Advanced Training

Steel Connections
Advanced Training – Steel Connection

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 Advanced Training – Steel Connection

Table of contents
Table of contents............................................................................................................................... 3
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 5
2. Possible connections in SCIA Engineer .......................................................................... 6
3. Creation of a small example in SCIA Engineer ............................................................... 8
3.1. Modeling the example ............................................................................................................ 8
3.2. Input of the connection .......................................................................................................... 9
4. Check of the connection (unity check) .......................................................................... 12
4.1. General data .......................................................................................................................... 16
4.2. Column web panel in shear ................................................................................................. 17
4.3. Column web in compression ............................................................................................... 17
4.4. Beam flange and web in compression................................................................................ 18
4.5. Resistance of the T-stub ...................................................................................................... 19
4.5.1. Principle of a T-stub calculation .................................................................................... 19
4.5.2. Bolts info ....................................................................................................................... 22
4.5.3. Column flange ............................................................................................................... 22
4.5.4. End plate ....................................................................................................................... 31
4.5.5. Potential tension resistance for each bolt row .............................................................. 39
4.6. Calculation of MRd................................................................................................................ 39
4.7. Calculation of NRd ................................................................................................................ 42
4.8. Calculation of VRd ................................................................................................................ 44
4.9. Weak axis resistances .......................................................................................................... 45
4.9.1. Bending moment resistance ........................................................................................... 46
4.9.1.1. Column flange in bending ............................................................................................ 47
4.9.1.2. End plate in bending .................................................................................................... 47
4.9.1.3. Beam flange in compression ........................................................................................ 48
4.9.1.4. Column flange in twisting ............................................................................................. 49
4.9.1.5. Column web in bending ................................................................................................ 49
4.9.2. Shear force resistance .................................................................................................... 50
4.10. Unity checks ..................................................................................................................... 51
4.10.1. Influence of the normal force ........................................................................................ 51
4.10.2. General unity checks .................................................................................................... 51
5. Stiffness of the connection ............................................................................................. 52
5.1. The Moment-Rotation characteristic ................................................................................... 52
5.2. Calculation of the stiffness .................................................................................................. 52
5.2.1. General formulas .......................................................................................................... 52
5.2.2. Calculation of the stiffness in detail .............................................................................. 53
5.3. The classification on stiffness ............................................................................................. 60
5.4. Transferring the joint stiffness to the analysis model ...................................................... 62
5.5. The required stiffness .......................................................................................................... 65
6. Calculation of welds ........................................................................................................ 69
6.1. Calculation of af..................................................................................................................... 69
Minimum for full strength .............................................................................................................. 69
Calculated from connection resistance ........................................................................................ 69
Calculated using Internal forces ................................................................................................... 70
6.2. Calculation of aw.................................................................................................................... 70
6.3. Calculation with the internal forces .................................................................................... 71
7. Ductility class ................................................................................................................... 72
7.1. Ductility classes .................................................................................................................... 72
7.2. Ductility classification for bolted joints .............................................................................. 72
7.3. Ductility classification for welded joints ............................................................................ 73
8. Extra options in SCIA Engineer ...................................................................................... 74

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8.1. RHS beam .............................................................................................................................. 74

8.2. Column in minor axis configuration ................................................................................... 74
8.3. Base plate connections: shear iron, flange wideners ....................................................... 75
8.4. Extra options for the calculation of connections .............................................................. 75
8.4.1. Copy of connections ..................................................................................................... 76
8.4.2. Multiple check of connections ....................................................................................... 76
8.4.3. Expert system ............................................................................................................... 76
8.4.4. The use of 4 bolts / row ................................................................................................ 78
8.4.5. Monodrawings............................................................................................................... 79
9. Welded connections ........................................................................................................ 82
10. Pinned joints ..................................................................................................................... 87
10.1. Welded fin plate connection ........................................................................................... 87
10.1.1. Calculation Design Shear Resistance VRd for Connection Element ........................... 88
10.1.2. Calculation Design Shear Resistance VRd for Beam .................................................. 88
10.1.3. Calculation Compression/Tension Resistance NRd for connection element ............... 88
10.1.4. Calculation Design Tension Resistance NRd for Beam ............................................... 89
10.1.5. Weld size Calculation for Plate, Beam and Column ..................................................... 89
10.2. Bolted fin plate connection ............................................................................................. 91
10.2.1. Calculation Design Shear Resistance VRd for Connection Element ........................... 91
10.2.2. Calculation Design Shear Resistance VRd for Beam .................................................. 92
10.2.3. Calculation Design Shear Resistance VRd for Bolt in Beam ....................................... 92
10.2.4. Calculation Design Block Shear Resistance Vrd - beam ............................................. 93
10.2.5. Calculation Design Block Shear Resistance Vrd – connection element (beam side) .. 94
10.2.6. Calculation Design Compression/Tension Resistance NRd for Connection Element .. 95
10.2.7. Calculation Design Compression/Tension Resistance NRd for Beam ......................... 95
10.3. Bolted cleat connection .................................................................................................. 96
10.4. Flexible end plate connection ........................................................................................ 96
11. Hollow section joints ....................................................................................................... 97
11.1. Joint configuration .......................................................................................................... 97
11.1.1. Automatic recognition ..................................................................................................... 97
11.1.2. Gap / Overlap .................................................................................................................... 99
11.2. Validation tests .............................................................................................................. 100
11.2.1. Redistribution of bending moment caused by eccentricity of brace members ...... 100
11.2.2. General scope and field of application ........................................................................ 101
11.2.3. Range of validity for CHS chord and CHS brace members ....................................... 102
11.3. Design resistance .......................................................................................................... 104
11.3.1. Uniplanar joints .............................................................................................................. 106
11.3.2. Chord stress ................................................................................................................... 106
11.3.3. Identification of brace members .................................................................................. 106
11.3.4. Welded joints between CHS members ........................................................................ 107
11.3.4.1. Axial force resistance ............................................................................................... 107
11.3.4.2. Bending moment resistance .................................................................................... 107
11.3.5. Special types of welded joints ...................................................................................... 107
11.3.6. Design of welds .............................................................................................................. 108
12. References and literature .............................................................................................. 110

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 Advanced Training – Steel Connection

1. Introduction

This course will explain the calculation of steel connections in SCIA Engineer following the EN 1993-1-
8: Design of steel structures – Part 1-8: Design of joints.

Most of the options in the course can be calculated/checked in SCIA Engineer with the Steel edition.

For some supplementary checks an extra module (or edition) is required, but this will always be
indicated in those paragraphs.

The design methods for connection design are explained. More details and references to the applied
articles can be found in (Ref.[2]).

The following chapters are valid for the bolted and welded column-beam joints. The design methods for
the beam-column joints are principally for moment-resisting joints between I or H sections in which the
beams are connected to the flanges of the column. In this document we will describe the total
procedure for this type of connection. The other connection types can be found at the end of this
document.

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2. Possible connections in SCIA Engineer

The design methods for the column-beam joints are taken from EN 1993-1-8. More detailed information
about the applied rules and specific implementations are found in Ref.[1].

The following column-beam and beam-beam connections are possible in SCIA Engineer:

Only the following cross-sections can be used for connections in SCIA Engineer:

Rolled I beam (I+H) Rolled hollow section (RHS) I section with a haunch (I var)

Symmetrical welded I section Asymmetrical welded I section

(made of three flats - Iw) (made of three flats - Iwn)

The possible combinations of supported cross-sections with relevance to a geometric connection type
is indicated in the tables below. Column base connections support all cross-sections.

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It is important to mention that in this context, beam is the entity connected to a column. It is perfectly
possible that a column may be horizontal and a beam vertical.

In the checks in SCIA Engineer not only the connection itself will be checked, but also the total joint. A
joint is the connection and the web panel in shear, as shown in the picture below.

Joint = web panel in shear + connection

1 - web panel in shear
2 - connection
3 - components (e.g. bolts, endplate)

Since SCIA Engineer 17.0, it is also possible to design truss connections of circular hollow sections.
The following image shows what is supported so far:

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3. Creation of a small example in SCIA Engineer

3.1. Modeling the example

First in this chapter a small example in SCIA Engineer will be shown. Afterwards all principles and the
theoretical background will be explained in the next chapter.

Create a new project in Frame XYZ, activate the material Steel S235 and activate the functionality
Frame rigid connections.

The following options are available for connections:

Frame rigid connections: Calculation of bolted and welded (rigid and semi-rigid) connections.

Fame pinned connections: Calculation of pinned connections

Grid pinned connections: Calculation of pinned connection in the horizontal plane

Bolted diagonal connections: Calculation of bolted diagonals

Hollow section joints: Calculation of welded tubes in trusses

Expert system: Use a library with default connections in SCIA Engineer or add your
own connections to this library

Connection monodrawings: Make some nice overview drawings of your connection(s)

Choose for the column a HE140B profile and for the beam an IPE220 with the following geometry and
the only load is a line load of 5 kN/m on the beam (no self weight).

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3.2. Input of the connection

Calculate the model and go to the Steel menu.

The beam is connected with the strong axis of the column, so we choose in this menu for “Connections
-> Frame bolted/welded-strong axis”. Double-click on this option and select the node between the
column and the beam to input the connection.

In the properties window of the connection, you can activate what you want to add at the connection.
We choose for a Frame bolted connection and we add an end plate. By clicking on the three dots
behind the endplate option, you can adapt the endplate and we change it into:

Afterwards we can also add some bolts and change them again by clicking on the three dots behind it:

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Remark: by default you will get warnings for the bolt locations, modify the wrench diameter from 80mm
to 60mm to solve it. In reality you’ll need to apply the correct wrench diameter in order to be able to
fasten the bolts. See images below to change this parameter:

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To check the connection, you have to click on refresh.

With the option “Open Preview” you can have a summary output of the connection:

The calculated unity checks and stiffness’s will be explained in detail in the following chapters.

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4. Check of the connection (unity check)

The whole check of the chapters below will be discussed using the example made in the chapter
“Creation of a small example in SCIA Engineer” or using example “CON_004.esa”.

When looking in SCIA Engineer at the detailed output you will find the detailed calculation of SCIA
Engineer.

In this document we will describe all checks in SCIA Engineer step by step based on EN 1993-1-8.
Ref.[1].

The general analytical procedure which is used for determining the resistance and stiffness properties
of a joint, is the so-called component method. The component method considers any joint as a set of
individual basic components. Each of these basic components possesses its own strength and
stiffness. The application of the component method requires the following steps:

1. identification of the active components in the joint being considered

2. evaluation of the stiffness and/or resistance characteristics for each individual basic component
3. assembly of all the constituent components and evaluation of the stiffness and/or resistance
characteristics of the whole joint

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Three steps

First step: Column web in Column web in Column web in

shear compression tension
Definition of the
components

Second step:

Response of
the components

Stiffness coefficient ki of each component

Resistance FRd of Each component

Third Step:

Assembling of
the components

Stiffness of the joint 𝑆𝑗,𝑖 = 𝐸 ℎ² / ∑ 𝑙/𝑘𝑖

Resistance of the joint 𝑀𝑅𝑑 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝐹𝑅𝑑,𝑖 ) ∙ ℎ

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In the following tables all different components are shown:

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Zone Ref
Tension a bolts in tension
b end plate bending
c column flange bending
d beam web tension
e column web tension
[f] flange to end plate weld
[g] web to end plate weld
Horizontal h column web panel shear
shear
Compression j beam flange compression
[k] beam flange weld
l, m column web in compression
Vertical shear [n] web to end plate weld
p bolt shear
q bolt bearing

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4.1. General data

In the preview in SCIA Engineer, first general data is shown about the used sections, the used bolts, …

Afterwards the safety factors according EN 1993-1-8 are shown:

Those safety factors can be adapted in the National Annex Setup in SCIA Engineer.

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And afterwards the internal forces are shown for the chosen load case or combination:

The internal forces, shown here, will result in the biggest unity check or in a stiffness check which is not
okay.

You can see in this example that we have a negative moment My, so we have tension in the top flange
of the beam. If we have tension in the bottom flange of the beam, the whole calculation is the same,
but the first bolt-row will be taken as the bottom one.

Next the calculation of the connection will be shown, both for strong-axis as the weak-axis side.

4.2. Column web panel in shear

As shown in SCIA Engineer, this will be calculated following EN 1993-1-8, art. 6.2.6.1:

0,9𝑓𝑦,𝑤 𝐴𝑣
𝑉𝑤𝑝,𝑅𝑑 =
√3𝛾𝑀0

Shear area of the column:

𝐴𝑣𝑐 = 𝐴 − 2 ∙ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑡𝑓 + (𝑡𝑤 + 2𝑟) ∙ 𝑡𝑓

𝐴𝑣𝑐 = 4300 − 2 ∙ 140 ∙ 12 + (7 + 2 ∙ 12) ∙ 12 = 1312 mm²

0,9𝑓𝑦,𝑤 𝐴𝑣 0,9 ∙ 235 ∙ 1312

𝑽𝒘𝒑,𝑹𝒅 = = ∙ 10−3 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎, 𝟐𝟏 𝒌𝑵
√3𝛾𝑀0 √3 ∙ 1

In SCIA Engineer:

4.3. Column web in compression

As shown in SCIA Engineer, this will be calculated following EN 1993-1-8, art. 6.2.6.2:

𝜔∙𝑘𝑤𝑐 ∙𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐,𝑤𝑐 ∙𝑡𝑤𝑐 ∙𝑓𝑦,𝑤𝑐 𝜔∙𝑘𝑤𝑐 ∙𝜌∙𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐,𝑤𝑐 ∙𝑡𝑤𝑐 ∙𝑓𝑦,𝑤𝑐

(6.9): 𝐹𝑐,𝑤𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = but 𝐹𝑐,𝑤𝑐,𝑅𝑑 ≤
𝛾𝑀0 𝛾𝑀1

(6.11): 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑡𝑓𝑏 + 2√2𝑎𝑝 + 5(𝑡𝑓𝑐 + 𝑠) + 𝑠𝑝

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𝑠𝑝 = 12 + (15 − √2 ∙ 5) = 19,93

Above the bottom flange, there is sufficient room to allow 45° dispersion
Below the bottom flange, there is NOT sufficient room. Thus the dispersion is limited.

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 9,2 + 2√2 ∙ 5 + 5(12 + 12) + 19,93 = 163,27𝑚𝑚

Table 5.4:  = 1 => Table 6.3:  = 

1 1
𝜔 = 𝜔1 = 𝑡
= 7
= 0,71
√1+1,3(𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐,𝑤𝑐∙𝐴𝑤𝑐 )² √1+1,3(163,27∙ )²
𝑣𝑐 1312

kwc = 1

𝜔∙𝑘𝑤𝑐 ∙𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐,𝑤𝑐 ∙𝑡𝑤𝑐 ∙𝑓𝑦,𝑤𝑐 0,71∙1∙163,27∙7∙235∙10−3

𝑭𝒄,𝒘𝒄,𝑹𝒅 = = = 𝟏𝟗𝟎, 𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝑵
𝛾𝑀0 1

In SCIA Engineer:

4.4. Beam flange and web in compression

As shown in SCIA Engineer, this will be calculated following EN 1993-1-8, art. 6.2.6.7:

𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑 𝑊𝑝𝑙 ∙𝑓𝑦𝑏

(6.21): 𝑭𝒄,𝒇𝒃,𝑹𝒅 = =
(ℎ−𝑡𝑓𝑏) 𝛾𝑀0 ∙(ℎ−𝑡𝑓𝑏)

𝑊𝑝𝑙 ∙𝑓𝑦𝑏 285∙10³𝑚𝑚³∙235∙10−3 𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚²

𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = = = 66975 𝑘𝑁𝑚𝑚 = 66,98 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝛾𝑀0 1

ℎ − 𝑡𝑓𝑏 = 220 − 9,2 = 210,80 𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑐,𝑅𝑑 66975 𝑘𝑁𝑚𝑚

𝑭𝒄,𝒇𝒃,𝑹𝒅 = = = 𝟑𝟏𝟕, 𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵
(ℎ−𝑡𝑓𝑏) 210,80 𝑚𝑚

In SCIA Engineer:

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4.5. Resistance of the T-stub

4.5.1. Principle of a T-stub calculation

The end plate bending and the column flange bending or bolt yielding, are analysed, using an
equivalent T-stub. The three possible modes of failure of the flange of the T stub and the resistance
strength for each mode are:

1. complete flange yielding

The bolts stay intact, only the column flange (or end plate) will yield.
4𝑀𝑝𝑙,1,𝑅𝑑
𝐹𝑇,1,𝑅𝑑 = with: 𝑀𝑝𝑙,1,𝑅𝑑 = 0,25 ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 𝑡𝑓2 𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑀0
𝑚

2. bolt failure with flange yielding

The bolts brake together with the yielding of the column flange (or end plate).

