INTERNSHIP REPORT (2021)

AT

Punjab Seed Corporation Khanewal

BY

DANISH RAZA (2017-ag-9941)

BSc. (HONS) AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

8th SEMESTER

Major Agri. Seed science & Technology

DEPARTMENT OF Plant Breeding & Genetics

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD

“IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST
BENEFICIENT & THE MOST MERCIFUL”
 TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that Mr Danish Raza, Regd. No. 2017-ag-9941, student of the
Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
has successfully completed his internship program from 17-03-2021 to 22-05-2021
at Punjab Seed Corporation Khanewal. He has performed his work successfully and
his report is processed for evaluation.

SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE

1. Rana Riffat Abbas

Director Farms
Punjab Seed Corporation

2. Ms Sadia (External Supervisor)

Assistant Director Farms
Punjab Seed Corporation

3. INTERNAL SUPERVISOR (Associate Professor in Department of PBG,

UAF, FSD)
Dr Azeem Iqbal Khan

4. CHAIRMAN OF DEPARTMENT (PBG, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad)
Dr.Farooq Ahmad Khan
PREFACE
It is a well-known fact that practical experience of the field is a weapon of a person.
Theoretical know-how can never overtake the practical knowledge. In past, after
completing their degrees, the students (Bachelor or Master Degree holders) never
had proper practical knowledge and experience of dealing the things practically and
failed to fulfill their duties properly. This was a big mark on their degrees and bad
impression for their institution.

Taking this into account, this program was launched especially

for training of students after completing their theoretical studies. Initially, this program
was started by University of Agriculture, Faisalabad with the help and financial aid of
USAID in 2000. In this internship program, the students of B.Sc. (Hons.) final
semester were placed in government, semi-government and private organizations to
learn practically and get experience in field. During program, the teachers of relevant
departments/disciplines visited the organizations and give feedback on program of
students working to relevant authorities in the University.

In order to perform this activity, we people on the direction of worthy

DR. AMIR SHAKEEL Department of plant breeding and genetics, University of
Agriculture Faisalabad, we were directed to render our services at the internship
programmed (2.5 months) for fulfilling the degree requirement, B.Sc. (Hons.)
agriculture. For compliance, we were sent to Punjab Seed Corporation Khanewal.

We have comprehensively briefed about different sections, Farm management,

Procurement, Processing and Marketing in different sections and their coordination
with Headquarter at Lahore. We have learned about “Production technologies of
different crops, management of farms, steps involved in seed production,
procurement of seeds of different crops, seed certification, certification standards for
different crops, processing of seeds. seed Storage and storage requirements
 Hence, the internship was worthy practice launched by University
administration to build up practical knowledge and technical know-how. This
developed confidence level and we performed well in field. We learned the setup of
agriculture working in public and private sector and have know-how about shortfall of
current system working. After completing the program, we have information and
enough knowledge of field and our respective subject.

INTRODUCTION AND CLIMATOLOGY OF KHANEWAL:

Introduction to Khanewal:
Khanewal is one of the main cities in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is notable
for being the host city to the second largest train station in Pakistan. Khanewal is
located at 30°18'0N 71°56'0E with an altitude of 128 meter total area of Khanewal is
46041 km2 (1056973 acres). Following map is sufficient to understand the
geographical distribution of its tehsils and the neighboring districts:

CLIMATE:

The climate of Khanewal dries for about 8 months in the year. Average rainfall is 15-
20 cm. The average maximum temperature during summer remains 45-50°C.Winter
is cold the average minimum temperature is 5-8 °C during month of December.

SOIL:
It is highly productive and its texture varies from loam and clay loam.
SOURCE OF IRRIGATION:
The main source of irrigation is canal irrigation as well as tube well water. Up to
1960, canal water was the only source of irrigation. There are four canals which
irrigate the entire District. These are as follows:
• L.B.D.C (lower Bari doab canal)
• Sadhnai canal
• Shujahbad canal
• Haweli canal
PUNJAB SEED CORPORATION
History and Introduction:

The history of Punjab Seed Corporation is dated back to 1902, though its formal and
organizational set up came into being in 1976. As a semi-autonomous body of
Government of Punjab, it was established under the Seed Act of 1976 with the
assistance of World Bank. Its main purpose was quality seed production at
affordable price.

Historically, production of seed was started in 1902, when an Agricultural

Department was established in every province of Sub-continent under the British
Rule. The main purpose of this agriculture department was the production of seed
and its distribution. This department served its services till the bifurcation of Sub-
continent. Later on, in 1962, Agriculture Developmental Coorporation in Western
Pakistan sworn in for doing the same role as was played by former Agricultural
Department in 1902. This was a big project and started with 16249 acres along with
three processing plants in Khanewal.

William Roberts, the Professor of Lyallpur Agriculture College was first person who
indirectly started a seed corporation in that area. William was born in 1884 in Wales,
UK. He got the degree of soil chemistry from university of Wales and higher
education from the Bon University of Western Germany. In 1906, he came to
Hindustan and joined the Agriculture Institute of Bihar. Later on he joined another
institute named IAS (Indian Agriculture Services).in the start of 20 th century; Indians
try to import and cultivate the high yielding American Cotton in their fields. To help
out this activity sir William signed an agreement with the government to take a farm
of 7200 acres on lease at the cost of 1rupee per acre for 20 years.
In 1904, in Punjab at Lyallpur, a project for the construction of an agricultural college
and a Research Institute was approved. In 1909 the present Old Campus of
University of Agriculture Faisalabad was completed along with the Research
Institute. At that time the main aims of these two institutes were following:

• To provide man power to run the field of agriculture.

• To educate the agricultural and technical knowhow to the farmers of Punjab

so that the province may prosper and develop on scientific basis.

• Good cultivars of several crops should be maintained and their production

should be started.

William Roberts in 1912 joined the Lyallpur Agriculture College as a first

professor. He promoted to principal in 1916. After serving his valuable time at the
institute he retired in 1920.

Among the 7200 acres land which was leased to William Roberts, 6269 acres
was snatched back by the Government of Pakistan under the martial law
regulation of 1952 and 1972. On that area, under the Seed Act of 1976 a seed
farm was established in Khanewal named Punjab Seed Corporation. This
corporation leveled the land, improved the irrigation system and started the
production of basic seed. In the meantime another seed corporation named
Sindh Seed Corporation was also established in the province of Sindh. Along with
these seed corporation, many processing plants were also established at various
places in the country. In first phase, processing plants were established in
Khanewal, Rahim Yar Khan and Sahiwal. While in second phase “Mini Plants”
were established at Gujranwala, Jhang and Sargodha. Another plant was
established at Piplan in District Mianwali to enhance the per acre yield of rainfed
areas of Thal.

In Punjab Seed Corporation, at that time, 473 acres were cultivated directly by
the corporation own and the resting 5798 acres were cultivated by 489 tenants.
One tenant holds 12.5 acres and a programmed rotation of crops in 10 years
were practiced. 1 year agreement was signed with tenants and 60% of the
produce was given to the respective tenant. All the cost of production was paid by
the Punjab Seed Corporation. On 3000 acres cotton was cultivated while 3500
 acres were engaged by wheat. Leftover land was cultivated with maize and
vegetables. Punjab Seed Corporation with the aid of breeders, plants researchers
and foundation seed cell produce the quality seed of international standard.

