1.

) A 20% weight % solution of Na2SO4 at 200°F is pumped continuously to a vacuum crystallizer from
which the magma is pumped at 60°F. What is the composition of this magma, and what percentage
of Na2SO4 in the feed is recovered as Na2SO4•10H2O crystals after this magma is centrifuged?

2.) A solution of 32.5% MgSO4 originally at 150°F is to be crystallized in a vacuum adiabatic crystallizer
to give a product containing 4000 lb/hr of MgSO 4•7H2O crystals from 10,000 lb/hr of feed. The
solution boiling point rise is estimated at 10°. Determine the product temperature, pressure and
weight ration of mother liquor to crystalline product.

3.) A plant produces 30,000 MT of anhydrous sulfate annually by crystallizing sulfate brine at 0°C, yields
of 95% and 90% in the crystallization and calcinations operations are obtained respectively. How
many metric tons of liquor are fed to the crystallizer daily? Note: 300 working days per year.

4.) 1,200 lb of Barium Nitrate are dissolved in sufficient water to form a saturated water to form a
saturated solution at 90°C. Assuming that 5% of the weight of the original solution is lost through
evaporation, calculate the crop of the crystals obtained when cooled to 20°C. Solubility data of
barium nitrate at 90°C = 30.6 lb/100 lb water; at 20°C = 9.2 lb/100 lb water.

5.) A Swenson-Walker crystallizer is to be used to produce 1 ton/hr of copperas crystals. The saturated
solution enters the crystallizer at 120°F. The slurry leaving the crystallizer will be at 80°F. Cooling
water enters the crystallizer jacket at 60°F and leaves at 70°F. It may be assumed that the U for the
crystallizer is 35 BTU/hr-°F-ft2. There are 3.5 ft2 of cooling surface per ft of crystallizer length.
a.) Estimate the cooling water required.
b.) Determine the number of crystallizer section to be used.
Data:
*specific heat of solution = 0.7 BTU/lb-°F
*heat of solution = 4400 cal/gmol copperas
*solubility at 120°F = 140 parts copperas/100 parts excess water
*solubility at 80°F = 74 parts copperas/100 parts excess water

6.) Crystals of Na2CO3•10H2O are dropped into a saturated solution of Na2CO3 in water at 100°C. What
percent of the Na2CO3 in the Na2CO3•H2O is recovered in the precipitated solid? The precipitated
solid is Na2CO3•H2O. Data at 100°C: the saturated solution is 31.2% Na 2CO3; molecular weight of
Na2CO3 is 106.

7.) A solution of MgSO4 at 220°F containing 43 g MgSO4 per 100 g H2O is fed into a cooling crystallizer
operating at 50°F. If the solution leaving the crystallizer is saturated, what is the rate at which the
solution must be fed to the crystallizer to produce one ton of MgSO4•7H2O per hour?

8.) The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g per 100 g water at 20°C and 16.4 g per 100 g
water at 60°C of a saturated solution of NaHCO3 at 60°C is cooled to 20°C, what is the percentage
of the dissolved salt that crystallizes out?
9.) Glauber’s salt is made by crystallization from a water solution at 20°C. The aqueous solution at 20°C
contains 8.4% sodium sulfate. How many grams of water must be evaporated from a liter of such
solution whose specific gravity is 1.077 so that when the residue solution after evaporation is cooled
to 20°C, there will be crystallized out 80% of the original sodium sulfate as Glauber’s salt. The
solubility of sodium sulfate in equilibrium with the decahydrate is 19.4 g Na2SO4 per 100 g H2O.

10.) A hot solution of Ba(NO3)2 from an evaporator contains 30.6 kg Ba(NO3)2/100 kg H2O and goes to a
crystallizer where the solution is cooled and Ba(NO3)2 crystallizes. On cooling, 10% of the original
water present evaporates. For a feed solution of 100 kg total, calculate the following:
a) The yield of crystals if the solution is cooled to 290K, where the solubility is 8.6 kg Ba(NO 3)2/100
kg total water
b) The yield if cooled instead to 283K, where the solubility is 7 kg Ba(NO 3)2/100 kg total water

11.) A batch of 1,000 kg of KCl is dissolved in sufficient water to make a saturated solution at 363 K,
where the solubility is 35 wt % KCl in water. The solution is cooled to 293 K, at which temperature
its solubility is 25.4 wt %.
a) What are the weight of water required for the solution and the weight of KCl crystals obtained?
b) What is the weight of crystals obtained if 5% of the original water evaporates on cooling?

12.) The solubility of sodium sulfate is 40 parts Na2SO4 per 100 parts of water at 30°C, and 13.5 parts at
15°C. The latent heat of crystallization (liberated when crystals form) is 18,000 g-cal per gmol
Na2SO4. Glauber’s salt (Na2SO4·10H2O) is to be made in a Swenson-Walker crystallizer by cooling
a solution, saturated at 30°C, to 15°C. Cooling water enters at 10°C and leaves at 20°C. The over-
all heat transfer coefficient in the crystallizer is 25 BTU/h·ft2·°F and each foot of crystallizer has 3 sq
ft of cooling surface. How many 10-ft units of crystallizer will be required to produce 1 ton/h of
Glauber’s Salt.

