determined by phonetic circumstances such as types of
words, morphemes or positions. Ashby and Maidment (2005:189) define
an allophone as a positional (initial, middle, final) variant of a phoneme
due to the position it occupies in a word, which calls for a slight difference
in pronunciation.

We can exemplify the above description with the phoneme, /t/ and
some of its variants (allophones).

/th/ aspirated as in teach

/t/ unaspirated as in water

/t/ /tn/ nasalize as in tin

/tw/ labialised as in twice

/t-/ unreleased as in great

It is clear from the above example that the phoneme we realise as

/t/ has, among its variant realisations: /th t tn tw and t-/. All these variants
are called the allophones if /t/. Although they are allophones of the same
phoneme, they do not replace each other without sounding awkward. This
is why they are said to be mutually exclusive, that is, there distributions
are not completely similar in phonetic environments.

3
Lee, Penny, The Whorf Theory Complex — A Critical Reconstruction, (John
Benjamins, 1996). p. 46, 88.
4
Trager, George L. (1959). "The Systematization of the Whorf Hypothesis".
Anthropological Linguistics. Operational Models in Synchronic Linguistics: A Symposium
Presented at the 1958 Meetings of the American Anthropological Association. 1 (1): 31–
35.
5
Hymes, Dell H.; Fought, John G., American Structuralism, (Walter de Gruyter,
1981). p. 99.

3
 While the physical difference between t and th in English is just as
real as the difference between t and d, there is a fundamental linguistic
differ-ence between these two relationships. The selection of t versus d
may constitute the sole difference between many different words in
English: such words, where two words are differentiated exclusively by a
choice between one of two segments, are referred to as minimal pairs 6.

The difference between [t] and [d] is contrastive (also termed

distinctive) in English, since this difference – voicing – forms the sole basis
for distinguishing different words (and thus, [t] and [d] contrast). The
choice of a voiceless aspirated stop such as [th] versus a voiceless
unaspirated stop such as [t], on the other hand, never defines the sole
basis for differentiating words in English. The occurrence of [t] versus [th]
(also [k] versus [kh], and [p] versus [ph]) follows a rule that aspirated stops
are used in one phonological context, and unaspirated stops are used in
all other contexts. In English, [t] and [th] are predictable variants of a single
abstract segment, a phoneme, which we represent as /t/.

Purely predict-able variants are termed allophones – the sounds

are in complementary distribution because the context where one variant
appears is the com-plement of the context where the other sound appears.
As we have emphasized, one concern of phonology is determining valid
relations between pronounced segments and the abstract mental
constructs that they derive from, the phonemes, which represent the unity
behind observed [t] and [th] etc. The implicit claim is that despite there
being actual differences, [t] and [th] (also [k] and [kh], [p] and [ph]) are in a
fundamental sense “the same thing.” We reduce the output sounds [t (th) k
(kh) p (ph)] to just the set of sounds /t k p/, and a rule provides the infor-
mation “realized as [t] vs. [th]” to account for these regularities. 7

6
David Odden, Introducing Phonology, (New York, Cambridge University Press,
2013), p. 16.
7
David Odden, Introducing Phonology, (New York, Cambridge University Press,
2013), p. 17.

4
2.2 Kinds of Allophone

There are many allophonic processes in English:

2.2.1 Aspiration

We will turn our attention to rules of pronunciation in English,

starting with aspiration, to see what some of these regularities are. In the
first set of words below, the phonemes /p, t, k/ are aspirated whereas they
are not aspirated in the second set of words.

The selection of an aspirated versus an unaspirated voiceless stop

isdetermined by the context in which the stop appears. Aspirated stops
appear at the beginning of a word, whereas unaspirated stops appear
after [s]; aspirated stops appear before a vowel or a sonorant consonant,
whereas unaspirated stops appear at the end of a word. This collection of
contexts can be expressed succinctly by referring to the position of the
consonant in the syllable: aspirated stops appear at the beginning of the
syllable and unaspirated stops appear elsewhere.