Unfortunately, now a day the Corporation has only 473 acres of direct cultivation.
Due to negligence of government all other land has captured by the tenants. No
abrupt measures have been taken to retrieve the land back to Punjab Seed
Corporation. This is repugnant to say that the corporation is doing such a
marvelous work not only for farmers but for whole country, in vis- a- vis no
appreciation has received from the other end. If corporation would be supplied
with land in vicinity, the maximum production of quality seed will be possible. This
not only enhance the Gross Domestic Production of Pakistan but also increase
the per acre yield. Till now no measures have been taken to reiterate back the
area from the tenants. I deem that Punjab Government must give due
consideration to this issue to enhance its own revenue and to boost up the
country.

Salient features of PSC:

Basic foundation of everything in universe is sine-qua-non for its development and
establishment. For example, a brick is foundation base of a palace. Without a good
quality brick an enchanting palace is impossible to build up. Same case is with the
green plants. A uniform and lush green crop of healthy plants is impossible without
good quality seed. Therefore, all the gratitude goes to Punjab Seed Corporation
which is producing international standard, ISO certified and affordable rates, seed to
the farmer community of Pakistan since 1976. This means that Punjab Seed
Corporation is basic foundation for the production of good Quality seed in Pakistan.

Punjab Seed Corporation as a semi-autonomous body of the Government of Punjab

was established under Assembly Seed Act 1976 with the assistance of World Bank.
It was established for the systemic seed production, procurement, processing, and
marketing of major and minor crop seed on scientific lines.
Punjab Seed Corporation is committed to supply sufficient quantity of high quality
seed of major and minor crops at an affordable price to farmer community as well as
to make efforts for the promotion of overall seed industry in order to enhance
National per Acre yield of Agriculture.
At present about 95% of annual requirement of pre basic seed of major agricultural
crops such as cotton and wheat are being produced by Foundation Seed cell at PSC
seed farms which are even better in quality than the pre basic seed being produced
and supplied by the breeders.
Punjab Seed Corporation facilitates the crop breeders in fair and impartial testing of
new strains / candidate varieties prior to their formal approval and release with
maximum assistance to the researchers / breeders. It supplies seed in far-flung and
distant localities such as Thal and Barani areas where the private sector is generally
reluctant to supply the seed due to huge cost on logistics.
Punjab Seed Corporation has no antagonistic effect on private sector. Its role is
rather complementary to private sector by facilitating in the supplies of basic seed to
the growers of private seed companies for further multiplication into certified seed.
Punjab Seed Corporation is functioning on self-sustainability basis without taking any
grant or subsidy from the government. It is playing a pivotal role in the development
and growth of seed sector.

FUNCTIONS AND OBJECTIVES

OF PUNJAB SEED CORPORATION

1) Production and Procurement of pre-basic seed.

2) Production and proper multiplication of basic seed.
3) Multiplication, procurement, processing, bagging, and storage of certified seed.
4) Adequate marketing of certified seed through both the public and private sector.
5) Export of certified seed when possible after meeting the national requirement.
6) Taking over and managing the seed farms as directed by the government.
7) Making suitable arrangements for multiplication of seed on private farms under the
supervision.
8) Making suitable arrangements for the certification of seed in such a manner as
prescribed by FSC and RD.
9) Taking all measurements to promote the establishment of seed industry in the
province.
10) Imparting technical advice and other services to its registered growers.

Objectives of Foundation Seed Cell (1979)

 1. To keep close co-ordination with breeders of various major and minor crops
including vegetables.
2. Collection of pre basic seed from breeders of various crops.
3. To produce early generation seed in sufficient quantity according to the
demand of variety.
4. To keep an eye on various incoming new strains and future prospects of
variety and plan seed production plan accordingly.
5. To feedback behaviors of variety to the breeders.
6. To pinpoint variation noted within the variety to breeders for its remedial
measure.
7. Conduction of varietals trials pest control trials and yield trials.
8. To provide technical support to Deputy Manager of farms according to the
advice of FSC&RD and breeder in the terms of rouging.
9. To play pivotal role between breeders, FSC&RD and PSC at various stages of
early generations of seed production
10. Production of Pre-Basic Seed of various agricultural crops with the
Coordination of respective Breeders and FSC & RD at Khanewal.
11. Collection of Pre-Basic Seed of various agricultural crops from the concerned
Breeders.
12. Maintenance of crop and seed purity.

Mission statement of PSC

“Punjab Seed Corporation is committed to supply sufficient quantity of high

quality seeds of major and minor crops, at an affordable price to the farmers’
community, as well as to make efforts for the promotion of overall seed
industry, in order to enhance national per acre agricultural yield. The
Corporation will strive for continuous improvement in the quality of its
products by increasing dedication and devotion of its employees for the
utmost satisfaction of its consumers.”

Report of World Bank - 1985

"The Punjab Seed Corporation having benefited from able and stable
management now operates much as a large farmer-owned cooperative in the
United States; whilst breaking-even is important. It does not operate to
maximize profits but rather to maximize the benefits to farmers".

Report of FAO (UN) - 1992

We highly appreciate the International Quality Standard of PSC's Wheat Seed,

being procured by U.N.O for FAO's World Food Programme. Being a public
sector organization PSC is not only meeting the seed requirements of Punjab
and three other provinces of its own country but also playing a vital role as
multinational company by exporting seed to neighboring countries in addition
to meet the seed requirement of the United Nation’s Food Support Programme.
Report of World Bank – 1998

“P.S.C. of Pakistan is a world’s best public enterprise has developed sound

research system of seed technology, excellent seed multiplication system with
co-operative model farming of contract growers and composite Seed Plants
with biggest capacity in Asia”

Quality
is important. It is the commitment of top

Management which needs a culture-based

on humanity, mutual respect, everyone’ s,

Participation, continuous improvement, clean

Work environments, good housekeeping and use

of SPC & other quality control tools. Achieve it

Why PSC farms are essential?
• As per provisions in the seed Act-1976 and charter given by the Government,
the production of basic seeds of various important agricultural crops rests
with the Public Sector i.e. PSC which under-takes its production with the pre-
basic seeds under the supervision of technical experts of the FSC & RD &
PSC officials and with intensive rouging of off-types.
• Laying down the basis for systematic quality seed production system being a
vital link in the country through adequate production of basic seeds for further
multiplication and production of certified seeds to cater for annual
replacement requirements of certified seeds of important agricultural crops.
• To take up the shortfall in the up to standard supply of pre-basic seeds by the
crop breeders with the purification of BNS seeds and putting them into PSS
and progeny rows under the supervision of respective crop breeders and FSC
& RD. Presently about 95% of the annual requirements of pre-basic seeds of
major agricultural crops such-as cotton and paddy and wheat are being
produced by the Foundation Seed Cell at PSC Seed Farms.
• Facilitating the crop breeders in fair and impartial testing of new strains /
candidate varieties prior to their formal approval and release.
• Start of production of local hybrids of maize and fodders etc. with the
promising inbred / parental lines in close coordination / collaboration with
respective crop breeders.
• Dissemination of latest agricultural technology to the farmers through
demonstration effect resulting into boosting up of agricultural production.
Motto of PSC

• Honesty in Quality.
• Quality with Affordability.
• Supplies at Door-steps of Farmers.

TRUTH

1) Quality is never an accident. It is always the results of intelligent efforts.

2) Knowledge is my weapon (PBUH); a man is who he does.
3) An honest seed man is a blessing for existence of life on the earth.
WHAT IS SEED?

• Botanically speaking, it is a ripened ovule.

• Genetically speaking, it is a carrier of hereditary characters from parents to
off-springs.
• From seed technology point of view, it is a part of the plant which
can be used for further propagation.