13.) A continuous adiabatic vacuum crystallizer is to be used for the production of MgSO4·7H2O crystals
from 20,000 lb/h of solution containing 0.300 weight fraction MgSO4. The solution enters the
crystallizer at 160°F. The crystallizer is to be operated so that the mixture of mother liquor and
crystals leaving the crystallizer contains 6,000 lb/h of MgSO4·7H2O crystals. The estimated boiling
point elevation of the solution in the crystallizer is 10°F. How many pounds of water are vaporized
per hour?

14.) Crystals of CaCl2·6H2O are to be obtained from a solution of 35 weight % CaCl2, 10 weight % inert
soluble impurity, and 55 weight % water in an Oslo crystallizer. The solution is fed to the crystallizer
at 100°F and receives 250 BTU/lb of feed from the external heater. Products are withdrawn from the
crystallizer at 40°F.
a) What are the products from the crystallizer?
 b) The magma is centrifuged to a moisture content of 0.1 lb of liquid per lb of CaCl2·6H2O crystals
and then dried in a conveyor drier. What is the purity of the final dried crystalline product?

15.) Lactose syrup is concentrated to 8 g lactose per 10 g of water and then run into a crystallizing vat
which contains 2,500 kg of the syrup. In this vat, containing 2,500 kg of syrup, it is cooled from 57°C
to 10°C. Lactose crystallizes with one molecule of water of crystallization. The specific heat of the
lactose solution is 3470 J/kg·°C. The heat of solution for lactose monohydrate is -15,500 kJ/kmol.
The molecular weight of lactose monohydrate is 360 and the solubility of lactose at 10°C is 1.5 g/10
g water. Assume that 1% of the water evaporates and that the heat loss trough the vat walls is 4 x
104 kJ. Calculate the heat to be removed in the cooling process.

16.) Sal soda (Na2CO3·10H2O) is to be made by dissolving soda ash in a mixture of mother liquor and
water to form a 30% solution by weight at 45°C and then cooling to 15°C. The wet crystals removed
from the mother liquor consist of 90% sal soda and 10% mother liquor by weight. The mother liquor
is to be dried on the crystals as additional sal soda. The remainder of the mother liquor is to be
returned to the dissolving tanks. At 15°C, the solubility of Na2CO3 is 14.2 parts per 100 parts water.
Crystallization is to be done in a Swenson-Walker crystallizer. This is to be supplied with water at
10°C, and sufficient cooling water is to be used to ensure that the exit water will not be over 20°C.
The Swenson-walker crystallizer is built in units 10 ft long, containing 3 ft2 of heating surface per foot
of length. An over-all heat transfer coefficient of 35 BTU/ft2·h·°F is expected.
The latent heat of crystallization of sal soda at 15°C is approximately 25,000 cal/mol. The specific
heat of the solution is 0.85 BTU/lb·°F. A production of 1 ton/h of dried crystals is desired. Radiation
losses and evaporation from the crystallizer are negligible.
a) What amounts of water and sal soda are to be added to the dissolver per hour?
b) How many units of crystallizer are needed?
c) What is to be the capacity of the refrigeration plant, in tons of refrigeration, if the cooling water is
to be cooled and recycled? One ton of refrigeration is equivalent to 12,000 BTU/h.

17.) One ton of Na2S2O3·5H2O is to be crystallized per hour by cooling a solution containing 56.5%
Na2S2O3 to 30°C in a Swenson-Walker crystallizer. Evaporation is negligible. The product is to be
sized closely to approximately 14 mesh. Seed crystals closely sized to 20 mesh are introduced with
the solution as it enters the crystallizer. How many tons of seed crystals and how many tons of
solutions are required per hour? At 30°C, solubility of Na2S2O3 is 83 parts per 100 parts water.

18.) A Swenson-Walker crystallizer is fed with a saturated solution of magnesium sulfate at 110°F. The
solution and its crystalline crop are cooled to 40°F. The inlet solution contains 1 g of seed crystals
per 100 g of solution. The seeds are 80 mesh. Assuming ideal growth, what is the mesh size of the
crystals leaving with the cooled product? Evaporation may be neglected.
19.) Trisodium phosphate is to be recovered as Na3PO4·12H2O from a 35 weight % solution originally
at 190°F by cooling and seeding in a Swenson-Walker crystallizer. From 20,000 lb/h feed, 7,000 lb/h
of product crystals in addition to the seed crystals are to be obtained. Seed crystals fed at a rate of
500 lb/h have the following size range:
Weight Range Size Range, in

10 % - 0.0200 + 0.0100

20 % - 0.0100 + 0.0050

40 % - 0.0050 + 0.0025

30 % - 0.0025 + 0.0010

Latent heat of crystallization of trisodium phosphate is 27,500 BTU/lbmol. Specific heat for the
trisodium phosphate solution may be taken as 0.8 BTU/lb·°F.
a) Estimate the product particle size distribution.
b) To what temperature must the solution be cooled, and what will be the cooling duty in BTU/h.

20.) How much CaCl2·6H2O must be dissolved in 100 kg of water at 20°C to form a saturated solution?
The solubility of CaCl2 at 20°C is 6.7 gmol anhydrous salt (CaCl2) per kg of water.