2𝑀𝑝𝑙,2,𝑅𝑑 +𝑛 ∑ 𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑
𝐹𝑇,2,𝑅𝑑 = with: 𝑀𝑝𝑙,2,𝑅𝑑 = 0,25 ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,2 𝑡𝑓2 𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑀0
𝑚+𝑛

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3. bolt failure

The bolts brake. But there is no influence on the column flange (or end plate).

𝐹𝑇,3,𝑅𝑑 = ∑ 𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑

And the minimum of FT,1,Rd, FT,2,Rd and FT,3,Rd is the limiting tension strength value for the bolt row or bolt
group:

Ft,Rd = min (FT,1,Rd; FT,2,Rd; FT,3,Rd)

For the failure of the end plate or column flange, an effective length for the different bolt locations will
be calculated.
We will assume the effective length for a bolt row or a bolt group and the failure mode could be with a
circular pattern or with a non-circular pattern. In the table below some examples are shown for the
circular and the non circular patterns:

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Circular pattern Non-circular pattern Circular pattern Non-circular pattern

Bolt row Bolt row Bolt group Bolt group

Inner bolt row Inner bolt row Inner bolt row Inner bolt row

End bolt row End bolt row End bolt row End bolt row

Remark: The formulas given for the calculation of FT,Rd for the different failure mode are only applicable
if Prying forces may develop. This criterion is given in EN 1993-1-8, Table 6.2:

If no prying forces may develop, Mode 1 and 2 will be calculated as follows:

2𝑀𝑝𝑙,2,𝑅𝑑
𝐹𝑇,1−2,𝑅𝑑 =
𝑚

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4.5.2. Bolts info

From the general data of the used bolts (M16 – 8.8) the tension resistance of one bolt can be
calculated as follows:

0,9∙𝑓𝑢𝑏 ∙𝐴𝑠 0,9∙800 𝑀𝑃𝑎∙157 𝑚𝑚²

𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 = = =90432 N = 90,43 kN
𝛾𝑀 1,25

4.5.3. Column flange

4.5.3.1. General parameters

First some definitions of the parameters, following EN 1993-1-8 (Ref[1]), Figure 6.8 a:

𝒆 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒎

𝑏𝑐 −𝑡𝑤𝑐
𝒎= − 0,8𝑟 − 𝑒
2
(see also EN1993-1-8 (Figure 6.8))
𝒎 = (140 − 7)/2 − 0,8 ∙ 12 − 30
= 𝟐𝟔, 𝟗 𝒎𝒎
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 30 𝑚𝑚
𝑛 = 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛
≤ 1,25 ∙ 𝑚 = 1,25 ∙ 26,9 = 33,6𝑚𝑚
(see also EN1993-1-8 (Table 6.2))
𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎𝒎𝒎

Row p (p1 + p2)

1 0.0 + 35.0
2 35.0 + 70.0
3 70.0 + 0.0

And this is also shown in SCIA Engineer:

To calculate the column flange, we need to choose between the effective lengths of an unstiffened
column flange (Table 6.4 En 1993-1-8 - Ref.[1]) or for the effective lengths of a stiffened column flange
(Table 6.5 EN 1993-1-8 - Ref.[1]).

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In this case the column flange is unstiffened. In the table below the difference is shown:

Unstiffened column flange Stiffened column flange

So in this example the following table is used for the calculation of the effective lengths:

This table of the EN1993-1-8 has been extended in SCIA Engineer based on the publications “Joints in
Steel Construction – Moment resisting joints to Eurocode 3” and “HERON vol. 20 by P. Zoetemeijer”.
You can find the effective length formulas for column flange classifications in the table below.

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Within SCIA Engineer, a bolt row may be classified on a column side as:

Bolt-row adjacent to stiffener - if the bolt row lies next to a stiffener and is within limit distance
Other inner bolt-row - if the bolt-row lies between other bolt-rows
Other end bolt-row - if the bolt-row lies next to a stiffener, which is farther away to the axis of a
connected beam, and is outside the limit distance
End bolt-row adjacent to stiffener - if the bolt-row is the first or the last bolt-row, lies next to a
stiffener, which is closer to the axis of a connected beam
Other end bolt-row at end of column - if the bolt-row is the first or the last bolt-row, lies next to a
stiffener, which is closer to the axis of a connected beam, and is outside the limit distance or if the
bolt-row is the first or the last bolt-row and does not lie next to a stiffener
Bolt-row between stiffeners - if the bolt row is the only bolt-row between stiffeners and lies within the
limit distance of both stiffeners

First we choose for each bolt row the classification/location.

In this example:

Row 1 and Row 3: Other end bolt-row at end of column

Row 2: Other inner bolt-row

And the same is shown in SCIA Engineer:

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4.5.3.2. Ft,fc,Rd of bolt rows considered individually

The calculation of leff can be done using Table 6.4. of the EN 1993-1-8 (Ref.[1]).

Row 1
leff circular patterns: the smaller of:
m = 2*3.14*26,9 = 169,02
m + e1 = 3.14*26,9 + 1860 = 1944,51

leff non-circular patterns: the smaller of:

4m + 1,25e = 4*26,9 + 1,25*30 = 145,10
2m + 0,625e + e1 = 2*26,9 + 0,625*30 + 1860 = 1932,55

Row 2
leff circular patterns: m = 2*3.14*26,9 = 169,02
leff non-circular patterns: 4m + 1,25e = 4*26,9 + 1,25*30 = 145,10

Row 3
leff circular patterns: the smaller of:
m = 2*3.14*26,9 = 169,02
m + e1 = 3.14*26,9 + 1930 = 2014,51

leff non-circular patterns: the smaller of:

4m + 1,25e = 4*26,9 + 1,25*30 = 145,10
2m + 0,625e + e1 = 2*26,9 + 0,625*30 + 1930 = 2002,55

Row leff circular leff non-circular

patterns patterns
1 169,02 145.10
2 169,02 145.10
3 169,02 145.10

In SCIA Engineer:

And now from the bottom of Table 6.4:

So this results in:

Mode 1 : leff,1 = leff,nc but leff,1 < leff, cp => leff,1 = 145.10
Mode 2 : leff,2 = leff,nc => leff,2 = 145.10

Now we can calculate Mpl,1,Rd and Mpl,2,Rd for the two modes, with the formula given at the bottom of
Table 6.2 of the EN 1993-1-8 (Ref.[1])

0,25 ∙ 145,10 ∙ 12² ∙ 235 ∙ 10−3

𝑀𝑝𝑙,1,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑀𝑝𝑙,2,𝑅𝑑 = 0,25 ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑓2 𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑀0 = = 1227,5 𝑘𝑁𝑚
1

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Advanced Training – Steel Connection

To decide which formula we are using for the calculation of FT,1,Rd and FT,2,Rd we have to check if
prying forces may develop:

Lb is the bolt elongation length, taken as equal to the grip length (total thickness of material and
washers), plus half the sum of the height of the bolt head and the height of the nut.

Lb = tf + tp + twasher + (hbolt_head + hnut)/2

= 12 + 12 + 3,3 + (10 + 13)/2

= 38,8mm

Prying forces may develop if Lb < Lb*

A is the tensile stress area of the bolt As

8,8 𝑚³ 𝐴𝑠 8,8 (26,9)³∙157

𝐿∗𝑏 = ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑓3
∙ 𝑛𝑏 = ∙ 1 = 107 𝑚𝑚 (see formula in Table 6.2 of EN 1993-1-8 (Ref.[1]) )
145,10∙(12)³

(with nb = number of bolt rows)

 𝐿𝑏 < 𝐿∗𝑏
 Prying forces may develop

So now we can use the formulas given in Table 6.2 En 1993-1-8 (Ref.[1]) to calculate the different
mode. The effective lengths for all bolt-rows are the same so:

Mode 1:
By default the alternative method is used for determining 𝐹𝑇,1,𝑅𝑑 , this can be changed in the
connections setup > structural joints : ‘Use alternative method for Ft,1,Rd’
(8𝑛−2𝑒𝑤 )𝑀𝑝𝑙,1,𝑅𝑑 (8∙30−2∙6,75)∙1227,5
𝐹𝑇,1,𝑅𝑑 = = = 225,5 𝑘𝑁
2𝑚𝑛−𝑒𝑤 (𝑚+𝑛) 2∙26.9∙30−6.75∙(26.9+30)

Mode 2:
2𝑀𝑝𝑙,2,𝑅𝑑 +𝑛 ∑ 𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 2∙1227,5+30∙2∙90,43
𝐹𝑇,2,𝑅𝑑 = = = 138,5 𝑘𝑁
𝑚+𝑛 26,9+30

Mode 3:
𝐹𝑇,3,𝑅𝑑 = ∑ 𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 = 2 ∙ 90,43 = 180,9 𝑘𝑁

 𝑭𝑻,𝒇𝒄,𝑹𝒅 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖, 𝟓 𝒌𝑵(smalles of the three modes)

All those results are shown in SCIA Engineer:

The value for Lb was given already in the data of the bolts itself:

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 Advanced Training – Steel Connection

4.5.3.3. Column web in tension for the individual bolt rows

The design resistance of an unstiffened column web subject to transverse tension should be
determined from:

𝜔𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑡,𝑤𝑐 𝑡𝑤𝑐 𝑓𝑦,𝑤𝑐

𝐹𝑇,𝑤𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = (see also EN 1993-1-8 : 2005; formula (6.15) – Ref.[1] )
𝛾𝑀0

With: 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑡,𝑤𝑐 = 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 145,10

And , to allow for the possible effects of shear in the column web panel, should be determined from
Table 6.3 (EN 1993-1-8):

And:

In this example:
=1
 = 
1
𝜔 = 𝜔1 =
√1 + 1,3(𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐,𝑤𝑐 𝑡𝑤𝑐 /𝐴𝑣𝑐 )²

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Advanced Training – Steel Connection

𝐴𝑣𝑐 = 𝐴 − 2 ∙ 𝑏𝑐 ∙ 𝑡𝑓𝑐 + (𝒕𝒘𝒄 + 𝟐𝒓𝒄 ) ∙ 𝑡𝑓𝑐

𝐴𝑣𝑐 = 4296 − 2 ∙ 140 ∙ 12 + (𝟕 + 𝟐 ∙ 𝟏𝟐) ∙ 12 = 1308 𝑚𝑚²

1 1
𝜔 = 𝜔1 = = = 0,75
√1+1,3(𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐,𝑤𝑐 𝑡𝑤𝑐 /𝐴𝑣𝑐 )² √1+1,3(145,10∙7/1308)²

𝜔𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑡,𝑤𝑐 𝑡𝑤𝑐 𝑓𝑦,𝑤𝑐 0,75∙145,10∙7∙235∙10−3

 𝐹𝑇,𝑤𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = =
𝛾𝑀0 1

 𝑭𝑻,𝒘𝒄,𝑹𝒅 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗 𝒌𝑵

In SCIA Engineer:

4.5.3.4. Ft,fc,Rd of bolt rows considered as part of a group

ROW 1
Leff circular begin bolt-row = m + pend = 3,14 * 26,9 + 70 = 154,51
Leff non circular begin bolt-row = 2m + 0,625e + 0,5p = 2*26,9 + 0,625 * 30 + 0,5 * 70 = 107,55

ROW 2
Leff circular inner bolt-row = 2p = 2 * (35.0 + 70.0) = 210
Leff non circular inner bolt-row = p = 35.0 + 70.0 = 105
Leff circular end bolt-row = m + pend = 3,14 * 26,9 + 70 = 154,51
Leff non circular end bolt-row = 2m + 0,625e + 0,5p = 2*26,9 + 0,625 * 30 + 0,5 * 70 = 107,55

ROW 3
Leff circular end bolt-row = m + pend = 3,14 * 26,9 + 140 = 224,51
Leff non circular end bolt-row = 2m + 0,625e + 0,5p = 2*26,9 + 0,625 * 30 + 0,5 * 140 = 142,55

Summary:

Row leff circular leff non circular leff circular leff non circular leff circular leff non circular
inner bolt-row inner bolt-row end bolt-row end bolt-row begin bolt-row begin bolt-row
1 - - - - 154,51 107,55
2 210.00 105.00 154.51 107,55 224,51 142,55
3 - - 224,51 142,55 - -

In SCIA Engineer:

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 Advanced Training – Steel Connection

Mode 1 : ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 = ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑛𝑐 but ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 ≤ ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐𝑝

Mode 2 : ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,2 = ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑛𝑐

Row 1-1 : not considered, same as the individual bolt row.

Row 1-2:
∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐𝑝 = 154.10 + 154.50 = 309.02
∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑛𝑐 = 107.55 + 107.55 = 215.10
Mode 1 = Mode 2 : leff = 215.10

0,25 ∙ 215,1 ∙ 12² ∙ 235 ∙ 10−3

𝑀𝑝𝑙,1,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑀𝑝𝑙,2,𝑅𝑑 = 0,25 ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑓2 𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑀0 = = 1819,8 𝑘𝑁𝑚
1

Prying forces may develop if Lb < Lb*

Lb = 38,8mm

8,8 𝑚³ 𝐴𝑠 8,8 (26,9)³∙157

𝐿∗𝑏 = ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑓3
∙ 𝑛𝑏 = ∙ 2 = 145 𝑚𝑚
215,10∙(12)³
(with nb = number of bolt rows)

 𝐿𝑏 < 𝐿∗𝑏
 Prying forces may develop

(8𝑛−2𝑒𝑤 )𝑀𝑝𝑙,1,𝑅𝑑 (8∙30−2∙6,75)∙1819,8

Mode 1: 𝐹𝑇,1,𝑅𝑑 = = = 335,13 𝑘𝑁
2𝑚𝑛−𝑒𝑤 (𝑚+𝑛) 2∙26.9∙30−6.75∙(26.9+30)
2𝑀𝑝𝑙,2,𝑅𝑑 +𝑛 ∑ 𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 2∙1819,8+30∙4∙90,43
Mode 2: 𝐹𝑇,2,𝑅𝑑 = = = 254,7 𝑘𝑁
𝑚+𝑛 26,9+30
Mode 3: 𝐹𝑇,3,𝑅𝑑 = ∑ 𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 = 4 ∙ 90,43 = 361,7 𝑘𝑁
 𝑭𝑻,𝑹𝒅 = 𝟐𝟓𝟒, 𝟕 𝒌𝑵

Row 1-3:
∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐𝑝 = 154.51 + 210.00 + 224.51 = 589.02
∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑛𝑐 = 107.55 + 105.00 + 142.55 = 355.10
Mode 1 = Mode 2 : leff = 355.10

0,25 ∙ 355,1 ∙ 12² ∙ 235 ∙ 10−3

𝑀𝑝𝑙,1,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑀𝑝𝑙,2,𝑅𝑑 = 0,25 ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑓2 𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑀0 = = 3004,1 𝑘𝑁𝑚
1

Prying forces may develop if Lb < Lb*

Lb = 38,8mm

8,8 𝑚³ 𝐴𝑠 8,8 (26,9)³∙157

𝐿∗𝑏 = ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑓3
∙ 𝑛𝑏 = ∙ 3 = 131 𝑚𝑚
355,10∙(12)³
(with nb = number of bolt rows)

