CHAPTER

PoWER FLow ANALYSIS

5.1. INTRODUCTION

Power tlow analysis is one of the basic tools used in power system studies. It is concerned
with the steady state analysis of the system when it is working undera normal balanced
operating condition. Load flow or power flow analysis is determination of the voltage.
current, real power and reactive power at various points in electrical network.

Significance in Load Flow or Power Flow Analysis

The information of load flow is essential for analyzing the effective alternative plans for
system expansion to meet increase load demand.
The load flow studies are very important for planning, economic scheduling, control and
operations of existing systems as well as planning its future expansion depends upon
knowing the effect of interconnections, new loads, new generating stations, or new
transmission lines, eic., before they are installed.
With the help of load flow studies, we can determine the best size as well as the most
favourable locations for the power system capacitors both for the improvement of the power
factor and raising the bus voltages of the electrical network. It helps us to determine the
capacity of the proposed generating stations, substations, or new lines. Problems such as
optimization of system losses, stability check and general security of the system can be
studied with the help of load flow studies.
The information obtained from the load flow studies are the magnitude and phase angle of
voltages at each bus, active and reactive power flow in each line, and power loss in the line. It
also gives the initial conditions of the system when the transient behaviour of the system is to
be studied.
The mathematical formulation of the load flow problem results in a system of non-linear
equations. These equations can be written in terms of either the bus admittance matrix or bus
impedance matrix. Using bus admittance matrix, is amenable to digital computer analysis,
because it could be formed and modified for network changes in subsequent cases, and
requires less computation time and memory.
It
The load flow analysis can be carried out for small and medium size power systems.
suits for radial distribution systems with high R/X ratio. The load flow analysis helps to
identify the overloaded/underloaded lines and transformers as well as overvoltage
undervoltage buses in the system.
 Power System Anatye.
5.2 size to improye
t used to study the optimum
is location of capacity is and their
capa
optimum
unacceptable volta
unacceptable voltage profile.
. NEED FORLOAD FLoW ANALYSIs (OR) IMPORTANCE
PLANNING OPERATION OF PoWER SYSTEMS
OF POWER FLOW

S IN AND
operaung condition of
du 1OW analysis is performed on a symmetrical steady-state
TIoW giVes Dus voltage.
POwer system under normal node of operation. The solution of load es
is
and line/transformer power flows for a given load condition. This information essentiatialfor
long term planning and operational planning.
Long Term Planning
Load flow analysis helps in investigating the effectiveness of alternative plans and
choosing the best plan for system expansion to meet the projected operating state
Operational Planning
It helps in choosing the best unit commitment plan and generation schedules to run the
system efticiently for the next day's load condition without violating the bus voltages and
line flow operating limits.
Steps for Load Flow Study
The following work has to be performed for a load flow study.
Representation of the system by single line diagram.
Determining the impedance diagram using the information in single line diagram.
Formulation of network equations.
Solution of network equations.
5.3. CLASSIFICATION OF BUSES
In the network of power system, buses become nodes
and a voltage can be specified for
each bus.
The power flow equation

P,+j
Complex bus voltage V,
i

=
V,
2 Y,*
j =1
|V,l 28,
, i=1,2, N .. (5.1)
... (5.2)
From equation (5.1) and (5.2), we know that power
system is associated with four
quantities and they are real power (P), Reactive power
(Q), Voltage magnitude | V, and
phase angle of voltage (8). In load flow problem, two
quantities are specified for each bus
and the remaining two quantities are obtained by solving
the load flow equations. The buses
are classified based on the variables specified. There are
three types of buses.
1.Slack bus or swing bus or reference bus.
2. Generator bus or voltage control bus or P-V bus or
regulated bus.
3. Load bus or P-Q bus.
Power Flow Analysis

The folloWing tabie gives L5.3

the quantities
bus. specificd and the quantities to De
each sp
S.No. Bus Quantities specificd
Slack bus Quantities tobe specified
P-V bus (or) P.Q
Generator bus P,V Q,8
3
P-Q bus (or)
Load bus P,Q VI,8
where P PG-PL
Q QG-QL
PG Real power generated by generator
connected to the bus.
Qa Reactive power generated by generator connected
to the bus.
PL Real power drawn by the load.
Q Reactive power drawn by the load.
Slack Bus
slack bus, voltage magnitude and phase angle
In
of voltages are specified pertaining to a
generator bus usually a large capacity generation bus is
chosen. We assume voltage (V) as
reference phasor,
Le., =0
where 8 = Phase angle of voltage.
This bus makes up the difference between the scheduled loads and generated power that
are caused by the losses in the network.

Obtain (N- 1) complex bus voltages from the (N- 1) load flow equations. Incidentally
the specification
of | V,siack helps us to fix the voltage level of the system. In power flow
I

stucdy, at all
buses net complex flow into the network is not known in advance.
While specifying a generation schedule for a given system demand, one can fix up the
generation setting of all the generation buses except one bus because of the limitation of not
Knowing the transmission loss in advance. Therefore, it is necessary to have one bus called
slack bus.

Power Balance equation is

Pa
P 2 P2 2 Ppi .(5.3)

Total generation Total load

Real power loss
line and 'transformers of the network. The
'L depends on 12R loss in the transmission
cannot be calculated until after the
dividual currents in the various lines of the network
o angle are known at every bus of the system. Therefore P, is initially
agé magnitude and
known. R reactive power are not specified for slack bus.
Real and
 Power Sstenm Anaiv
5.4 bus as slack bus at which pOwe
generator
power flow problem, we assume one problem lias been solved,
the dif ence
generation is not prespecified. After the power flow at all the other buses andthe
system
between tihe total specified real power going into the
to the slack bus.
Therefore
assigned
total power consumed by loads plus R losses are
bus. The slack bus is needed to account for
generator bus must be selected as the slack
transmission line losses.
Controlled Bus or Regulated Bus
Generator Bus or P.-V Bus or Voltage
At these buses, the real power and voltage magnitudes
are specilied. 1he phase angles of
limits on the value of th
he voltages and the reactive power are to be determined. The
reactive power are also specified.
order to maintain a good voltage profile over the
n system, Automatic Voltage Regulator
(AVR) is used.
Static VAR compensator buses are called as P-V buses because real power and voltage
magnitudes are specified at these buses.
Load Bus or P-Q Bus
At these buses, the active and reactive powers are specified. The magnitude and phase
angle of the voltage are unknown. These are called as load bus.

5.4. DESCRIPTION OF LOAD FLOW PROBLEM

In load flow analysis, the system is Generator ()Generator

considered to be operating under steady
state balanced condition and per phase
analysis is used. A sample power T Tr. Line

system may be represented by a power

network as shown in Fig.5.1.
The network consists of a number of
buses [Generator, load buses] repre-
senting either generating station or bulk
power substation, switching stations
interconnected by means of transmis-
- Load
Transformer

Load
Fig. 5.1. Sample
sion lines or power transformers. Each transmission power system network
line is characterized equivalent
circuit. The transformer with off-nominal by its t
tap ratio is characterized
circuit. Shunt compensating capacitors or quivalent
reactors are by their t equ
represented as shunt susceptance.
Load flow analysis is essentially concerned
with the determination
voltages at all buses, given he network
configuration of comomplex bus
eneration and demand are characterized and the bus demar nands.
Thebus
by complex
buses respectively. powers flowing the
into out of
and ou
Power Flow Analysis
5.5
A generation schedule is nothing but a combination of MW generation of the various
generatorsS Shouid match the given system demand
plus the transmission losses. It should be
noted that there are many generation schedules available
to match the given system demand
and one such schedule is chosen for load flow analysis.

5.4.1. IDEAL LOAD FLOW PROBLEM (OR) sTATEMENT OF IDEALPOWER FLOW PROBLEM
Load flow problem is stated as follows
Given: The network configuration [line impedance and half line charging admiltance
and all the bus power injections.
P,= Po-Pp
where P, = Bus power injection.
PG Busgeneration.
PD Bus demand.
To determine the complex voltages at all the buses
The state vector X is defined as
X = [V1, V2 ,
VN, ô1, öz
N (5.4)
Once the voltages at all the buses are known, then we can compute slack bus power,
.
power flows in the transmission lines and power loss in the transmission lines.

5.4.2. PRACTICAL LOAD FLOW PROBLEM OR

STATEMENT OF PRACTICAL POWER FLOW PROBLEM
Practical load flow problem can be stated as follows
Given: The network configuration, complex power demands for all buses, real power
generation schedules and voltage magnitudes all the P-V buses and voltage magnitude of
the slack bus.
f
To determine :
Bus admittance matrix.
Bus voltage phase angles of all buses except the slack bus and bus voltage
magnitudes of all the P-Q buses.
State vector X = V1, V2,. , Vy» ö1, ö2
*****

N
5.5.POWER FLOW EQUATION (PFE)/
DEVELOPMENT OF POWER FLow MODELIN
COMPLEX VARIABLE FORM AND POLAR VARIABLE FORM
The power flow or load flow model in complex form is obtained by writing one complex
power matching equation at each bus for the Fig.5.2.
Qpi PitjQ= (PGi- Poi) +j (OGi- Opi)
PGijQci (Ppij
Vi Ni

Fig. 5.2. Complex power balancing at a bus

 Power System Analysis
5.6
Net power injected into the bus i.
S=SGSpi
=PGtj QG-(PDst/j Qp)
Pa-P'Dt (Qau-Qp)
= P,+j 9,
We know, P+j9,= V, 1 (5.5)
Consider two bus system as shown in Fig.5.3.
Let I be the net or bus current entering into bus 1.

Let 1 be the net current entering into bus 2.

[] =
[Y][V]
Y Yr2[V V1 V2
LY21 Y22LV2J
Z12
Y1 10+y12 UY20
Y22
20t21
Y12
Y21-21 Fig. 5.3. Two bus system
In general Y =
IY,20, |Y,| cos6+j| Yy Isin 6j (5.6)
YI V, + Y12 V2
2 Y2 V,+Y22 V2
In general, the net current
entering into ith bus

=Y, V, +Y2V2t. .. +YN VN

N

Substituting 1, from equation

2 Y, V, . (5.7)
(5.7) in equation (5.1), we get
=P+j9
S, = V, 1
S,P-jQ, =
V; 1,
N
P-jQV E Y, V, where i =
1,2, .... ,N
There are N complex
variable equations from
V. V2,.., VN can be determined. which the N unknown
complex variables
Substituting Y,, from
equation (5.6), we
get,

P- V; Z IY,|20,
JFi
V,
Power Flow Analysis

where V,
5.7
=|V,|28, V =|V,|2-8,
V,|28,; 8, = Phase angle of voltage
N

P-j9,=2 |V,|IY,||V,|2(0,,+8,-8)
j=I
Equating real and reactive parts, we obtain
N
P IV,|IY,|V, | cos(0,+ô,-8)
i = 1l
N

Q 2 IV,|IY,||V,| sin (0, +8,-8)

J
We can write the above equations as
N

P V,PIY,| cos0,,+2 IV,IIY,IIV,| cos (, +8,-ö) .(5.8)

Q-IV,PIY,| sin ,-2JFT

N

IV,|IY,|I V, | sin (®, t8,-8,) 5.9)

The P, andQ, equations are called as polar form of the power flow equations (or) static
load flow equations.
For an N' bus system, there will be 2N power flow equations. Each bus is characterized
by four variables P Q, V, and 8, resulting in a total of 4N variables. The power flow
equations can be solved for 2N variables if the remaining 2N variables are specified.