(2) Aspirated stops

pool [phuwl] tooth [thuwθ] coop [khuwp]

pit [phɪt] tin [thɪn] kill [khɪl]

apply [əphlaj] atomic [əthamɪk] account [əkhæwnt]

prawn [phɹan] truth [thɹuwθ] crab [khɹæb]

pueblo [phwεblow] twine [thwajn] quill [khwɪl]

play [phlej] clay [khlej]

puce [phjuws] cube [khjuwb]

(3) Unaspirated stops

spool [spuwl] stool [stuwl] school [skuwl]

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spit [spɪt] stick [stɪk] skid [skɪd]

sap [sæp] sat [sæt] sack [sæk]

spray [spɹej] stray [stɹej] screw [skɹuw]

split [splɪt] sclerosis [skləɹowsɪs]

spew [spjuw] skew [skjuw]

We assume that the voiceless stops are basically unaspirated in

English, and explain where aspirated segments appear by having a rule
that assigns aspiration to voiceless stops, only when the stop is at the
beginning of the syllable: the rule can be stated as “voiceless stops
become aspirated at the beginning of a syllable.” We don’t need a second
special rule to derive unaspirated stops in other environments, because
that follows directly from our assumption that the basic or underlying form
of the voiceless stops in English is unaspirated, and they will therefore be
pronounced as such unless they are specifically changed by a rule.

Actually, the issue of aspiration in English is a bit more complex.

Notice that in the following words, [p], [t], and [k] in the middle of the word
are not aspirated, even though the consonant is between vowels or
syllabic sonorants – between syllable peaks – and therefore is presumably
at the beginning of a syllable.

(4) ˈhæpij happy ˈkh æmpɪŋ camping ˈhɛlpɪŋ helping

ˈlʌkij lucky ˈsʌkɹ̩ sucker ˈsaltij salty

Compare these words with seemingly analogous words where there

is aspiration on the stop between vowels, such as [əˈthæk] attack, [ə
ˈkhjuwmjəˌlejt] accumulate, [ˈlejˌthɛks] latex, [əˈphɛndɪks] appendix. The
important difference in these words is the location of stress. In all of the
words in (4), where a voiceless consonant is not aspirated in syllable-initial
position, the consonant is followed by an unstressed vowel. In other

6
words, these data force us to refine our statement of the rule for assign-
ment of aspiration, to be “voiceless stops become aspirated at the begin-
ning of a stressed syllable.” The next chapter introduces the details for
formalizing rules, but for the present we can express that rule as follows.

(5) voiceless stop ! aspirated / [ˈσ __

This statement introduces the method of writing rules, which will be

used in the book. Rules generally take the form “A!B/C_D,” where A, C, D
are variables that stand for single segments like [l] or [d] or phonetic
classes such as “voiceless stop,” and B describes the nature of the
change, some phonetic parameter such as “voiceless” or “nasal.” The
conditioning context might involve only a preceding element in which case
“D” would be missing, it might involve only a following element in which
case “C” would be missing, or the applicability of the rule might depend on
both what precedes and what follows. The arrow means “becomes,” the
slash means “in the environment” where the context is what follows the
slash. The notation “[ˈσ” means “beginning of a stressed syllable,” thus
“voiceless stops become aspirated when they are preceded by the
beginning of a stressed syllable.”

Alternations involving aspiration. The dependence of aspiration on

the location of stress leads to discovering further evidence for an
aspiration rule. Certain word-formation processes in English change the
location of stress, for example in atom the stress is on the first syllable of
the root and in the related adjective atomic the stress is on the second
syllable. The pairs of words in (6) further illustrate the property of stress
shifting, where the verbs on the left have stress on the second syllable of
the root but the nouns derived from these verbs on the right have no
stress on the second syllable.

(6) [əˈphlaj] apply [ˌæpləˈkhejʃn̩ ] application

[səˈphowz] suppose [ˌsʌpəˈzɪʃn̩ ] supposition

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 [əˈkhwajɹ] acquire [ˌækwəˈzɪʃn̩ ] acquisition

As predicted by our rule for aspiration, the phonetic presence or

absence of aspiration on the medial stop of the root may alternate within a
given root, according to where the stress appears in the root.