WHAT IS QUALITY SEED

• Which is true to type

• Which meets minimum prescribed seed standards
• Which has required seed health status
CHARACTERISTICS OF PSC SEEDS

P= Pedigreed, Pure, Potent, Productive.

S= Scientific, sustainable, survivor, surmounting

C= Certified, crystal-clear, cute, cynosure.

Flow chart of Seed:

BREEDER

PSC FSC&RD
↓
PSS
↓
PROGENY ROWS
↓
PROGENY BLOCK
↓
BREEDERS NUCLEAR SEED
↓
 PRE BASIC SEED
↓
BASIC SEED
↓
CERTIFIED SEED
↓
APPROVED SEED

Types of seeds:

BNS:
• Produced by Breeders at Research Institutes

• Produced by Foundation Seed Cell of PSC at Khanewal Farms with the

Co-ordination of Crop Breeders and FSC & RD.

PRE-BASIC:

• Produced & supplied by Breeders.

• Produced by Foundation Seed Cell.

BASIC:

• Produced by PSC at PSC Farms.

• Produced by PSC with Selected Registered Growers of PSC.

CERTIFIED:

• Supervised production with Registered Growers of PSC.

• Procurement from Registered Growers after due certification & seed testing
by FSC & RD.

SCIENTIFIC SEED PRODUCTION SYSTEM OF WHEAT

Year–0 True to Type Ear Selection

Year–1 Ear to Row

 Year–2 Row to Progeny

Year–3 Progeny to Block

Year–4 BNS

Year–5 Pre-basic

Year–6 Basic

Year–7 Certified

SCIENTIFIC SEED PRODUCTION SYSTEM OF COTTON

Year–0 Single Plant Selection

Year–1 Plant to Row

Year–2 Row to Progeny

Year–3 Progeny to Block

Year–4 BNS

Year–5 Pre-basic

Year–6 Basic

Year–7 Certified

PROCEDURE TO PRODUCE BASIC SEED OF COTTON AND WHEAT:

• Plant to Row.
• Field Rejection.
• Laboratory Rejection.
• Bulk of Selected Single Lines.
• Increase of Selected Single Lines Bulk as B.N.S.
• Crop Inspection / Seed Testing By (FSC&Rd).
• Pre-Basic Seed (Foundation Seed Cell).
• Pre-Basic Crop (PSC, Seed Farms).
• Crop Inspection / Seed Testing By (FSC&Rd).
• Basic Seed.
Luster of pearls of PSC:

Punjab Seed Corporation consists of four departments. These four departments

work altogether for the production, procurement, processing and marketing of quality
seed. These four departments are like the pillars of a building which by supporting
each other maintain the stability of the building by maintaining its output too.

Following are the main departments of PSC:

PSC has 473 acres of farm land in Piroval. This land is not in block form. It is divided
in three fragments which are in vicinity to each other. Now a day PSC has three
farms mentioned below:

• 81-82/10-R:

This farm consists of 161 acres.

• 86-87/10-R:

This farm has 300 acres of land.

• 83-85/10-R:

This farm only consists of 12 acres

CROP CULTIVATED FOR SEED PRODUCTION:

1.Onion.

2.Maize.

3.Wheat.

4.Okra.

5.Turnip.

6.Carrot.

2. Procurement:

The basic seed produced at PSC farms and Growers Farms is further multiplied with
the registered growers for production of certified seed by the procurement division.
The Procurement staff provides necessary advisory services to the registered
growers as well as to the general farmer’s community. The produce of certified
acreage of registered growers is procured at market rate or government fixed prices
with additional benefits of premium as per procurement plan issued each season.
The tested and approved seed lots are lifted by PSC from the growers fields bearing
all expenditures of transportation and other incidentals and delivered at the nearest
seed plant
3. Processing:

The Processing Division deals with the requisite seed processing. It allows the
receipt of pure and un-processed stocks of various crop seeds. Here drying, ginning,
processing, delinting, grading, treating, testing, bagging, labeling & sealing of seeds
are also done. During the storage period, storage and seed protection arrangements
against infestation of stored grain insect pests is also available at PSC processing
plant.

Processing Plant Of Punjab Of Punjab Seed Cooperation

 1.Precleaner plant 2.Delinting plant

5.Moisture testing by moisture meter 6. Seed sampling

 MOISTURE METER
The produce of farm after procurement brings in processing plant. A processing
plant, fully supplied with latest equipment’s for processing of seeds of various major
and minor crops is installed at PSC Piroval.
4. Marketing:

The marketing of certified seeds is done through PSC's own Direct Sale Points which
are situated at 19 locations and through a vast network of 2700 PSC dealers spread
through-out the Punjab Province. It is pertinent to mention here that in-view of hard
competition with the Private Sector, 4 new Marketing Centers have been established
in the non-core areas i.e. Rajanpur, Gujrat, Bhakkar and Layyah.  
Organizational setup of PSC:

Due to shortage of staff now a day Assistant Directors are working as Deputy
Directors.

Link of PSC with its Registered Growers:

Punjab seed Corporation is highly reputable organization of Pakistan which produces
such a high quality seed which sells as hot cakes. Moreover, it has to supply seed
not only in Punjab province but in a whole country. Annually, seed production target
is such in high amount which is impossible to produce on the PSC now a day farms
because most of land is captured by tenants. Likewise the target of wheat seed of
year 2015 is 15 lacks mounds. So to supply the seed in a whole country it also works
along with registered growers with set standards. Following are the criterion:

Criteria of Registered Growers:

• The farmer should have sufficient area with all the necessary implements
where it has to cultivate the crop. Because the quality check is always at top
priority of PSC, so a regular visiting by PSC professionals is mandatory. If
 area will suffice then it will be easy for them to keep an eye on production
from germination to harvesting of crop. Minimum limit of area is 50 acreages.

• The resources of farmers should always in hand to supply the crop to avoid
any stress injury which might be lowers the quality.

• Area of farms must be in proper blocks so that mixing of different variety

seeds should be reduced.

• Growers should be in vicinity of processing unit and easily approachable so

that freight chargers should be minimum.

• Resources should be sufficient at farms.

• Availability of labor and modern day implements is also imperative.

• No of growers depends upon the target PSC wants to achieve.

PSC also gives a lot of benefits to its registered growers.

Following are these benefits which are gained by registered
growers of PSC:
• BARDANA is provided by the Punjab seed corporation at their door step.

• If the crop of growers got selected, then they gets premium on their produce.

• Premium is provided to the farmer to compensate the losses which he beard

in case of roughing the field and its labor charges.

• Expenditure of transportation is beard by Punjab Seed Corporation.

• The produce of growers is purchased at support price of the Govt. of the

Punjab.

Visits of different sectors of PSC and nearby organizations:

During the course of our internship we visited the four sectors including
farms,procurement, processing, and marketing. We also visited other governmental
organizations with a proper schedule. Details are as follows:

Visit to PSC farms:

As described earlier PSC Khanewal comprises of 3 farms.

• 81-82/10-R

• 83-85/10-R

• 86-75-87/10-R

Our main focus was on the 81-82/10-R farm because it is situated near the director
office. Moreover, many national and provisional varietal trials are also performed at
this farm. Varieties of different major and minor crops are also grown in this field for
checking their adaptability and multiplication for their seed production. This farm also
contains an orchard of different fruits plants which enhance our interest of learning.
During the period of our internship, we visited the other farms of PSC Khanewal
many of times, yet our main concern was on 81-82/10-R.

