TUTORIAL ON POWER QUALITY, 11.12.

19

Voltage phenomenon solution diagram

 PQ-Toolbox

Voltage Conditioning

 OSKAR - the active voltage stabilizerpower grid external causes

 THYRA - thyristor switched control systemspower grid internal causes

Harmonic filtering

 SOFIA - Voltage controlled harmonic filter with intelligent adaptation

 MIA - Modular intelligent active filter
 MIKA - Medium voltage compensation systems

Filtering Supra Harmonics and Damping Resonances

 RESI - Filtering supraharmonics and damping resonances

Reactive power compensation

 MIKA - High and medium voltage compensation systems

 INKA - Inductive compensation assemblies for capactive loads
 SCOMP2 - Arc fault proofed HV compensation system
 SCOMP2 - Details - Arc fault proofed HV compensation system
 CLASSIC - classical compensation assemblies

The whole world of POWER QUALITY in one folder

Click the link to download the ZIP-Folder

 Product portfolio prospect folder

APPS - Applications Perfect Power

- Reactive Power Regulators

 BR7000 manual
- Power analyzer
 PQube 3 product informations

Important information about the inspection contract for compensation and filter
circuit systems
---------------------------------------------.

QUALITY STARTS WITH THE VOLTAGE

Solutions for improving voltage quality and grid efficiency.

A stable energy supply with a standard-compliant voltage is an important economic

success factor for all applications and is often a prerequisite for grid connection.
System perturbations due to insufficient voltage quality result in increased costs and
could even cause business processes to break down. Power quality solutions at your
place of business contribute to voltage stabilization, compliance with standards and
grid connection =--

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Description, Causes and Consequences

The most common types of Power Quality problems are presented below along with
their description, causes and consequences:

1. Voltage sag (or dip)

2. Very short interruptions
3. Long interruptions
4. Voltage spike
5. Voltage swell
6. Harmonic distortion
7. Voltage fluctuation
8. Noise
9. Voltage Unbalance

1. Voltage sag (or dip)

Voltage Sag

Description: A decrease of the normal voltage level between 10% and 90% of the
nominal rms voltage at the power frequency, for durations of 0,5 cycle to 1 minute.
Causes: Faults on the transmission or distribution network (most of the times on
parallel feeders). Faults in consumer’s installation. Connection of heavy loads and
start-up of large motors.
Consequences: Malfunction of information technology equipment, namely
microprocessor-based control systems (PCs, PLCs, ASDs, etc) that may lead to a
process stoppage. Tripping of contactors and electromechanical relays. Disconnection
and loss of efficiency in electric rotating machines.

2. Very short interruptions

Very short interruptions

Description: Total interruption of electrical supply for duration from few

milliseconds to one or two seconds.
Causes: Mainly due to the opening and automatic reclosure of protection devices to
decommission a faulty section of the network. The main fault causes are insulation
failure, lightning and insulator flashover.
Consequences: Tripping of protection devices, loss of information and malfunction of
data processing equipment. Stoppage of sensitive equipment, such as
ASDs[Adjustable Speed Drives], PCs, PLCs, if they’re not prepared to deal with this
situation.

3. Long interruptions

Long interruptions

Description: Total interruption of electrical supply for duration greater than 1 to 2

seconds
Causes: Equipment failure in the power system network, storms and objects (trees,
cars, etc) striking lines or poles, fire, human error, bad coordination or failure of
protection devices.
Consequences: Stoppage of all equipment.

4. Voltage spike

Voltage spike
Description: Very fast variation of the voltage value for durations from a several
microseconds to few milliseconds. These variations may reach thousands of volts,
even in low voltage.
Causes: Lightning, switching of lines or power factor correction capacitors,
disconnection of heavy loads.
Consequences: Destruction of components (particularly electronic components) and
of insulation materials, data processing errors or data loss, electromagnetic
interference.

5. Voltage swell

Voltage swell

Description: Momentary increase of the voltage, at the power frequency, outside

the normal tolerances, with duration of more than one cycle and typically less than
a few seconds.
Causes: Start/stop of heavy loads, badly dimensioned power sources, badly
regulated transformers (mainly during off-peak hours).
Consequences: Data loss, flickering of lighting and screens, stoppage or damage of
sensitive equipment, if the voltage values are too high.