5.6. SOLUTION TO LOAD FLOw PROBLEM

A number of methods are available for solving load flow problem. In all these methods,
voltage solution is initially assumed and then improved upon using some iterative process
until convergence is reached.
The load flow methods are given by,
(i) Gauss-Seidel Load Flow Method (GSLF).
(ii) Newton-Raphson Load Flow Method (NRLF).
(ii) Fast-decoupled Load Flow Method (FDLF).

5.7. ITERATIVE SOLUTION USING GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD TO

LOAD FLOW PROBLEM INCLUDING Q-LIMIT CHECK FOR
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED BUSES
displacements
also known as the method of successive
It is M

in Fig.5.4.
Consider N-bus system as shown
Bus I
to M are machine or
generator bus

Bus M+ l
to N are load buses. Fig. 5.4. N-bus system
 Power System Analysis
5.8
Flat Voltage Start
0, for i= 1, 2, (for all buses except slack)
.... ..., N
Phase angle, 8,°=
1.0 for i = M+1,...... N (for all P-V buses)
Voltage, IV°I =

lspec for all P-V buses and slack bus.

V=|V,
it as a reference bus or slack bus.
Here the voltage is
Bus
1
is a generator bus and take
specified.
value of voltages
of voltage as 12 0° and find the new
In load buses, assume initial value
In the generator buses, first check for
We start our calculation from bus 2 onwards.
generator limit and find the voltages.
Injected bus power is given by,
S,= P-jQ, = V; I

-vY j =l
N
P-/Q V Y,V, + V; Y,V,
j =l|

vY, V, = P-j9-V; 2 Y,V,

3T2 (5.10)

i = 1,2, 3, ... ., N except slack bus

Let V, Vo,....., V be the initial bus voltages. On substituting initial values in the
above equation, we can find Vnew
V"
2
V After calculating each voltages,
replace the old values by the new values.
Therefore equation (5.10) becomes,
1
i -

N
i
j=1
(5.11)
Jitl
For load bus,
equation (5.11) is applicable to find | V | and ô
values.
For slack bus,
the voltage is specified, so it will not change in
each iteration.
 Power Flow Analysis
For PV Or generator bus, 5.9
() Q value is not specified
for PV bus. Adjusting
correct the voltage
magnitude to the specified the complex voltage V,
= e, *JJ, o
value| V,lspec
Vnew
IV, Ispec
Zcal
here ocalculated

(i) Compute the reactive power

lan e
generation using the
V" as
Qa Im Vold Y, v
N
Y, V" 6.12)
j=i
QGi Q+Qpi
If QGi(min) QGi QGi(max)» set Q,=QG1-Qpi
then compute Vnew
T QGi QGi(min)» Set QG ,
QGi(min) then compute
V;" using equation (5.11).
If QGi QGi (max)» set QGi = QGi then compute
(max) , V" using equation (5.11).
Acceleration Factor (a)
In Gauss Seidel method, the number
of iterations required for convergence can be reduced
if the correction in bus voltage computed at each iteration is
multiplied by a factor greater
than unity, called as acceleration factor to bring
the voltage closer to the value to which it is
converging. The range of 1.3 to 1.7 is found to be satisfactory for typical
systems.
-voM
Vew
voda . (5.13)
where Vod=Voltage value obtained in the previous iteration.
a = Aceleration factor.
vew= New value of voltage obtained in the current iteration.
Convergence Check
For the power mismatch is small and acceptable, a very tight tolerance must be specified
0n both real and imaginary components of voltage.

Iteration process continues until the magnitudes A and AQ < O.001 p.u. (specified value).
P

Voltage accuracy is 0.00001

max { A e,tjAJ; }, k=1,2,..., N # slack
AV max

.1. COMPUTATION OF SLACK BUS POWER

can compute slack bus power (P, and Q,)) and thus
ince all the voltages are known, we
the slack bus.
and QGI, whichare unknowns at
N
Q1 =
V2 Y, V, (5.14)
Slack bus power P-j
5.10
5.7.2. COMPUTATION OF LINE FLOWS

0TT i
Ipi
YPi

two buses
Fig. 5.5. Line connecting
can be
connecting two buses i and j as shown in Fig..5. Ihe line
COnsider the line
admittance Ys and the two shunt admittances (halt line chargin
represented by the series
admittance) Yp; and Ypj
Line current (forward) I,= Ist lpi
=
(V-V Ys +V, x Ypi

Line current (reverse) I -Is t lpj

=
(-V) Ys+Vx Ypy
Line power (forward) S, Py+jQy V,

=V,[(V-V) Ys + V, Yp, 1*
=
V,{ (V*-V,)Y +|V, PYp,}
Line power (reverse) Sji= V,
(5.15)
- v,{[v;-v;I Y$+ IV,PYP,}
(5.16)
5.7.3. COMPUTATION OF TRANSMISSION LOSS
Power loss in the transmission line ij
Sij (Loss) Sy+Si
P+j Qy + Pji +j Qji
Real power loss
Pi + Pji
.. (5.17)
Reactive power loss =
Qij +Qj
574. COMPUTATION OF
TRANSFORMER AND
LINE FLOW
A fter finding complex bus voltages, EQUATION
stransformers are the
to be computed. A common active and reactive
t equivalent flows in all t ne
and transformer is shown in Fig.5.6. circuit for transmission
For line, a =
0'i
For transformer,
 Analysis
Power low 5.11]
Vi
Piy y 1
Yijs
Pyi jOji

T
jbe ibe
Fig. 5.6. Equivalent circuit of a transmission line/transformer
Power flow from in bus to the jih bus, measured at the ith bus is given by,
Py+jQy V, = V, , (5.18)
Vi
We know a V, =
(5.19)
,=(V-V,) Yjs+V,G b) . (5.20)

Substituting equation (5.19) and (5.20) in equation (5.18),

PtjQy (5.21)

Similarly power flow from jih bus to th bus,

=
P+9V,y v-v;) Ys+VG b
= .(5.22)

Fortransformer:
Substituting b, = 0 in equation (5.21) and (5.22), we get

.(5.23)
Py tj 9

P+j v-()] .(5.24)

Real power loss PLoss Py+P

Reactive power loss QLossQitQji

METHOD
.15. ALGORITHM FOR ITERATION
STep 1: Form Y-bus matrix.
(spec) 20° at all generator buses.
Step 2: Assume V = Vk
at all load buses.
Step 3: Assume V=1 20°=Itj0
 Power SVstem Andyst
5.12
Step 4: Set iteration count = 1
(iter= 1).

Step 5: Let bus number i = 1.

step no. 7, otherwise go to step 8.

Dep o : lf'f refers to generator bus go to
Otherwise go to step (b).
ep (a): Iff refers to the slack bus go to step 9.
Step 7(b): Compute Q, using,

Cay -
i
- Im
j=1
v,*Y, V

QG +Q
Check for Q limit violation.
f (min) < QG 9(max), then 9 (spec) = Q
If Q (min) QGi, then Qi (spec) i (min) Li
If Qi (max)QGi then Q (spec)Qi
(max)QLi
If Qimit is violated, then treat this bus as P-Q bus till convergence is obtained.
Step 8: Compute V, using the equation,

yew== Pi(snec)itspec) Y, vnew

yold 2 Y, Void
ij+
Step 9: Ifi is less than number of buses, increment i
by 1
and go to step 6.
Step 10: Compare two successive iteration values
for V.
If Vnew -Vo0<tolerance, go to step 12.
Step 11: Update the new voltage as
Vnew Vold +
a (Vnew - yold)
vold= Vnew

iter iter + 1; go to step 5

Step 12 Compute relevant quantities.
Slackbus power, S P-j Q, = N
V*I = V*
Lineflows Sj
Pytj Qi
V,[V -VIY
PLoss series + |V,P Y
Py +Pj
LossQiy +9
Step 13 Stop the execution.
Power Flow Analysis
Gtauss -Seidal
5.7.6. FLOW CHART FOR GAUSS-SEIDEL
5.13
METHOD INCLUDING PV BUS ADJUSTMENI

Start
Read line data, tolerance (E), (
Bus Data
P for i 2... N
min.max for i= 2... M
Q; tor i = M+1.. N
Vi| tori=1,.. M

Compute Y bus matrix

Initialize bus voltagees

Set iteration count iter

1
BusNo, i= 1

No Does
i refer to
generator
ous
Yes
= V(spec)
VneW L8*a.
Q cal- Im[ V; y Yij Vj]

QGi Q+QL

QGQi (max)
Check for QGiQi tmin)
Q limit

QGi Qi (min)
QGi Qi (max)
= Qi
L Qi (spec) o cal Qi (spec) = Qi (min)- QL
Qi (spec) (max)-Li|

Fi (spec)*di (spec)
V Vold

No
Yes

Are
V-Vi|sE No
all
N
for i 2.
Yes V V+a [V-V
losses, reactive old E =2 to N
Calculate all line flows, total line
slack bus power
power generated at P-V buses.
= iter+1
ter
/Print the results
(Stop)
 Power System Analysi.
L5.14

SOLVED EXAMPLES
the system as showwn in Fig.
Example 5.1| Perform power, "Jlow of one iteration for
power, line flows and line.losses. Take
using Gauss-Seidal method. Determine slack bus
base MVA as 100. (a= 1.1).

1.05 20°-
0.0839+J0.5183- j0.005
90+j20
jo.0636 jo.0636
30 +j10 MVA

Solution:
Step 1: Formulate Ybus

When the switch is open, there is no connection of capacitor at bus 2.