Another set of examples involves the word-formation process

adding -ee to a verb, to form a noun referring to the direct object of the
action. That

(7) Verb Subjectnoun Objectnoun

[ˈgɹænt] [ˈgɹæntɹ̩ ] [ˌgɹænˈthi] grant

[ˈʃɪft] [ˈʃɪftɹ̩ ] [ˌʃɪfˈthi] shift

[ˈhɛlp] [ˈhɛlpɹ̩ ] [ˌhɛlˈphi] help

[ˈtʃhowk] [ˈtʃhowkɹ̩ ] [ˌtʃhowˈkhi] choke

[ˈstɹajk] [ˈstɹajkɹ̩ ] [ˌstɹajˈkhi] strike

[əˈthæk] [əˈthækɹ̩ ] [əˌthæˈkhi] attack

Again, as our rule predicts, when the stress shifts to the suffix
vowel, the pronunciation of the preceding consonant changes to become
aspirated.

2.2.2 Flapping

We now turn to another rule. A phonetic characteristic of many

North American dialects of English is “flapping,” where /t/ and /d/ become
the flap [ɾ] in certain contexts, for example in [ˈwaɾɹ̩ ] water. It is clear that
there is no contrast between the flap [ɾ] and any other consonant of
English: there are no minimal pairs such as hypothetical [hɪt] and *[hɪɾ], or
*[bʌtɹ̩ ] and [bʌɾɹ̩ ], whose existence would establish that the flap is a distinct
phoneme of English. Moreover, the contexts where the flap appears in
English are quite restricted. In our previous examples of nonaspiration in

8
the context ˈvCv in (4) and (6), no examples included [t] as an intervocalic
consonant. Now consider the following words8:

(8) a ˈwaɾɹ̩ water ˈwejɾɹ̩ waiter; wader

ˈæɾm̩ atom; Adam ˈæɾəˌthuwd attitude

b ˈhɪt hit ˈhɪɾɪŋ hitting

ˈpʊt put ˈpʊɾɪŋ putting

ˈsɛt set ˈsɛɾɪŋ setting

In (8a) orthographic <t> is phonetically realized as the flap [ɾ] in the

context ˈV_V, that is, when it is followed by a vowel or syllabic sonor-ant –
represented as V – and preceded by a stressed vowel or syllabic
sonorant. Maybe we have just uncovered an orthographic defect of
English, since we have no letter for a flap (just as no letter represents /θ/
vs. /ð/) and some important distinctions in pronunciation are lost in
spelling. The second set of examples show even more clearly that under-
lying t becomes a flap in this context. We can convince ourselves that the
verbs [hɪt], [pʊt] and [sεt] end in [t], simply by looking at the uninflected
form of the verb, or the third-person-singular forms [hɪts], [pʊts] and [sεts],
where the consonant is pronounced as [t]. Then when we consider the
gerund, which combines the root with the suffix -ɪŋ, we see that /t/ has
become the flap [ɾ]. This provides direct evidence that there must be a rule
deriving flaps from plain /t/, since the pronunciation of root morphemes
may actually change, depending on whether or not the rule for flapping
applies (which depends on whether a vowel follows the root).

There is analogous evidence for an underlying /t/ in the word

[ˈæɾm̩ ] atom, since, again, the alveolar consonant in this root may either
appear as [th] or [ɾ], depending on the phonetic context where the
segment appears. Flapping only takes place before an unstressed vowel,
8
David Odden, Introducing Phonology, (New York, Cambridge University Press,
2013), p. 20.

9
and thus in /ætm̩ / the consonant /t/ is pronounced as [ɾ]; but in the related
form [əˈthamɪk] where stress has shifted to the second syllable of the root,
we can see that the underlying /t/ surfaces phonetically (as an aspirate,
following the previously discussed rule of aspiration).

We may state the rule of flapping as follows: “an alveolar stop

becomes a flap when it is followed by an unstressed syllabic and is
preceded by a vowel or glide.” For the moment, we use the term vocoid to
refer to the phonetic class of vowels and glides. It is again important to
note that the notion of “vowel” used in this rule must include syllabic
sonorants such as [ɹ̩ ] for the preceding segment, and [ɹ̩ ] or [m̩ ] for the
following segment. The rule is formalized in (9).

(9) alveolar stop ! flap / vocoid ___ unstressed syllabic

Flapping is not limited to the voiceless alveolar stop /t/:

underlying /d/ also becomes [ɾ] in this same context.