Visits to 81-82/10-R:
As mentioned earlier in the brief discussion of farms, 81-82/10-R consists of 161
acres. When we started our internship program at PSC there was 91 acres occupied
by different varieties of wheat. These varieties were as following:

Approved varieties Unapproved varieties

Fsd-2008 Gandum-1
Lasani-2008 V-6422
Chakwal-50 V-6346
ARRI-2011 V-11160
Punjab -2011 V-12304
Galaxy-2013 TD-1
UJALA-2015
Wheat, the major crop of Rabi season was cultivated on 91 acres for seed purpose
at 81-82/10-R. Various categories of seed of different varieties were grown via their
respective method of growing.

Varietal mixture in seed production is punishable crime. So to avoid this hectic

phenomenon following criteria of purity is followed:

Criteria for detection of different varieties in wheat:

• Red chaff and white chaff:

The color of spike either red or white is easily distinguishable character of wheat.
Merely by a bird’s eye view you can identify the type of wheat either it is white or red.
Before starting the inspection, the crop inspector has a clear mind that whether he is
going to observe red chaff or white chaff. Because these two groups of wheat
varieties are entirely different from each other. For example the white chaff variety
gives light greenish and waxy appearance after spike emerging and whitish
appearance on spike maturity stage. While red chaff has very shiny, dark greenish,
non-waxy and oily in appearance on spike emergence stage.

Two exclusive point regarding red chaff and white chaff are that if in a red chaff
variety a white chaff spike may appear because of its late maturity or stunted growth
and relatively it has longer beak than rest of the spikes.

If red chaff appears in white chaff variety it may be due to early maturity and it
has relatively smaller beak than rest of the spikes.

Some red and white chaff varieties are as follows:

White Chaff Red Chaff

Galaxy-7096 Millet-2011
Fsd-2008 Pujab-2011
AARI-2011 Shaffaq-2008
Aass-2011 Wattan

One thing to be kept in mind those red chaff varieties is more susceptible to rust and
smut diseases than white chaff.

2) Spike length:

Spike length also varies in different varieties of wheat. Some varieties have long and
narrow spikes with less number of seeds distributed on the spike distantly. For
example a recently approved variety Galaxy has long and scattered spike. On the
other hand some varieties have very dense spike on which large number of grains
but on small spike. Likewise, the AARI has small and dense spike. Faisalabad has
medium spike.
3) Stem height:

Stem height is also distinguishable character of wheat varieties which vary according
to the varieties. For example Galaxy and Punjab has long stature while Faisalabad
has medium stature. AARI has short stature.

4) Shape of glume:

Glume of spikelet consists of shoulder and beak. This shoulder and beak are also
distinguishable character of every variety of wheat. When we fail to identify the
variety, this length of glume’s beak and shoulder is last arrow in bow. Through this
we can identify the variety. For example the length of beak and shoulder of some
main varieties are as follows:

Variety Beak Length Shoulder Width

Punjab-2011 Medium Broad

Millet-2011 Long Medium

Aas-2011 Medium Narrow

Faisalabad-2008 Small Medium

AARI Medium Broad

V-8173 Medium Minute

Galaxy Medium Medium

Ujala-2015 Medium Minute

PSC produces quality seed with maximum purity. It has a set standard and proper
method to keep it purity at summit. Following procedure is adopted by PSC to
keep its seed pure:

Single Head Selection:

1000 spikes of healthy and vigorous plants are selected among the field of that
variety to which we have to pure. Later on lines of these heads are made for further
purification.

Single lines selection:

The breeder nucleus seed is not always pure. It contains many variations. To purify
that kind of seed single line of 7 feet long is sown. The criterion of single line
selection is very strict. For example the variation in a single plant in line is depicted
either by in its height, spike length, spike color or spike geometry (dense or scattered
spike). No roughing is allowed in single rows.

Varietal difference may appear among the lines of the same variety due mutation

in their genes. Each variety has its own character and different attributes which
varies from other varieties.

Progeny block:

The single lines which got selected, the seed of the same variety is bulked and then
in the next season is sown in progeny blocks. Each progeny block has an area of
300 ft2. 6 lines of 50 feet are usually sown in progeny blocks. Again the same
procedure is followed for selection of progeny blocks as followed in single row
selection. In progeny blocks roughing is not allowed.

BNS-Breeder Nucleus Seed:

The produce of selected progeny blocks of the same varieties is mixed and is called
BNS. This seed is further used for multiplication.
Pre-Basic:

Pre- basic seed is the produce of BNS and progeny blocks. It is grown on lager
areas and it is again very pure seed with little bit adulteration. Roughing is very less
frequent in this category of seed. The beak and shoulder of variety is checked very
precisely in pre-basic seed.

Basic:

It is the next produce of pre-basic seed. This is very pure seed and almost near to
becomes the certified. It is grown on very large area. Frequently roughing is done in
basic seed production. At least 4-5 times roughing is recommended in basic seed
production.

Certified:

This is final type of seed used for selling purpose. It is the produce of basic seed.

Approved:

Approve seed is the term which is introduced some 7 to 8 years ago. It is a kind of
seed which is less pure than certified seed. This seed is sold out to avoid the
repugnant effect of seed mafia.

From pre-basic to basic seed production roughing of field is recommended.

Roughing:

Removal of off-type plants from the field is simply called roughing. Off-type plants
may be of various natures from other variety or within the variety due to genetically
modification.
Rules for roughing:

• Removal of red chaff from white chaff and white chaff from red chaff.

• If a plant grows taller from other then it must be removed.

• Plant of other variety is also get discorded.

• Diseased plants are also roughed out.

• At the time of roughing sun must be at your back side.

• If lodging occurs more than 10%, roughing is not recommended.

Production technology of wheat:

Local name: Gandum

English name: Wheat

Scientific name: Triticumaestivum

Family: Poaceae

Wheat is a staple food of Pakistan. It is grown on most lands of Pakistan.

Time of sowing for different varieties:
S. No Variety Time of sowing
1. Faisalabad-2008 Nov 1st – Dec 10
2. Lasani-2008 Nov 1st – Dec 10
3. Inqalab-91 Nov 1st – Dec 15
4. Shafaq-2006 Nov 10 – Dec 15
5. Punjab-2011 Nov 1st – Dec 15
6. ARRI-2011 Nov 1st – Dec 15
7. ASS-2011 Nov 1st – Dec 15
8. UJALA-2015 Nov 1st – Dec 15

Land Preparation:
• Cultivate the fallow land 4-5 times before sowing
• Use land leveler if required
• Split the field into small portions before “Rouni”
• After “Rouni” at soil moisture condition, use Planker to preserve moisture
• Use “Dab method” in early and mid-season cultivation of wheat to control
weeds
Seed Rate:
• 40 Kg. – 15th November.
• 50 Kg. – 16th to 30th November.
• 60 Kg. – 1st December to 15th December.
Seed Treatment:
Treat the seed with good quality fungicide to avoid fungal diseases. For example
Benlate is used for this purpose.
Sowing:
As PSC has to produce the seed of international standards so a modern method of
sowing is followed at the farms. Sowing is done by drill.
 Fertilizer Requirements:
Element Source Dose/acre
Phosphorus DAP 2 bags
Nitrogen Urea 2.5 bags
Potash Potassium Sulphate 1 bag

All the phosphorus and potash is applied at the time of sowing. 1/3 of nitrogen is
applied at sowing time and remaining dose with subsequent irrigations. Potash must
be added in the soil where irrigation source is tube well water.
Irrigation:
1st irrigation:
Applying of first irrigation depends upon temperature. If temperature goes on
increasing then apply irrigation after 18 days of sowing otherwise 21-23 days after
sowing.
2nd irrigation:
If the temperature is normal (30c °) then apply 2nd irrigation after 40 days of 1 st
irrigation.
3rd irrigation:
After 15-20 days of 2nd irrigation depending upon the crop condition.
4th irrigation:
Almost 4 irrigations are sufficient for wheat crop from germination to physiological
maturity. 4th irrigation is applied after 15-20 days of 3rd irrigation.