Take the bus 2 as load bus.
0.3044-j1.816 -0.3044 +j1.88
Y Ybus
L-0.3044+j1.88 0.3044-j1.816J
Step 2: Initialize bus voltages.
Vold= 1.05 20° p.u

vold= 1.020°
2 p.u

Step 3: Calculate ynew

=
P2 30 MW 100 P.u =-0.3 p.u

Q2 10
10 MVAR =
100 P.u =-0.I p.u

V" - vold* Y21 V

Y22L

0.3044-j1.816 1.0-0-(-0.3044 +j1.88) 1.05

= 1.0054-j0.1577 = 1.018
new
2-8.915°
Step 4: Calculate V2 Using acceleration factor.
\Vnew
2 acc
vgld+a[V -V2"]
= 1.0+ 1.1 [1.0054-j0.1577 11
= 1.0059-j0.173= 1.0207
-9.78°
Power Flow Analysis
-
Step 5: Slack bus power. 5.15
S P-j Qi = V} [Y1 V,+Yi2 Val
=
1.05 2-0°
[(0.3044 -j1.816) 1.05 + (-0.3044 +j1.88) (1.0207
4-9.78°)
0.3556 +j0.0388 p.u = 35.56 +j3.88 MVA
P 35.56 MW,
=-3.88
MVAR
Real power generation Pa1 Pi+PLi
=
35.56 +90 125.56 MW
Reactive power generation QG1=Q1 +QL
3.88 +20 = 16.12 MVAR

Step 6: Line flowws.

Bus
SyPy+j Qi =V, IV;-V]¥ij series+| V, P Yp
From To
2 S12 V [Vi-V2]Y12 series+| V,*Yio
= 1.05 [1.05 2-0°-(1.0059 +j0.173)] x
(0.3044 +j1.88) + 1.052 x -j0.0636)
0.3556-j0.0383 p.u
Pi2 0.3556 p.u = 35.56 MW
- 3.83 MVAR
Q12 -0.0383 p.u =

S21
Va [V2 -V{]Yi2 series +| V2 ? Y20

= (1.0059-j0.173) [1.0059 +j0.173- 1.05] x

(0.3044 +j1.88) + 1.02074 x (-j0.0636)

-0.3459-j0.038 p.u
P21 -0.3459 p.u = - 34.59 MW
p.u 3.8 MVAR
Q21-0.038
Step 7:Transmission line loss (S Loss Sy+S)
P12 Loss P12 +P21 35.56- 34.59 = 0.97 MW

Q12 Loss= Q12*Q21 -3.83 +(-3.8) = -7.63 MVAR

 Power System Analysis
5.16
Example 5.2| Using Gauss-Seidal method, determine bus voltages, slack bus power
lineflows and tine losses for the Fig. shown.
MW
-6020< Q2 < 100 MVAR

1.05 20°.
- 1.02 p.u volt
0.0839 +j0.5183
90+j20
j0.0636 j0.0636

Solution:
Step 1: Formulate Ybus
0.3044 +j1.881
0.3044-j1.816
L-0.3044 +j1.88 0.3044 -j1.816J
Step 2: Initialize bus voltages.
yold= 1.05 20° p.u
1

vold 1.02 20° p.u

Step 3: Calculate Q2
Qa -ImV2 [V, Y21 +V2 Y22]

= - Im 1.02 2-0° [1.05 20° x (-0.3044 +j1.88) +

1.02 20° (0.3044 -j1.816)]
= -
0.124 p.u = -
12.4 MVAR
Check for Qtimit Violation:
Q2 (min) Q< Q2 (may)

.
- 20 -12.4< 100
This bus acts as generator bus.
Q2= 12.4 MVAR =-0.124 p.u
Step 4: Calculate V.

Vew Y2 Vnew

0.6+j0.124
0.3044-j1.816| 1.022-0° -E0.3044 +j1.88) * 1.05
0.9078j1.8524
0.3044-j1.816 1.073,+j0.32 = 1.12216.61°
VncW=
2
V2 (spec)
0 1.02 416.61°
Power Flow Analsis
S.17
Step 5 Using acceleration factor,
Vnew =
Vd +a VW -
acc [
V1
=1.02 + 1.1 [1.02 216.61°- 1.02]
= 1.02 + 1.1 [0.977 +j0.292 - 1.02]
0.973 +j0.32 = 1.02 218.24°
Bus voltages are V = 1.05 20°
V2 = 1.02 218.24°
Step 6: Slack bus power
S, =
P-j = Vj [Y V1+ Y12 Vl
1.05 2-0° [(0.3044 -j1.816) x 1.05 +(-0.3044 +j1.88) (1.02 218.24°)
= -0.607-j0.18 p.u
-
60.7-j 18 p.u
=
P-60.7 MW, Q18 MVAR
Real power generation PG1= P,+ PLi
= - 60.7+90 29.3 MW
Reactive power generation QG1 =
1+QL
=
18+20 = 38 MVAR

Step 7:Line flows.

series +1V,PY
Bus SyPy*jQy=V,i-yTYj
From To where YpiYio
2
S2 = V, [Vi-V2]Yi2 series+|V, PY10
= 1.05 [1.05 2-0°-(0.973 -j0.32)] x

(0.3044 +j1.88) + 1.052 x (-j0.0636)

-0.607+j0.18 p.u

P12 0.607 p.u = - 60.7 MW, Q12=0.18 p.u = 18 MVAR

2 1 S V,[V-Vi]Y1series+| V,P Y20

= (0.973 +j0.32) [0.973 -j0.32 - 1.05] x

(0.3044 +j1.88) + 1.022x(-j0.0636)

= 0.64-j0.1 167 p.u

P21 0.64 p.u = 64 MW

MVAR
Q21 0.1167 p.u-11.67
 Power Sysiem Analysis
5.18
Step 8: Transmission loss (S LossSi + Sji) 3.3 MWy
P12 Los = Pi2 + P21-60.7 + 64 =

Q12+Q21 18-11.67 = 6.33 MVAR

Q12 Loss =

Gauss-Seidal method, determine bus

voltages, for the Fip
ig
Example 5.3| Using
shown. Take Base MVA-100, a=1.1.
60 MW
10< Q2< 100 MVAR
1.02 volt
V 1.05 40°- -O 0.0839+j0.5183

90+20
L j0.0636
jo.0636

Solution:
Step 1: Formulate Y bus
0.3044-j1.816 -0.3044 +j1.88
Y
bus L-0.3044 +j1.88 0.3044-1.816J
Step 2: Initialize bus voltages.
vola
Vo = 1.05 20° p.u

vod=1.02 20° p.u

Step 3: Calculate Q value for generator bus.

Qga=- Im { V2 [V, Y21+ V2 Y22]}

= -Im {1.02 [1.05 20°x(-0.3044 +j1.88) +

1.02 20° (0.3044 -j1.316)]
=
-0.124 p.u
Check for limit violation:

2 (min) 10 MVAR, Q2(min) 10 0.1 p.u

100
Qc Q2 (min)
i.e., - 0.124< 0.1
. Bus 2 will act as load bus.
Q2 22 (min)0.1 p.u
voa = 1.0 20° p.u
P 60 MW = 0.6 p.u
Power Flow Analysis

Step 4:Calculate Vnew

5.19
2

Vhew
u V
2
Y2 V2
Y2
0.6-j0._-0.3044
1.020o -(-0.3044 +j1.88)
+j1.88) 1.05
1.05
44-j1.816

1.842 -80.499 10.9196-j2.074]

1.842 2-80.490 12.2687 4-66.087 ]

1.2316214.403° 1.193 +j0.306
Step 5: Using acceleration factor.
Vhew
V2acc = Vod + a[ V -
V2"]
1+1.1 [1.193 +j0.306- 1]
= 1.2098+j0.33
= 1.254 215.26°
Bus voltages are V, = 1.05 20°
V2 1.254 215.26

Example 5.4 Using Gauss-Seidal method, determine bus voltages and reactive
power generation for the Fig. skown. Take Base MVA = 100.
V 1.05 20° 0.0839+j0.5183

30+j20
j0.0636 j0.0636 0.005

Solution:
Step 1: Formulate Ybus"
[Y10+ Y12 -Y12
bus - Y12 Y20+ Y2c+Y12 J
Admittance of shunt element
where Y2c - 7
0.3044-jl.816 0.3044 +j1.88
L-0.3044 +j1.88 0.3044-j1.811 J

Step 2 Initialize bus voltages.

 Power System Analysis
5.20
vold=1.05 20° p.u (slack bus)
generates recactive power)
vold 1.0 20° p.u (P-V bus because capacitor

Step 3: Calculate Q2
Q=-Im {
V [V Y21+V2 Y22l}
= - Im { 1.0 20° [1.05 x (-0.3044 +j1.88) + 1.0 (0.3044-j1.811)]
= -0.163 p.u
V
Step 4: Calculate
P2 PG2 -PL2 =100-0.3
30 p.u; Q2=-0.163 p.u

Vhew
P22 Ya V

1 -0.3+j0.163
L -(-0.3044 +j1.88) x 1.05
0.3044-1.811 1.02-0°
=0.973-j0.1611 = 0.986 2-9.4
= 1.0 -9.4
Reactive power generation Qoz = Q2+QL2
-0.163+0.2 0.037 p.u = 3.7 MVAR
Reactive bus power Q2 = - 0.163 p.u MVAR = - 16.3 MVAR
Example 5.5| For the system shown in Fig, determine the voltages
at the end of the
Jirst iteration by Gauss-Seidel method and also find he slack bus power,
line flows,
transmission loss. Assume base MVA as 100.

OT j0.4

j0.3 J0.2

Solution:
Bus
Voltage Generator Load
No. Qmin Qma
. 1.05 20° p.u Q MVAR MVAR
1.02 p.u 0.3 p.u
3. 0.4 p.u 0.2 p.u 10 100
Power Flow Analysis

Step 1: From Y bus. 5.21]

j0.4 j0.3
Ybus -1
j0.4 4 j02 -1
j0.2

L-j5.8333 j2.5
j0.3
j3.3333
j2.5 -j7.5 j5
L j3.3333 j5-j8.3333 J
Step 2: Initialize bus voltages.
= 1.05 L0° p.u [Bus 1
is a slack bus ie., V and 8 is specified]

vod=1.02 20° p.u [Bus 2 is a PV bus i.e., P and V is specified]

vold =1.0 20° p.u [Bus 3 is a load bus i.e., P and Q is specified]

Note For slack bus, the specified voltage will not change in any iteration.
For generation bus, calculate V using the formula and write
vew Vspecified4 Ocalculatedvalue

Step 3: Calculate Q value for all generator buses.

Qcal
Imvd Y, V+ Y v
- j-1 j=i

- Im 1.0220° [j2.5 x 1.05

20°+7.5 x 1.02 40°) +j5 x120°]

= - Im 1.02 20° j2.625 -j7.65 +js]

0.025 p.u

Now Q2 (min) 2s 2 (max)

limit,
ie., Q9a is within the specified

Step4.: Calculate Vnew .G 0.