6. Harmonic distortion

Harmonic distortion

Description: Voltage or current waveforms assume non-sinusoidal shape. The

waveform corresponds to the sum of different sine-waves with different magnitude
and phase, having frequencies that are multiples of power-system frequency.
Causes: Classic sources: electric machines working above the knee of the
magnetization curve (magnetic saturation), arc furnaces, welding machines,
rectifiers, and DC brush motors.
Modern sources: all non-linear loads, such as power electronics equipment
including ASDs, switched mode power supplies , data processing equipment, high
efficiency lighting.

Consequences: Increased probability in occurrence of resonance, neutral overload

in 3-phase systems, overheating of all cables and equipment, loss of efficiency in
electric machines, electromagnetic interference with communication systems,
errors in measures when using average reading meters, nuisance tripping of thermal
protections.

7. Voltage fluctuation

Voltage fluctuation

Description: Oscillation of voltage value, amplitude modulated by a signal with

frequency of 0 to 30 Hz.
Causes: Arc furnaces, frequent start/stop of electric motors (for instance elevators),
oscillating loads.
Consequences: Most consequences are common to undervoltages. The most
perceptible consequence is the flickering of lighting and screens, giving the
impression of unsteadiness of visual perception.

8. Noise

Noise

Description: Superimposing of high frequency signals on the waveform of the

power-system frequency.
Causes: Electromagnetic interferences provoked by Hertzian waves such as
microwaves, television diffusion, and radiation due to welding machines, arc
furnaces, and electronic equipment. Improper grounding may also be a cause.
Consequences: Disturbances on sensitive electronic equipment, usually not
destructive. May cause data loss and data processing errors.

9. Voltage Unbalance

Voltage Unbalance

Description: A voltage variation in a three-phase system in which the three voltage

magnitudes or the phase-angle differences between them are not equal.
Causes: Large single-phase loads (induction furnaces, traction loads), incorrect
distribution of all single-phase loads by the three phases of the system (this may be
also due to a fault).
Consequences: Unbalanced systems imply the existence of a negative sequence that
is harmful to all three- phase loads. The most affected loads are three-phase
induction machines.

Reference:  Power Quality Problems and New Solutions – A. de Almeida, L. Moreira. J.

Delgado (Download paper)

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guides/electrical-engineering/power-quality-problems-and-new-solutions

Electrical engineering guides and research studies

Power Quality Problems and New Solutions

Home / Download Center / Electrical Engineering Books and Technical

Guides / Electrical engineering guides / Power Quality Problems and New Solutions
Introduction to power quality

Power Quality (PQ) related issues are of most concern nowadays. The widespread
use of electronic equipment, such as information technology equipment [PCs],
power electronics such as Adjustable Speed Drives (ASD), Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLC), Energy-efficient lighting, led to a complete change of electric loads
nature.
Power quality problems and new solutions (photo by: Fernando Hidalgo Molina via
Flickr)

These loads are simultaneously the major causers and the major victims of power
quality problems.

Due to their non-linearity, all these loads cause disturbances in the voltage

waveform.

Along with technology advance, the organization of the worldwide economy has
evolved towards globalisation and the profit margins of many activities tend to
decrease. The increased sensitivity of the vast majority of processes (industrial,
services and even residential) to PQ problems turns the availability of electric power
with quality a crucial factor for competitiveness in every activity sector.

The most critical areas are the continuous process industry and the information

technology services. When a disturbance occurs, huge financial losses may happen,
with the consequent loss of productivity and competitiveness.

Although many efforts have been taken by utilities, some consumers require a level of
PQ [Power Quality] higher than the level provided by modern electric networks. This
implies that some measures must be taken in order to achieve higher levels of Power
Quality.
Power Quality Characterization

Even the most advanced transmission and distribution systems are not able to
provide electrical energy with the desired level of reliability for the proper functioning
of the loads in modern society.

Modern T&D (transmission and distribution) systems are projected for  99,9 to 99,99%
availability.

This value is highly dependant of redundancy level of the network, which is different
according to the geographical location and the voltage level (availability is higher at
the HV network). In some remote sites, availability of T&D systems may be as low as
99%. Even with a 99,99% level there is an equivalent interruption time of 52 minutes
per year.