Weed Management:
Weeds are very dangerous peers of main crop. They almost take about 30-70%
nutrition from the soil and compete with the main crop. Therefore, their culmination is
very important. As in wheat no plant to plant distance is maintained and crop stand is
very dense so culmination of weeds by manual method is not possible. So for this
purpose weedicides between 1st and 2nd irrigation is used.
There are many types of weedicides available in market. These are as follow:
• Bermoxinal:
Bermoxinal kills broad leaves weeds. Its dose is 500mL/acre. It has greater effect on
weeds having 3-4 leaves. It also has effect on soil and plants.
 • Axial (peno-casidan):
It is also for narrow leaves and only kills weeds plants. Its dose is 330mL/acre. If only
Phalaris minoris present then spray only narrow leaves weedicides.
• Topic (cholodinophop):
Topic is for narrow leaves weeds.
• Also apply nitrogen after application of weedicides because they also effect
plant growth.
• There should be at least 8 days interval between applications of weedicides.

Two type of weeds:

• Broad leave weeds Batho , JunglyPalik , Karund , Leh , ChatriDhodak,
Shahtra, Sengi , Maina, Pohli, Rewari etc.
• Narrow leave weeds DumbiSitti, Wild oat etc.

Weed control Measures:

• Use of Clean/weed free seed.
• Hand pulling (if manual labor available).
• Mechanical Methods i.e. hoeing, bar harrow etc.
• Chemical Control.
Insects and Pests:
Aphid and Jassid.

Attack of loose smut on spike and rust on leaves

Control Measures for Insects and pests:
• Use minimum pesticides.
• Grow few lines of muster crops around the wheat field for the biological control
of aphids on wheat.
 • Use dust pesticides around the field to prevent the armyworm to move from
infected field to unaffected field.
Harvesting:

Combine harvesting:

Harvesting is done both manually and by combined harvester. Combine harvester

charge 2500 Rs/acre. It is economical, time saving, harvesting and post harvesting
losses are also minimal.

Manual harvesting:

Manual harvester charges = 120 kg

Threshing charges = 120 kg

Total =240 kg = 6 mounds = 6×1200= 7200 Rs.

CARROT SEED PROGUCTION TECHNOLOGY:

Local name: Gajar
Scientific name: Daucuscarota
Family: Pollination start

We also visited the carrot field where Sir main altaf told me that carrot is sown for
seed purpose. He also briefed about the production technology adopted for carrot
crop by PSC Farm.Area under carrot cultivation was 12.5 acres. Deep Red (Indian
variety) was grown.
Nursery sowing:

Its nursery was sown was in end of Nov. Its nursery comprises of almost 40 days. 4
kg. /acre seed rate is used if it is of Indian origin because it is highly processed. 12
kg. /acre seed rate is used if it is of Pakistan origin. At the end of January the fruit
attained its normal size and crop was harvested to ma

ke DUCKS. Healthy and normal size carrots were selected to prepare ducks.Ducks
are prepared by cutting its upper vegetative portion and leaving small vegetative
portion of (3-4 inch).Then these ducks are again sown for seed purpose.
These ducks were treated with Thiophenate Methyl as seed treatment fungicide.
Then these Ducks were transplanted to field
Plant to plant = 1.5 feet
Row to Row = 2 feet distance was maintained.
Fertilizer Dose Time
DAP 1.5 bags At sowing
Ammonium Sulphate 2.0 bags At sowing
SOP 1. 0 bag At sowing

Pre emergence spray of Pendimetheline 1.25lit/acre

Crop was irrigated at 10 days interval.
Alternaria:
Unfortunately, the carrot field was met with lodging. Due to this lodging, Alternaria, a
fungal disease attacked on the plants. For this purpose 8 sprays of Metaloxin were
done periodically but affected plants failed to survive. This caused a loss of 10%.
The attack of Army worm was also there. During the pest scouting of carrot along
with field assistant we find the army worm.
ARMY WORM:
The attack of Army worm was also there. During the pest scouting of carrot
along with field assistant we find the army worm.

Root rot of carrot:

When flowering start, crop was effected due to termite attack which cause Root Rot
of carrot. In 2-3 days termite attack increases and wilting of plants started due to root
rot. About 10 % plants dead due to this attack
To control this attack Thiophenate methyl 250 gm /acre was applied in the root zone
of plants. But it did not control that attack but reduce its effect.
Harvesting of carrot seed:
The following steps were taken to harvest carrot seed. Firstly harvesting of the crop
was done manually with sickle. Then the produce was left in open air for some days
to dry.
And then threshing is done both by manually and by harvestor.

TURNIP SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY:

I visit to Turnip field. It is also sown for seed purpose.

Area under turnip is grown as following:
Purple top 13 acre at (81-82/10-R)
Golden ball 9 acre at (86-87/10-R)

Botanical Name: Brassica compestris var Rapa

English Name: Turnip
Common Name: Shalgam
Varieties: Purple top, golden ball
Production technology:
Sowing time: September-November
Seed rate: 1 Kg / acre
P×P 5 cm
R×R 75 cm
Fertilizer:
N P K kg/acre
21 18 ---
Harvesting:
December – February (For vegetable purpose)
Yield:
For vegetable 6 – 8 t / acre
For Seed 4 – 10 monds / acre
Production technology for seed crop:
When crop is ready for vegetables, it is uprooted and planted for seed
crop. Normally one acre vegetable crop is necessary for three acre seed
crop. Just the root portion is cut away and remaining whole turnip is used
for stacking. Stacking should be proper in size shape. Crop bears flowers
and seed in April.

Sprouting of turnip duck for seed production

Seed extraction method:
The turnip bears pods which contains seed. When pods are ripened, it is
harvested and spread on thrashing floor. When pods are completely
dried they are thrashed. Seeds are removed. Now straws and pods are
removed. Seed is further cleaned with the help of fans. Clean seed is
packed into the bags.

Turnip seed is ready to harvest.

Key points:
● Sprouting leaves should not be damaged.
● Row to Row distance two and half feet is maintained.
● For seed crop first irrigation is should be applied up to full ridges
while all other irrigation must be up to half ridges.

MAIZE SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY:

Common name: Maize
Scoientfic name: Zea mays
Maize is also sown for seed purpose.
Area under Maize is 4acres.
Varieties which are sown are MMRI Yellow and Pearl White
Its sowing was done in 15-2-2016
10 kg/acre seed rate was used.

Fertilizer
Fertilizer Dose Time
 DAP 1 bag At sowing
Urea 4 bags Split doses
Zinc Sulphate 2 bags At sowing

Sowing was done on ridges and

Plant to plant = 9 inch
Row to Row = 2-2.5 ft distance was maintained.
Seed was treated Confidar 5-7 g/kg of seed.
Zinc Suphate is also applied with Phosphorus at the time of sowing or with 1 st
irrigation.
Seed germinate in 6-8 days.
Irrigation is applied at 6-8 days interval.
Application of Insecticide and Weedicide in Maize
Army worm , stem borer and leaf borer may attack on maize on young stage so
Carbofurandanedar 02 thaili/acre orfuradandanedar is applied to make the plant
more resistant against these insects by making the plant more poisonous.
Atropine 1000 ml/acre
Balance 1000 ml/acre

ONION SEED PROGUCTION TECHNOLOGY:

Local name: Piyaz.