Vnew = 1.05 20° p.u
 'OWe c 11alysj

5.22 N

Y, VW
V Y -2
V
v Y22 V
- Y2 V- Y23

Q 0.025 p.u
P2= 0.3 p.u (Given):
x 1.0520°-j5 x Z0°
1

w
Vew 0.3-j0.0252.5
V2 /7.51.02 20°
= 1.0199 +j0.0392
= 1.0207 2 2.2°
= 1.02 2 2.2° = 1.0192+j0.0392
View
2
= V2
V2 (spec) Z8"
P3 PG3- PL3 = 0-0.4 -0.4 p.u
- 0.2 p.u
Q3 QG3 -QL3 = 0-0.2
VICW-Y2 Vnew
V
11ew
3 Y Y31

1 -0.4 +j0.2 - j3.3333 x 1.05 20°-j5 x 1.02 22.20

-j8.3333 L 1.020°

-8.3333 -0.4 +j0.2 -j3.4999-j5.096 + 0.19611

= 1.0075-j0.0244 = 1.0078 -1.39°
Vnew = 1.0075 -j0.0244
3

1.00782-1.39°
=

Step 5: Sack Bus Power

= N
S P-Q Vi Y, V,

S ViY V,+ Yi2 V2 + Y13 V31

= 1,05 -j5.8333 x 1.05 20°+j2.5 x (1.0192 +j0.0392)
+j3.3333 (1.0075-j0.0244)
=
-0.0175-j0.2295 p.u
P -0.0175 p.u = -1.75 MW
Q 0.2295 p.u=22.95 MVAR
Step 6: Line Flow
SyPytj Q, =
V,[V; -VyI¥ series +| V,P YP
Line flow from bus 1
to 2.
Si2
Pin*jOn V,[V-V;T Y12 series
*
Power FloW Analysis

1.05 [(1.05 5.23

2-0°)- 1.0192 +j0.0392]/2.5
-0.1029+j0.0808 p.u
S21 P21 +j O21=
V2[V2 -Vi] Y21
series
1.0192 +j0.0392 [1.0192-j0.0392
=
1.05]j2.5 -

0.1029-j0.0746 p.u
S23 P23 +j
Qs
S23 V2[V2 -V3] Y23
series
1.0192 +j0.0392[ 1.0192-j0.0392 - 1.0075 -j0.0244]j5
0.3218 +j0.072 p.u
S32
P2tj Q2
S2 Vs[V3-V;]Y2series
1.0075-j0.0244 [1.0075 +j0.0244-1.0192+j0.0392]js
-0.3218-j0.0512 p.u
S13 P13+jQ13
S13
V,[Vi-V3] Yi3 series

= 1.05 [ 1.05 -0°- 1.0075-j0.0244 ] j3.3333 92it

= 0.085 +j0.148 p.u
S31 Pa1 tj O31

S31V3 [V-Vi]Y31series
1.0075-j0.0244 x [1.0075 +j0.0244 1.05] x j3.3333
-0.085-j0.1407 p.u
Transmission LoSS
Siy Loss Si + S
For line 1-2,
S12 Loss = P2 Loss jQ12 LossS12 + S21
S12 Loss = -0.1029 +j0.0808 + 0.1029-j0.0746
= 0+j0.0061
p.u = 0.61 MVAR
P12 Loss 0, Q12 Loss0.0061

For line 2-3,

Sz2
23 10ss P23 Loss T
23 LossS23+
0.3218 +j0.072 + (-0.3218-j0.0512)
= 0+j0.021
=

Q23Loss 0.021 p.u= 2.1 MVAR

jcs=0,
P23 Loss
L5.24 Power System Analysis

For line 1-3,

S13 Loss Pi3 Loss
J Q13 LossSi3 * S31
=0.085 +j0.148 + [-0.085 -j0.1407]
0+j0.00726
13 Loss 0, Q13 Loss = 0.00726 p.u = 0.726 MVAR

Example S6Resolve the previous Example 5.5, the reactive power constraint on
generator bus-2 be changed to 10 s0, S100. Determine slack bus power. /02 in MVARJ.

Solution:
j5.8333 j2.5 j3.3333
Step 1: Ypus
Ybus j2.5 -j7.5 j5
3.3333 5 j8.3333
Step 2:Initialize bus voltages.
Vold = 1.05 Z0° p.u
vodd = 1.02 0° p.u

v =
1.020° p.u
Step 3:Calculate Q value for generator bus.

Qa - Im| 1.02
2-0° [j2.5 x 1.05
20°+-i7.5 x 1.02 20°) +j5 x 120]|
0.025 p.u
Q Q2 (min) [Q exceeds the limit, . Bus 2 will act as load bus,

Substituting Q2 ie., V9d = 1.0 20°]

= Q2 (min) = 10 MVAR
10
1000.1p.u
Vd = 1.0 0°
Step 4:Calculate Vnew

Ve2
-
Y P2J2 Y,,
5 0.3-i01
Ya V -Y2 Vd

120° -j2.5 x 1.05 20°-j5 x 120°

=1.03 +j0.04 = 1.0308 2 2.220
Power Flow Analysis
5.25

Y3s
P Vold
L
Y VeW-Y32 V2

-0.4 +j0.2
-j8.3333 1.0-0 -j3.3333 x 1.05 20-j5 x 1.0308 22.22
=
1.014-j0.024
= 1.014 L-1.36°
Vnew= 1.0520°
Vnew=
V2 1.0308 2.22°
ynew= 1.014-1.36
Slack Bus Power
S P-j Q=Vi[Y1 V+Y12 Vz+ Y13 V3]
1.05 2-0° [-j5,8333x 1.05 20°+j2.5 x (1.0308 L2.22°) +
j3.3333 (1.014 2-1.36°)
- 0.0206-j0.1794 p.u
P -0.0206 p.u = 2.06 MW -
Q1 = 0.1794 p.u = 17.94 MVAR
Example 5.7| Resolve Example 5.5, the reactive power constraint on generator bus 2
be changed to 0.04 <Q, <0.01. fGiven Q2 in p.u}
-

Solution:
Step 1: Formulate Y-bus.
-j5.8333 j2.5 j3.3333
Ypus j2.5-j7.5 jS
L
j3.3333 j5 -j8.3333BJ

Step 2: Initialize bus voltages.

vold= 1.05 20° p.u

vold 1.02 20° p.u

2
vold= 1.0 20° p.u
generator bus.
Step 3: Calculate Q value for
-
Im [1.024-0° j2.5 x 1.05 2 0° +(-j7.5 x 1.02) +j5 x 120°)]1

= 0.025 p.u
[Q exceedsthelimit; Bus 2 will act as load bus,
Q>QQ2 (max)

p.u
. i.e., V2 = 1.020°]

Substituting Q2=Q2 ma)0.0

5.26
Step 4: Calculate V new

Ya
V
Vnew Y2

x 120°
0.3-j0.0
2.5 1.05 20°-j5
xx 1.05 2
1.020°/2.5
1.018 +j0.04 1.0187 22.25°

Vnew
3
'3Vold
3
-
Y31
V-Y32 V2
-0.4 +j0.2
/8.3335100j3.3333
-j8.3333
x 1.05 20°-j5 (1.018 + J0.04)
1.020°
1.0068-j0.024 = 1.0071 2-1.370
Vnew= 1.05 +j0
Vew = 1.0187 L2.25°
Vey =1.00712-1.37°
3

Slack Bus Power:

S-P-Q = Vi[Yu V, +Y12 V2+ Y13 V3 ]
=
1.052-0° [-j5.8333 x 1.0520°+j2.5 x (1.018 +j0.04) +

j3.3333 (1.0068 -j0.024)|

= -0.021-j0.2352 p.u
P -.021 p.u -2.1 MW
Q 0.2352 p.u =23.52 MVAR
Line Flows:
Bus No.
SyP+jQy-V;IVi=VIY series
From To t+|V,F Yp
1
2 S2 1.05 20°[1.05
2-0°- 1.018+j0.04]j2.5
-0.105 +j0.084
S (1.018 +j0.04) [1.018
-j0.04- 1.051 /2.5
0.105-j0.0774
2 3 S23(1.018+j0.04)[1.018-j0.04
1.0068-j0.024]
0.323 +j0.069 xj
Power Flow Analysis

Bus No. 5,27

From To yytjQy=V, IV;-Vj 1Yij series t| V, PYp
3 2 S32
I.0068 -j0.024) [1.0068 +/0.024- 1.018+j0.04] xjj5
-0.323-j0.048
3 S13 1.05 20° [1.05
2-0°-1.0068 -j0.024] xj3.3333
0.0839+j0.1512
3 1
S31 (1.0068-j0.024) [1.0068 +j0.024-1.05] xj3.3333
-0.0839-j0.143
Transmission Loss:
S12 Los S12 * S21
= -0.105 +j0.084
+0.105 -j0.0774
0+j0.0066
P12 Loss 0, Q12 Loss0.0066 p.u =0.66 MVAR
23 Loss S23 +S32
=
0.323+j0.069 -0.323 -j0.048
= 0+j0.021
P23 Loss 0, Q23 Loss 0.021 p.u = 2.1 MVAR
S13 LossSi3 t S31

0.0839 +j0.1512-0.0839 -j0.143

= 0+j0.0082
= 0.82 MVAR
P13 Loss= 0, Q13 Loss0.0082 p.u

Example S.8 The figure given below shows a power system.

Bus I:Slack bus Especifed 1.05 20°
Bus 2 PVbus E specified 112p.u|
PG3p.u
Bus 3: PQ bus P54p.u 12p.u
Carry out one iteration of load flow solution by Gauss-Seidal method. Take Q limits of
generator 2 as 0 s2<4. Take a =1. (16)

OTT 2-j5 JTOP

1-14 3-
- Pow 5ystem Analysi
L5.28
-2+j5 -1 +j4
[3-j9 -3+j9
Solution: Y bus -2+j5 5-j14
L-1+j4 -3+j9 4-j13
v 1.05 20°
v 1.2 20°

vold 120
cal Y22 +V, Y23]}
2 -Im { V [V, Y21+V2
--Im( 1.2 [1.05 x (-2 +j5)+ 1.2(5-j14)*1-3 +/9))
= 3.06 p.u.
0 < Q <4, within the limit
. Bus 2 acts as PV bus.
P2 3 p.u., Q 3.06 p.u
Calculate V2:

Y2 V Y2 V
v2 2
V
3-/3.06
3-/14 1.2Z0-2+j5) x 1.05 --3+/9) x 1.0
= 1.236 +j0.1
= 1.24 2 0.08 rad

V =1.2 20.08 = 1.196 +j0.09

v 33L
P3-03
V3
Y31 V Ysa V2

=
-1+j4) x1.05-(-3xj9)x(1.196+j0.09)
1.377+j0.3= 1.41 20.22 rad
new
V = 1.0+1.0 [1.377 +j0.3 - 1]

= 1.377 +j0.3

a=1
Power Flow Analysis

new
5.29
V. v2+a "-vold
1.2+ 1.0 [1.196+j0.09 1.2] = 1.196 +j0.09
Example 5.9 Perform Gauss-Seidel load flow
for the system shown in Fig. and the
bus datais given in Table. Determine
bus voltages, slack bus power, line flows, and
transmission line losses.