 𝐿𝑏 < 𝐿∗𝑏
 Prying forces may develop

(8𝑛−2𝑒𝑤 )𝑀𝑝𝑙,1,𝑅𝑑 (8∙30−2∙6,75)∙3004,1

Mode 1: 𝐹𝑇,1,𝑅𝑑 = = = 553,2 𝑘𝑁
2𝑚𝑛−𝑒𝑤 (𝑚+𝑛) 2∙26.9∙30−6.75∙(26.9+30)
2𝑀𝑝𝑙,2,𝑅𝑑 +𝑛 ∑ 𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 2∙3004,1+30∙6∙90,43
Mode 2: 𝐹𝑇,2,𝑅𝑑 = = = 391,7 𝑘𝑁
𝑚+𝑛 26,9+30
Mode 3: 𝐹𝑇,3,𝑅𝑑 = ∑ 𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 = 6 ∙ 90,43 = 542,6 𝑘𝑁
 𝑭𝑻,𝑹𝒅 = 𝟑𝟗𝟏, 𝟕 𝒌𝑵

Row 2-3:
∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐𝑝 = 224.51 + 224.51 = 449.02
∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑛𝑐 = 142.55 + 142.55 = 285.10

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Advanced Training – Steel Connection

Mode 1 = Mode 2 : leff = 285.10

0,25 ∙ 285.1 ∙ 12² ∙ 235 ∙ 10−3

𝑀𝑝𝑙,1,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑀𝑝𝑙,2,𝑅𝑑 = 0,25 ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑓2 𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑀0 = = 2411,9 𝑘𝑁𝑚
1

Prying forces may develop if Lb < Lb*

Lb = 38,8mm

8,8 𝑚³ 𝐴𝑠 8,8 (26,9)3 ∙157

𝐿∗𝑏 = ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑓3
∙ 𝑛𝑏 = ∙ 2 = 109,2 𝑚𝑚
285,10∙(12)3
(with nb = number of bolt rows)

 𝐿𝑏 < 𝐿∗𝑏
 Prying forces may develop

(8𝑛−2𝑒𝑤 )𝑀𝑝𝑙,1,𝑅𝑑 (8∙30−2∙6,75)∙2411,9

Mode 1: 𝐹𝑇,1,𝑅𝑑 = = = 444,2 𝑘𝑁
2𝑚𝑛−𝑒𝑤 (𝑚+𝑛) 2∙26.9∙30−6.75∙(26.9+30)
2𝑀𝑝𝑙,2,𝑅𝑑 +𝑛 ∑ 𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 2∙2411.9+30∙6∙90,43
Mode 2: 𝐹𝑇,2,𝑅𝑑 = = = 275.5 𝑘𝑁
𝑚+𝑛 26,9+30
Mode 3: 𝐹𝑇,3,𝑅𝑑 = ∑ 𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 = 4 ∙ 90,43 = 361,72 𝑘𝑁
 𝑭𝑻,𝑹𝒅 = 𝟐𝟕𝟓, 𝟓 𝒌𝑵

In SCIA Engineer:

4.5.3.5. Column web in tension for bolt rows considered as part of a group
Row 1-2:
1 1
𝜔 = 𝜔1 = = = 0,61
√1+1,3(𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐,𝑤𝑐 𝑡𝑤𝑐/𝐴𝑣𝑐 )² √1+1,3(215,10∙7/1312)²

𝜔𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑡,𝑤𝑐 𝑡𝑤𝑐 𝑓𝑦,𝑤𝑐 0,61∙215,10∙7∙235∙10−3

 𝐹𝑇,𝑤𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = =
𝛾𝑀0 1
•
 𝑭𝑻,𝒘𝒄,𝑹𝒅 = 𝟐𝟏𝟒, 𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑵

Row 1-3:
1 1
𝜔 = 𝜔1 = = = 0,42
√1+1,3(𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐,𝑤𝑐 𝑡𝑤𝑐 /𝐴𝑣𝑐 )² √1+1,3(355,10∙7/1312)²

𝜔𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑡,𝑤𝑐 𝑡𝑤𝑐 𝑓𝑦,𝑤𝑐 0,42∙355,10∙7∙235∙10−3

 𝐹𝑇,𝑤𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = =
𝛾𝑀0 1

 𝑭𝑻,𝒘𝒄,𝑹𝒅 = 𝟐𝟒𝟓, 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵

Row 2-3:
1 1
𝜔 = 𝜔1 = = = 0,50
√1+1,3(𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐,𝑤𝑐 𝑡𝑤𝑐 /𝐴𝑣𝑐 )² √1+1,3(285,1∙7/1312)²

𝜔𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑡,𝑤𝑐 𝑡𝑤𝑐 𝑓𝑦,𝑤𝑐 0,50∙285,10∙7∙235∙10−3

 𝐹𝑇,𝑤𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = =
𝛾𝑀0 1

 𝑭𝑻,𝒘𝒄,𝑹𝒅 = 𝟐𝟑𝟒, 𝟐𝟔 𝒌𝑵

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 Advanced Training – Steel Connection

In SCIA Engineer:

4.5.4. End plate

We can repeat the whole principle of the column flange calculation on the end plate. In this case we
are using Table 6.6 of the EN 1993-1-8 (Ref.[1]).

4.5.4.1. General parameters

First some definitions of the parameters, following EN 1993-1-8 (Ref[1]), Figure 6.8 a:

Some picture from Figure 6.10 of

EN 1993-1-8.
For the end-plate extension, use
ex and mx in place of e and m
when determining the design
resistance of the equivalent T-
stub flange.

Row 1

ex = hendplate - hrow1 – distanceEndplate_under – IPE220_under

ex = 305 – 250 – 15 = 40

𝑎𝑓 = 0,5 ∙ 𝑡𝑓𝑏 = 0,5 ∙ 9,2 = 4,6 => 𝑎𝑓 = 5 𝑚𝑚

𝑚𝑥 = 𝑇𝑜𝑝 − 𝑒𝑥 − 0,8 ∙ 𝑎 ∙ √2 (see also EN1993-1-8 (Figure 6.10))
𝑚𝑥 = (305 − 220 − 15) − 40 − 0,8 ∙ 5 ∙ √2 = 24,34

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Advanced Training – Steel Connection

𝑛 = 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 40mm
≤ 1,25 ∙ 𝑚 = 1,25 ∙ 24,34 = 30,42𝑚𝑚
𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎, 𝟒𝟐𝒎𝒎
w = 80 mm

Row 2 and Row 3

Using Figure 6.11 of the EN 1993-1-8

e = 30 mm

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 Advanced Training – Steel Connection

𝑎𝑤 = 0,5 ∙ 𝑡𝑤𝑏 = 0,5 ∙ 5,9 = 3,0

𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 −𝑡𝑤𝑐
𝒎= − 𝑒 − 0,8 ∙ 𝑎 ∙ √2 (see also EN1993-1-8 (Figure 6.10))
2

140−5,9
𝒎= − 30 − 0,8 ∙ 3 ∙ √2 = 33,66 mm
2

𝑛 = 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 30mm
≤ 1,25 ∙ 𝑚 = 1,25 ∙ 33,66 = 42,01𝑚𝑚

𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒎

𝑚2,𝑟𝑜𝑤2 = 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑡𝑓 − 0,8 ∙ 𝑎𝑓 ∙ √2
9,2
𝑚2,𝑟𝑜𝑤2 = (35 + ) − 9,2 − 0,8 ∙ 5 ∙ √2 = 24,74 mm
2
𝑚2,𝑟𝑜𝑤3 = ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑤3 − 𝑡𝑓 − 0,8 ∙ 𝑎𝑓 ∙ √2
9,2
𝑚2,𝑟𝑜𝑤3 = 35 + ) − 9,2 − 0,8 ∙ 5 ∙ √2 = 24,74mm
2
𝑚 33,66
𝜆1 = = = 0,53
𝑚 + 𝑒 33,66 + 30
𝑚2,𝑟𝑜𝑤2 24,74
𝜆2,𝑟𝑜𝑤2 = 𝜆2,𝑟𝑜𝑤3 = = = 0,39
𝑚+𝑒 33,66 + 30

 Alpha = 5,77 (Figure 6.6; EN 1993-1-8)

Row p (p1 + p2) e m n Lambda_1 Lamba_2 alpha

1 0.0 + 35.0 40 (= ex) 24,34 30,42 - - -
2 35.0 + 70.0 30 33,66 30 0,53 0,39 5,99
3 70.0 + 0.0 30 33,66 30 0,53 0,39 5,99

In SCIA Engineer:

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Advanced Training – Steel Connection

To calculate the end plate Table 6.6 of the EN 1993-1-8 - Ref.[1] is used.

This table of the EN1993-1-8 has been extended in SCIA Engineer based on the publications “Joints in
Steel Construction – Moment resisting joints to Eurocode 3” and “HERON vol. 20 by P. Zoetemeijer”.
You can find the effective length formulas for end plates in the table below.

Within Scia Engineer, a bolt row may be classified on an end-plate side as:

Bolt-row outside of beam - if the bolt-row lies outside of the connected beam on an ustiffened end-
plate extension (no plate haunch is present)
Bolt-row adjacent to beam flange - if the bolt-row lies next to a beam flange and is within limit
distance
Other inner bolt-row - if the bolt-row lies between other bolt-rows
Other end bolt-row - if the bolt-row lies next to a beam flange, which is farther away to the axis of a
connected beam, and is outside the limit distance or lies on a stiffened end-plate extension, lies next
to a beam flange and is outside limit distance

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 Advanced Training – Steel Connection

Bolt-row at the end of stiffened extension adjacent to beam flange - if the bolt-row is the first or
the last bolt-row, lies on a stiffened end-plate extension, lies next to a beam flange and is within limit
distance
Bolt-row at the end of stiffened extension away from beam flange - if the bolt-row is the first or the
last bolt-row, lies on a stiffened end-plate extension, lies next to a beam flange and is outside limit
distance or if the bolt-row is the first or the last bolt-row, lies on a stiffened end-plate extension and
does not lie next to a beam flange

When looking at the previous table we can make the following bolt-row locations:

Row 1: Bolt-row outside of beam

Row 2: Bolt-row adjacent to beam flange
Row 3: Bolt-row adjacent to beam flange

And the same bolt-row location will be shown in SCIA Engineer:

4.5.4.2. Bolt rows considered individually

Row 1 - Bolt-row outside of beam:
leff circular patterns = smallest of:
mx = 2*3,14*24,34 = 152,93
mx +w = 3,14*24,34 + 80 = 156,47
mx +2e = 3,14*24,34 + 2*40 = 156,47

leff non circular patterns = smallest of:

mx +1,25 ex = 4*24,34 +1,25 * 40 = 147,36
e + 2mx + 0,625ex = 30 + 2*24,34 + 0,625*40 =103,68
0,5 bp =0,5 * 140 = 70
0,5 w + 2mx + 0,625 ex = 0,5 *80 + 2*24,34 + 0,625*40 = 113,68

Row 2 - Bolt-row adjacent to beam flange:

leff circular patterns = m = 2*3.14*33,66 = 211,49
leff non circular patterns: m = 5,77 * 33,66 = 194.22

Row 3 - Bolt-row adjacent to beam flange:

leff circular patterns = m = 2*3.14*33,66 = 211,49
leff non circular patterns: m = 5,77 * 33,66 = 194.22

Row leff circular leff non-circular

patterns patterns
1 152,93 70,00
2 211,49 194.22
3 211,49 194.22

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In SCIA Engineer:

And now from the bottom of Table 6.6:

So this results in:

Bolt-row 1:
Mode 1 : leff,1 = leff,nc but leff,1 < leff, cp => leff,1 = 70.00
Mode 2 : leff,2 = leff,nc => leff,2 = 70.00

Bolt-row 2 ; Bolt-row 3 :
Mode 1 : leff,1 = leff,nc but leff,1 < leff, cp => leff,1 = 194.10
Mode 2 : leff,2 = leff,nc => leff,2 = 194.10

Now the same check for prying forces can be executed and the same formulas for the different mode.

Afterwards also the beam web in tension can be calculated again using the same formulas.

The manual calculation of this can be found in our calculation Steel design example of a joint with
extended end plate”.

This will result in the following tables for the individual bolt-rows:

4.5.4.3. Bolt rows considered as part of a group

Again for the bolt rows considered as part of a group, we can follow the same principle. For the end
plate, only the group 2-3 is a possible group. Between row 1 and row 2 we have the flange of the
beam, which will be seen as a stiffener.

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So Row 1 and Row 2 are separate.

The only group is thus Row 2-3 and leff is calculated again using Table 6.6 of the EN 1993-1-8
(Ref.[1]).

Row 2:
Leff circular begin bolt-row = m + p = 3,14 * 33,66 + 140 = 245,73
Leff non circular begin bolt-row = 0,5p + m – (2m + 0,625e) = 0,5*140 + 5,77*33,66 – (2*33,66 +
0,625*30) = 178,15

Row 3:
Leff circular end bolt-row = m + p = 3,14 * 33,66 + 140 = 245,73
Leff non circular end bolt-row = 0,5p + m – (2m + 0,625e) = 0,5*140 + 5,77*33,66 – (2*33,66 +
0,625*30) = 178,15

Summary of values:

Row leff circular leff non circular leff circular leff non circular leff circular leff non circular
inner bolt-row inner bolt-row end bolt-row end bolt-row begin bolt-row begin bolt-row
1 - - - - - -
2 - - - - 245,73 178,15
3 - - 245,73 178,15 - -

In SCIA Engineer:

Mode 1 : ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 = ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑛𝑐 but ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 ≤ ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐𝑝

Mode 2 : ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,2 = ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑛𝑐

Row 2-3:
∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐𝑝 = 245,73 + 245,73 = 491,46
∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑛𝑐 = 178,15 + 178,15 = 356,29

Mode 1 = Mode 2 : leff = 356,29

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Advanced Training – Steel Connection

In SCIA Engineer:

0,25 ∙ 356,29 ∙ 12² ∙ 235 ∙ 10−3

𝑀𝑝𝑙,1,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑀𝑝𝑙,2,𝑅𝑑 = 0,25 ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑓2 𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑀0 = = 3014,27 𝑘𝑁𝑚
1

Prying forces may develop if Lb < Lb*

Lb = 38,8mm

8,8 𝑚³ 𝐴𝑠 8,8 (33,66)3 ∙157

𝐿∗𝑏 = ∑ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑓3
∙ 𝑛𝑏 = ∙ 2 = 171,16 𝑚𝑚
356,29∙(12)3
(with nb = number of bolt rows)

 𝐿𝑏 < 𝐿∗𝑏
 Prying forces may develop

(8𝑛−2𝑒𝑤 )𝑀𝑝𝑙,1,𝑅𝑑 (8∙30−2∙6,75)∙3014,27

Mode 1: 𝐹𝑇,1,𝑅𝑑 = = = 429,42 𝑘𝑁
2𝑚𝑛−𝑒𝑤 (𝑚+𝑛) 2∙33.66∙30−6.75∙(33.66+30)

2𝑀𝑝𝑙,2,𝑅𝑑 +𝑛 ∑ 𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 2∙3014,27+30∙4∙90,43

Mode 2: 𝐹𝑇,2,𝑅𝑑 = = = 265,16 𝑘𝑁
𝑚+𝑛 33,66+30

Mode 3:𝐹𝑇,3,𝑅𝑑 = ∑ 𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 = 4 ∙ 90,43 = 361,7 𝑘𝑁

 𝑭𝑻,𝑹𝒅 = 𝟐𝟔𝟓, 𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝑵

In SCIA Engineer:

4.5.4.4. Beam web in tension for bolt rows considered as part of a group
Row 2-3:

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑡,𝑤𝑏 𝑡𝑤𝑏 𝑓𝑦,𝑤𝑏

 𝐹𝑇,𝑤𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = = 356,29 ∙ 5,9 ∙ 235 ∙ 10−3 /1
𝛾𝑀0
 𝑭𝑻,𝒘𝒄,𝑹𝒅 = 𝟒𝟗𝟑, 𝟗𝒌𝑵

In SCIA Engineer:

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 Advanced Training – Steel Connection

4.5.5. Potential tension resistance for each bolt row

In SCIA Engineer all results for the column flange and end plate are summarized in one table:

The minimum value of all those calculated value is the limited value for the tension resistance of one
bolt row:

Row 1: 122,10 kN (End plate failure)

Row 2: 92,75 kN (Column flange failure)
Row 3: 30,54 kN (Column flange failure)

This will be used in the calculation of MRd in the next chapter.

