(UNIT OPERATIONS LABORATORY-2)

Report (1) about:-

DRAWER DRIER

Directed by :

NAME : SIRAJ ALI ALDEEB

ID : 3214118

Supervised by :

MSR : ELHAM EDRABI

(2018-2019)
1.Introduction:-
The drying of materials is often the final operation in a manufacturing process, carried
out immediately prior to packaging or dispatch. Drying refers to the final removal of
water, or another solute, and the operation often follows evaporation, filtration, or
crystallisation. In some cases, drying is an essential part of the manufacturing process,
as for instance in paper making or in the seasoning of timber, although, in the majority
of processing industries, drying is carried out for one or more of the following reasons:

(a) To reduce the cost of transport.

(b) To make a material more suitable for handling as, for example, with soap powders,
dyestuffs and fertilisers.

(c) To provide definite properties, such as, for example, maintaining the free-flowing
nature of salt.

(d) To remove moisture which may otherwise lead to corrosion. One example is the
drying of gaseous fuels or benzene prior to chlorination.

With a crystalline product, it is essential that the crystals are not damaged during the
drying process, and, in the case of pharmaceutical products, care must be taken to avoid
contamination. Shrinkage, as with paper, cracking, as with wood, or loss of flavour, as
with fruit, must also be prevented. With the exception of the partial drying of a material
by squeezing in a press or the removal of water by adsorption, almost all drying
processes involve the removal of water by vaporisation, which requires the addition of
heat. In assessing the efficiency of a drying process, the effective utilisation of the heat
supplied is the major consideration.

1.1-Objectives:
The objective of the experiment is to make material balance over tray dryer apparatus
by the help of psychometric chart and to determine performance of tray dryer by means
of moisture content and drying rate curves at different operating conditions.

1.2-Dryer Efficiencies:
Energy efficiency in drying is of obvious importance as energy consumption is such a
large component of drying costs. Basically it is a simple ratio of the minimum energy
needed to the energy actually consumed. But because of the complex relationships of
the food, the water, and the drying medium which is often air, a number of efficiency
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measures can be worked out, each appropriate to circumstances and therefore
selectable to bring out special features important in the particular process. Efficiency
calculations are useful when assessing the performance of a dryer, looking for
improvements, and in making comparisons between the various classes of dryers which
may be alternatives for a particular drying operation.

Heat has to be supplied to separate the water from the food. The minimum quantity of
heat that will remove the required water is that needed to supply the latent heat of
evaporation, so one measure of efficiency is the ratio of that minimum to the energy
actually provided for the process. Sensible heat can also be added to the minimum, as
this added heat in the food often cannot be economically recovered.

Yet another useful measure for air drying such as in spray dryers, is to look at a heat
balance over the air, treating the dryer as adiabatic with no exchange of heat with the
surroundings. Then the useful heat transferred to the food for its drying corresponds to
the drop in temperature in the drying air, and the heat which has to be supplied
corresponds to the rise of temperature of the air in the air heater. So this adiabatic air-
drying efficiency , ƞ can be defined by:

2.Theory

 
Drying can be described in terms of gas mass transfer and heat mass transfer coefficient.
Rate of drying is given by :
 

 ------------------------------------1
Where Q is the total heat supplied by the gas stream to the solid and is given by :
 

 ------------2
Total heat supplied = Convection heat + Radiation heat + Conduction heat

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Where hc , hr , hk are the heat transfer coefficient for convection , radiation , and
conduction respectively.

These coefficients are given by :

 

-------------------------------------------------------3
 

-----------------------------------------------4
 

-------------------5
 
Putting the value gives
 

--------------------------------6
 
Ratio of (hc/ky) = Lewis number (Le) and is given by
 
 

----------------7
 
Cs is the specific heat of saturated gas at Ts
For an air water system Le is approximately equal to 1
Equations (3) and (7) yields hc and ky respectively.

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Simultaneously iterative solutions of eqn. (6) with saturation humidity curve provides
the solid surface temperature ,Ts and the corresponding value of humidity Ys.
Knowing Ys eqn. (1) is used to find out the drying rate Nc.
 