Base MVA = 100

V 1.03D- 0.15 +j0.04
-j0.06 j0.06
jo.04 0.02+j0.05 200+j60

H 0.04.
0.01
+j0.03

100+j50

Solution: Step 1: Formulate Ypus matrix.

Y2+ Y13+ Y10 -Y12 -Y13
Ypus Y12 Y2+ Y23+Y20 Y23
-Y13 - Y23 Y3+ Y32+ Y30
-1
O.15 +/0.04 *o.02+/0.05 +/0.06+j0.04 O.15+J0.04 0.02 +j0.05

-1 -1
0.15-y0.04 0.15 +j0.04 *0.01 +/0.03 +/0.06 0.01+0.03

0.02+/0.05 0.01 +0.03 O.01 +j0.03 0.02+/0.05 *jo.04

S 13.1206-j18.8011 - 6.2241 +j1.6598 -6.8966 +j17.2414 7
- 6.2241 +j1.6598 16.2241 -/31.5998 -+j3010

L-6.8966 +j17.2414 - 10 +j30 16.8966-j47.2014 J

Step 2: Initialize bus voltages.

Vold=1.0320° p.u (slack bus)
(PQ bus)
vold=1.020° p.u
(PQ bus)
Vold
3 1.0 2 0° p.u
Step 3: Calculate V2 - 60
200=-2; Q - QL2
P2- PL2 100 100-0.6 p.u
 Power System Analysis

5.30
Y2 V Y23 Vd
-
2 Y22 V2ld

-2 0-(-6.2241 +j1.6598) 1.03 L0°-

+/0.6
16.2241-j31.5998 L1.02-0°
(- 10 +j30) x 1.0 20
14.4108-/31.1096 0.9644-j0.0391 0.965 2-2.32°
16.2241j31.5998
Given a = 1.2,
1.0]
Vie 1.0+1.2 [0.9644 -j0.0391 -

0.9573-j0.047=0.9584 2-2.81°
Calculate V11ew
160-00 = -1 p.u
P3Pas -PL3 100

Q 50 0.5 p.u
0-QL3 100 -

Y Y, Y3 V Yy2 V

x
16.8966-j47.2014 12-0°--6.8966 +j17.2414) 1.03-

(-10+j30) [0.9573 -j0.047]

= 0.9682 -j0.0443 0.9692-2.61° p.u
Given a 1.2
VCw
vW-V3d+a[ V-v
= 1+j0+ [0.9682-j0.0443 (1 +j0)]t
1.2
= 0.96184 -j0.05316 0.9633 4-3.16°
Step 4: Slack Bus Power:

S P-i Vi[Y1 V,+Yi2 V2+Yis V,l

1.03 2-0°[ (13.1206-j18.8011) 1.03 20° +(-6.2241 +j1.6598) x
0.9584 4-2.81 +(-6.8966 +j17.2414) (0.96334-3.16'
= 1.032-0°[ (13.1206-j18.8011) 1.03 +(-6.2241 +j1.6598) x
(0.9572-j0.047)+(-6.8966 +j17.2414) (0.9618 -j0.055)
1.9731 -j0.5516 p.u
= 197.31 -j55.16 MVA
P=197.31 MW
Q1 55.16 MVAR
Power Flow Analysis

Step 5:Line Flows: 5.31

Bus No.
From To StyPy+j Qi,=V, [V -v;IYseries+| V,P YP
2 S12 1.03 [1.03-(0.9573 +j0.047)] (6.22 +j1.66) +
1.032(-j0.06)
=
0.5461 -j0.2405 p.u
P2 0.5461 p.u = 54.61 MW,
Q12 0.2405 p.u=-24.05 MVAR
2 S21 (0.9573-j0.047)[0.9573 +j0.047- 1.30]

(6.22 +j1.66) +0.95842 (-j0.06)

-0.4995 +j0.1341 p.u
P21-0.4995 p.u = -49.95 MW
Q21 0.1341 p.u = 13.41 MVAR
3 S23 (0.9573-j0.047) [0.9573 +j0.047 (0.9618 +j0.053]
x (10 +j30)+0.95842 x 0
= 0.1201 -j0.1930 p.u
P23 0.1201 p.u = 12.01 MWN,

Q23 -0.193 p.u = - 19.3 MVAR

3 2 S= (0.9618-j0.053) [0.9618 +j0.053 -(0.9573 +j0.047)]

x (10 +j30) +0
=
- 0.1195 +j0.1947 p.u

P32 - 0.1195 p.u = -

1
1.95 MW,

Q32 0.1947 p.u = 19.47 MVAR

S13 1.03 [1.03 -(0.9618+j0.053)] (6.9+j17.24) +

3
1.032(-j0.04)
= 1.426 +j0.7919 p.u
P13 1.426 p.u =
142.6 MW
Q13 0.7919 p.u= 79.19 MVAR
Sa=(0.9618-j0.053) (0.9618 +j0.053 1.03)
(6.9 +j17.24)- 0.96332 x(-j0.04)

- 1.374j0.7429 p.u
P13 1.374 p.u 137.4 - MW

Q13 -0.7429 p.u= - 74.29 MVAR

 m
Power DYStem Analysis
Analy;
5.32
Step 6: Transmission Line Loss

Bus No. Sy LossSy + Sj

From To
1
Pi2 Loss Pi2+P21 54.61 -49.95 = 4.66 MW
Q12 Loss Qi2+Q21-24.05 + 13.41 = - 10.64 MVAR

P23 Loss P23 + P32 12.01 - 11.95 0.06 MW

2 3

Q23 Loss = Q23+ Q32 - 19.3 +19.47= 0.17 MVAR

1
P13Loss = Pi3+P31 142.6 - 137.4 5.2 MW
Loss Q13+Q31 79.19-74.29= 4.9 MVAR
Q3

Example S.10 For the system shown in Fig, find the voltage at receiving bus at the
end of first iteration using Gauss-Seidal method, voltage at sending end is 1.02 20°p.u
Line admitance is 1.0 - j4 p.u, transformer reactance is j0.4 p.u and off nominal turns
ratio is 1.04. Assume VR 1 20° Determine slack bus ponwer, line flows, transformer
flows.

VR 120°

1.02 20 -
Solution:

1.02 20° 1.04:1

T j0.4
1-j4
VR= 1
40°
Power Flow Analysis
Step 1: Formulate YbusEquivalent
5.33
circui

Yla 1-j4

-j2.4038
1-4
jo.0924 -j0.09615

-j2.3114 j2.4038 0
bus j2.4038 1-j6.5 -(1-j4)
-(1-j4) 1-j4
Step 2: Initialize bus voltages:
1.0220°
V2 1.020°
V3 1.0 20°
Step 3: Calculate Ve and e
P20, Q2=0 [because no load at bus 2]

Pa Y
V -Y2 V
2

J2.4058 x 1.02 20° +(1 -j4) x 120°

T-/6.5 120
0.9928+j0.0011
= 0.992820.06°
Q3=0 [because rno load at bus 3]
Pa0,
V
vow
Vnew
3 -Y V- Y
 Power SyStem Analysi
5.34
20.06°
0+ (1-j4) x 0.9928
= 0.992820.06°
Step 4: Slack bus power:
Y12 V2 + Y13 Vs
P-j Q = V} [Y1 V, +
S x 0.9928 20.06° +0]
1.02 [-/2.3114 x 1.02 +j2.4038
0.0026 +j0.0294
-0.26
-

0.0026 x 100 = MW
P -

Q1 -0.0294 x 100 = -2.94 MVAR

Step 5: Lineflows:
Bus No. Yij series +| V; PYpi
Sy Py +jQ=V,[V -V]
From To
2 S23 0.9928 20.06° [ 0.9928 2-0.06°- 0.9928 2-0.06°] x (1 +j4)

0
L3 2 S32=
Step 5: Transformer flows:

Bus No.
From To ij series
1
2
S2
series

P2tQ12= 014-0.9928 -0.06xj2.5

=
-0.00255-j0.0295. p.u

S21
Yi series
P21tj = 0.9928 20.06| 0.9928
L-0.06°-
2.5
0.00255 +j0,0298
Power Loss
p.u
PLoss
Pi+ Pji-0.00255 +0.00255
QLos
QLoss =0
Q,+9-0.0295 +0.0298 0:0003 p.u
= 0.03 MVAR
 Example 5.11 For the sample
system
5.35
connected at all jour shon in the Fig. the generators are
buses, while the
reactive powers are
listed in table. Bus loads are at buses 2 and 3. Values of real ant
2 be a PV bus witlh V, = 1.04
4 are PQ bus. Assuming a p.u and bus 3 and bus
first Gauss Seidal iterations.
flat voltage start,
find bus
And consider the reactive voltages and hus angles the end of
BuS power limit as 0.2 S22 S1.
Pp p.u Op p.u Vp
P.u Remarks
2 1.04 20° Slack bus
0.5
1.04 p.u PV bus
1.0 0.5
4 0.3 PQ bus
-0.1 PQ bus

2-j6

1-3 0.666-j2 1
-j3

2-j6

Solution:
Step 1: Formulate Y-bus matrix. The given
values are admittances
3-j9 2 +j6 -I +j3 0

Ypus
-2 +j6 3.666-j11 0.666+j2 -1 +j3

Lo +j3-0.666 +j2
-1 3.666-j11 -2+j6
-1 +j3 2 +j6 3-j9
Step 2: Initialize bus voltages

vold= 1.04 20° p.u (Slack bus)

vold= 1.04 p.u (PV bus)

2

Vad=1.0 20° p.u (PQ)

vald= 1.0 20° p.u (PQ)
Step 3: Calculate Q for the PV bus
+Y2 V +Y24 Vld
2 -m{ V2x [Y21 V+Y22 V2
+
I. {1.04x [(-2 +j6) 1.04 (3.666 -j11)
x 1.04 +(-0.666 +/2) x 1.0
-