4.6. Calculation of MRd

The design moment resistance Mj,Rd of a beam-to-column joint with a bolted end-plate connection may
be determined from:

𝑀𝑗,𝑅𝑑 = ∑𝑟 ℎ𝑟 𝐹𝑡𝑟,𝑅𝑑 (EN 1993-1-8; §6.2.7.2 – Ref.[1])

Ft,min for each boltrow:

Row 1: 122,10 kN (End plate failure)

Row 2: 92,75 kN (Column flange failure)
Row 3: 30,54 kN (Column flange failure)

Following §6.2.7.2 (6) and (8)

The lowest value for the column web in tension, the column flange in bending, the end-plate in bending
and the beam web in tension has to be checked. All these values are higher than column web in shear,
which also have to be checked following §6.2.7.2 (7).

The column web in shear has the lowest resistance: 159,72kN

This is also shown in SCIA Engineer:

This limit and the triangular limit (see further) are shown on the next page.

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For the first boltrow Ft,Rd,1 = 122,10 kN.

The maximum value for bolt row 2 is: Ft,Rd,2 = Limiting resistance - Ft,Rd,1 = 160,21 – 122,10 = 38,11kN.

And row 3 will not take any resistance because Ft,Rd,1 + Ft,Rd,2 = Limiting resistance = 160,21 kN

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 Advanced Training – Steel Connection

This principle is shown on the next page.

 Row 1: 122,10 kN (End plate failure)

 Row 2: 38,10 kN (Reduced by column web in shear)
 Row 3: 0 kN (Reduced by column web in shear)

This is also shown in SCIA Engineer:

Following EN 1993-1-8 §6.2.7.2 (9) (Ref.[1]) the value 1,9 Ft,Rd has to be checked also:

1,9 Ft,Rd = 1,9 * 90,43 kN = 171,82 kN

The formula 𝐹𝑡𝑥,𝑅𝑑 ≤ 1,9𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 is fulfilled for all the rows.

So also no reduction in SCIA Engineer for the triangular limit:

So Mj,Rd can be calculated with the following values:

hrow 1 = 250 – 9,2/2 = 245.4 mm

hrow 2 = 180 – 9,2/2 = 175.4 mm
hrow 3 = 40 – 9,2/2 = 35,4 mm

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Those values are calculated as the distance from the bolt to the middle of the
bottom flange. In SCIA Engineer the values are given as the distance to the
bottom of the beam, so we have to subtract the half of the thickness of the
flange (=9,2mm/2) of this distance.

Row h [mm] Ft [kN]

1 245,4 122,10
2 175,4 38,10
3 35,4 0

Mj, Rd = 245,4 * 122,10 + 175,4 * 38,10 = 36646 kNmm =36,64 kNm

In SCIA Engineer:

4.7. Calculation of NRd

The value for Nj,Rd is calculated as follows:

If Nj,Ed is a tensile force, the Nj,Rd is determined by critical value for the following components:

- For bolted connection, as a combination for all bolt rows:

- column web in transverse tension
- column flange in bending
- end plate in bending
- beam web in tension
- bolts in tension

- For welded connection:

- Column web in transverse tension, where the value for tfb in formulas (6.10) and (6.11) is
replaced by the beam height.
- Column flange in bending, by considering the sum of formula (6.20) at the top and bottom
flange of the beam.
- If Nj,Ed is a compressive force, the Nj,Rd is determined by the following components:
o Column web in transverse compression, where the value for tfb in formulas (6.16) is
replaced by the beam height.
o Column flange in bending, by considering the sum of formula (6.20) at the top and
bottom flange of the beam.

In all cases, Nj,Rd Npl,Rd.

In our example the normal force resistance NRd will be calculated as the minimum of the following 5
values:

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Column web in tension:

This is calculated for the bolt group 1-3 for the column flange:

 245,40 kN

Beam Web in tension:

This is calculated for the bolt group 2-3 for the endplate:

 493,69 kN

Endplate in bending:

Here the most limiting value of the endplate (individual rows and groups) will be calculated.

In this case the limiting value is

o Bolt row 1
o Group of bolt row 2+3

And this results in: 122,10 kN + 265,12 kN = 387,22 kN

Column Flange in tension:

This is calculated for the bolt group 1-3 for the Column flange:

 391,67 kN

Bolts in Tension:

6 bolts and FT,Rd for one bolt = 90,43 kN

 6 x 90,43 kN = 542,58 kN

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Nj,Rd

 Minimum of all previous values

 245,40 kN

In SCIA Engineer:

4.8. Calculation of VRd

Table 3.4 (En 1993-1-8):
𝛼𝑣 𝑓𝑢𝑏 𝐴
𝐹𝑣,𝑅𝑑 =
𝛾𝑀2

For classes 4.6, 5.6 and 8.8: v = 0,6

Fub = 800MPa

A is the tensile stress area of the bolt As

𝛼𝑣 𝑓𝑢𝑏 𝐴𝑠 0,6 ∙ 800 ∙ 157 ∙ 10−3

𝐹𝑣,𝑅𝑑 = =
𝛾𝑀2 1,25

 Fv,Rd = 60,29 kN

Following the NOTE of §6.2.2 (2) (EN 1993-1-8):

As a simplification, bolts required to resist in tension may be assumed to provide their full design
resistance in tension when it can be shown that the design shear force does not exceed the sum of
a) The total design resistance of those bolts that are required to resist tension
b) (0,4 / 1,4) times the total design shear resistance of those bolts that are also required to
resist tension

4 bolts (row 1 and 2) are required to resist tension, 2 bolts (of row 3) are not required to resist tension.
The value 0,4/1,4 will be simplified in SCIA Engineer by the value 0,28:

 VRd = (4 * 0,4/1,4 + 2 ) * 60,29kN = 189,48 kN

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In SCIA Engineer:

4.9. Weak axis resistances

The calculation of out-of-plane moment Mj,z,Rd resistance is based on the publications "DESIGN
OF STRUCTURAL JOINTS CONNECTING H OR I SECTIONS subjected to in-plane and out-of-
plane bending" by Neumann N, Nuhic F:, EUROSTEEL, 2011 and publication "Single-sided
structural beam-to-column joint of H- or I-profiles with bolted endplate exposed to in-plane and out-
of-plane bending" by Kristensen SO, Stavanger, 2010.
The study addresses the strong axis beam-to-column joints between H or I section members. The
focus is on bolted end-plate joints, with two lines and two or more rows of bolts symmetrical about
both the beam's major and its minor axis.
In SCIA Engineer this theory adopted when needed, will be used for all strong-axis frame bolted
beam-column and splice connections with I or H sections. The method will be used only for 2 bolts /
row configuration.
If needed, the complete weak-axis calculation (out-of-plane moment resistance Mj,z,Rd, shear force
resistance Vy,Rd and stiffness for weak bending) may be skipped by activating "Neglect weak-axis
calculation" check box in the connection setup. If so, the weak-axis calculation is not performed and
a message is displayed on the output in the part dedicated to the weak-axis calculation. The check
box is deactivated by default.

If the user wants to perform weak-axis calculation (the check box mentioned above is deactivated),
but the connection does not fulfill the required conditions, weak-axis calculation is not performed and
the user is informed about that. It is still possible to calculate shear force resistance V y,Rd even if the
conditions are not fulfilled, but only in case design bending moment M z,Ed is zero.
The additional weak-axis bending unity check is displayed by the check and also linear interpolations
for strong and weak-axis bending moment components are performed and unity checks calculated if
weak-axis bending moment resistance Mj,z,Rd is calculated:

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𝑀𝑧,𝐸𝑑
≤ 1,0
𝑀𝑗,𝑧,𝑅𝑑
𝑀𝑦,𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑧,𝐸𝑑
+ ≤ 1,0
𝑀𝑗,𝑦,𝑅𝑑 𝑀𝑗,𝑧,𝑅𝑑

And if the design normal force NEd > 0,05*Npl,Rd also the following check is performed:
𝑀𝑦,𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑧,𝐸𝑑 𝑁𝐸𝑑
+ + ≤ 1,0
𝑀𝑗,𝑦,𝑅𝑑 𝑀𝑗,𝑧,𝑅𝑑 𝑁𝑗,𝑅𝑑

4.9.1. Bending moment resistance

The connection geometry and the design bending moment may be seen on the picture below:

The strong-axis moment resistance Mj,y,Rd of the joint is determined based on EN 1993-1-8, assuming
no weak-axis bending influence. Similarly to this, it is assumed that the strong-axis moment bending
will not influence calculation of weak-axis moment resistance Mj,z,Rd of the joint.
The weak-axis moment resistance Mj,z,Rd of the joint may be determined by:
𝑀𝑗,𝑧,𝑅𝑑 = 𝐹𝑡𝑎,𝑅𝑑 ∗ 𝑦

y is the design distance from the bolt-line in tension to the center of compression for weak-axis
bending. The leverage arm is dependent on the stiffness of the components. Within SCIA
Engineer it is assumed, that joint components are infinitely stiff. The additional split is based
on the type of the bolts

With:

bb is the width of the beam (in case of non-symmetric beam or splice connection the minimum
is used)
p2 is the horizontal spacing between the two lines of bolts

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Fta,Rd is the effective design tension resistance of a bolt-line for the weak-axis moment calculation taken
as:

Fta,Rd = min [Fta,fc,Rd, Fta,ep,Rd, Fcb,fb,Rd, (Fta,fct,Rd + Fta,wbc,Rd)]

With:

Fta,fc,Rd is the design tension resistance for bolt-line a of the column flange in transverse bending
Fta,ep,Rd is the design tension resistance for bolt-line a of the end-plate in bending
Fcb,fb,Rd is the design compression resistance for bolt-line b of the beam flange in compression
Fta,fct,Rd is the design tension resistance for bolt-line a of the column flange in twisting
Fta,wbc,Rd is the design tension resistance for bolt-line a of the column web in bending

For splice connections only Fta,ep,Rd and Fcb,fb,Rd component resistances are calculated for each side
and minimum resistance from the four components is taken as Fta,Rd.
In SCIA Engineer:

Calculation of the weak-axis components may be seen in the following subchapters.

4.9.1.1. Column flange in bending

The component resistance Fta,fc,Rd for each bolt row is already calculated according to EN1993-1-8 Art.
6.2.6.4 in strong axis moment resistance Ft,fc,Rd. Since tension of weak-axis bending only concerns one
side of the connected member, the final weak-axis component resistance for each bolt Fta,fc,Rd is
calculated as Ft,fc,Rd divided by two.

In SCIA Engineer:

4.9.1.2. End plate in bending

The component resistance Fta,ep,Rd for each bolt-row is already calculated according to EN 1993-1-8
Art.6.2.6.5 in strong-axis moment resistance calculation as resistance F t,ep,Rd. The final bolt-row
resistances for that component are shown in the appropriate columns in the table of potential tension
resistances, where the individual and group approaches are accounted for.
Since tension of weak-axis bending concerns only one side of the connected member, the final
weak-axis component resistance for each bolt Fta,ep,Rd is calculated as Ft,ep,Rd, divided by two.
Minor modification in calculation of effective length for individual approach is done for bolt-rows
classified as "Bolt-row outside of beam". Compared to the strong-axis calculation, the patterns
breaching the z-axis of the connected beam were removed. Weak-axis calculation formulas for the
given classification may be seen below:

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In SCIA Engineer:

4.9.1.3. Beam flange in compression

The design component resistance Fcb,fb,Rd may be taken as the design compression resistance of one
beam flange. Final resistance of the component is given as:

2𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝑏𝑐,𝑓𝑏,𝑒𝑓𝑓 ∗ 𝑡𝑓𝑏

𝐹𝑡,𝑓𝑏,𝑐𝑝,𝑅𝑑 =
𝛾𝑀0

With:

fy is the yield strength of the beam

tfb is the thickness of the beam flange
γM0 is the partial safety factor for resistance of cross-sections
bc,fb,eff is the effective width of the component given as:

𝑏𝑐,𝑓𝑏,𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 0,5 ∗ (𝑡𝑤𝑐 + 2𝑟𝑐 + 7𝑘(𝑡𝑓𝑐 + 𝑡𝑒𝑝 )) = 0,5𝑡𝑤𝑐 + 𝑟𝑐 + 3,5𝑘(𝑡𝑓𝑐 + 𝑡𝑒𝑝 )

But is not greater than:

𝑏𝑝
𝑏𝑐,𝑓𝑏,𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
2

For splice connections, this value is only calculated as:

𝑏𝑝
𝑏𝑐,𝑓𝑏,𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
2

Where:

twc is the thickness of the column web

tfc is the thickness of the column flange
tep is the thickness of the end plate
rc is the rounding r1 of the column
bp is the width of the beam
k is the thickness reduction coefficient given as:

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𝑡𝑓𝑐
𝑘= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 ≤ 1
𝑡𝑓𝑏

In SCIA Engineer:

4.9.1.4. Column flange in twisting

The design resistance of the bolt-line in tension for the column flange in twisting is taken as:

2 𝑓𝑦𝑐
0,3 ∗ 𝑏𝑐 ∗ 𝑡𝑓𝑐 (
𝑓𝑡𝑎,𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑅𝑑 = √3
𝑦 ∗ 𝛾𝑀0

With:

bc is the width of the column

tfc is the thickness of the column flange
fyc is the yield strength of the column
γM0 is the partial safety factor for resistance of cross-sections
y is the design distance from the bolt-line in tension to the center of compression for weak-axis
bending

In SCIA Engineer:

4.9.1.5. Column web in bending

For determination of the design resistance of the bolt-line in tension for the column web in bending
Fta,wbc,Rd the effective length of the web in bending beff,wbc is proposed to be calculated assuming a
maximum spread of 60° from the other bolts.
2
0,25 ∗ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑤𝑏𝑐 ∗ 𝑡𝑤𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑐
𝐹𝑡𝑎,𝑤𝑏𝑐,𝑅𝑑 =
𝑦 ∗ 𝛾𝑀0

With:

twc is the web thickness of the column web

beff,wbc is the effective length of the web in bending given as:

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑤𝑏𝑐 = ∑𝑝1 + 1,73 ∗ 𝑝2

With:

∑p1 is the vertical spacing between the first and last bolt-row
p2 is the horizontal spacing between the two bolt-lines

In SCIA Engineer:

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4.9.2. Shear force resistance

The shear resistance calculation is similar to the strong-axis shear resistance calculation, however
several modifications are needed in calculation of:

• The design shear force resistance of a joint Vy,Rd for normal bolt:
For weak-axis shear force resistance Vy,Rd the number of bolts nt ,which are also required to resist
tension, and number of bolts n n ,not required to resist tension, is set to half of the total number of all
bolts each. The above applies to the case when a design bending moment M z,Ed is present. If the
design bending moment Mz,Ed is zero, the number of bolts nt is set to zero and number of bolts nn is
set to number of all bolts.

• The design bearing resistance of a joint Fb,Rd

The endplate Fb,ep,Rd and column flange Fb,cf,Rd component resistances are re-used. No resistance
recalculation is done for weak-axis.