Scientific name: Allium cepa
Family: Amaryllidaceae
1.Nursery sown for bulbs formation 2.Bulbs Formation completed

Onion was only grown on a small area which was later on intercropped with cotton.
PHULKARA variety was grown.

Production Technology:
Bulbs Transplanting time: August
Onion Nursery: December to January
Harvesting of bulbs : April

Seed Rate:

December- February 3kg / acre

Plant x Plant 10cm
Row x Row 70cm
Fertilizer:
Nitrogen is applied 46kg / acre and Phosphorus 27kg / acre. Potassium is also
applied with a dose of 25kg /acre. Firstly, the nursery of onion crop is sown in
December and January. Later on this nursery bulbs is transplanted into field in
August which produces onion in November. These bulbs like structures are
harvested later on for seed production.
Harvesting:
Harvesting is started mostly in May .
Vegetables 8-10 tons / Acre
Seed 5 mounds / Acre
Visit to 86-87-75/10-R farm:
This is largest form of PSC Khanewal which comprises of 300 acres. Following crops
along with their respective area were grown at 86-87-75/10-R farm:

Crop Name Area Occupied(acres) Variety

Turnip 30 Purple top, Golden boll

Carrot 24 Deep Red

2.5 T-29
Wheat 112.5 Galaxy
59.6 Faisalabad-2008

Wire house at 81-82/10-R farm:

Chinese officials some years before made a wire house at the farm to produce the
Chinese cotton in Pakistan. But unfortunately the idea was failed because the
adaptability of this cotton was not matching with the environment. So, now these are
used for other purposes.

Visit to workshops of PSC farms:

There are two workshops at PSC Khanewal. One is of 81-82/10-R and other is 86-
87-75/10-R farms. Both these workshops have modern implements and a small
engineering workshop. Small modifications in implements are made in these
workshops. For example, wheat thresher is modified for threshing the crops of
reddish, turnip and carrot. Other modification in planter and other implements are
also made for their better functioning. Likewise, the cotton planter is modified in such
a way that it forms such a fine bed that I have had never seen such fine bed in
vicinity area. Other implements for carrying on the working at farms are also present
in these farms. Following are the implements which we saw at these workshops:

• Excel Flow Pump:

It is used to suck the excess water from the field.

• Front Blade:
 Used to clear the corner of the field

• Blow Fan:

Some commodities are produced in small quantities and some are very light
in weight. For this purpose blow fan is used to clean this type of commodity.

• Ridger Cum Fertilizer Drill:

It is used for both, the sowing and application of fertilizer simultaneously and
later on as ridger for hoeing purpose.

• Scraper Blade:

It is drawn from behind of the tractor and is used for leveling the field.

• Chisel plough:

It has 3 tines of 1.5 feet and it ploughs deeper to break the hard pan.

• Fertilizer spreader:

It is used for the spreading of fertilizer if commodity of fertilizer is large.

• Disc harrow:

It is used to cut and invert the soil for bed preparation.

• Maize Sheller:

It is used for the threshing of maize grains from the cob.

• Rotavator:

It cuts the stubbles, crop sticks and mixes them in the soil. Moreover, it makes
the soil very fine.

• Slasher:

By rotavator the sticks of maize and cotton are not chopped completely. To
overcome this hazard, slasher is used prior to rotavator. It cuts the sticks in
small portions.

• Bar harrow:

It is used to remove the weeds from wheat.

• Ridger:

It is specially designed for carrots to make ridges.

 • Ridger for pumpkin:

It makes beds for pumpkins at 8 feet apart.

• Border disc:

It is used to make borders when discs are in opposite direction and when disc
are in same direction i.e. their faces are towards another then it is used for
making water channels.

• Boom sprayer:

It is used for spraying when area is large and cannot be sprayed manually.

Visited to Processing Plant:

Processing division:

The processing division deals with the requisite seed processing functions/activities,
as follow

• Repair and maintenance of seed processing plant and its smooth functioning.

• Arrangement of packing materials and technical storage.

• Receipt of pure and un-processed seed of various crops.

 • Drying, ginning, processing, delinting, grading, treating, testing, bagging,
labeling and dispatching of seeds to dealers and direct sale point of PSC.

• Storage and seed protection arrangements against infestation of stored grain

insects and pests.

• Ensure safe guard of the stocks, control law & order in plant premises and
maintain discipline.

• All the machines are cleaned annually to remove all the dust and other
trashes.

• Calibration of all the machines is also done before its functioning.

Steps involved in processing of cereal seeds:

• Pre-cleaning

• Main cleaning

• Length and width grading

• Gravity separation

• Treating with fungicide, insecticide

• Bagging

• Storage and seed protection

• Dispatches to PSC bulk depots and dealers.

Cereal seed processing plant machinery and its function:

• Scalper Machine:

It performs following tasks:

• Removes straws

• Cleaning threads

• Separate small stones, pieces of bricks and other hardy materials.

• Main Pre-Cleaner-145:

It performs following functions:

• It removes dust
 • Straws

• Separable weeds and shriveled grains

• Pre-Cleaner -110:

Following are the functions of this unit:

• It removes small and shriveled grains

• Super Fine Cleaner-06:

It removes under sized, shriveled and light grains.

• Delta Indent Cylinder:

It eliminates broken seeds and inseparable weeds like

Carthamusoxyacantha(pohli),Vicia sativa
(rewari),Asphodelustenuifolius(Piazi),Avenafatua(wild oat) and
Hordeuumvulgareto some extent.

• Gravity separator:

It separates seeds by weight

• Treater:

It treats the seed with fungicide and dye to protect the seed from soil born, seed
born and fungus diseases.

• Bagging:

Packing of seed in bags as per requirement of the market

Steps Involved In Seed Cotton Ginning and Pressing of Lint

Bales:
• Sun drying of seed cotton
 • Drying through dryers

• Grower, variety and category wise seed cotton ginning

• Pressing of lint bales

• Interim bagging of cotton seed grower, variety, lot and category wise

• Storage of cotton seed and lint bales

• Packing of cotton seed as per requirement of the market

• The cotton is packed in bails. 1 bail consists of 160-180 kilo grams

Cotton Ginning and Pressing Machinery and Its Functions:

• Air separator and opening machine:

It opens the seed cotton and removes dust and trash present in the material.

• Stick machine:

It removes the shells, motes and trash etc.

• Big-j

For storage and uniform feeding to the ginning machine

• Ginning Machine Inclined Cleaner And Commander Extractor 151:

Opens the seed cotton, remove trash, shells, motes and separate lint fiber and
cotton seed

• Condenser:

Accumulate lint fibers and make the lint in blanket form.

• Balling Press:

Press the lint fiber blanket in the form of standard weight of lint bale.

Steps Involved In the Dilute Sulphuric:

• Precision feed hopper

• Application of dilute sulphuric acid

• Spinning of extra acid

• Drying

• Buffing
 • Neutralizing

• Cleaning and grading

• Bagging

Cotton Seed Dilute Acid Delinting Machinery and Its

Functions:
• Precision feed hopper:

For storage and uniform feeding of fuzzy cotton seed

• Acid reactor:

For proper application of diluted acid

• Centrifuge machine:

To extract extra dilute acid

• Dryer:

Dry the acidic cotton seed and helps in removing the lint flakes

• Buffing machine:

Remove the acidic flakes of cotton seed and make it naked

• Neutralizer:

Neutralize acidic cotton seed with NaOH

• Main cleaner 06:

Remove the trash, inert matter and small cotton seed

• Gravity separator:

Remove the light grains of delinted cotton seed

• Bagging:

Packing of seed is done according to the requirement of the market.