+(-1 +j3) x 1.0]}

0.208 p.u
-Im {0.069-j0.208)=
0.2 Qeal<1, within the limit
 Power ocn alysis
5.36
. Bus 2 acis as PV bus.
p.u, Q 0.208 p.u.
P20.5
Calculate V2
V
vnew
2
-
-Y V-Y V-Y4
0.5-j0.208(-2+16) x 1.04-(-0.666 +j2) x 1.0
3.666-j11L 1.04

--1+j3) x 1.0
1.051 +j0.0339 = 1.0518 21.846°= 1.0518 20.032 rad
6 0.032 rad
VeW=1.04
2 20.032 rad = 1.0395 +j0.0333

V 3new P Y VW-Y3 ylew - Y34 V

S.666-j1T (-1+j3) +j3)x 1.04-(-0.666 +j2)

x [1.0395-j0.0333] - (-2+j6) x 1.0

= 1.0317-j0.0894 p.u

new
V Y /old Y41 V-Y42 Vew-Y4 Vnew

0.3 +j0.1
-0x -0x 1.04-(-1+j3)x 1.0395+j0.0333
-(-2+j6) x(1.0317-j0.0894)
=
1.0343-j0.015 p.u
Example 5.12 Fig. shows a jfive bus power system.
Each line has an impedance 9
(0.05+j0.15) p.u. The line shunt admittances may be neglected.
specifications are given in Table The bus powerand vollag

Form Ybus
() Find e2, d2, V3» Vg and Vs after the first
iteration using Gauss-Seidal melhod
Assume Dzmin0.2 p.u and Q2max 0.6 p.u.
Power Flow Analysis

5.37
Bus PL
P Bus
L0 1.0 0.5 not specifiednotspecified
1.02
Specification

not specified_
L0 Slack bus
30.5 .2 1.02 PV bus
40.5 0.2 specified PQ bus
5 0.5S
0.2 not specified PQ bus_
not specified PO bus

J 0.05+j0.155

Solution:
Step 1: Form Y
bus
Ybus

2 3

2x1
0.05 +j0.5 0.05 +j0.15
0 0 -1
0.05+j0.15
3x -1 1
0.05+j0.15 *0.05+j0.15 0.05+j0.15 0.05 +j0.15
0 -1 20.05+/0.13
-
1 0
0.05 +j0.15 0.05 +j0.15

0 0
2x1
o.05+j0.15 -1
0.05+j0.15 0.05 +j0.15

-1 0
-1
0.05 +j0.15 0.05+j0.15 0.05 +j0.15 *0.05 +j0.15

2 3 5

4-j12 -2+j6 -2 +j6

6-j18 -2+j6 -2 +j6
-2+j6
2+j6 4-j12 2+J0 0

2+j6 4-/12 2+j6

-2
0 2 +j6 6-j18
2+j6 -2 +j6
 Power System Anal
5.38
Step 2: Initialize bus voltages.
Vo 1.02 20°
yold 1.02

120°
,old
VA 1Z0°
old
,
=120°
Step 3: Calculate Q, for the PV bus
Cal
Q2 - ,old
x [Y21 V+Y2 V+ Y»
,new 4 Y24
ncw
+Y2s Vs"
V4+Y2s Vs
1

-Im {l.02 x [(-2 +j6) x 1.02 + (6-j18) x 1.02 +(-2 +j6) x +0

+(-2+j6)1}
= - Im {0.0816 + j10.159}
= 2.448 p.u

o2 2< o 0.2 < 0.2448 < 0.6

Bus 2 acts as PV bus.

P2 2p.u
Q 0.2448 p.u

-
Calculate voltages:

Pa-/2
V2 Y22 old
V
2
Y VY Y24 V-Y2sv"
1_2-j0.2448
6-j18 L
1.02
-
(-2+j6) x 1.02-(-2 +j6) x -(-2+j6) x1| 1

1.05 + Jj0.094 = 1.0S 2 0.089

82 0.089 rad
2 = 1.02 2 0.089

new
Va
old
3
- -Y3 V- Yn V - Y34 V - Y3s Vs J

0(-2
4-712 02 +j6) x 1.02 20.089- x 120
(-2+j6)**
= 0.99 j0.007 p.u
 Power Flow Analysis
5.39
new
4 Ya4Lv,old* Y41 V Ya V
V-
-
- Y42
Yas Vs
0.10.2_0-0-(-2+j6)
+j6) (0.99 -j0.007)

=
--2 +j6) x 120°
0.9975 -
j0.046

5
ss L yold*
-
s V -
Ys2 V
ncw
Y$3 V3 - Ys4 V
-0.04-(-2+j6)x 1.02 -
-2+j6) x
1.02
2 0.089 -0 -

(-2+j6) x (0.9975-j0.046)
= 1.0128 -
j0.013 p.u

5.8. NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD

The Gauss-Seidel algorithm is very simple but the convergence becomes

increasingly
slow as the system size grows. The Newton-Raphson technique,
converges equally fast for
large as well as small systems, usually in less than 4 to 5 iterations
but more functional
evaluations are required. It has become very popular for large system studies.

The most widely used method for solving simultaneous non-linear algebraic equations is
the N-R method. This method is a successive approximation procedure based on
an initial
estimate of the unknown and the use of Taylor's series expansion.

5.8.1. Load Flow Model in Polar Form

Pl+jQl= (Pai- Ppi) +j (QGi-QDi)

PGi+jQG Poi+jaDi

V Ni

PIj
PijO

Fig. 5.7. Compler power balancing at a bus

FTom Fig.5.7, the complex power balance at bus i is given by,

P1,+jQl, = P, *j (5.25)
 Power System Analysis
5.40
Complex power injection at the ih bus P +jQ1,
I,

(PG-PD) +jQG-On)
specificd, the complex power injection isa
Since the bus generation and demand are
specified quantity and is given by, (S5.26)
P(spec)tjQspeo) [PGi(spec)- Ppi (6pce) ]+j[QGitspec)-QDi (spec).
The current entering bus i is given by
N

N
In polar form, (5.27)
YIYy 120,; V, =| V,|48,]
Complex power at bus i,

P-/9= V , = V E Y, V

Substituting from equation (5.27), we get

N
P-, IV,|2-8, IY,|IV,|Z(0,+8,)
N
=2 IVIIY|V| 2 (, +8,-8,)
j=l
Equating the real and imaginary parts,
N
P IV,||Y,||V,| cos
( +0,-8,) (5.28)
N
Q, -- IV,IIY,||V,| sin (, +8,-8,) . (5.29))

Equations (5.28) and (5.29) constitute a set

of non-linear algebraic equations in terms of
the independent variables, | V | in p.u and phase
angle in radians.
Substituting (5.26), (5.28), (5.29) in (5.25),
we get the following power balance equations.
P,(6, V)-Pli(spec) O i= 1,2,...., N; * Slack, 8 unknown -
Q, (6, V)-Q (spec)
i=1,2,....., (N- M- 1), |V|- unknown
where M= Number
of P-V buses
Load flow model in real variable form is
compiled by adopting the rules given
below.
For every bus whose bus phase angle d is unknown,
include the respective real powe
balance equation.
For every bus whose bus voltage magnitude | V is
reactive power balance equation. | unknown, include respective
Power Flow Analysis

5.8.2. ITERATIVE SOLUTION

5.41
USING NEWTON RAPHSON
INCLUDING PV BUS LOAD FLOW ALGORITHM
ADJUSTIMENT
Let us assume all the buses are load
bus except slack bus.
The unknown variables consists
of V, L I Va I, ...., | V, and voltage angles
I

Initial guess of state vector [ X°] =

V2 .. (5.30)
v
Lv
Expanding equations (5.28) and (5.29) in Taylor series around the initial guess, and
neglecting higher order terms, we obtain

F(X° +AX) 0 F(X°)

=
+aXYAA
OP 1
LOV AV2|+...
OP
TavilaVN

, i-2,3,..,
for N

Q N V,i4V21+

Lavl 4V]
for i= M+ 1,........,N
Real power mismatch AP P-P
Reactive power mismatch AQ » 9-0
powers are unspecified, voltage and load angle are
In slack bus, real and reactive
Specified. There is no power equation for slack bus.
Therefore slack bus does not enter the
Jacobian matrix.

AP . as,t..*08AoN*ava *i.
OP
*aIvVI 5.31)
 Power System Analhsis
5.42
AQ .82* t.. ..TadN A8y+
AV, /VAVNI NI
(5.32)
a02
(5.32) can be multiplied and divided by thei
and
The voltage terms in equation (5.31)
their values and we obtain
respective voltage magnitudes without altering
OP AVN
OP OP, AV2
AP i.A87*
88,
0Q, AVN
0Q
OA8+1V2avj|V2 ...8Q, AV2
+| VNavlIVNl
N a]V»l| V»l * *|
AQ, 88 A02t..
In matrix form,

AP2 OP
082) Valv)
OP2
- P2
IVslalvl
A89

(OPN OPN
APN

AQ AV
082 88 Vlav ...Vav)
(09N QN aQN IAVN
Lao 82)
IV»l
... (5.33)
We can write [A°] =
[J°] [Ax° ], where [°] is the Jacobian matrix.
In the above equation, bus 1
is assumed to be the slack bus.
linearized relationship between The Jacobian matrix gives the
small changes in voltage angle
A/V A8, and voltage magnituac
Vwith a small change in real
and reactive power
APand AQ. We can write u
equation (5.33) as

AP
 Power Flow Analysis

The diagonal and off diagonal elements

5.43
of J, are
N

2 IV,IV,|IY,| sin (0, + ö,-ö,)

j=1
i

-IV,IIV,||Y,,| sin (0, +8,-8) i)

The diagonal and off-diagonal elements
of J, are
OP
V,Ialv 2|V,FIY,ulcos ,+ IV|IY,|cos(, +ô-86)
OP
I V,
IV,IYyl cos
(, +8,-8,)6 )
The diagonal and off-diagonal elements of
J are
N
IV,IV,IIY,| cos
(to,-8)
cos
-V,1IV,|IY,| (, +8,-8,) *i)
The diagonal and off diagonal elements of J4 are

+â,-8,)
Vav
V,lV -2|V,FIY| sin ® 2 IV,IIV,IIYg | sin (®
j =1

OP
IV,I |sin (® +8-8,)08 i)
V -IV,|IV,IIY
The terms AP, and AQ, are the difference between the specified and calculated values
Known as the power residues, given by
AP P (spec) P
cal
AQ, Qi (spec)-9
The new estimates for bus voltages are
8 8d+A89od
Vj=V+A
Vew V,od

or PV buses or voltage controlled buses

The voltage magnitudes are
specified for PV bus.
Let M be the number of generator
buses. M cquations involving AQ and AV and the

columns of the Jacobian matrix are eliminated.

rresponding
power constrains and(N =M) reactive power constraints, and
.There are N 1) real
M) * (2N -2- M).
-

Jacobian matrix of the order (2N-2

C
 Power System Anahyj
5.44
Algorithm:
. Formulate Y-bus matrix.
2. Assume flat start for starting voltage solution.
8=0, for = 1,
i N ....
for all buses except slack bus.

for i = M+ 1, M +2, ....., N(for all PO buSl

IVI= 1.0,
slack bus.
for all PV buses and
VI= V;l (spec)
3. For load buses, calculate P¢ and Q.
4. For PV buses, check for Q-limit violation.
IfQ (min) Q Q (may), the bus acts as P-V bus.