• The reduction of shear force resistance Vpl,Rd of the connected beam:

The shear force resistance Vy,Rd of a beam the formula given by EN 1993-1-1 Article 6.2.6 (2) is
used, but the final resistance is multiplied by coefficient 0,5.
The additional weak-axis shear unity check is displayed by the check and also linear interpolations for
strong and weak-axis shear force components is performed and unity checks calculated if weak-axis
shear force resistance Vy,Rd is calculated:
𝑉𝑦,𝐸𝑑
≤ 1,0
𝑉𝑦,𝑅𝑑
𝑉𝑧,𝐸𝑑 𝑉𝑦,𝐸𝑑
+ ≤ 1,0
𝑉𝑧,𝑅𝑑 𝑉𝑦,𝑅𝑑

In SCIA Engineer:

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4.10. Unity checks

4.10.1. Influence of the normal force
If the axial force NEd in the connected beam exceeds 5% of the design resistance, N pl,Rd ,
the following unity check is added :

Mj.Rd is the design moment resistance of the joint, assuming no axial force
Nj.Rd is the axial design resistance of the joint, assuming no applied moment
Nj,Ed is the actual normal force in the connection
Mj,Ed is the actual bending moment in connection

4.10.2. General unity checks

Assume following internal forces in this connection:

NEd = 0 kN
Vz,Ed = 10 kN
My,Ed = 10 kNm

Check M: M/MRd = 10/36,65 = 0,27 < 1 => ok!

Check N: N/NRd = 0/245,40 = 0 < 1 => ok!

Check V: V/VRd = 10/154,02 = 0,06 < 1 => ok!

In SCIA Engineer:

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5. Stiffness of the connection

5.1. The Moment-Rotation characteristic

A joint is defined by the moment rotation characteristic that describes the relationship between the
bending moment Mj,Sd applied to a joint by the connected beam and the corresponding rotation Ed
between the connected members.

This moment-rotation characteristic defines three main properties:

- the moment resistance Mj,Rd
- the rotational stiffness Sj
- the rotation capacity Cd

5.2. Calculation of the stiffness

5.2.1. General formulas

In EN 1993-1-8 Table 6.11 (Ref. [1]) the stiffness coefficients for basic joint components are given:

Coefficient Basic component Formula

k1 column web panel in Unstiffened: Stiffened:
shear 0,38 ∙ 𝐴𝑉𝐶 𝑘1 = ∞
𝑘1 =
𝛽𝑧
k2 column web in Unstiffened: Stiffened:
compression

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0,7 ∙ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐,𝑤𝑐 𝑡𝑤𝑐 𝑘2 = ∞

𝑘2 =
𝑑𝑐
k3 Column web in tension Unstiffened: Stiffened:
0,7 ∙ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑡,𝑤𝑐 𝑡𝑤𝑐 𝑘3 = ∞
𝑘3 =
𝑑𝑐
k4 column flange in
bending (for a single 3
0,9 ∙ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑓𝑐
bolt-row in tension) 𝑘4 =
𝑚³
k5 End-plate in bending 0,9 ∙ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑝3
(for a single bolt-row in 𝑘5 =
𝑚³
tension)
k6 Flange cleat in 0,9 ∙ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑎3
bending 𝑘6 =
𝑚³
k6 Flange cleat in 0,9 ∙ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑎3
bending 𝑘6 =
𝑚³
k6 Flange cleat in 0,9 ∙ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑎3
bending 𝑘6 =
𝑚³
k10 Bolts in tension (for a 𝑘10 = 1,6 𝐴𝑠 /𝐿𝑏
single bolt-row)
k11 (or k17) Bolts in shear 16 ∙ 𝑛𝑏 ∙ 𝑑² ∙ 𝑓𝑢𝑏
𝑘11 (𝑜𝑟 𝑘17 ) =
𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑀16
k12 (or k18) Bolts in bearing (for 24 ∙ 𝑛𝑏 ∙ 𝑘𝑏 ∙ 𝑘𝑡 ∙ 𝑑 ∙ 𝑓𝑢𝑏
each component j on 𝑘12 (𝑜𝑟 𝑘18 ) =
𝐸
which the bolts bear)
k13 Concrete in 𝐸𝑐 √𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓
compression 𝑘13 =
1,275 𝐸
(including grout)
k14 Plate in bending under 𝑘14 = ∞
compression
k15 Base plate in bending With prying forces Without prying forces
under tension (for a 0,85 ∙ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑝3 0,425 ∙ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑝3
single bolt row in 𝑘15 = 𝑘15 =
𝑚³ 𝑚³
tension)
k16 Flange cleat in With prying forces Without prying forces
bending 𝑘16 = 1,6 𝐴𝑠 /𝐿𝑏 𝑘16 = 2,0 𝐴𝑠 /𝐿𝑏

with Avc the shear area of the column

z the lever arm

 the transformation parameter
beff the effective width of the column web
dc the clear depth of the column web
leff the smallest effective length for the
bolt
m the distance bolt to beam/column
web
As the tensile stress area of the bolt
Lb the elongation length of the bolt

5.2.2. Calculation of the stiffness in detail

In Table 6.10 of the EN 1993-1-8 (Ref.[1]) the stiffness coefficients which has to be taken into account,
are given.

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For this connection (Single – sided), k1, k2, k3, k4 and k10 has to be calculated, using the formulas of
Table 6.11 of EN 1993-1-8.

5.2.2.1. Column web in tension: k3

0,7 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑡,𝑤𝑐 𝑡𝑤𝑐

𝑘3 =
𝑑𝑐

 beff,t,wc is the effective width of the column web in tension from 6.2.6.3. For a joint with a single bolt-
row in tension, beff,t,wc should be taken as equal to the smallest of the effective lengths leff given for
this bolt-row in Table 6.4 or Table 6.5.

 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑡,𝑤𝑐,𝑟𝑜𝑤1 = 107,55
 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑡,𝑤𝑐,𝑟𝑜𝑤2 = 105
 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑡,𝑤𝑐,𝑟𝑜𝑤3 = 142,55

𝟎,𝟕 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝟕,𝟓𝟓 ∙ 𝟕
𝒌𝟑,𝒓𝒐𝒘𝟏 = = 5,73 mm
𝟗𝟐
𝟎,𝟕 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ∙ 𝟕
𝒌𝟑,𝒓𝒐𝒘𝟐 = = 5,59 mm
𝟗𝟐
𝟎,𝟕 ∙ 𝟏𝟒𝟐,𝟓𝟓 ∙ 𝟕
𝒌𝟑,𝒓𝒐𝒘𝟐 = = 7,59 mm
𝟗𝟐

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In SCIA Engineer:

5.2.2.2. Column flange in bending: k4

0,9 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑝3

𝑘4 =
𝑚3

 leff is the smallest of the effective lengths given for this bolt-row given in Table 6.4 or Table 6.5.

 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑡,𝑤𝑐,𝑟𝑜𝑤1 = 107,55
 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑡,𝑤𝑐,𝑟𝑜𝑤2 = 105
 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑡,𝑤𝑐,𝑟𝑜𝑤3 = 142,55

𝟎,𝟗∙𝟏𝟎𝟕,𝟓𝟓 ∙𝟏𝟐𝟑
𝒌𝟒,𝒓𝒐𝒘𝟏 = = 8,59 mm
𝟐𝟔,𝟗𝟑
𝟎,𝟗∙𝟏𝟎𝟓 ∙𝟏𝟐𝟑
𝒌𝟒,𝒓𝒐𝒘𝟐 = = 8,39 mm
𝟐𝟔,𝟗𝟑
𝟎,𝟗 ∙ 𝟏𝟒𝟐,𝟓𝟓 ∙ 𝟏𝟐𝟑
𝒌𝟒,𝒓𝒐𝒘𝟑 = = 11,39 mm
𝟐𝟔,𝟗𝟑

In SCIA Engineer:

5.2.2.3. End-plate in bending: k5

0,9 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑝3

𝑘5 =
𝑚3
 leff is the smallest of the effective lengths given for this bolt-row given in Table 6.6.

 leff, row1 = 70
 leff, row2 = 178,03

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Advanced Training – Steel Connection

 leff, row3 = 178,03

𝟎,𝟗∙𝟕𝟎 ∙𝟏𝟐𝟑
𝒌𝟓,𝒓𝒐𝒘 𝟏 = = 7,55 mm
(𝟐𝟒,𝟑𝟒)𝟑
𝟎,𝟗∙ 𝟏𝟕𝟖,𝟎𝟗 ∙𝟏𝟐𝟑
𝒌𝟓,𝒓𝒐𝒘 𝟐 = = 7,26 mm
(𝟑𝟑,𝟔𝟔)𝟑
𝟎,𝟗∙ 𝟏𝟕𝟖,𝟎𝟗 ∙𝟏𝟐𝟑
𝒌𝟓,𝒓𝒐𝒘 𝟑 = = 7,26 mm
(𝟑𝟑,𝟔𝟔)𝟑

In SCIA Engineer:

5.2.2.4. Bolts in tension: k10

𝐴𝑠
𝑘10 = 1,6
𝐿𝑏

 A is the tensile stress area of the bolt As = 157mm²

 Lb is the bolt elongation length, taken as equal to the grip length (total thickness of material and
washers), plus half the sum of the height of the bolt head and the height of the nut.
 Lb = tf + tp + twasher + (hbolt_head + hnut)/2
= 12 + 12 + 3,3 + (10 + 13)/2
= 38,8mm
𝟏𝟓𝟕
𝒌𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏, 𝟔 ∙ = 𝟔, 𝟒𝟕 mm
𝟑𝟖,𝟖

In SCIA Engineer:

5.2.2.5. Equivalent stiffness

The effective stiffness keff,r for bolt-row r should be determined from

1
𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑟 = 1/ ∑𝑖 ( ) (see also formula (6.30) of EN 1993-1-8 – Ref.[1])
𝑘𝑖,𝑟

In the case of a beam-to-column joint with an end-plate connection, keq should be based upon (and
replace) the stiffness coefficients k i fork3, k4, k5 and k10.
1
- 𝑘eff,row1 = 1 1 1 1 = 1,73
+ + +
5,73 8,59 7,55 6,47

1
- 𝑘eff,row2 = 1 1 1 1 = 1,69
+ + +
5,59 8,39 7,26 6,47
1
- 𝑘eff,row3 = 1 1 1 1 = 1,95
+ + +
7,59 11,39 7,26 6,47

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In SCIA Engineer:

The equivalent lever arm zeq should be determined from:

∑𝑟 𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑟 ℎ𝑟2 2
𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑟𝑜𝑤1 ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑤1 2
+ 𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑟𝑜𝑤2 ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑤2 2
+ 𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑟𝑜𝑤3 ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑤3
𝑧𝑒𝑞 = =
∑𝑟 𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑟 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑟𝑜𝑤1 ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑤1 + 𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑟𝑜𝑤2 ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑤2 + 𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑟𝑜𝑤3 ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑤3

1,73 ∙ (245,4)2 + 1,69 ∙ (175,4)2 + 1,95 ∙ (35,4)²

=
1,73 ∙ 245,4 + 1,69 ∙ 175,4 + 1,95 ∙ 35,4

158619,4
𝑧𝑒𝑞 = = 200,73 𝑚𝑚
790

The equivalent stiffness k eq can now be determined from:

∑𝑟(𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑟ℎ𝑟 )
𝑘𝑒𝑞 = (see also formula (6.29) from En 1993-1-8 (Ref.[1]))
𝑧𝑒𝑞

1,73 ∙ 245,4 + 1,69 ∙ 175,4 + 1,95 ∙ 35,4

𝑘𝑒𝑞 = = 3,94 𝑚𝑚
200,79

And those values are also given in SCIA Engineer:

5.2.2.6. Column web panel in shear: k1

0,38 𝐴𝑣𝑐
𝑘1 =
𝛽𝑧

z is the lever arm from Figure 6.15

Following option e) A more accurate value may be determined by taking the lever arm z as equal to
zeq obtained using the method given in 6.3.3.1.

 z = zeq = 200,73 mm

 is the transformation parameter from 5.3 (7)

 =1

𝟎,𝟑𝟖∙𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟐
𝒌𝟏 = = 𝟐, 𝟒𝟖 mm
𝟏∙𝟐𝟎𝟎,𝟕𝟗
In SCIA Engineer:

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5.2.2.7. Column web in compression: k2

0,7 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐,𝑤𝑐 𝑡𝑤𝑐

𝑘2 =
𝑑𝑐
 d = hc -2 ( tf + rc ) = 140 – 2 (12 + 12) = 92 mm
 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑡𝑓𝑏 + 2√2𝑎𝑝 + 5(𝑡𝑓𝑐 + 𝑠) + 𝑠𝑝

𝑠𝑝 = 12 + (15 − √2 ∙ 5) = 19,93

Above the bottom flange, there is sufficient room to allow 45° dispersion

Below the bottom flange, there is NOT sufficient room. Thus the dispersion is limited.

 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 9,2 + 2√2 ∙ 5 + 5(12 + 12) + 19,93 = 163,27𝑚𝑚

𝟎,𝟕∙𝟏𝟔𝟑,𝟑∙𝟕
𝒌𝟐 = = 8,70 mm
𝟗𝟐

In SCIA Engineer:

5.2.2.8. Design rotational stiffness

When all different stiffness of all components are known, we can assembly this to one stiffness for the
joint.

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The program will calculate 3 stiffnesses :

Sj,ini the initial rotational stiffness

Sj the rotational stiffness, related to the actual moment Mj,Sd
Sj,MRd the rotational stiffness, related to Mj,Rd
(without the influence of the normal force)

The moment-rotation diagram is based on the values of Sj,ini and Sj,MRd.

MRd
0.66 MRd

Sj,MRd

Sj,ini

fi

𝐸 𝑧² 𝐸 𝑧²
𝑆𝑗 = 1 = 1 1 1
𝜇 ∑𝑖 𝜇 ∙( + + )
𝑘𝑖 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘𝑒𝑞

 z = 200,73 mm

  is the stiffness ration Sj, ini / Sj

o If Mj,Ed < Mj,Rd =>  = 1
o If 2/3 Mj,Rd < Mj,Ed < Mj,Rd =>  = (1,5 Mj,Ed / Mj, Rd) 

Mj,Ed = 10 kNm

Mj,Rd = 36,65 kNm => 2/3 Mj,Rd = 24,43 kNm

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 =1
𝐸 𝑧²
 𝑆𝑗 = 1
𝜇 ∑𝑖
𝑘𝑖

210000 ∙(200,79)²
𝑆𝑗 = 1 1 1 ∙ 10−6 = 10966 kNm/rad
1 ∙( + + )
2,48 8,70 3,94

In SCIA Engineer:

5.3. The classification on stiffness

The joint is classified as rigid, pinned or semi-rigid according to its stiffness by using the initial rotational
stiffness Sj,ini and comparing this with classification boundaries given in EN 1993-1-8 (Ref. [1]).

If Sj,ini >= Sj,rigid, the joint is rigid.

If Sj,ini <= Sj,pinned, the joint is classified as pinned.

If Sj,ini<Sj,rigid and Sj,ini>Sj,pinned, the joint is classified as semi-rigid.

For braced frames: EI b

Sj, rigid  8
Lb
EI b
Sj, pinned  0.5
Lb
For unbraced frames: EI b
Sj, rigid  25
Lb
EI b
Sj, pinned  0.5
Lb
For column base joints: EI c
Sj, rigid  15
Lc
EI c
Sj, pinned  0.5
Lc

with Ib the second moment of area of the

beam
Lb the span of the beam
Ic the second moment of area of the
column
Lc the storey height of the column

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E the Young modulus

In our example we have chosen for a braced frame.

SCIA Engineer will take the length of the beam in SCIA Engineer as the length for Lb. But you can change
this value manually:

𝑁
𝐸 ∙𝐼𝑏 (210000 ) ∙(2,772∙107 𝑚𝑚4 )
𝑚𝑚2
𝑆𝑗,𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 = 8 =8 = 23,28 MNm/rad
𝐿𝑏 2000 𝑚𝑚
𝑁
𝐸 ∙𝐼𝑏 (210000 ) ∙(2,772∙107 𝑚𝑚4 )
𝑚𝑚2
𝑆𝑗,𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 0,5 = 0,5 = 1,46 MNm/rad
𝐿𝑏 2000 𝑚𝑚

In SCIA Engineer:

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Advanced Training – Steel Connection

And this is also given in SCIA Engineer in a picture:

5.4. Transferring the joint stiffness to the analysis model

When requested, the actual stiffness of the joint can be transferred to the analysis model. The linear
spring value for <fi y> (in the hinge dialog) is taken as Sj,ini divided by the stiffness modification
coefficient .

