The Road from

10G to 40G to 100G

DWDM Networks

www.huawei.com

Christopher Skarica
Chief Technology Officer
North American MSO and Cable
Ottawa, Ontario
AGENDA
 WDM Introduction
 Optical Layer Convergence
 Dense and Coarse WDM
 DWDM System Building Blocks
 DWDM Optical Line Design Considerations
 Current DWDM Networks and Service Drivers
 40G Overview
 40G Facts
 40G System Design Considerations
 40G Deployment Challenges
 100G Status
 100G Standards Bodies Work and Review (IEEE, ITU, OIF)
 100G System Design Considerations
 100G Deployment Challenges
 40G/100G Components Maturity Review
 Conclusions

Page 2
Definition of WDM

W D M
Wavelengt Multiplexi
h Division ng
A technology that puts
data from different
optical sources together,
on a single optical fiber,
with each signal carried
on it’s own separate light
wavelength or optical
channel

Page 3
 Easy Integration of WDM Technology with
Existing Optical Transport Equipment
WDM Fiber Mux

SONET
λ 1

Independent ATM
λ 2
Optical Bit
Rates and λ 3
Formats Gigabit Ethernet

Fibre Channel
λ 4
Single Optical Fiber

WDM systems integrate easily with existing optical transport

equipment and enable access to the untapped capacity of the
embedded fiber. They also eliminate the costs associated with
mapping common data protocols into traditional networking
payloads.
Page 4
Convergence at the Optical Layer

Traditional Approach Wavelength Networking

D1 Video
Gigabit Ethernet
Video
Video FICON

Commercial
Commercial
DWDM
Services
Services Optical Network Async
IP
IP
ESCON
SONET
SONET Fibre Channel
SONET
OC-1/3/12/48

•Special Assemblies •Ubiquitous Networking

•Network Overlays •Forecast Tolerant

One Network = Rapid Services Turn-up &

Reduced Operations Costs
Page 5
 DWDM and CWDM Technology Definitions
DWDM – Dense WDM Technology for amplified, high bandwidth applications. Ideal for Metro Core,
Regional, and Long Haul applications. Squeezes as many channels as possible into optical spectrum
supported by today’s optical amplifier technology. Characterized by a tight channel spacing over a
narrow wavelength spectrum, typically 50 – 200 GHz (I.e. ∼ 0.4nm – 1.6nm) spacing in the C and L
Bands

O - Band E - Band S - Band C-Band L - Band

λ (nm)1280 1320 1360 1400 1440 1480 1520 1560 1600 1640 λ (nm)
1310 nm DWDM WINDOW

CWDM – Coarse WDM Technology for un-amplified, lower channel count applications. Less cost
than DWDM. Ideal for Metro Access applications. Characterized by a wide channel spacing over a
wide optical spectrum – 20 nm spacing from 1270 – 1610 nm
1310

1610
1290

1330

1370
1270

1350

1450

1470

1490

1530

1590
1390

1410

1430

1510

1550

1570
O - Band E - Band S - Band C-Band L - Band

λ (nm)1280 1320 1360 1400 1440 1480 1520 1560 1600 1640 λ (nm)
CWDM WINDOW

Page 6
 EDFA Gain Spectrum
O - Band E - Band S - Band C-Band L - Band

λ (nm)1280 1320 1360 1400 1440 1480 1520 1560 1600 1640 λ (nm)
1310 nm DWDM WINDOW

Operates in 3rd low-loss window of optical fiber near 1.5µ m

Broad operating range of >30nm
 Amplification across multiple wavelengths
Available for both C-Band and L-Band
High optical gain of 20dB to 30dB
All-optical amplification
 Bit-rate insensitive (OC-12, OC-48, OC-192 and beyond)

Page 7
Dense WDM Wavelength Plan – ITU-T G.694.1

ITU-T G.694.1 Standard DWDM Channel Assignments

200 GHz spacing = 20 Channels in C Band

100 GHz spacing = 40 Channels in C Band
50 GHz spacing = 80 Channels in C Band
25 GHz spacing = 160 Channels in C Band

Standard ITU Grid allows lasers and filters to be

built to a common specification Page 8
 Optical Network Building Blocks
Terminal Terminal
Line
λ - λ -
Translator Translator
for Pt. to Pt. for Pt. to Pt.
connectivity connectivity

L2/L3 Switch or
SONET Cross L2/L3 Switch or
L2/L3 Switch or Connect SONET Cross
SONET Cross Connect
Connect

Line – a DWDM fiber optic system with Optical Amplifiers, dispersion compensation, and
optical couplers providing high capacity, pt. to pt., ring, or mesh based connectivity between
end points 100’s or 1000’s of km apart

Terminal – wavelength translators/combiners for conversion of client optical signals to

1550 nm, DWDM compliant wavelengths AND/OR SONET and L2/L3 switches providing
client signal aggregation and presentation of 1550nm, DWDM compliant wavelengths.