If Q >Q (max)Qi (spec)i(max

If Q < the P-V bus will act as P-Q bus.
Q (min)
i (spec)i (min) ,

5 Compute mismatch vector using

AP P(spec) Pa
AQ, = Qi(spee) -
6. Compute AP(masx) max | AP| i1,2, .
N except slack
AQ (max) max | AQ;|, i =
M+1 .... N
7. Compute Jacobian matrix using J=
Q
8.

9.
Obtain state correction vector

Update state vector using

4PIVIJ
v new
=vold + AV =
yold 4AV
vold - vold 4V
8new=8od+A8 vold
10. This procedure is continued until

AP< E and | AQG|<E,)otherwise go

to step 3,
 Newton Kaphson
Power Flow Analysis
5.45
FLOWCHART: Start

Read line data, Bus data,

tolerance for AP and A0

Compute Y bus

Initialize voltag9 state vector X"

Set iteration count, iter = 1

Bus No. i=1.

Calculate Pi and Q;
N
Pi z IViIYij|lV;|cos (®ij *oj -ôj)
J1N
Q - 2 IV;|IYij li Vj| sin (0ij *8j -8,)

No
irefer to
P-V bus

Yes
Calculate Calculate APj and AQj
AP;= Pi (spec)
cal
APPi (spec)-Pi
A0Qi (spec)- a
a Qi(max) Check
or Q-limit
fQi (min)

(spec) (epec) di (min)

Qi i tmax) (spec)-
40 = Qi (spec) af 0 i (spoe)-Q a0 i
Yes

Form J M
M
Calculate asand a V

Update bus voltage

new= okd+ AV, 3hew= 8+A

Check for tolerance Yes

Calculate line flows, slack bus power,

No total line losses. reactive power generated at
Liter= iter+1
IP-Vbuses
Print ).i.3.

Stop
 Power System Analysi
5.46
Perform two iteration of Newton Raplhson load Jlow metkod and
Exanmple 5.13|
solution for the given system. Take base MVA as 100.
determine the powerflow
Solution: Line Data :
Bus Half line charging admittance
Line R(p.u) X (p.u)
From To

0.0839 0.5183 0.0636

L 1

2
Bus Data
Bus PL QL

90 20
30 10

Ypus
0.3044-j1.816 -0.3044 +j1.88
L-0.3044 +j1.88 0.3044-j1.816 J
[1.842 2-1.405 1.904 21.7314
Y
bus L
1.904 21.7314 1.842 -1.405 J
[Note: Use in rad mode]
Assume the initial value i.e., 8 =0, V= 1.0.

Step 3: Calculate P,
[X]

Q2,
-L
AP2 and AQ2.
cos (1a t82-8,)+|V2l|Y22 cos
P2 V2l IV,lIY2| (2 +82-8,)}
1.0 [1.05x 1.904 cos (1.7314) + 1.842 cos(-1.405)]
= 1.05 x 1.904 (-0.15991) + 1.842 (0.16503)
= -
0.015 p.u
P2(spee) Po2- PL
30
0-100 -0.3 p.u
AP2 p cal
P2 (spec)P2
0.3-(-0.015) = 0.285
- -
Q2 -V, {IV, ||Y21| sin(12+ 81-8,) +|V2l| Y22| sin(02,2 +ô2-ö7)
-1.0 [1.05 x 1.904 sin (1.7314) + 1.0x 1.842 sin
(-1.405)]
-0.157 p.u
AQ2
2 (spec)Q2-0.1-(-0.157)
=0.057
Power Flow Analysis
5.47
Step 4: Form Jacobian matrix.
OP V2aN2
OP2
A82
AP2
V
882 LTvT AQ2.

0P2
082 V2l|V,|IY12l sin (12 +8, -8,) +|V2 lPIY22|x 0

= 1.0 x 1.05 x 1.904 sin (1.7314)

= 1.973
OP2
IVlav2 =
|V,||V2l|Y21 | cos (,12 +8-8,) +2| V2 F|Y22 cos (,2)
l

= 1.05 x 1.904 cos (1.7314)+2 x 1.842 cos (-1.405)

= 0.289

cos
R V2l|V,|IY2l (a +88,)-1V2PIYza|x 0
= 1.05 x 1.904 x cos (1.7314)
= -0.3197
sin (0,2)
IV2la2 -IV,||V2lIY21| sin (®12 t ô-ô,)-2|V2 lY22|
= - 1.05 x 1.904 sin (1.7314)-2 x 1.842 sin (- 1.405)

1.66
Step 5:Compute AX,

Ao2
P2
[AP2|
V2 6Q2 0Q2
082
1.973 0.2897-1 -0.2855
-0.3196 1.66 X0.057J
[ 0.493 -0.086-0.285 0.145 1
0.0949 0.586 J 0.057
L
0.0064 J L

0+-0.145) = 0.145
8 +Aô2 = -
8, 8
V2 10+ 0.0064 = 1.0064
v = V2+|V2l'V17
 Power System Analysis
5.48
Iteration 2:Compute mismatch vectors.
+ (-0.145)) + 1.0064x
1.0064 [1.05 x 1.904 cos (1.7314+0
P2 1.842 cos(-1405))

AP2
= - 0.297
P2 (spec)- P -0.3-(-0.297)
= -0.003
-{1.0064 [1.05 x 1.904 x sin (1.7314 +0-(-0.145)) + 1.0064 x 1.842x
02
sin-1.405)}
= - 0.078
AQ cal
Q2 (spec)-Q
= - 0.1 -(-0.078) = - 0.021
Compute Jacobian matrix.
OP2
1.0064 x 1.05 x 1.904 sin (1.7314 +0.145)1.919
82
OP2
V2la
aV2
= 1.05x 1.0064 x 1.904 cos (1.7314 +0.145) +

2x 1.00644 x 1.842 x cos (- 1.405) = 0.015

aQ2
1.00
1.0064 x 1.05x 1.904 x cos (1.7314 +0.145) =-0.605

2
-1.05 x 1.904 sin (1.7314 +0.145) -2 x 1.0064 x 1.842 x sin (-1.405) = 1.76

AV2
1.919 0.015 AP2
0.605 1.76 LAQ2J
LIV21

1 1.76 -0.01571 AP2

3.3865 L0.605 1.919JAQ2 J
0.5197 -0.00441f-0.003 -0.0015
Lo.1786 0.566 JL-0.021 -0.0124J

- 0.145+(-0.0015) =-0.1465 rad

v-+1"1 V
AV2

= 1.0064+ 1.0064 x(-0.0124) = 0.994 p.u

Power Flow Analysis

Example S.14 in
5.49
example 5.13, Bus 2 is voltage
a controlled bus having the ratng
Pe 60 M", V2 1.02 p.u. 10 < Q, < 100 MVAR. Carry out two iterations and
-

delermine bus voltage magnitudes.

1.842 2-80.49
Solution: Y pus 1.90499.2°
1.904299.2° 1.842 2-80.49°
X=[8,] =
0 rad
Compute ,2 in radians
1.842 2-1.405 1.904 2 1.7314
Yu
Ybus
1.904 1.7314 1.8422-1.405
Check for-limit:
Q2 -IV2l{{VlIY21| sin (12+81-8)+|V2||Y22 Sin 2}
-
1.02 {1.05 x 1.904 sin (1.7314) +1.02 x 1.842 sin (-1.405)
-0.1239 p.u
Q2(min)92 <Q2(may)
So the bus acts as generator bus.
Compute AP2:
cos
P IV2l{|V,|IY2l +|V2||Y2lcos(2+82-8,)}
(a t8-5,)
1.02 {1.05x 1.904 cos (1.7314)+1.02 x 1.842 cos (-1.405)}
= (-0.3197+0.3100)
1.02
= -0.009 p.u
AP2 = P2 (spec)- P2 0.6-(-0.009) 0.609 p.u
Form Jacobian matrix:
[OP2
5= IV2l{|V,|IYl+sin (a+ô1-8,)}
= 1.02 x 1.05 x 1.904 sin (0 -0+1.7314)
= 2.013

Compute A8:
482 [JF[AP2]
= 0.303
2.013.x 0.609
= 0+0.303= 0.303 rad
8d+A8,
V"| = 1.02
 Power System Analysis
5.50
Iteration 2:
PCal + 1.02 x 1.842 Cos (-1.405))
02 1.05 x 1.904 cos (1.7314 + 0-0.303)
0.606
AP2 (spec)- P2= 0.6-0.606 =- 0.006
'2
Q {1.05 x 1.904 sin (1.7314 + 0-0.303) + 1.02 x 1.842 x Sin (-1.405)
-1.02
- 0.1228
Q (min) <Q2 Q2(mas)

'. This bus acts as generator bus.

Jacobian matrix:

V21{|V,|| Y21
| sin(12 + 81 -82)}
1.02 [1.05 x 1.904 sin (1.7314 +0-0.303) ] = 2.0185
Ad2 [JF[AP2] = 1
20185 x-0.006
-0.003
8new
8 +A8, = 0.303 + (-0.003)
=
820.3 rad 17.19°

V= 1.02 p.u
Example 5.15 In Example 5.13, bus 2 is
a P-V bus having the
V2=1.02 p.. rating PG 60 MW,
10<O2 < 100 MVAR, carry out one iteration. Perform
Raphson method to determine bus voltages. load flow using Newton"

Solution:
Step 1: Form Ybus
1.842
bes- 1.904 2-1.405 1.904 1.7314
21.7314 1.842 812 in rad.
Step 2: Check for Q-limit violation. -1.405 J
a -
IV2l|VY21|sin(12-82+8)+|V2
PIY221sin
22
1.02x 1.05x 1.904 x sin
(1.7314) + 1.022
x 1.842 x sin (-1.405
- 0.1239
Power Flow Analysis
5.51
oa<Q2 (min)

Q2 10
2 (min)100D p.u MVAR
Now bus 2 will act as load bus.
V2 1.0 20
p.u

Step 3:Compute AP2 and AQR

P2 IV2IIV,IIY2. cos
(2-5,+ö))+|V2FTY22|COs 022
1.0x 1.05 x 1.904 x cos (1.7314) + 1.02
x 1.842 x cos (-1.405)
-0.0157

AP2P2 (spec)-P2 100(-0.0157) = 0.6157

AQ2
2 (spec)-92 =
0.1-(-0.1239) = 0.2239

Step 4: Form Jacobian matrix.