For asymmetric joint s which are loaded in both directions (i.e. tension on top and tension in bottom),
the linear spring value for <fi y> (in the hinge dialog) is taken as the smallest Sj,ini (from both
directions) divided by the stiffness modification coefficient :

Type of joint 
bolted beam-to-column 2
welded beam-to-column 2
welded plate-to-plate 3
column base 3

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At the same time, a non-linear function is generated, representing the moment-rotation diagram.

You can add this stiffness to the connection by activating the option “Update Stiffness”:

After recalculating the project, a hinge will be added to this connection with this stiffness S j, ini /.

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If you want to take into account the non linear stiffness of the connection, you have to activate the
following functionality in the Project Data menu:

And after the calculation, you can select the input hinge and choose here for a non linear stiffness.

The stiffness function will be registered automatically for each node in SCIA Engineer. So you only
have to choose the corresponding node for each connection.

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5.5. The required stiffness

The actual stiffness of the joints is compared with the required stiffness, based on the approximate joint
stiffness used in the analysis model. A lower boundary and an upper boundary define the required
stiffness.

When a linear spring is used in the analysis model, we check the following :

When Sj,ini >= Sj,low and Sj,ini<=Sj,upper, the actual joint stiffness is conform with the applied Sj,app
in the analysis model.

When a non-linear function is used during the analysis model, we check the following :

When Sj >= Sj,low and Sj<=Sj,upper, the actual joint stiffness is conform with the applied Sj,app in the
analysis model.

The boundaries are calculated with the following formulas:

And for a column base connection:

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with Ib the second moment of area of the beam

Lb the span of the beam
Ic the second moment of area of the column
Lc the storey height of the column
E the Young modulus
Sj,app the approximate joint stiffness
Sj,ini the actual initial joint stiffness
Sj,low the lower boundary stiffness
Sj,upper the upper boundary stiffness
Sj the actual joint stiffness

In this case we have a braced system and we did not take into account any stiffness, so the upper
boundary equals infinity and the lower boundary is the boundary for a rigid connection:

And also in the graph you can see that Sj,ini is not between the boundaries:

When activating the option “Update stiffness” and recalculating the project, the value for Sj,app equals
Sj,ini. The stiffness taken into account in the calculation equals Sj,ini/2 because  = 2 for a beam-
column connection.

In SCIA Engineer we have:

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 Advanced Training – Steel Connection

Fi y The stiffness taken into account in the calculation, thus: Sj,ini/ = Sj,ini/2
= 10,95 MNm/rad /2
= 5,475 MNm/rad

Stiffness modification coef. Factor and  = 2 for a beam-column connection

Sj,app In this case Sj,ini = 10,97 MNm

Sj,lower boundary For a braced system:

8 ∙ 𝑆𝑗,𝑎𝑝𝑝 ∙ 𝐸 ∙ 𝐼𝑏
=
10 ∙ 𝐸 ∙ 𝐼𝑏 + 𝑆𝑗,𝑎𝑝𝑝 ∙ 𝐿𝑏

10,95𝑀𝑁𝑚
8∙ ∙ 210000𝑀𝑃𝑎 ∙ 2,77𝐸 − 05 𝑚4
= 𝑟𝑎𝑑
10 ∙ 210000𝑀𝑃𝑎 ∙ 2,77𝐸 − 05 𝑚4 + 10,95𝑀𝑁𝑚/𝑟𝑎𝑑 ∙ 2𝑚

= 6,37 MNm/rad

Sj,upper boundary For a braced system:

First we have to check if Sj,app is bigger or smaller than
8 ∙ 𝐸 ∙ 𝐼𝑏 8 ∙ 210000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ∙ 2,77𝐸 − 05 𝑚4
= = 23,3 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐿𝑏 2𝑚
Thus
8 ∙ 𝐸 ∙ 𝐼𝑏
𝑆𝑗,𝑎𝑝𝑝 = 10,95 ≤
𝐿𝑏

And now the upper boundary can be calculated with the following
formula:

10 ∙ 𝑆𝑗,𝑎𝑝𝑝 ∙ 𝐸 ∙ 𝐼𝑏
=
8 ∙ 𝐸 ∙ 𝐼𝑏 − 𝑆𝑗,𝑎𝑝𝑝 ∙ 𝐿𝑏

10,95𝑀𝑁𝑚
10 ∙ ∙ 210000𝑀𝑃𝑎 ∙ 2,77𝐸 − 05 𝑚4
= 𝑟𝑎𝑑
(8 ∙ 210000𝑀𝑃𝑎 ∙ 2,77𝐸 − 05) − (10,95𝑀𝑁𝑚/𝑟𝑎𝑑 ∙ 2𝑚)

= 25,92 MNm/rad

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And now Sj,ini will be in between the two boundaries on the graph also:

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6. Calculation of welds

6.1. Calculation of af
Within Scia Engineer there is a possibility to choose from three methods for determination of the flange
weld sizes by modifying the Weld size determination parameter in the connection setup.

Minimum for full strength

The default calculation of flange weld size is based on the Ref. [35] - ECCS N° 126. The final formula
is derived as:

𝑓𝑦 ∙ 𝛽𝑤 ∙ 𝛾𝑀2 ∙ 𝑡
𝑎≥
√2 ∙ 𝑓𝑢 ∙ 𝛾𝑀0

with :
fy - the yield strength of the weaker part
fu - the ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part
βW - the correlation factor
ϒM0 - the partial safety factor for material
ϒM2 - the partial safety factor for welds
t - the thickness of the beam flange

235 ∙ 0,8 ∙ 1,25 ∙ 9,2

𝑎≥ = 4,25𝑚𝑚
√2 ∙ 360 ∙ 1,00

In SCIA Engineer:

Calculated from connection resistance

The weld size af is designed according to the resistance of the joint. The design force in the beam
flange can be estimated as:

𝑀𝑅𝑑 ∙ 𝛾 35,75 ∙ 1,4 50,05

𝛾 ∙ 𝐹𝑅𝑑 = = = = 237𝑘𝑁
ℎ 0,220 − 0,0092 0,2108

With: FRd The design force in the beam flange

MRd The design moment resistance of the connection
H The lever arm of the connection

The value of the factor  is:

 = 1.7 for unbraced frames
 = 1.4 for braced frames

However, in no case shall the weld design resistance be required to exceed the design plastic
resistance of the beam flange Nt.Rd :

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𝑏𝑓 ∙ 𝑡𝑓𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑦𝑏 110 ∙ 9,2 ∙ 235

𝑁𝑡,𝑅𝑑 = = = 237820𝑁 = 237,82𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑀0 1,00

With bf The beam flange width

tfb The beam flange thickness
fyb The yield strength of the beam

So, we have
Fw = min ( Nt.Rd,  FRd) = min (237,82kN; 237kN) = 237kN

The weld size design for af:

𝐹𝑤 ∙ 𝛾𝑀2 ∙ 𝛽𝑊 237000 ∙ 1,25 ∙ 0,8

𝑎𝑓 ≥ = = 4,23𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑢 ∙ 𝑏𝑓 ∙ √2 360 ∙ 110 ∗ √2

With Fw The design resistance of the weld

bf The beam flange width
fu The ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part
W The correlation factor
M2 The partial safety factor for welds

In SCIA Engineer:

Calculated using Internal forces

The weld size af is then designed similarly as in the previous, with the only difference that in the FRd
does not take into account the connection moment resistance Mj,Rd, but direct design moment MEd.

6.2. Calculation of aw

For all possible bolt groups, the maximum tension pro unit length is calculated.
The tension pro unit length is (Fi + Fi+1)/l2.
l2 is taken as the effective length of non-circular pattern for the considered bolt group.

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On the weld 2 x l2 x a2, the normal force N (=Fi + Fi+1) and the shear force D is acting. The shear force
D is taken as that part of the maximum internal shear force on the node that is acting on the bolt rows i
and i+1.
To determine the weld size a2 in a connection, we use a iterative process with a2 as parameter until the
Von Mises rules is respected:

With fu the ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part

W The correlation factor
Mw The partial safety factor for welds
A 2 a2 I2
In SCIA Engineer:

6.3. Calculation with the internal forces

In the previous chapters the calculation of af and aw are given, using the design resistance values. In
SCIA Engineer it is also possible to calculate af and aw using the internal forces of the chosen
combination or load case. This will result in a lower value for the welds than with the previous
calculation, since the internal forces are lower than the design forces, if the connection is satisfying all
checks.
You can activate this in SCIA Engineer via “Steel -> Connections -> Connections setup -> Frame
bolted/welded” and here with the option “Use internal forces for weld size calculation”.

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7. Ductility class

7.1. Ductility classes

The following classification is valid for joints:

Class 1 joint: Mj,Rd is reached by full plastic redistribution of the internal forces within the joints and a
sufficiently good rotation capacity is available to allow a plastic frame analysis and design.

Class 2 joint: Mj,Rd is reached by full plastic redistribution of the internal forces within the joints but the
rotational capacity is limited. An elastic frame analysis possibly combined with a plastic verification of
the joints has to be performed. A plastic frame analysis is also allowed as long as it does not result in a
too high required rotation capacity of the joints where the plastic hinges are likely to occur.

Class 3 joint: brittle failure (or instability) limits the moment resistance and does not allow a full
redistribution of the internal forces in the joints. It is compulsory to perform an elastic verification of the
joints unless it is shown that no hinge occurs in the joint locations.

From this description it is clear that it is better to modell a joint as a ductile joint. In this case, when
failure appears, the load can be transferred to other parts of the joint and you can see that it is going to
brake slowly: you can see that the column web is yieling for example. If you have a brittle failure mode
(non-ductile) the connection will brake immediately when reaching the failure mode.

7.2. Ductility classification for bolted joints

If the failure mode of the joint is the situated in the shear zone of the column web, the joint is classified
as a ductile, i.e. a class 1 joint .
If the failure mode is not in the shear zone, the classification is based on the following:

Classification by ductility Class

f ub
t  0.36 d Ductile 1
fy

f ub f
0.36 d  t  0.53 ub d Intermediary 2
fy fy

f ub
t  0.53 d Non-ductile 3
fy

with t the thickness of either the column flange or the endplate

d the nominal diameter of the bolts
fub the ultimate tensile strength of the bolt
fy the yield strength of the proper basic component

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This principle is also shown in the graph below:

Calculation of this example following the schema above:

Type of joint: We have an end plate, so we can follow the schema
Failure mode of the joint: We know the tension in the bolts is limited by the column web in shear
(see also chapter “Calculation of MRd). So the failure mode is in the shear zone. This will lead
directly to a ductile joint.
And this is also shown in SCIA Engineer:

7.3. Ductility classification for welded joints

If the failure mode of the joint is the situated in the shear zone of the column web, the joint is classified
as a ductile, i.e. a class 1 joint. If the failure mode is not in the shear zone, the joint is classified as
intermediary for ductility, i.e. a class 2 joint.

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8. Extra options in SCIA Engineer

8.1. RHS beam

In SCIA Engineer it is possible to use an RHS
beam and make a between this beam and a I or
H column. For more info about this topic, we
refer to Ref.[2].

A connection with an RHS beam can be found in

example CON_005.esa, node N7.

8.2. Column in minor axis configuration

In beam-to-column minor-axis joints, the beam is directly connected to the web of an I-section column,
causing bending about the minor-axis of the column section. In order to determine the strength of a
column web in bending and punching, the following failure mechanisms are considered:

1. Local mechanism : the yield pattern is localised in the compression zone or in the tension zone

2. Global mechanism: the yield line pattern involves both compression and tension zone.

For more info about this topic, we refer to Ref.[2].

An example of a minor axis connection is given in

Example CON_007.esa, node N4.

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8.3. Base plate connections: shear iron, flange wideners

In a column base, 2 connection deformability’s need to be distinguished:

1. the deformability of the connection between the column and the concrete foundation

2. the deformability of the connection between the concrete foundation and the soil.

In the Frame Connect base plate design, the column-to-concrete “connection’ is considered.

For more info about base plate design (shear irons, etc…), we refer to Ref.[2]. An example of a base
plate connection in SCIA Engineer is given in Example CON_005.esa, Node N9.

8.4. Extra options for the calculation of connections

In SCIA Engineer it is possible to perform an overall check for multiple connections at the same time.
For example we can have a look at example CON_008.esa. In this project several connections have
been input.

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8.4.1. Copy of connections

It is possible to select a connection and to copy

this connection to another node. So first you
have to select the connection and afterwards
you can right click on the screen and choose for
“Copy add data Conn”.

Afterwards you have to select the nodes to

which you want to copy your connection and
click on escape to end this “copy function”.

8.4.2. Multiple check of connections

With the option “Check” in the menu “Steel -> Connections” you can do an overall check for all connections
in a project. In the preview window, you will find a list of all connections, with all checks next to it.

8.4.3. Expert system

For this option, an extra module is needed, more specific module esasd.07.

Open example CON_004.esa and go to the functionalities and activate the option “Expert system”:

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Now delete the connection “Conn” in this example and add a new connection to this node. In the
Actions menu, you will the option “Load from expert database” and choose for this option:

This option is only available if you did not add anything yet to the connection.

In this expert database, you will see some registered connections in SCIA Engineer and the unity
check of this connection. Choose the third connection with a unity check of 0.17.

Now this connection will be input on the node and you can adapt this default connection afterwards.

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When selecting a connection, you can choose for the option “Save to expert database” and save your
connection in this database and use it again in another project.

8.4.4. The use of 4 bolts / row

When 4 bolts per row are used,
additional capacity Fadd is
added to the bolt row/group
capacity of the column flange
and/or the endplate. Fadd is
defined for the following
conditions:
- the capacity of the inner
two bolts is equal to the
bolt tension resistance
(failure mode 3) or is
defined by a circular
pattern
- the bolt row / group is
stiffened
- the bolt group contains only
1 bolt row

For more info about this topic,

we refer to Ref.[2].

This option to use 4 bolts in a

row can be activated with the
three dots behind the bolts.

An example of this connection can be found in example CON_005.esa, node N8.

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8.4.5. Monodrawings

It is possible to make automatic connection drawings in SCIA Engineer. To use this option, it is
necessary to select the functionality “Connection monodrawings”:

When this option is activated and you have one or more connections in the project, you can right click
on the screen and choose for the “Picture wizard”:

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And choose to generate “Steel connections monodrawings”:

When the drawings are finished, they can be found in the Picture gallery:

And here all generated pictures can be found:

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9. Welded connections

In this chapter we will show the calculation of a welded connection

using example CON_005.esa, node N3.
The calculation is done with the Safety factors according the EN
1993-1-8 (Ref.[1]) and the following internal forces:

A negative moment will result in tension at the top flange of the beam.