Page 9
 DWDM Building Blocks
Software Control

ROADM
Channel  Lambda Granularity
Group
Filter Optical Branching
Transponders Filter 

λ 1
 Remote
Reconfiguration
SONET

…
…

Routers

Amp

Product ‘x’
λ n


Channel Filters 200Ghz,
Amplifiers
100Ghz, 50Ghz, or 25GHz  Low Noise
spacing  Variable Gain/Flexible
Link Budgets

Page 10
 Optical Line Design Considerations

 Optical Signal to Noise Ratio performance

 Dictated by amplifier gain and spacing, no. of channels of
system, and OSNR tolerance of DWDM receiver
 Chromatic and Polarization Mode Dispersion of fiber
 Different for different bit rate signals
 Causes Pulse spreading over distance
 More critical for 10Gbps and higher bit rate signals
 Non Linear effects that disturb the energy and shape
of a signal
 Caused by high optical power levels, small fiber core diameter,
and dispersion characteristic of fiber

Page 11
DWDM Optical Line Systems Today

 The majority of deployed terrestrial DWDM optical

line systems have been designed for 40/80 channels
(100/50GHz spacing) of 10Gbps signals

 Amplifier spacing and OSNR performance, dispersion

compensation, and NLE avoidance is optimized for 10
Gbps signals in the majority of today’s networks

 SO, Why the talk of 40G and 100G and how do we

accommodate for these higher rate signals without
re-designing the embedded optical line systems ????

Page 12
MSO/Telco Optical Transport Trends
National Network
Long Haul Optical
Networks being
deployed/investigated
Metro optical primary
to reduce the no. of
ring transport capacity
Internet peering points
upgrades
and enable long
• Network Operation
distance VOIP transit
Center
underway….Metro • Data Center
DWDM Technology is
• DWDM Technology• Call Processing Center
winning the day • Internet Peering Point
Dominating • Methods of Access network
Fiber expansion being
investigated
~5km expanded
Regional Regional Headend Primary Hub
business and residential
Secondary Hubservice offerings
Network
300-1200Km per span

Primary
Network DSL
180 ~ 300km HFC
circumference PON

Secondary
Network

Page 13
 Evolving DWDM Transport Network

Sw and
itch em

IPTV
e dD n D
igit eoO
al B
roa Vid
dca
st
Digital
Digital DWDM
DWDM DVR
Start Over/n
Transport
Transport Network
Network
Over the Top Video
••Larger
LargerCapacity
Capacity
• •Flexible
Flexible
• •Hub
Hub&&Mesh
MeshTraffic
TrafficFlows
Flows W av
• •High elen
HighReliability
Reliability gth S
• •Efficient e rvice
Efficient s
TV Co
HD m
m
er
ci
ia al
d Da
Wireless

e t
tl im a
HSD

u Se
M rv
P ic
SI e s
Page 14
 40G Here Today

 Commercially deployed and available 40G technology is now

standardized in the SDH (STM-256), SONET (OC-768), and OTN
(OTU-3) worlds
 40G has become commercially deployed (starting in 2007) to
increase fiber capacity – many large operators (eg. Verizon,
AT&T, Comcast) are running out of wavelengths on existing
10G DWDM line systems
 40G DWDM interfaces are about 7-8 X that of a 10G and 10G
has been dropping in price more rapidly than 40G
 BUT, let’s not confuse this with 40 Gigabit Ethernet which is
being ratified and is not an approved standard today !!! (we’ll
talk about that shortly)

Page 15
 40G Facts
 Thus far, the largest 40G application has been router-router interconnects (using
PoS) with the largest commercial deployments having been Comcast and AT&T
 Global revenue for 40G line cards in 2007 was $178M – expected to grow 48
percent annually through 2013 and reach almost $2B annually (Ovum)
 40 G services expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 59% from 2007-
2011 (Infonetics)
 40 G is here to stay and will grow dramatically over the coming years
 How do we accommodate for these higher rate 40G signals without re-designing
the embedded optical line systems ? – By using advanced modulation techniques
(amplitude and phase – not just 1+0’s, on and off anymore) to gain spectral
efficiencies, coherent receiving, as well as advanced dispersion compensation
techniques to make the 40G signal “look” like a 10G signal