Manual delinting:
Learned about the delinting process of fussy cotton seed and perform the delinting
of fussy cotton seed by the sulfuric acid for 10 minutes the sulfuric acid used for the
delinting process is 8kg to delinting the 40kg cotton seed. After delinting the seed it
is immagitly washed with the water so that the sulfuric acid does not effect seed
germination. Now redrying of seed by spreading in the sunlight for the sun drying
upto the 12%moisture and test with the moisture meter. Packing of the seed into the
jute bags and transfer to the storehouse where packing of the seed takes place.

Rotator drum for delinting Washing after delinting

Silos for storage of seed:

The amount of seed which have to be processed is always in huge amount and
bulky. To avoid the seed from environmental hazards and other damages, these
large storage bins are used to store the seed after the basic pre-cleaning. There are
70 siloes in the processing unit of PSC. Each silo has the potential to store the 1000
sacs. In that way 70000 sacs at a time can be saved from rain and other damages in
PSC processing plant. After storing, fumigation with ACT-OXIN is always done to
avoid from fungal losses. 1 tablet of ACT-OXIN is sufficient for 5 mounds of storage
of wheat or paddy.

Paddy can be stored in these silos only for fortnight because of heating the heap of
paddy. This heating may affect the germination of seed and other quality trait.

Wheat can be easily stored for 6-7 months in which it is further procured.

Difference B/W Selling & Marketing

Briefing about the Sale of Shehzore Seed

• Mr. Aamir Sohail Assistant Director Marketing Officer briefed about Seed
marketing that;
 • It should aim to satisfy the farmer’s demand for reliable supply of a quality
seed at an affordable price.
• Seed marketing is one of the most important, well-defined sequences of
events to promote the product and to put it in the right place, at the right
time and at the right price.
• Marketing is not just advertising, distribution or sales but an integrated
management process involving employees at each and every level of a
business.
• Extract of marketing is the satisfaction of customer desire which may be
called as CUSTOMER IS THE KING.

The Sale of seed with brand name SHEHZORE is carried out through;
• Direct Sale Points
• Principal Dealers
Direct Sale Points:
About 90 times increase in the sale of major & minor crops seeds from 1000 M/Tons
to 90,000 M/Tons achieved during last 30 years by establishing largest Marketing
network of about 2000 Private Seed Dealers, 18 Direct Sale Points / Bulk Stores in
Punjab.

Principal Dealers
More than 1800 in Punjab & 135 Principal Dealers in other Provinces are working
with Punjab Seed Corporation. The biggest seed marketing network by appointing a
large number of Private dealers all over the country is also a remarkable model of
Public / Private Partnership.
• Direct Sale Points
Dealers
CRITERIA FOR THE APPOINTMENT OF PSC DEALERS:
The dealers are selected on the basis of following criteria:
• Financially Sound
• Good / Well reputed
• Experience in the sale of Agricultural inputs like seed fertilizers, pesticides etc.
and have sufficient seed storage capacity as well as the seed store should be
in raised area than ground level, having cross ventilation, cemented and
electrified.
• Location of dealers on the road and at the suitable place which is
approachable to the majority of the farmer’s community.

Application for agency format (DOC#QM4.3/Market/Form-01) will be filled by the

applicant bearing the recommendations of the PSC Marketing in charge of that area
on the basis of above said criteria and the following requirements have been fulfilled.
• A draft for Rs.3000/-, Rs.1100/- (for barani/thal areas) respectively in favor of
Punjab Seed Corporation.
• A copy of the I.D card of the applicant.
 • Bank certificate regarding his financial position.
On the receipt of the application these are approved by the Manager Sales. The
Bank draft is then deposited with Finance Division through a draft deposit covering
note and conditions as given in Dealer’s Appointment Letter and the dealer is
allowed to lift certified seed of all major crops from the respective sale Centre/point
on cash and carry basis or against bank guarantee as prescribed in the sale policy
issued by the PSC HQ. Normal working of the Dealers is through the Marketing
Officer of the respective sale Centre. It is the responsibility of the concerned
marketing in charge to have a close contact with dealers and ensure the availability
of seed of all crops to avoid the shortage of seed in the sowing season.

SALIENT FUNCTIONS OF MARKETING AT HQ:

• The sale of major and minor crops seeds produced or procured by
PSC.
• Innovative product development plan in the light of surveys and new
market trend.
• Preparation of marketing plan of all crop seeds.
• Market analysis for the demand of seed.
• Methodology development for the collection of varietal assessment,
packing size, territory management & price fixation as compared to the
competitors.
• Complaints handling on priority basis.
• Compilation of daily / weekly sale reports.
• Continuous liaison with the seed selling/ distributing agencies of other
Provinces / N.G.O’s and supervision of dealers.
• Formulation / evaluation logistics, seed storage and distribution plan.
• Liaison with civil administration and Agriculture Department to prevent
sale of fake and adulterated seed in respective area.
• Appointment of new dealers in Punjab & other Provinces.
• Preparation / execution of sale’s promotion strategies.
Marketing Network:
Sr.# Name of Division Dealers PSC’s Sale
Points
1 Bahawalpur 395 3
2 D.G.Khan 160 3
3 Faisalabad 175 2
4 Gujranwala 125 1
5 Lahore 215 1
6 Multan 560 5
7 Rawalpindi 98 1
8 Sargodha 120 3
9 Total 1848 19

It is explicitly clear that PSC is a highly reputable organization. It is not based on

profit maximization but it is based on quality maintenance. Regarding this, the rate of
SHEHZOR seed on all the sale point through in Pakistan does no vary. It remains
same on all the sale points either these are owned by PSC or these are private
dealers. If any complaint is received regarding the price changing of any dealer, not
only his membership is cancelled but necessary action is also taken by PSC.

Visit to Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department:

On 13-03-2016, we were directed to FSC & RD to visit the district laboratory of
federal seed certification and inspection procedure of this institution. The office of the
organization is just opposite to the Punjab Seed Corporation. At proper time we
reached the office and met an enchanting personality Mr. Aslam Naushad, Assistant
director of FSC& RD Khanewal. He told us about the establishment and federal set
up of the organization. He briefed us that it was established in 1976 according to
seed Act. At that time two departments were working. The other department was
Federal Seed Registration Department. Later on both departments joined and
Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department came into being.
In all over the Pakistan Federal Seed certification has laboratories for seed testing as
follows:
Punjab KPK Sindh Baluchistan AJK Northern
Areas
Lahore (RHQ) Peshawar Hyderabad Quetta Muzaffarabad Gilgit
 Multan DI khan Karachi Dera
Allah Yar
Khanewal Mangore Sakhar
Sahiwal Abbot Sakrand
Abad
RY khan
Faisalabad
Sargodha
Vehari
T.T. Singh
Gujranwala
Bahawalpur
Bahawalnagar
Bakkhar

Source Register:
It is simple register maintained by FSC & RD to keep a proper record of seed
producing farms. It is imperative for seed inspectors because it facilitates them
during their inspection of farms. It contains following things:
• Name of grower
• Address of farm
• Lott number
• Categories of seed
Lott number is allocated on the basis district issued from the Head Quarter.
Moreover, lot number varies according to various major and minor crops.
Categories of seed:
• Breeder nucleus seed:
It is very basic seed which is provided by breeder. It also limits in amount. At is
further used for trials in proper organizations.
• Pre-Basic:
It is almost purest seed with 99.99% purity. Its tag contains purple line with white
background. Moreover, it is also in short amount. Roughing is not recommended for
the pre-basic seed production. 80% germination should be insured with such type of
seed.