Calculation Vwp,Rd : Column web panel in shear

0.9f y A vc '
Vwp,Rd 
3 M 0

When a web doubler is used:

Avc '  Avc  bs t s

Avc  A  2bt f  (t w  2r )t f
Avc  13140  2  280  18  (10 .5  2  24 )18
Avc  4113 mm ²
Avc '  4113  172  10 .5  5919 mm ²
0.9  235  5919
Vwp, Rd   727 ,77 kN
3  1.0

And the same is shown in SCIA Engineer:

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Calculation Fc,wc,Rd : Column web in compression

𝜔 ∙ 𝑘𝑤𝑐 ∙ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐,𝑤𝑐 ∙ 𝑡𝑤𝑐 ∙ 𝑓𝑦,𝑤𝑐 𝜔 ∙ 𝑘𝑤𝑐 ∙ 𝜌 ∙ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑐,𝑤𝑐 ∙ 𝑡𝑤𝑐 ∙ 𝑓𝑦,𝑤𝑐

𝐹𝑐,𝑤𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐹𝑐,𝑤𝑐,𝑅𝑑 ≤
𝛾𝑀0 𝛾𝑀0

And in SCIA Engineer:

Calculation Fc,fb,Rd : Beam flange in compression

M c , Rd
F c , fb, Rd 
hb  t fb
M pl, Rd 655
M c , Rd    655 kNm
 M0 1.0
655000 kNmm
F c , fb, Rd   1229 kN
550  17 .2

In SCIA Engineer:

Calculation Ft,fc,Rd : Column flange in bending

t wc f y
F c , fc, Rd  (t wc  2rc  7 kt fc )
 M0
17 .20  235
F c , fc, Rd  (10 .5  2  24  7  1  18)  745 kN
1.0
In SCIA Engineer:

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Calculation Ft,wc,Rd : Column web in tension

beff t wc f y
F t , wc , Rd 
 M0
t wc  1.4t w  1.4  10 .5  14 .7mm
beff  t fb  2 2a  5t fc  r 
beff  17 .2  2 2  9  5(18  24 )  252 mm
  1
1
1   0.81
2
 beff t wc 
1  1.3 
 vc 
A '
0.81  252  14 .7  235
F t , wc , Rd   705 kN
1.0
In SCIA Engineer:

Calculation MRd : Design moment resistance

705 kN x 0.532 m = 375 kNm

In SCIA Engineer:

Calculation af
The weld size af is designed according to the resistance of the joint. The design force in the beam
flange can be estimated as:
M Rd
FRd 
h
375
FRd   705 kN
0.532

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The design resistance of the weld Fw shall be greater than the flange force FRd, multiplied by a factor .
The value of the factor  is:

 = 1.7 for sway frames

 = 1.4 for non sway frames

However, in no case shall the weld design resistance be required to exceed the design plastic
resistance of the beam flange Nt.Rd :

b f  t fb  f yb
N t , Rd 
M 0

210  17 .2  235
N t , Rd   849 kN
1.0

Fw = min ( Nt.Rd,  FRd) = min (849, 1.4 x 705)= 849 kN

The weld size design for af, using Annex M of EC3

Fw   Mw   W
af 
fu  b f  2
849000  1.25  0.8
af   7.94mm
360  210  2
We take af=8 mm.

In SCIA Engineer

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Calculation of aw

The section is sollicitated by the moment M, the normal force N and the shear force D.
The moment M is defined by the critical design moment resistance of the connection. The normal force
N is taken as the maximum internal normal force on the node, the shear force D is taken as the
maximum internal shear force on the node.

M = 375 kNm
N = 148 kN
D = 85 kN

(see calculation of MRd and the internal forces, given in the beginning of this chapter)

To determine the weld size a2 in a connection, we use an iterative process with a2 as parameter until
the Von Mises rules is respected:

With fu the ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part

W the correlation factor
Mw the partial safety factor for welds

In SCIA Engineer:

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10. Pinned joints

In SCIA Engineer four types of joints are supported :

Type 1 welded plate in beam, welded to column

Type 2 bolted plate in beam, welded to column
Type 3 bolted angle in beam and column
Type 4 short endplate welded to beam, bolted in column

For each type, the design shear resistance VRd (taking into account the present normal force N) and
the design compression/tension resistance NRd are calculated.
The design shear resistance is calculated for the following failure modes:

- design shear resistance for the connection element

- design shear resistance of the beam
- design block shear resistance
- design shear resistance due to the bolt distribution in the beam web
- design shear resistance due to the bolt distribution in the column

The design compression/tension resistance is calculated for the following failure modes:

- design compression/tension resistance for the connection element

- design compression/tension resistance of the beam
- design tension resistance due to the bolt distribution in the column

In Ref.[2], more info on the used formulas is given.

10.1. Welded fin plate connection

In this chapter we will show the calculation of a welded

fin plate connection using example CON_009.esa,
node N2.

The calculation is done with the Safety factors

according the EN 1993-1-8 (Ref.[1]) and the following
internal forces:

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10.1.1. Calculation Design Shear Resistance VRd for Connection Element

Transversal section of the plate: Apl  2  hpl  t pl  3912mm2 (2 plates)
N  1440
Normal stress: N    0,3681 N
Apl 3912 mm 2
t pl  h 2pl
Flexion module: W pl  2   106276mm3
6
Design Shear Resistance: a= 163/2 = 81,5 mm is the centre

𝐴 ∙ 𝑓𝑦 3912 ∙ 235
𝑉𝑅𝑑1 = = = 530 769𝑁 = 530,77𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑀0 ∙ √3 1,00 ∙ √3
𝑓𝑦 𝑊 235 106276
𝑉𝑅𝑑2 =[ − 𝜎𝑁 ] ∙ = [ − (−0,3681)] ∙ = 306 920𝑁 = 306,92𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑀0 𝑎 1,00 81,5

𝑉𝑅𝑑 = min(𝑉𝑅𝑑1 ; 𝑉𝑅𝑑2 ) =306,92kN

In SCIA Engineer:

10.1.2. Calculation Design Shear Resistance VRd for Beam

Shear Area : Av  A  2  b  t f  t w  2  r   t f  1914,76mm2
Av  f y
Shear Resistance : VRd   259789 ,5 N  259 ,79 kN
3   M0
In SCIA Engineer:

10.1.3. Calculation Compression/Tension Resistance NRd for connection

element
Area of the element : Apl  2  hpl  t pl  3912mm2
Apl  f y
Tension/Compression Resistance : N Rd   919320 N  919 ,32 kN
M 0

In SCIA Engineer:

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10.1.4. Calculation Design Tension Resistance NRd for Beam

Area of the Beam : A  0.003910 m 2
A  fy
Tension Resistance : N Rd   835318 .18 N  835 kN
 M0
In SCIA Engineer:

10.1.5. Weld size Calculation for Plate, Beam and Column

To determine the weld size a for the plate on the beam and on the column, we must use a iterative
process with a as parameter until the Von Mises rules is respected (Annex M/EC3):

 
21  3  21  22 
fu
w   M w
and 1 
fu
Mw

We’ll only check the weld size for the final value of a. For the weld between plate and beam we find
a=4mm and for weld between plate and column, the weld size is a=11mm.

Weld size Plate/Beam

We define the play as the effective distance between the end of the beam and the flange of the
column. In this case, the play is 10mm. By using EC3 and the Chapter 11 of the manual, we compute
the following parameters:
Weld size: a=0.004m
Weld Length: l1  h pl  2  t pl  0.163  2  0.012  0.139 m
l 2  b pl  Play  2  t pl  0.13m
l  l pl  Play  0.164  0.01  0.154 m

By EC3: fuw=360000000N/m 2 and w=0.8. The parameters are:

g
0.707  a  l1  0.577  a  l1   l  104 .10
0.577  a  l1  1.414  a  l 2
0.577  a  l1
  0.30377
0.577  a  l1  1.414  a  l 2
0.117  a  l 21
  0.15603
0.117  a  l12  0.577  a  l 2  h pl

0.707  a  l1
  0.3987
0.707  a  l1  1.14  a  l 2

L  10  g  10  104,10  114,10mm
𝑉𝑅𝑑 259,79
Shear force on one plate: 𝐷 = = = 129,9𝑘𝑁(for one plate)
2 2

𝑁𝐸𝑑 −1,44
Normal force on one plate: 𝑁 = = = −0,72𝑘𝑁
2 2

Moment on the plate: 𝑀 = 𝐷 ∙ 𝐿 = 129,89 ∙ 0,1141 = 14,82kNm

6 M  N
Weld Check 1: 1  1    127 ,7 N
2  a  l1
2
2  a  l1 mm 2

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 D
2   70,97 N
a  l1 mm2

 2  3   2   2  1
Unity Check: 1 1 2
 0.63  1 and  0,35  1
fu fu
w   M w
M w

Weld Check 2:

1  1 
1     D  61,67 N
2  2  a  l2 mm 2
 1     M 1     N 
 2      147 ,99 N
 h  a  l 2 2  a  l 2 
mm 2

 2  3   2   2  1
Unity Check: 1 1 2
 0.63  1 and  0.17  1
fu fu
w   M w
M w

In SCIA Engineer:

Weld size Plate/Column

Weld size: a=0.011 m

Normal Force: N=-1440N=-1,44kN
Moment: M  D  L  259790 0.082  21302Nm  21,3kNm
Stress Calculation:

N M N DL
 1   1      154 ,3 N
2 2 a l W 2 2 a l h 2
mm 2
2 2 a pl

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D
2   76,68 N
2a l mm 2

 2  3   2   2  1
Unity Check:
1 1 2
 0.75  1  0.42  1
fu fu
w   M w
M w

In SCIA Engineer:

10.2. Bolted fin plate connection

In this chapter we will show the calculation of a bolted fin

plate connection using example CON_010.esa, node N2
for combination C1.

10.2.1.
Calculation Design Shear Resistance
VRd for Connection Element
Transversal section of the plate:
Av  2  h  t  2 18812  4512mm2 (2 plates)
𝐴𝑣,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐴 − #𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 ∗ (𝑡 ∗ 𝑑0) = 4512 − 4 ∗ 12 ∗ 18
= 3648𝑚𝑚²

N  1440
Normal Stress: N    0,32 N
A 4512 mm 2
t  h2
Flexion Module : W  2  141376 mm 3
6
Bolt Centre : a=34mm (= X1 parameter of the bolt
position)

𝑓𝑦
The bolt holes are not taken into account when: 𝐴𝑣,𝑛𝑒𝑡 ≥ ∙ 𝐴 → 3648 ≥ 2945 𝑂𝐾
𝑓𝑢
𝑓𝑢
When 𝐴𝑣,𝑛𝑒𝑡 is less than this limit, an effective shear area of 𝐴𝑣 = ∙ 𝐴𝑣,𝑛𝑒𝑡 may be assumed, else 𝐴𝑣 =
𝑓𝑦
𝐴

Design Shear Resistance:

𝐴𝑣 ∙ 𝑓𝑦 4512 ∙ 235
𝑉𝑟𝑑1 = = = 612176𝑁 = 612,76𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑀0 ∙ √3 1,00 ∙ √3
𝑓𝑦 𝑊 235 141376
𝑉𝑟𝑑2 = [ ∙ 𝜎𝑁 ] ∙ = [ ∙ (−0,32)] ∙ = 978488𝑁 = 978,49𝑘𝑁
𝑓𝑢 𝑎 360 34

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𝑉𝑟𝑑 = min(𝑉𝑟𝑑1 ; 𝑉𝑟𝑑2 ) = (612,76; 978,49) = 612,76𝑘𝑁

In SCIA Engineer:

10.2.2. Calculation Design Shear Resistance VRd for Beam

Shear Area : 𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴 − 2 ∙ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑡𝑓 + (𝑡𝑤 + 2 ∙ 𝑟) ∙ 𝑡𝑓 = 3912 − 2 ∙ 120 ∙ 10 + (6 + 2 ∗ 15) ∗ 10 = 1872𝑚𝑚²
Net Area : 𝐴𝑣,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐴𝑣 − #𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∙ 𝑡𝑤 ∙ 𝑑0 = 1872 − 2 ∙ 6 ∙ 18 = 1656𝑚𝑚²
𝑓𝑦
The bolt holes are not taken into account when: 𝐴𝑣,𝑛𝑒𝑡 ≥ ∙ 𝐴𝑣 → 1656𝑚𝑚² ≥ 1222𝑚𝑚² 𝑂𝐾
𝑓𝑢
𝑓𝑢
When 𝐴𝑣,𝑛𝑒𝑡 is less than this limit, an effective shear area of 𝐴𝑣1 = ∙ 𝐴𝑣,𝑛𝑒𝑡 may be assumed, else
𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑣1 = 𝐴𝑣

Design Shear Resistance:

𝐴𝑣1 ∙𝑓𝑦 1872∙235
𝑉𝑅𝑑 = = = 253988𝑁 = 253,99𝑘𝑁
√3∙𝛾𝑀0 √3∙1,00

In SCIA Engineer:

10.2.3. Calculation Design Shear Resistance VRd for Bolt in Beam

The calculation of the shear resistance for bolt in beam is based on the following equation to be solve
 1 a2  c2 2  a  c a2  d 2   2a N d  N 2

V Rd  2 
2
    VRd     Q2  0
n   
nIp  Ip n  n
2 2 2
 Ip Ip 
Where : a  0.0995m b  0.094m c  0.0655m d  0.07m
4 2

Ip   r   95.66
i
2

i 1
2
 0.036761 m

Q  min 2  F v , Rd , min Fb , Rd , plate; Fb , Rd ,beam  =31740.8256N for two plates, where
0.6  f ub  A s
• FVR   30144 N  30 .1kN
d
 Mb
2.5   p  f u  d  t
• Fb , Rd , Beam   31740 .8256 N  31 .7kN
 Mb

 e p 1 f 
with  p  min  1 ; 1  ; ub ;1  0.444
 3d 0 3d 0 4 f u 

2.5   p  f u  d  t pl
• Fb , Rd , plate   122867 .712 N
 Mb

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 e p 1 f 
with  p  min  1 ; 1  ; ub ;1  0.444
 0
3d 3d 0 4 f u 
By solving the second-degree equation, we find VRd  123 kN

In SCIA Engineer:

10.2.4. Calculation Design Block Shear Resistance Vrd - beam

The design value of the effective resistance to block shear is determined by the following expression:
f y  A v ,eff
Veff ,Rd  with A v,eff  t  L v ,eff
3   M0
The values a1, a2, a3 and Lv are defined as follows:

We determined the effective shear area Av,eff as follows :

a1  50mm a2  165mm a3  50 mm
Lv  h  a1  a3  240  50  50  140 mm

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 f 
L3  min  Lv  a1  a3 ; Lv  a1  a3  n  d 0   u 
 f y 

 min 240;257,36  240mm

L1  min a1 ;5  d 0   min( 50;90 )  50 mm

f
L2  a 2  k  d 0   u  (165  2,5 18) 
360
 183 ,83mm
fy 235
with k  2.5 for 2 bolt - rows
Lv ,eff  min Lv  L1  L2 ; L3   min( 373 ,83;240 )  240 mm
Av,eff  t  Lv,eff  6  240  1440 mm 2

f y  Av ,eff
Veff , Rd   195375N  195,38kN
3  M0
In SCIA Engineer:

10.2.5. Calculation Design Block Shear Resistance Vrd – connection element

(beam side)

The design value of the effective resistance to block shear is determined by the following expression:
f y  Av,eff
Veff ,Rd  with A v,eff  n  t  Lv,eff
3   M0
With: n number of plate, cleat
t thickness of plate, cleat

The values a1, a2, a3 and Lv are defined as follows:

We determined the effective shear area Av,eff as follows :

a1  24mm a2  155mm a3  24 mm
Lv  hplate  a1  a3  188  24  24  150 mm
 f 
L3  min  Lv  a1  a3 ; Lv  a1  a3  n  d0   u 
 f y 

 min 188;177,7   177,7mm

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L1  min a1;5  d0   min( 24;90 )  24 mm

L2  a2  k  d 0   u  (155  2,5  18) 

f 360
 168 ,51mm
fy 235
with k  2.5 for 2 bolt - rows
Lv , eff  min Lv  L1  L2 ; L3   min( 342 ,51;177 ,7)  177 ,7 mm
Av,eff  n  t  Lv,eff  2  12  177 ,7  4264 ,8mm 2

f y  Av ,eff
Veff , Rd   578636,6 N  578,64kN
3  M 0
In SCIA Engineer:

10.2.6. Calculation Design Compression/Tension Resistance NRd for

Connection Element
Area : A  2  t  h  2  12  188  4512mm2
Net Area : Anet  A  2  t  2  d 0  4512  2  12  2  18  3648 mm
2

Compression Resistance :

𝐴 ∙ 𝑓𝑦 4512 ∙ 235
𝑁𝑅𝑑 = = = 1060320𝑁 = 1060,32𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑀0 1,00

In SCIA Engineer:

10.2.7. Calculation Design Compression/Tension Resistance NRd for Beam

Area : A  3912mm2
Net Area : Anet  A  2  t  d 0  3912  2  6  18  3696 mm
2

 A  f y 0.9  A  f u 
Tension Resistance : N Rd  min  , n et 
 M  
 0 M1 
 3912  235 0,9  3696  360 
 min  ;   min( 919320 ;958003 )  919320 N  919 ,32 kN
 1,00 1,25 

In SCIA Engineer:

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10.3. Bolted cleat connection

An example of this connection can be found in example

CON_011.esa, node N2.