Page 16
40G Transmission Platform
1*40G 43Gb/s
SDH/SONET
43Gb/s
4*10G
SDH/SONET
4x10Gb/s
1*40G
SDH/SONET

 10G, 40G uniform platform

 15*22dB @80*40G design rule

Router Router
STM-256/OC-768 STM-256/OC-768

Page 17
 40G is More Nonlinear Sensitive than 10G

additional Lower input power

Chirp under
given BER
introduction

Reduce
Nonlinearity
impairment

Differential phase
RZ format instead of absolute
phase

 40G is 4 times the frequency of 10G, so inter-channel and intra-channel interferences bring a
bigger problem.
 Long distance transmission systems solve this problem by introducing additional laser chirp,
RZ format, differential phase and lower input power

Page 18
 Technical Challenges from 10G 40G
item Challenges: 10G40G Solutions

OSNR Required 6dB more Advanced modulation formats

Filtering effect 4x more Spectral-efficient modulation format

(ODB, xRZ-DQPSK for WDM@50GHz)

CD tolerance 1/16 TODC (per channel compensation)

Nonlinear effects More sensitive to Nonlinear-resilient RZ format ,chirp

iFWM & iXPM processing

PMD Tolerance 1/4 Multi-level (/multi-carrier) modulation

(DQPSK for reduced symbol rate and better
optical spectrum utilization)

Advanced Optical Modulation formats and Adaptive per Channel

Dispersion Compensation are at the heart of solutions.
Page 19
 40Gbit/s Modulation summary
40G Formats Channel Space Nonlinear Max possible OSNR Sensitivity PMD Tolerance
Tolerance Launch Power
(15 spans)

ODB 50GHz Good Ref. Ref. Ref.

CS-RZ 100GHz Very Good +3dB +0.5dB 1.5x

NRZ-DPSK 100GHz Good +3dB +3dB 1.4x

PDM-QPSK 50GHz Poor -4dB +3dB >6x (6x is 10G’s

PMD tolerance)

DQPSK 50GHz Good +1dB +3dB 4x

Fragmented components supply chain reducing 40G cost

reduction ability
Page 20
 Adaptive Dispersion Compensation
 Uneven residual dispersion due to unmatched dispersion slopes of DCM
and fiber may exceed the dispersion tolerance of a 40G DWDM system

 ADC (Adaptive Dispersion Compensation) allows DWDM systems to

compensate dispersion on per channel basis, and therefore optimize the
receiving performance for native 40G over 10G optical line systems

3000
annel
2000 gth Ch
ger Wavelen
Lon

Dispersion (ps/nm)
1000

Accumulated
0

-1000
Short W
avelen
gth Ch Terminal's
a nnel
-2000 Dispersion
Equalization
-3000
0 240 480 720 960 1200
Distance (km)

Same receiving performance in

400ps/nm tolerance

Page 21
 Native 40G over 10G Optimized Optical Line System
10 G Optimized Optical Line System
VOA

2.5G OTU 2.5G OTU

DCM DCM DCM DCM

10G OTU 10G OTU
OADM

ADC
ADC
40G OTU 40G OTU
40G ADC
40G OTU transceiver 40G OTU
unit (OTU)
OTM OADM OTM

 40G wavelength directly over the existing optimized 10G optical line
system ：
 Advanced coding format allows for existing 10G MUX/DMUX
 Built-in VOA and ADC allows for perfect match with 10G in power level and dispersion
 High sensitivity receiver (similar power level and OSNR tolerance as for 10G)
 Same EDFA
 Transparent transport of client signal
 4*10G(OC-192/STM-64)
 1*40G(OC-768/STM-256, 10GE WAN/LAN)

Page 22
40G/100G Quick Overview
 The push for 40G and 100G involves BOTH Routing
and Transport systems
 Why the quick jump to 100G from 40G ? – Network
traffic growth, router efficiencies and a standards
body (IEEE) that decided to work on both 40GbE and
100 GbE at the same time thereby aligning the
timetables for both
 Is this about Cable, Telco’s – or both ? – Both – mostly
driven in North America by Comcast, AT&T, and
Verizon
 What’s the hype factor – Higher for 100G than 40G
 The 40G and 100G buzz is coming from both service
providers and vendors Page 23
100G Standards Forums
 IEEE 802.3(40/100GE Interface)

Has approved 40G/100G Ethernet Draft Standard-- IEEE802.3ba (In Dec. 2007)