The most demanding processes in the modern digital economy need electrical energy
with 99.9999999% availability (9-nines reliability) to function properly.

Typical distribution of PQ disturbances by its duration for a typical facility in 6 years

(1992-97) in the US

Between 1992 and 1997, EPRI carried out a study in the US to characterize the
average duration of disturbances. The result for a typical site, during the 6-year
period is presented above.

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What is good power quality?

Power quality is commonly defined as the power grid's ability to supply a clean and

stable power flow as a constantly available power supply. The power flow should have
a pure sinusoidal wave form and it should remain within specified voltage and
frequency tolerances. ... No real-life power source is ideal.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

What are the power quality problems?

Some examples of problems that occur due to power quality problems are: Automatic

Resets, Data Errors, Equipment Failure, Circuit Board Failure, Memory
Loss, Power Supply Problems, UPS Alarms, Software Corruption, and Overheating of
electrical distribution systems.

What is power quality standards?

Power quality is a worldwide issue, and keeping related standards current is a never-

ending task. ... One of the most important developments in the power quality arena is
the increased emphasis on coordinating IEEE standards with
international standards developed by the International Electrotechnical Committee
(IEC).

 What is power quality analysis?

Power Quality Measurement and Analysis Basics. ... The purpose of the electrical

distribution system is to support proper operation of the loads. When a load does not
operate properly, the quality of the electric power in the system should be suspected
as one possible cause.

What happens when power factor is low?

A Low P.F. draws a higher internal current and the excessive heat generated will
damage and/or shorten equipment life. Increased reactive loads can reduce output
voltage and damage equipment sensitive to reduced voltage. 

POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT : The Power Quality is defined as the degree to

which the power supply approaches the ideal case of stable, uninterrupted, zero
distortion and disturbance free supply. 

Power Quality and Types of Power Quality Disturbances

Power quality is predominantly a customer issue. Power quality can be defined as any
problem manifested in voltage, current, or frequency deviation that results in failure
or mal- operation of electric equipment .

What is voltage sag and swell?

Voltage Sags (Dips) and Swells. ... Voltage swells are almost always caused by an

abrupt reduction in load on a circuit with a poor or damaged voltage regulator,
although they can also be caused by a damaged or loose neutral connection. A
typical voltage sag. Voltage sags are the most common power disturbance.
Voltage sags (U.S. English) or voltage dips (British English) and swells are short
duration events that might cause damage to electronic/industrial equipment, outages
and other power quality issues.

What are voltage sags, dips, swells and transients?

Electrical and electronic equipment is rated for operation at a specific voltage. Voltage
dips, swells and transients can cause trouble with industrial controls as well as
equipment such as computers. Surges are generally more damaging to equipment
than dips, but both can harm industrial equipment and cause outages, failures and
other power quality problems.
What are voltage dips?

Voltage dips (also known as “sags”) are a reduction of voltage of 10% or more below
normal or recommended usage, such as a 120-voltage outlet dropping to 90 volts.
Voltage dips can have a ripple effect across multiple pieces of equipment, such as a
hair dryer used in one room causing the lights in another room to dim. They can result
from large motors being turned ON, to temporary short circuits in utility power lines.
Undervoltage is a dip that lasts longer than a minute and can be caused by overloaded
transformers or undersized conductors.
What are voltage swells?

Voltage swells are the opposite of dips and describe surges in voltage of 10% or more
above normal or recommended usage. They can cause problems with machinery and
overall power quality in a plant. Swells can occur when a large load (such as a large
motor) is turned OFF and voltage on the power line increases for a short period of
time. Overvoltage is a swell that lasts longer than a minute, sometimes caused when
loads are near the beginning of a power distribution system, if taps on a transformer
are set improperly, or when renewable energy sources like solar panels are connected
to the network.

Characteristics of a voltage swell.

What are voltage transients?