(10) Base verbs ‘One who V-s’ ‘V-ing’

ˈbɪd ˈbɪɾɹ̩ ˈbɪɾɪŋ bid

ˈhajd ˈhajɾɹ̩ ˈhajɾɪŋ hide

ˈwejd ˈwejɾɹ̩ ˈwejɾɪŋ wade

2.2.3 Glottal stop

There is one context where flapping of /t/ does not occur when
preceded by a vowel and followed by an unstressed syllabic segment
(vowel or syllabic sonorant), and that is when /t/ is followed by a syllabic [n̩
]. Consider, first, examples such as [ˈbʌʔn̩ ] button and [ˈkaʔn̩ ] cotton.
Instead of the flap that we expect, based on our understanding of the
context whereflapping takes place, we find glottal stop before syllabic [n̩ ].
Consider the following pairs of words9:

9
David Odden, Introducing Phonology, (New York, Cambridge University Press,
2013), p. 21.

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(11) [rat] rot [ˈraʔn̩ ] rotten

[hajt] height [ˈhajʔn̩ ] heighten

[lajt] light [ˈlajʔn̩ ] lighten

[fæt] fat [ˈfæʔn̩ ] fatten

The bare roots on the left show the underlying /t/ which has not
changed to glottal stop, and on the right, we observe that the addition of
the suffix /n/ conditions the change of /t/ to [ʔ] in the context ˈV_n, i.e.
when t is preceded by a stressed vowel and followed by an alveolar nasal.
Words like [ˈæɾm̩ ] atom show that the glottal stop rule does not apply
before all nasals, just alveolar nasals.

Finally, notice that in casual speech, the gerundive suffix -ɪŋ may
be pronounced as [n̩ ]. When the verb root ends in /t/, that /t/ becomes [ʔ]
just in case the suffix becomes [n̩ ], and thus provides the crucial context
required for the glottal stop creation rule.

(12) Base verb Careful speech Casual speech

hɪs hɪsɪŋ hɪsn̩

ɹat ɹaɾɪŋ ɹaʔn̩

flowt flowɾɪŋ flowʔn̩

In the examples considered so far, the environment for appearance

of glottal stop has been a following syllabic [n̩ ]. Is it crucial that the
triggering nasal segment be specifically a syllabic nasal? We also find
glottal stop before non-syllabic nasals in words such as Whitney [ʍɪʔnij]
and fatness [fæʔnəs], which shows that the t-glottalization rule does not
care about the syllabicity of the following nasal. The presence of glottal
stop in these examples can be explained by the existence of a rule which
turns /t/ into glottal stop before [n] or [n̩ ].

(13) alveolar stop ! glottal stop / __ alveolar nasal

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 Notice that this rule applies before a set of segments, but not a
random set: it applies before alveolar nasals, without mention of
syllabicity. As we will repeatedly see, the conditioning context of
phonological rules is stated in terms of phonetic properties.

2.3 Rules for English Allophones

Peter Ladefoged, a renowned phonetician, clearly explains the

consonant allophones of English in a precise list of statements to illustrate
the language behavior. Some of these rules apply to all the consonants of
English; the first item on the list deals with consonant length, items 2
through 18 apply to only selected groups of consonants, and the last item
deals with the quality of a consonant. These descriptive rules are as
follows10:

1. Consonants are longer when at the end of a phrase. This can be

easily tested by recording a speaker saying a sound like “bib”, then
comparing the forward and backward playback of the recording.
One will find that the backward playback does not sound like the
forward playback because the production of what is expected to be
the same sound is not identical.
2. Voiceless stops /p,t,k/ are aspirated when they come at the
beginning of a syllable, such as in words like "pip, test, kick" [phɪp,
thɛst, khɪk]. You can compare this with voiceless stops that are not
syllable initial like "stop" [stɑp]. The /t/ voiceless stop follows the /s/
(fricative) here.
3. Voiced obstruents, which include stops and fricatives, such as
/b,d,g,v,ð,z,ʒ/, that come at the end of an utterance like /v/ in
"improve" or before a voiceless sound like /d/ in "add two") are only
briefly voiced during the articulation.
10
Ladefoged, Peter, A Course in Phonetics (4th ed.), (Orlando: Harcourt). p. 56-
60.