Final Ratification Expected in mid 2010

100GE expected to be applied in core networking (Router) and 40GE expected to be
applied in servers and computing networking (LAN Switches)

Two kinds of 100GE PHY optical client interface were selected: i) 4x25G CWDM for SMF; ii)
10x10G Parallel module for MMF
 Provide appropriate support for OTN framing (100GE to ODU-4)
 ITU-T SG15(100G OTN Mapping/Framing)

Proposal for ODU4 Framing

It has been accepted in G.709 in Dec.2008; the rate of OTU-4 is 111.809973 Gb/s

Proposal for 100GE mapping to ODU4 frame: It is under discussion

Proposal for OTN evolution: It is under discussion
 OIF PLL(100G LH Transmission – components/DSP)

This project will specify a 100G DWDM transmission implementation agreement to
include:

i) Propagation performance objective

ii) Modulation format : Optimized DP-QPSK with a coherent receiver – OFDM also being
considered

iii) Baseline Forward Error Correction (FEC) algorithm

iv) Integrated photonics transmitter/receiver

Page 24
 100G – A Developing Standard
We Are Here
2007 2008 2009 2010

J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D

IEEE802.3
100GE Standard IEEE 802.3ba
IEEE 802.3ba IEEE 802.3ba IEEE 802.3ba IEEE 802.3ba
40GE/100GE D1.0 D2.0 D3.0 40GE/100GE
PAR Approved TF Draft 802.3WG Ballot LMSC Ballot Standard

ITU-T Q11/SG15
OTN Standard
G.709 Amd3 G.709 New
ODU4 Proposal ITU-T SG15
Consent Version
OTU-4 standard
OTU4 Definition Consent

OIF PLL
100G LH Transmission 100G Project IA to Straw Project
IA Draft
Kick off Ballot Complete

IA to Principal
Ballot

Page 25
From 40G to 100G: Additional Challenges
Challenges 10G  40G 40G 100G

OSNR Required 6dB more ~4dB more

CD tolerance 1/16 <1/6

(4km vs 65km SSMF for NRZ) (<1km vs. 4km in SSMF, NRZ)
(2.5km vs. 15km in SSMF, RZ-DQPSK)

Nonlinear iFWM & iXPM Intrachannel effect severer

(dominant on SSMF) limiting Launch Power
effects XPM
(Bit separation 2.5x smaller)
(esp. with coexisting 10G OOKs)

PMD Tolerance 1/4 1 / 2.5

(2.5ps vs 10ps for NRZ) (max DGD tolerance: 8ps vs 21ps,
Key to economical scaling of 100GE: RZ-DQPSK)

Innovative way to deal with PMD, NLE & OSNR deficits

Page 26
 40G&100G Components Maturity Analysis

40G 100G 100G Commercial

Time
Laser OK OK OK

Driver OK Small supplies’ Sample 2009

Modulator OK Small supplies’ Sample 2009

Framer OK Small supplies’ Sample 2010

FEC OK Small supplies’ Sample 2010

MUX/DeMUX OK OK OK

Receiver OK Small supplies’ Sample 2009

 40G components supply chain is mature enough to support commercial

deployment levels now.
 100G components supply chain not mature yet – first samples 2009/2010 ;
expected to ramp in volume in 2011 after all standards ratified
Page 27
 100GE Facts
 Existing solutions today are proprietary in nature and cost prohibitive (more than
10x the cost of a 10G)
 DP-QPSK modulation expected to win the day at the OIF although OFDM is gaining
its fans – the goal is to have a consolidated components supply chain and eco-
system to better drive cost reduction through manufacturing volume
 Primarily being driven to achieve further router-router efficiencies
 A single 100G router interface is much more efficient than 10x10G interfaces that
use link aggregation (only about 60% efficient and requires complex routing
algorithms to load balance across 10 interfaces)
 A large push in North America by Comcast, Verizon, and AT&T who are trialing
proprietary 100G solutions today
 Will not be standardized and shipping in quantity until late 2010/early 2011

Page 28
 Conclusions

 10G still clearly provides the lowest cost per bit

transported
 Operators can choose to continue to deploy 10G although
40G is available today to relieve fiber exhaustion on
existing DWDM systems
 40G (SONET/SDH/OTN) can be run native on today’s
optimized 10G optical line systems
 40GE/100GE will not be fully standardized and
commercially available until late 2010/early 2011
 Once standardized, 100GE is anticipated to be cost
effective out of the gate due to extensive standards work
and cross industry collaboration

Page 29
THANK YOU VERY MUCH !!!!

Questions

Page 30