• Basic:
It is next produce of pre-basic. Roughing may be allowed in basic seed production. A
bit concession on purity is also allowed. This concession varies according to various
crops. For example in wheat 0.5% seeds of other crop can be beard for production of
basic seed. This amount is 0.1% for cotton. The tag of basic seed consists of white
color. 80% germination should be ensured with basic seed.
• Certified:
It is the best seed for selling and growing purpose in farmer community. The color of
the tag of certified is green. Moreover, relaxation for purity in certified seed is
optimum and can be maintained easily with appropriate quality check measures. For
example, wheat seed may contain 0.2% other crop seed. A same criterion is
followed for the cotton crop. The germination percentage of certified seed for wheat
crop is 85. Cotton has this percentage in range of 75.

• Approved:
Its tag’s color is light pinkish. It is next production of certified seed. The purity
relaxation for approved is more than any other category seed. For wheat crop 1% of
other crop is not entertained as a quality default. For cotton this amount may be
reached up to 2%. Inert matter may present in approved seed. Its relaxed
percentage is also 2. As per the germination of approved seed is concern, 70% is
the germination of cotton in approved seed.

• Truth in labeling:

It is also a category of seed with yellow color tag. FSC & RD does not provide any
kind of surety for such type of seed. All the responsibility is undertaken by the
growers.

Percentage of inert matter in all categories of seed:

2% percentage of inert matter is allowed in all categories of seeds. Later on in
processing unit, this amount is reduced while processing of wheat seeds and during
the ginning of cotton seeds.
Sampling amount for seed analysis:

For sampling, the minimum amount of lot should be 1 metric ton. (25 mounds). The
maximum amount should not exceed 20 metric tons (500 mounds). If amount
exceeds than another lot number is issued. For wheat 30 metric tons has 1 sample.
For cotton seed a working sample consists of 350 grams.

We were informed that Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department has
following roles to play:-
• Crop Inspection
• Seed Testing
• Seed law enforcement

FSC and RD deals with crop inspection of Punjab Seed Corporation and contract
growers i.e. registered growers of PSC informed that during crop inspection by FSC
and RD following things were observed.

• Off type plants

• Mixing of other varieties
• Other crop plants
• Objectionable weed plants
• Diseased plants
• If the crop meets the standard of FSC &RD it is recommended for seed
sampling otherwise rejected.
 We were informed that following characters of seed are studied under
seed testing:

• Pure seed percentage

• Other varieties percentage
• Other crops percentage
• Inert matter percentage
• Moisture percentage
• Germination percentage

If the seed meets the standard of National Seed standards then it is passed by FSC
&RD otherwise rejected. If a seed lot is passed then a certificate is issued which
contains following things:

Specimen: ___________
Cultivar name: ________
Category of seed: _____
Reference No. : _______
Date of issue: _______

PSC seed testing Laboratory with equipment:

We saw the following equipment were present in PSC laboratory. A skilled employee
briefed us about all the equipment.

 Seed Divider
This is an important seed equipment and used for making WORKING SAMPLE
from the submitted sample. Submitted sample is put from the hopper and
cylinder divides it into exact two halves. The dividing and mixing are
accomplished by the centrifugal action of a motor driven revolving neoprene
disc positioned under the hopper. A smooth inside chrome plated finish
virtually eliminates any of the samples sticking to the inner surfaces. Both the
 hopper and cylinder top lift off to provide easy access to the interior of the
dividing chamber.

Seed divider
Seed Blower:

The Seed Blower utilizes airflow through a column generated by a blower-motor

combination. The motor is 110V/220V and operates at 3,450 RPM. Separations are
accurately controlled by a calibrated valve cap in the top of the column. This seed
blower can be used to separate light weight material such as chaff and empty florets
from the heavier seeds.
Seed Magnifier:

The Highlighting Magnifier is perfect for highlighting flaws, imperfections and other
irregularities on the seed being inspected. Specially used for observing other
varieties seed, other crop seed, weed seeds, bunted seed, black tip seed and insect
attacked seed. Two type’s seed magnifiers are available in Laboratory, Simple Seed
& Germination Magnifier (A) and Electronic (B).

SIEVES

Sieves are used as an aid for the purity analysis in separating trash, soil and other
particles from the working sample.
HAND LENS & FORCEPS:

Hand lens are used for observation of working sample in addition. Forceps used for
holding and picking of other components present in working sample.

• Seed divider which was used for dividing the seed for working sample.
• Electrical Balance which was used for weighing the sample.
• Microscope which was used for studying micro characteristics of seed.
• Seed blower which was used for removing straw and trash etc from seed.
• Magnifier which was used for watching seed removal of weed seed etc. Its power
was 10
• Moisture Meter which was used for measuring moisture percentage of seed.
• Seed germinators which were used for testing germination % age of seed. We
were informed that parameters of variety approval include.

Germination testing seed lab:

PSC has a fully equipped germination testing lab with all necessary equipment.
Various kinds of germination tests are performed by different procedures. The lab is
in fully controlled conditions supplied with air conditions and heaters. The seeds are
incubated in ovens too. Modern ovens with 24 hours supplied electricity are available
in this laboratory. Following germination tests are performed at PSC:
• Towel test:

A white towel is used in this test. White towel is used to locate the position of seed in
a test. After placing the appropriate number of seeds in towel these towels are
places in ovens at controlled condition.

• Filter paper test:

Seeds are placed on the filter paper which is fitted in the petri dishes. 8-10 seeds are
placed in a petri dish over the filter paper. Here the layers of filter paper should be
more than five. After that these dishes are again placed in oven for their germination.
 • Sand test:

PSC laboratory has to keep a vigilant eye on all the seed growers in his district. In
order to maintain the quality standards, maximum availability of testing procedure
should be available to cope with all the lot of seeds. Due to shortage of budget, it
also performs germination tests in sand with controlled condition of a room by
electric bulbs and heaters. Seeds are placed in baskets over the layers of sand
supplied with moisture. Seeds are counted which are germinated or not germinated.
Then percentage is calculated.

During the work in seed germination lab:

RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Marketing Division may be strengthening by recruiting the qualified

professional with relevant experience.
• PSC must establish its research & development wing so that we may become
in a position to produce its own varieties/germ plasm.
• PSC may involve in Genetically Modified Seed technology, which is better in
production and need of the time.
• PSC must approach to the Government of the Punjab Agriculture Department
to frame some legislation to stop leakage of premature release practices from
the research stations.
• Necessary arrangements may be made for the training of marketing staff as
well as authorized seed dealers in order to explore their vision on selling of
good quality seeds i.e. that each person involving in marketing either he is
dealer or employee should have professional knowledge towards product.s
• Present vehicles may be replaced with new ones, as the old vehicles create
many problems in field, resulting decreasing efficiency. Similarly office &
standardized storage may be developed at each center.
• Diversify seed products like fodder, vegetables & import of Hybrids.
• Multinational as well as national seed companies are introducing rather
marketing high tech/hybrid seed. Resultantly farmers getting better production
as compared to local produced seeds. PSC must involve in this business.