10.4. Flexible end plate connection

An example of this connection can be found in example

CON_012.esa, node N2.

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11. Hollow section joints

The design of Hollow Section Joints within SCIA Engineer is implemented according to EN 1993-1-
8:2005-05, including Corrigendum EN 1993-1-8:2005/AC:2009-07, however for certain parts also
different references are taken into account. Such references will be mentioned where relevant.
Used terms and symbols are in line with the main code.
Open example CON_13.esa.

11.1. Joint configuration

The design procedure defined by the EN 1993-1-8 Article 7, may be applied to joint types specified in
EN 1993-1-8 Article 7.1.2 Table 7.1. In SCIA Engineer uniplanar configurations T, Y, X, N, K, DY and
DK are currently supported.

11.1.1. Automatic recognition

The automatic recognition of joint configuration is based on the Structural model, taking into
account all members selected during input of the joint object. The recognition is processed in several
steps:

• List of all selected members is created.

• Members with the highest value of Structure type are marked as chord members. User may use
for example type truss chord with value of 95.

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• Remaining members are marked as brace members. User may use for example type truss
diagonal with value of 90.
• For each brace member respective delta angle between the brace member and the chord member
is measured .
• The brace member with the smallest delta angle is marked as brace 1.
• Depending on the number of brace members, an additional delta angles between brace members
are measured. The angles are measured in a continuous direction from angle delta 1. See
example picture below.

• The algorithm indicated on the picture below is used for the final determination of the joint
configuration.
An additional per-plane validation tests need to be fulfilled in the structural model:

• Axes of all members has to be in one plane.

• Chord members has to be in line, which in terms means use the same eccentricity
• For T, Y, X, DY and DK joint configurations, all the members need to have one intersection point.
An additional cross-section validation tests need to be fulfilled:

• For Circular Hollow Section joints, the cross-sections marked by SCIA Engineer as formcode 3
cross-section, are supported .
• The cross-section id of the chord members have to be identical.
An additional geometry validation tests need to be fulfilled in the structural model:

• Continuous chord members are supported.

• Continuous brace members are not supported.
• The curved members are not supported.
If the configuration is not recognized, an error massage is displayed during the input of the joint object.
User may also modify the geometry or member attributes when a joint already exists and in such case
recognized joint configuration is changed to "Not Recognized".
In SCIA Engineer:

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11.1.2. Gap / Overlap

Geometric definition of gap and overlap is given by EN 1993-1-8 Article 1.5 Figure 1.3. Within SCIA
Engineer the Gap / Overlap definition parameters are only valid and displayed for N, K and DK joint
configurations.

Either gap or overlap is calculated automatically by default using the structural model geometry and the
value is shown in the properties of the joint object with reference to identified brace members. The

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formulas for calculation of gap, overlap and also eccentricity are based on a CIDECT publication "Design
guide for circular hollow section (CHS) joints under predominantly static loading", 2008:

Eccentricity of the joint is defined in EN1993-1-8 Article 5.1.5 Figure 5.3.

The user is also allowed to input direct values of gap or overlap or define it through manual input of
eccentricity. This may be done through "Definition" combo-box item in the properties where the user may
select from several options:

• From structural model - Default option. Both gap and overlap is calculated automatically using
the structural model geometry. Eccentricity, gap or overlap items are disabled for editing.
• Eccentricity - Direct input of eccentricity. Gap or overlap is calculated based on the defined
eccentricity value and is disabled for editing. Valid input range is <-1;1>[m].
• Gap - Direct input of gap. Eccentricity is calculated based on the defined gap value and is disabled
for editing. Valid input range is <0;1>[m].
• Overlap - Direct input of overlap. Eccentricity is calculated based on the defined overlap value and
is disabled for editing. Valid input range is <0;110>[%].

In SCIA Engineer:

11.2. Validation tests

11.2.1. Redistribution of bending moment caused by eccentricity of brace
members
As specified in EN 1993-1-8 Article 5.1.5 (6), when brace eccentricities are within the limits given in
5.1.5(5), the moments resulting from the eccentricities should be taken into account in the design
of compression chord members.

In SCIA Engineer the redistribution for such case is done in several steps:
• The moment caused by eccentricity of braces is calculated as :

𝑀𝑦,0,𝑒𝑐𝑐 = ∑𝑁𝑖 ∗ cos 𝜃𝑖 ∗ 𝑒

With:

Ni design normal force in the brace

θi angle between the brace and chord members
e brace eccentricity

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• The chord sides in compression are identified. The side is recognized to be in compression if
the formula below produces a positive result. The internal forces from the respective section
closest to the the joint node are used in the formula.

𝑁𝐸𝑑 |𝑀𝑦,0,𝐸𝑑 | |𝑀𝑧,0,𝐸𝑑 |

𝜎= + +
𝐴0 𝑊𝑒𝑙,𝑦,0 𝑊𝑒𝑙,𝑧,0

With:

NEd design normal force in the chord at a joint

A0 chord cross-section area
My,0,Ed design bending moment around y-axis in the chord at a joint
W el,y,0 elastic section modulus of chord cross-section around y-axis
Mz,0,Ed design bending moment around z-axis in the chord at a joint
W el,z,0 elastic section modulus of chord cross-section around z-axis

If no chord side in compression is found, no redistribution is done and a warning is displayed in

the detailed the output.
• Ratio for each chord side in compression is calculated based on the number of chord sides in
compression. If only one side of chord is in compression the ratio for that side is set to 1
however if two sides of chord is in compression are found, the moment caused by eccentricity
of braces is equally redistributed to both sides using coefficient 0,5.

Iy,I moment of inertia for 1st chord side in compression

Li system length of the member on 1st chord side in compression
Iy,(i+1) moment of inertia for 2nd chord side in compression
L(i+1) system length of the member on 2nd chord side in compression
• Additional moments for each of the compression sides of a chord are calculated and added to
initial internal forces of the respective side. As specified by EN 1993-1-8 Article 5.1.5 (8) these
additional moments, resulting in additional stresses, are taken into account in the
determination of the factors km , kn and kp used in the design of the joint.

As specified in EN 1993-1-8 Article 5.1.5 (7), when the eccentricities are outside the limits given
in 5.1.5(5), the moments resulting from the eccentricities should be taken into account in the design
of the joints and the members. In this case the moments produced by the eccentricity should be
distributed between all the members meeting at the joint, on the basis of their relative stiffness
coefficients I/L .
In SCIA Engineer for such case no redistribution is done and warning is displayed in the detailed
output. The reason for this is that the redistribution of additional moment should be done in more
elaborated way (FEM analysis).

11.2.2. General scope and field of application

As specified in EN 1993-1-8 Article 7.1.1 the method application is valid both for hot hollow sections
to EN 10210 and for cold formed hollow sections to EN 10219. This is not checked by SCIA
Engineer and is responsibility of the user to ensure that this is fulfilled.
Following items are verified by SCIA Engineer:
General criteria for the joint members given by EN 1993-1-8 Article 7.1.1:

• The nominal yield strength should not exceed 460MPa. If yield strength higher than 355MPa ,
the static design resistances should be reduced by factor 0,9.
• The nominal wall thickness of hollow sections should not be less than 2,5mm.
• The nominal wall thickness of hollow section chord should not be greater than 25mm unless
special measures have been taken.

General field of application for joint members are given in EN 1993-1-8 Article 7.1.2:

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• The compression elements of the members should satisfy the requirements for Class 1 or Class
2 given in EN 1993-1-1 for the condition of axial compression.
• The angle θi between the chords and the brace members, and between adjacent brace
members, should be equal or bigger than 30 degrees.
• In gap joints, the gap between the brace members should not be less than (t 1+t2). Based on
TATA Steel publications also maximum limit of 12*t0 is checked.
• In overlap type joints, the overlap should be at least 25% in order to be bale place welds.
• If the overlap is larger than 60% in case hidden seam of the overlapped brace is not welded or
larger than 80% in case hidden seam of the overlapped brace is welded, a warning requesting
additional shear check is displayed.
• Where overlapping brace members have different thickness and/or different strength grades, the
member with the lower (ti*fy,i) value should overlap the other member.
• Where overlapping brace members are of different widths, the narrower member should overlap
the wider one.

Not fulfilling any of the tests above will result in a displayed error after a chapter with geometry tests
and termination of the check part! The exception are the tests for the yield strength of 355 MPa,
eccentricity and maximum overlap limit. These exceptions will result in warning messages in the
respective validation parts.

11.2.3. Range of validity for CHS chord and CHS brace members
The EN 1993-1-8 Article 7.4.1 Table 7.1 specifies an additional range of validity tests for the CHS
chord joints.

All the items above are verified by SCIA Engineer.

Not fulfilling any of the tests above will result in a displayed error after a chapter with geometry tests
and termination of the check part! The exception is the test for maximum overlap limit. This exceptions
will result in warning message in the validation part.

In SCIA Engineer:

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11.3. Design resistance

The general criteria for steel member present in the hollow section joint are specified in EN 1993-1-8
Article 7.2.1 (1-2).

• The design values of the internal axial forces both in the brace members and in the chords at the
ultimate limit state shall not exceed the design resistances of the members determined from EN
1993-1-1. In order to check this the user should run steel check.
• The design values of the internal axial forces in the brace members at the ultimate limit state shall
also not exceed the design resistances of the joints given in design tables as appropriate. This is
calculated and verified by the hollow section joint.

In SCIA Engineer:

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11.3.1. Uniplanar joints

EN 1993-1-8 Article 7.4.2 (1) specifies that in brace member connections subject only to axial forces,
the design internal axial force Ni,Ed shall not exceed the design axial resistance of the welded joint
Ni,Rd obtained from appropriate design table.

EN 1993-1-8 Article 7.4.2 (2) specifies that brace member connections subject to combined bending
and axial force should satisfy:
2
𝑁𝑖,𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑦,𝑖,𝐸𝑑 |𝑀𝑧,𝑖,𝐸𝑑 |
+[ ] + ≤1
𝑁𝑖,𝑅𝑑 𝑀𝑦,𝑖,𝑅𝑑 𝑀𝑧,𝑖,𝑅𝑑

With

Ni,Ed the design axial force

Ni,Rd the design axial force resistance
My,i,Ed the design in-plane bending moment
My,i,Rd the design in-plane bending moment resistance
Mz,i,Ed the design out-of-plane bending moment
Mz,i,Rd the design out-of-plane bending moment resistance

11.3.2. Chord stress

For the calculation of the stresses in chord member, used by the joint design routine, the extended
formulas to those given in EN 1993-1-8 Article 7.2.1 (3) are used in SCIA Engineer:

With

Np,Ed maximum compressive normal force in the chord at a joint excluding the stress due to the
components parallel to the chord axis of the axial forces in the braces at that joint
N0,Ed maximum compressive normal force in the chord at a joint
A0 chord cross-section area
My,0,Ed design bending moment around y-axis in the chord at a joint
W el,y,0 elastic section modulus of chord cross-section around y-axis
Mz,0,Ed design bending moment around z-axis in the chord at a joint
W el,z,0 elastic section modulus of chord cross-section around z-axis

For the CHS-CHS hollow section joints the set of internal forces used in calculation of σp,Ed is
presented in the chapter of internal forces in the detailed output.

11.3.3. Identification of brace members

Integer subscript i for joint members are described by EN 1993-1-8 Article 1.5 (4), where subscript i = 0
denotes a chord, subscripts i = 1, 2, 3 and 4 denote brace members.
In joints with two brace members, i = 1 normally denotes the compression brace and i = 2 the tension
brace. For a single brace i = 1 whether it is subject to compression or tension.
The above also applies to SCIA Engineer with several extensions for:

• X and DY joints, where the first brace in the list uses subscript i = 1, the second brace in the list
uses subscript i = 2

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• DK joint with all members in either tension or compression, where the first brace in the list uses
subscript i = 1, brace on the same side of chord as brace 1 uses i = 2, brace opposing to brace 1
uses i = 3 and brace opposing to brace 2 uses i = 4
• DK joint with tension or compression in opposing braces, where the first compression brace in the
list uses subscript i = 1, brace on the same side of chord as brace 1 uses i = 2, brace opposing to
brace 1 uses i = 3 and brace opposing to brace 2 uses i = 4

As noted above, in some joint configurations the identification of braces depends on the actual internal
forces present in the members. Following the specifications of EN 1993-1-8 Article 7.4.2 Table 7.6
certain combinations of internal forces may not be designable according to EN 1993-1-8 and will result
in unity check of 999. This also applies to K and N joint configurations when loading effect on both
braces is both tensile or compressive.
If zero internal forces are found on both braces in a K or N joint configurations for a certain
combination, such combination will be evaluated with zero unity check and a note will be displayed in
the detailed output.

11.3.4. Welded joints between CHS members

Provided that the geometry of the joints is within the range of validity given in EN 1993-1-8 Article 7.4.1
Table 7.1, the design resistances of uniplanar welded joints between circular hollow section members
may be determined using EN 1993-1-8 Article 7.4.2. For joints within the range of validity given in
Table 7.1, only chord face failure and punching shear need be considered. The design resistance of a
connection should be taken as the minimum value for these two failure modes.

11.3.4.1. Axial force resistance

Design axial resistances of welded joints between CHS brace members and CHS chords is calculated
according to EN 1993-1-8 Article 7.4.2 Table 7.2 and Table 7.6.

11.3.4.2. Bending moment resistance

Design resistance moments of welded joints between CHS brace members and CHS chords is
calculated according to EN 1993-1-8 Article 7.4.2 Table 7.5.

11.3.5. Special types of welded joints

As specified by EN 1993-1-8 Article 7.4.2 (5), the special types of welded joints indicated in Table 7.6
should satisfy the appropriate design criteria specified for each type in that table.
Two combinations of internal forces are supported for DK joint configurations:
• All bracing members should always be in either compression or tension. Condition given by the
table was modified and an additional joint unity check is calculated as.

With

N1-3,Ed average value of design normal force in brace 1 and brace 3

θ1-3 angle between the brace and chord member for brace 1 and brace 3
N2-4,Ed average value of design normal force in brace 2 and brace 4
θ2-4 angle between the brace and chord member for brace 2 and brace 4
Nx,Rd*sinθx maximum vertical component of brace resistance determined from all braces
• Opposing braces either in tension or compression. An additional joint unity check is calculated
for cases when there are gaps at both sides of the chord as.

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With

N0,Ed design normal force in the section

Nleft,Ed design normal force in the chord from the left section at the joint
Nright,Ed design normal force in the chord from the right section at the joint
Npl,0,Rd plastic normal force resistance of the chord
fy,0 yield strength of the chord material
A0 chord cross-section area
γM5 partial safety factor for the resistance of joints
V0,Ed design shear force in the section
N1-3,Ed average value of design normal force in brace 1 and brace 3
θ1-3 angle between the brace and chord member for brace 1 and brace 3
N2-4,Ed average value of design normal force in brace 2 and brace 4
θ2-4 angle between the brace and chord member for brace 2 and brace 4
Vpl,0,Rd plastic shear force resistance of the chord
Av,0 chord cross-section shear area

11.3.6. Design of welds

Calculation of weld size is based on the Ref. [35] - ECCS N° 126, where the formula is derived for
double fillet weld. Since only one weld will be present on the brace member, the result value has to be
multiplied by 2. The final formula for weld size used for each brace is derived as:

With

fy yield strength of the brace material

fu ultimate tensile strength of the brace material
βw correlation factor given by EN 1993-1-8 Article 4.5.3.2 TAble 4.1
γM0 partial safety factor for material
γM2 partial safety factor for welds
t thickness of the brace

The weld size is calculated separately for all braces, is rounded up and compared with the minimum
value from the setup. The final weld size is maximum of these two values.

In SCIA Engineer:

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12. References and literature

[1] Eurocode 3
Design of steel structures
Part 1 - 8 : Design of joints
EN 1993-1-8: 2005

[2] SCIA Engineer Steel_Connections_Theory_enu.pdf

Theoretical Background of SCIA Engineer
Release : 13.0

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