NOMENCLATURE:
A : Drying surface area, m2 S : Mass of dry solid
AU : Non drying surface area of drying Tg : Absolute temperature of gas (dry
2
solid , m bulb),K
2
Am : Average solid surface area , m Zm : Metal thickness
CS : Saturated specific heat of air, J/kg0C Tr : Absolute temperature of radiating
2
G : Mass velocity of gas, kg/m -sec surface ,K
N : Drying rate Ts : Absolute temperature of solid
NC : Constant drying rate , kg/m^2-sec surface

3. General Composition:
The IC106D unit allows to acquire the basic knowledge concerning the trays principles.
The most common industrial method to dry solid materials in bulk consists in making a
hot air stream pass over drawers full of wet material.
The utilization conditions may be modified to emphasis the aspects of the industrial
drying techniques from a theoretical and practical point of view.
The unit is supplied with manuals which described all parts of the trainer, the
installation and utilization procedures, as well as many exercises with the relative
results.

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3.1-The unit consists of:
 Heating resistance: 0 to 3 kW.

 Axial fan max flow rate 2500 to 2700 m3/h (50/60 Hz).

 Dimensions of the drying compartment: 0.45x0.45x0.4 m.

 No. 3 trays in anti-corrosion material, movable.

 No. 2 dry bulb thermometers (-10 to +100 °C).

 No. 2 wet bulb thermometers (-10 to +100 °C).

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 No. 1 pyrometer.

 No. 1 anemometer with digital indicator.

 No. 1 stop-watch.

 No. 1 electronic balance (0 to 5 kg) with digital indicator.

 No. 1 electrical resistance power regulator.

 No. 1 fan speed electronic regulator.

3.2-Description:
The air is forced inside the drying chamber by means of a fan placed at one end of the
tunnel.
It is possible to adjust the speed of the air inside the drier by modifying the speed of the
fan by means of an electronic control.
A battery of electrical heating resistances is placed before the drying compartment to
heat up the air. The power dissipated in these resistances can be adjusted.
A rack of three trays having a total load capacity of 5 kg of solid material is suspended to
the arm of a balance, with accuracy of 2 g.
The ducts upstream and downstream of the compartment are designed to produce a
uniform air flow in the trays.
Two thermometers for the measurement of the temperature upstream and
downstream of the working sections and a psychrometer for the control of the humidity
are provided.The apparatus is mounted on a wheeled frame.

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 3.3-Key of drawing:
A. Axial fan

B. Electrical resistances

C. Electronic balance

D. Electrical resistance power regulator

E. Fan speed electronic regulator

F. Stop-watch

G. Anemometer

Tu No. 2 wet bulb thermometers

Ts No. 2 dry bulb thermometers

4.EXPERIMENTATION:
During the experiments, dry and wet bulb temperatures before and after the tray
should be recorded as well as the weight of the sample being dried (a digital balance
attached to the system).

4.1-Procedure:

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 1) Weight dry sand samples to be used. Dry sand to be used should be in

an amount that can fill four trays to a depth of 10 mm.

2) Saturate your samples with water by putting them in a container filled

by water.

3) Weight trays before putting the wet sample on them then put wet sand

samples on trays and weight again (weighting can be done by using the balance
attached to the setup)

4) Fill the water reservoir in the psychomotor for wet bulb temperature measurements

5) Operate the dryer by turning the main switch on then adjust air flow rate and air
temperature by using the controls on the main board.

6) Record weight of the sample and dry and wet bulb temperatures of air before and
after the trays.

7) Repeat these steps for different conditions which should be decided before the
experiment.

5. Results:

T(sec) Taw(C°) Tad(C°) Tbw(C°) Tbd(C°) F(g) v(m/s)

900 29 30 27.7 27 990 0.15
1800 33 36 30.0 30 986 0.22
2700 41 40 36 36 984 0.23

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 991
990
989
988
987
Time(sec)

986
985
984
983
982
981
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800
F(g)

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

6.1 Effect Air Temperature and Air Velocity on the Drying Constant:
The data obtained from the experiment was indicated in .

The drying constant (K) was calculated from the slopes of drying curves , plotted based
on equation for the different drying temperatures and drying air velocities and
presented as K .

From the table , the drying constant showed a relationship with the drying temperature
and drying air velocity.

It increased with increase in drying temperature and drying air velocity. From table a
linear regression was run with the drying constant (K) as the dependent variable and
drying temperature (T) as the independent variable.

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7.conclusion:

 Drying process mechanisms : the migration of moisture from the interior of an

individual grain to the surface , and the evaporation of moisture from the surface to
the surrounding air.
 The rate of drying is determined by the moisture content, the air temperature, and
velocity of the air in contact with the material.
 In conclusion, based on the two experiments, we can see that both the air
temperature and air velocity are proportional to the drying rate of wet and sand.

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