A transient voltage is a temporary unwanted voltage in an electrical circuit that range

from a few volts to several thousand volts and last micro seconds up to a few
milliseconds. Transient voltages are caused by the sudden release of stored energy
due to incidents such as lightning strikes, unfiltered electrical equipment, contact
bounce, arcing, capacitor bank or generators being switched ON and OFF. Transient
voltages differ from swells by being larger in magnitude and shorter in duration. Faulty
contactors and lightning are the most common source of transients. It’s important that
measurement tools designed to survive voltage transients should be certified by at
least one independent testing agency.
As voltage transients can have high voltage levels it is important to use measurement
tools designed to survive them, especially when measuring in a CAT IV environment
where there is a higher likelihood of transients to occur. Having the tool certified by at
least one interdependent testing agency is recommended. Use a power-quality meter
to gather a full record of voltage dips, swells or transients. High-quality meters provide
an exact timestamp, detailed event profile and high-resolution waveform capture that
correlate the event to a machine state and the root cause of machine problems.
Use a power-quality meter to gather a full record of voltage dips, swells or transients.
An exact timestamp, detailed event profile and high-resolution waveform capture
provided by higher-quality meters enables correlating the event to a machine state
and finding the root cause of machine problems.
-----------------------------------------------------------.
Fluke 438-II Power Quality Analyzer & Motor Analyzer
Quickly and easily discover electrical and mechanical performance of electric motors,
and evaluate power quality with a single test tool
The Fluke 438-II Power Quality and Motor Analyzer adds key mechanical measurement
capabilities for electric motors to the advanced power quality analysis functions of
the Fluke 435 Series II Power Quality Analyzers. Quickly and easily measure and
analyze key electrical and mechanical performance parameters such as power,
harmonics, unbalance, motor speed, torque and mechanical power without the need
of mechanical sensors. Fluke 434-II, 435-II and 437-II Power Quality Analyzer users can
add motor analysis capabilities to their existing units with the Fluke-438-II/MA Motor
Analyzer upgrade kit. The 438-II uses data from the motor rating plate for either NEMA
or IEC rated motors to aid the calculation of the mechanical parameters.
Other useful features:

 Calculates mechanical power and efficiency without mechanical sensors. Just

connect to the input conductors
 Measures electrical power parameters such as voltage, current, power,
apparent power, power factor, harmonic distortion and unbalance to identify
characteristics that impact motor efficiency
 Identify power quality issues such as dips, swells, transients, harmonics and
unbalance
 Uses PowerWave data capture to capture fast RMS data, and show half-cycle
averages and waveforms to characterize electrical system dynamics (generator
start-ups, UPS switching etc.)
 Offers waveform capture function to capture 100/120 cycles (50/60 Hz) of each
detected event, in all modes, without set-up
 Uses automatic transient mode to capture waveform data at 200 kS/s on all
phases simultaneously up to 6 kV
 Automatically calculate motor derating according to NEMA/IEC guidelines
 Fluke Connect® compatible so you can view data locally on the instrument, via
Fluke Connect mobile app and PowerLog 430-II desktop software

 
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ELEVEN QUICK, SIMPLE FIXES TO INCREASE SAG IMMUNITY

Here are eleven quick, simple fixes that will increase voltage sag immunity. Of course,
like every engineering change, there are tradeoffs that you will need to consider as
you’re selecting a solution.
1. Find and fix the problem. Yes, it’s an obvious suggestion. But it’s the best place to
start. Figure out exactly what is causing the problem with a sag generator equipped
with a good data acquisition system. Once you know what the problem is (if you even
have a sag problem!), it will be much easier to fix. Trade-off: takes time and money; if
you’re good at guessing, you might skip this step.

2. Add a power quality relay. These small, simple devices detect voltage sags, and give
you a simple relay contact when a sag occurs. The best ones (such as PSL’s PQ1 also
detect other disturbances, such as high frequency impulses and voltage swells. Your
system can then adjust its behavior whenever a voltage sag occurs – for example, by
resetting some of its components. Trade-off: can require some simple reprogramming
of your system. The best solutions are the simplest. Add an inexpensive power quality
relay to your system, then adjust your software so it corrects any problems whenever
a power disturbance occurs.

3. Switch power supply settings. Many power supplies can be set to accommodate

different voltage ranges, and these ranges often overlap. Choose a range where your
nominal voltage is near the top of the range, and you’ll have more room for voltage
sags. For example, if your power supply has Range #1, 95V-250V (accommodating
Japan and Europe), and Range #2, 110V-270V (accommodating North America and
Australia), and you have a 240V nominal voltage, you will have greater sag immunity
on Range #1.  Trade-off: less margin at the top end against voltage swells.