12
4. Voiced stops and affricates /b,d,g,dʒ/ in fact occur as voiceless at
the beginning of a syllable unless immediately preceded by a
voiced sound, in which the voiced sound carries over.
5. Approximants (in English, these include /w,r,j,l/) are partially
voiceless when they occur after syllable-initial /p,t,k/ like in "play,
twin, cue" [pl̥ eɪ, tw̥ɪn, kj̥u].
6. Voiceless stops /p,t,k/ are not aspirated when following after a
syllable initial fricative, such as in the words "spew, stew, skew."
7. Voiceless stops and affricates /p,t,k,tʃ/ are longer than their voiced
counterparts /b,d,g,dʒ/ when situated at the end of a syllable. Try
comparing "cap" to "cab" or "back" to "bag".
8. When a stop comes before another stop, the explosion of air only
follows after the second stop, illustrated in words like "apt" [æp̚ t]
and "rubbed" [rʌb̚d].
9. Many English accents produce a glottal stop in syllables that end
with voiceless stops. Some examples include pronunciations of "tip,
pit, kick" [tɪʔp, pɪʔt, kɪʔk].
10. Some accents of English use a glottal stop in place of a /t/ when it
comes before an alveolar nasal in the same word (as opposed to in
the next word), such as in the word "beaten" [ˈbiːʔn̩ ].
11. Nasals become syllabic, or their own syllable, only when
immediately following an obstruent (as opposed to just any
consonant), such as in the words "leaden, chasm" [ˈlɛdn̩ , ˈkæzm̩].
Take in comparison "kiln, film"; in most accents of English, the
nasals are not syllabic.
12. The lateral /l/, however, is syllabic at the end of the word when
immediately following any consonant, like in "paddle, whistle"
[ˈpædl̩ , ˈwɪsl̩ ].
13. Alveolar stops become voiced taps when they occur between two
vowels, as long as the second vowel is unstressed. Take for

13
 instance mainly American English pronunciations like "fatty, data,
daddy, many" [ˈfæɾi, ˈdæɾə, ˈdæɾi, ˈmɛɾi].
̃
14. All alveolar consonants assimilate to dentals when occurring before
a dental. Take the words "eighth, tenth, wealth". This also applies
across word boundaries, for example "at this" [ˈæt̪ ðɪs]].
15. Alveolar stops are reduced or omitted when between two
consonants. Some examples include "most people" (can be written
either as [ˈmoʊs ˈpipl̩ ] or [ˈmoʊst ˈpipl̩ ] with the IPA, where the [t] is
inaudible, and "sand paper, grand master", where the [d] is
inaudible.
16. A consonant is shortened when it is before an identical consonant,
such as in "big game" or "top post".
17. A homorganic voiceless stop may be inserted after a nasal before a
voiceless fricative followed by an unstressed vowel in the same
word. For example, a bilabial voiceless plosive /p/ can be detected
in the word "something" [ˈsʌmpθɪŋ] even though it is
orthographically not indicated. This is known as epenthesis.
However, the following vowel must be unstressed.
18. Velar stops /k,g/ become more front when the following vowel
sound in the same syllable becomes more front. Compare for
instance "cap" [kæp] vs. "key" [kʲi] and "gap" [gæp] vs. "geese"
[gʲiːs].
19. The lateral /l/ is velarized at the end of a word when it comes after a
vowel as well as before a consonant. Compare for example "life"
[laɪf] vs. "file" [faɪɫ] or "feeling" [fiːlɪŋ] vs. "feel" [fiːɫ].

14
 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

2.1 Conclusion

An allophone is a phoneme that shares similarities of pronunciation.

More technically, allophones are phonemes, which share a variety of
pronunciations determined by phonetic circumstances such as types of
words, morphemes or positions. Ashby and Maidment (2005:189) define
an allophone as a positional (initial, middle, final) variant of a phoneme
due to the position it occupies in a word, which calls for a slight difference
in pronunciation. An Allophone has some kinds of form, there are
aspiration, flapping and glottal stop. An Allophone has some rules that can
apply in 18 ways.

3.2 Suggestion

The writer realized that this paper is still lacking. In the future the
writer will explain more about the contents of this paper, and hopes that
the readers can learn and understand well about this paper in order to
further add insight about theory of Allophone.

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