4. Connect your single-phase power supply phase-to-phase. If you can stay within
your power supply’s acceptable voltage range, and if you have three-phase power
available, you can get a quick 70% boost in available voltage by connecting phase-to-
phase. For example, if your power supply is rated as 90V-250V, and you are using it on
a 120V circuit, you can only tolerate a sag to 75%. But if you connect it phase-to-
phase, the nominal voltage will be 208V and you will be able to tolerate a sag to 45%.
Trade off: less margin for voltage swells; sometimes inconvenient; sensitive to sags on
two phases, instead of just one.

5. Reduce the load on your power supply. Lightly loaded power supplies always
tolerate voltage sags better than heavily loaded power supplies. If you can determine
that a particular power supply is causing your equipment to mis-operate during a
voltage sag, consider moving some of its loads to another power supply. Trade-off:
may be inconvenient to install; carefully consider effects of a shut-down on one of the
power supplies.

6. Increase the rating of your power supply. If you can’t move the loads, use a bigger
supply for the same load – relative to its rating, it will be more lightly loaded. Trade-
off: cost and size tend to go up; there may not be room for a larger power supply.

7. Use a three-phase power supply instead of a single-phase supply. A properly-

designed (and lightly loaded) three-phase power supply will effectively tolerate
voltage sags on one or two phases that would shut down a single-phase power supply.
Trade-off: cost and size are larger; requires three-phase circuit breakers, shut-down
circuits.

8. Run your power supply from a DC bus. Sometimes you can substitute a DC-
operated power supply for an AC-sourced supply. If it does nothing else, this will
narrow down your problems to supporting a DC bus, which can often be done with
simple capacitors or batteries. (This is the approach that high-reliability
telecommunications systems take, using a 48 VDC supply as their power distribution
system.) Trade-off: protective devices (fuses, circuit breakers, etc.) need to be changed
or rated for DC; may not be convenient. The telecommunications industry operates
equipment from a 48Vdc bus, making systems virtually immune to voltage sags and
power interruptions — the ac power system is only used to charge the batteries.

9. Change the trip settings. If you can identify an unbalance relay, an undervoltage
relay, or an internal reset or protection circuit that is inadvertently tripping during a
voltage sag, change its settings. Consider changing the threshold, and consider
changing the trip delay; either or both might make sense. Sometimes this can be as
simple as twisting a knob; sometimes it may take a component change or firmware
adjustment. You can only use this solution when the trip settings were set too
conservatively to begin with; trips are useful and important, so you don’t want to
eliminate them completely. Trade-offs: someone chose those set-points for a reason,
so you don’t want to change them arbitrarily; changing components and/or firmware
can create service and repair problems later on.

10. Slow the relay down. If the equipment is misoperating because a relay in the EMO
circuit is operating too quickly, consider slowing it down. You might use a relay with
more mechanical mass (such as a contactor), or you might use a relay hold-in
accessory. Trade-off: possibly more complexity on the EMO circuit; you don’t want to
slow the EMO circuit down so much that it becomes unsafe. You can add a simple
“hold-in” device across the coil of a relay or contactor to increase its sag immunity.
Suppliers include Power Quality Solutions, among others.

11. Get rid of the voltage sag itself. As a last resort, consider installing a quick-
operating voltage regulator on your AC supply. There are a variety of technologies:
ferroresonant transformers, solid-state voltage compensation, etc. But make sure that
you aren’t making the problem worse; if the original cause of the voltage sag is
downstream from your voltage sag regulator, the voltage sags will actually get deeper
and longer when you install the fix. Trade-off: size and cost.

For larger three-phase applications, the Dynamic Sag Corrector from Soft Switching
Technologies can eliminate the sag itself.

More Tutorials

Sag sensitivity – five ways equipment fails during voltage sags

CBEMA curve – voltage sag depth and duration at world-wide semiconductor plants
Sag sources – sources of voltage sags
Semiconductor sag standards – industry standards, SEMI F47, F42

SOURCES OF VOLTAGE SAGS

VOLTAGE SAGS (DIPS) AND SWELLS

--------------------------------------------------------------.
U.S. Military Power Quality Standards
INDUSTRY SPECIFIC POWER QUALITY STANDARDS
UTILITY POWER QUALITY STANDARDS
IEC POWER QUALITY STANDARDS

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Power Quality Monitoring (PQM) has many benefits, such as improving performance
and quality. A PQM System will gather, analyze, and interpret raw electricity
measurement data into useful information.  A typical monitoring system measures
voltage and electrical current, but ground quality may also be measured if unbalanced
loads or harmonics are detected.

There are a number of reasons to employ power quality monitoring. It allows plants to
perform energy management, preventive maintenance, quality control, and saves
money.

To monitor their power, modern power plants use digital fault recorders, smart relays,
voltage recorders, in-plant power monitors, and special-purpose power quality
equipment. A digital fault recorder activates on fault events and records the current
waveforms and voltage that caused the problem. It can also capture periodic
waveforms helpful in calculating harmonic distortion levels. Smart relays check the
power current and record disturbances. A variety of voltage recorders are used to
monitor variations that are on the system. A voltage recorder detects a trend and
gives minimum, maximum, and average voltage every two seconds. In-plant power
monitors, usually at the service entrance, capture wave shape for evaluation of
harmonic distortion levels or voltage sag conditions. Special-purpose power quality
monitors are able to simultaneous watch voltage and current.

In short, Power Quality Monitoring System monitors the quality of voltage and current
produced by a power plant. It's employed to decrease plant and customer downtime,
and optimize the quality of electricity delivered. A good system will also improve the
performance, efficiency, and longevity of power generating equipment.
To monitor their power, modern power plants use digital fault recorders, smart relays,
voltage recorders, in-plant power monitors, and special-purpose power quality
equipment. A digital fault recorder activates on fault events and records the current
waveforms and voltage that caused the problem. It can also capture periodic
waveforms helpful in calculating harmonic distortion levels. Smart relays check the
power current and record disturbances. A variety of voltage recorders are used to
monitor variations that are on the system. A voltage recorder detects a trend and
gives minimum, maximum, and average voltage every two seconds. In-plant power
monitors, usually at the service entrance, capture wave shape for evaluation of
harmonic distortion levels or voltage sag conditions. Special-purpose power quality
monitors are able to simultaneous watch voltage and current.

In short, Power Quality Monitoring System monitors the quality of voltage and current
produced by a power plant. It's employed to decrease plant and customer downtime,
and optimize the quality of electricity delivered. A good system will also improve the
performance, efficiency, and longevity of power generating equipment.

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Voltage fluctuations are generally caused by loose or corroded connections at either
the house or on the power lines, and are often noticed by flickering lights. ... This can
be caused by overloading on the network, loose connections or the conductor wire
carrying power to your house being too small.
There can be many reasons to it.

 The most common is overloading. If the area, where you live, draws more
load current than specified by the authority, then there will be low voltage in
your area. This due to the limited capacity of the distribution transformer
used.
 It can also be caused due to use of various electronic equipments like,
reactor, inverters, etc due to the harmonics created by them.
 Another reason can be due to use of heavy inductive loads frequently at the
same time, like, ac, refrigerator, also motors. If you use heavy loads
simultaneously, then there will be voltage dip.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
Depends on where you are located, and how power distribution was designed..

Some of the causes why voltage fluctuation happens or encountered…

1. Loose connections in your house wirings…from the circuit breakers to

power outlets….
2. Undersized wires used in your house wirings?
3. You have some appliances that may draw larger current…
4. The incoming supply to your house may also be small for the present load in
the house…
 5. Depending on the time of day… if the distribution line in your neighborhood
is undersized may also cause the power to dip.
6. Power fluctuations may be more pronounced during the dusk hours  when
the whole neighborhood starts to use and draw more power… then go back
up or normalize when most people is asleep…. symptoms of distribution
problem..
7. A nearby industrial plant may also cause power dip problems for the
neighborhood, another distribution problem.
8. Distribution Network problem (Weak network lines, transformer at its
limits)
9. Loose conductors in the distibution panel
10.High starting currents from inductive devices (motors, AC). Use devices with
VFD's
11.Electrical supply from your home at the limits of its potential. Take energy
saving measures.... Led lamps. Gas instead of electrical stove and/ or
heating.
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