V,|| V, ||Y21 sin (12-82+ö))

1.0 x 1.05 x 1.904 x sin (1.7314-0+0)

= 1.973

TVav,
V2
IV,IIIIY12| cos (012-ö2 +8) +2|V,PIY22| cos 02
= 1.0 x 1.05x 1.904 x cos (1.7314) +2 x 1.0x 1.842 x cos (-1.405)

= 0.288

| cos(12 -5 +8,)
06,IV2|IV,|IY21
= 1.0x 1.05 x 1.904 x cos (1.7314)

= - 0.3197

Q2
-|V, |IV2lIY21|sin(612-02*8,)-2|V FIY221sin e,
Vla=
1.842 x sin (1405)
1.05 x 1.904 sin (1.73 14)-2 10x
x
=1.0 x-
=1.66
 Power System Analysi.
5.52
Step 5: Calculate A8 and A V.

AV2 1.973-0.3197-
LTV1J 0.288 1.66. LAQ2

0.288 10.61577
1.66
3.367 L-0.3197 1.973 J L 0.2239J
0.493 0.0855 1 0.6157
L-0.095 0.586J Lo.2239 J

0.3227 rad
0.073 p.u
8 82 +A8 = 0+0.3227 0.3227 rad 18.499

AV2
V- +|Vl = 1.0+0.073= 1.073

new = 1.073218.49°

Example 5.16] Consider the three-bus system of Fig Each of the three lin
series impedance of 0.02 + j0.08 p.u anda total shunt admittance of jo.02 p.u. The
specified quantities at the buses are tabulated below:

Real load Reactive Real power Reactive power

Bus demand load demand | generation Voltage
generation
Pp specification
PG
2.0 1.0 Unspecified Unspecified Vy1.04+j0
(slack bus)
0.0 0.0 0.5 Unspecified
1.0
(P bus)
3 1.5 0.6 0.0 QG3 7 TVl-1.04
(PV bus)
Controllable reactive power source is
available at bus 3 with
the constraint
0slc Sl.5 p.u
Find the load flow solution using
theNR method. Use a tolerance 0.01 powt
mismateh. ii ofof for
Jor Po
Power Flow Analysis
L5.53]

Sc 2+j1 Sc2 = 0.5 +j1 0+j0

-1.04 0 120°. 2

1.04 20°

QGs( 15 + j0.5

Solution:

0.02+jo.08

0.02+j0.08 0.02+ j0.08

1 -1
0.02 +j0.08 0.02 +j0.08 0.02 +j0.08 0.02 +j0.08

-1 0.02+j0.08 "0.02 +j0.08 0.02+j0.08

0.02 +j0.08
-1 1 1
0.02+j0.08 0.02 +j0.08 0.02 +j0.08 0.02 +j0.08 -

5.88-j23.53-2.94 +jl1.76 2.94 +jl1.76

5.88-j23.53 -2.94 +j11.76
-2.94 +j11.76
5.88-j23.53J
L-2.94+j11.76 -2.94 +j11.76
24.25 2-1.326 12.12 2 1.816 ]
12.12 2 1.816
24.25 2-1.326 12.1221.816 (use radian mode)
12.12 1.816
12.12 1.816 12.12 21.816 24.25 2-1.326 J

ASSume the initial value, 8 = 0, V= 1.0

 PmAnatySis
5.54
V=1 L0°, 8," =0 (for PQ bus)
V3 1.0420° (for PV bus)
cal V2 *'IY22 cos 822
cos (0 +8, -8,) +|
+|V2l|V3||Y23 cos (, tö-a)
x 24.25 cos (-1.326)
I.0x 1.04 x 12.12 cos (1.816 +0-0) + 1.0
+ 1.0x 1.04 x 12.12 cos (1.816+0- -
-0.24 p.u
cal
cos (0 +8,-85) +| V3l|V2||Y32
cos(32 +2-ô,) +| V3 *|Y33l cos (,
1.04 x 1.04 x 12.12 cos (1.816) +1.04x 1.0 x 12.12 x cos (1.816)
+1.044 x 24.25 cos (-1.326)
= 0.115 p.u

-(IVal|V,||Y21l|sin (021 +8-3,) +| V2 *IY2| sin O22t

ValV3I Y23 sin (923 +82-6)}

-
{1.0x 1.04 x 12.12 x sin 1.816 +1.0 x 24.25 sin (-1.326) + 1.0 x

1.04x 12.12 sin (1.816)}

-0.929 p.u
Cal
AP2 =
P2(spec)-
pec, P2 =
0.5-(-0.24) = 0.74 p.u

AP P3 (spec)- P3cal = -

1.5-(0.115) = -
1.615 p.u

AQ2
2spec)2 1--0.929) =
1.929 p.u
Jacobian Matrix

=V,||V, |IY12l sin ( 12+81 -8,)

+|V2l|V3||Y23| sin (32 +
&-ö)
= 1.0 x 1.04 x 12.12 sin (1.816)
+1.0 x 1.04 x 12.12 sin
= 24.46
(1.816)

oP2
=-| V2|V3||Y23| sin (23 +8,-85)
- 1.0x 1.04 x 12.12 sin (1.816) = -
12.23
Power Fow Analysis
5.55]
OP2
IV2 v, 2x|V2F|Y2l cos +| V,||V, ||Y12 cos(012 +o02)*

IV2l|V3lIY23 cos (23 +o3-ô)

=2x 1.0 x 24.25 cos (-1.326) + 1.0 x
1.04x 12. 12 x
cos 1.816 + 1.0x 1.04x 12.12 x cos (1.816)
5.64
P
V3 ||V2||Y32 sin (032 t+ ö3
-ö3)
-
1.04 x 1.0x 12.12 sin (1.816) = -
12.23
OP3
V3VI|Y31 | sin (O31 +ôy-8,) +|V3||V2IIY32 | sin(032 + ö3-ö)
= 1.04 x 1.04 x 12.12 sin (1.816) + 1.04 x 12.12 sin (1.816)
= 24.955

OP3
V2lav -IV2l|V3l|Y23|cos(23+®3-8,)
-1.0 x I.04 x 12.12x cos (1.816) =-3.05

Valav -2|V2F Y22 sin 22-| V2I|V,IIY21 | sin (12 +ô -8)

-IV2||V3l|Y23 sin (O32 +ô3-82

-2x 1.04x 24.25 x sin (-1.326) - 1.0 x 1.04x
12.12 sin (1.816)- 1.0 x 1.04 x 12.12 sin (1.816)

= 22.59
cos (
V2||V, ||Y121 cos (®21t 81 -8)+|\V2l|V3||¥23 +83-8,)
+ I.0x 1.04 x 12.12 cos (1.816)
= 1.0x 1.04 x 12.12 cos (1.816)

-6.11
Y23 cos (®23-®3-8,)
-IV2||V3I
06,-I I
1.04 x 12.12
cos (1.816)
-1.0x }

= 3.06
 POwe yc nalysis
ysis
5.56
OP
P2 oP2

AP2
APs oP OP
Vsav AV2
LA02J LIV21J

24.46 - 12.23 5.64 Ad3

- 12.23 24.95 3.05 AV2
-6.11 3.06 22.59| V
AP2
[ 24.46 -12.23 5.64 7-
- 12.23 24.95-3.05 AP3
AV.
AV2
LIV21
-6.11 3.06 22.59.
La
572.95 294.92 115.02
293.534 587.01 -0.1223|
11056.209
- 103.416 562.6 460.704 J
0.052 0.027 0.01041 0.74
0.053
0.0265 0-1.615
L-0.0094 0.0005 0.042 JL 1.929.
0.0149
-0.066
0.073
sold
8 8,+A8, = 0+0.0149= 0.0149 rad

8 8+Aöz= 0+(-0.06) -0.066 rad

1.0+1.0x0.073 1.073 p.u

Advantages of G.S. Method
1. Calculations are simple and so the
programming task is
less,
2. The memory requirement is less.
3. Useful for small size system.
Power Flo0w Analysis
5.57
Disadvantages of G.S. Method
1. Requires large number of
iterations to reach convergence.
2. Not suitable for large systems.
3. Convergence time increases with size
of the system.
Advantages of N-R Method
1. The N-R method is faster,
more reliable and the results are accurate.
2. Requires less number of iterations for
convergence.
3. The number of iterations are independent
of the size of system (number of buses).
4. Suitable for large size systemns.

Disadvantages of N-R Method

1. The programming logic is
more complex than G.S. Method.
2. The memory requirement is more.
3. Number of calculations per iteration are higher than G.S. method.

5.8.3. COMPARISON OF GAUSS-SEIDEL AND NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD OF LOAD

FLOW STUDIES
1. For G-S method, the variables are expressed in rectangular coordinates whereas in N-R
method, they are expressed in polar coordinates. If rectangular coordinates are used for
N-R method, then memory requirement will be more.
2. The number of mathematical operations per iteration will be lesser in G-S method than
N-R method. Hence computation time per iteration is less in G-S method.
3. The G-S method has linear convergence characteristics whereas the N-R method has
quadratic convergence characteristics. Hence N-R method converges faster than G-S
method.
4. In G-S method number of iterations inereases with number of buses but
in N-R method
depend on the size of the
the number of iterations remain constant and it does not
system.
the choice of slack bus and the presence of
S. In G-S method, convergence is affected, by
is less sensitive to these factors,
Series capacitors but the N-R method
to
a
5 iterations to reach an acceptable solution for lare
6. The N-R method needs only.3 same
method requires large number of iterations (30 or more) for
system. But G-S
level of accuracy.
 Power Syystem Analysie
5.58
ANSWERS
TWO MARK QUESTIONS &

Ls ioad Jlow analysis? Give the significance in

power system anaysis.
at
Power flow analysis is one of the basic tools used in
power system studie
dies. It
i
it is working under a
COncerned with the steady state analysis of the system when normal
determinati
ation of the
balanced operating conditio Load flow or power flow analysis is
voltage, current, real power and reactive power at various points in electrical network.
netw

ne load flow studies are very important for planning, economic scheduling, control and
operations of existing systems as well as planning its future Expansion depends upon
knowing the effect of interconnections, new loads, new generating stations, or new
transmission lines, etc., before they are installed. The information of load flow is
essential for analyzing the effective alternative plans for system expansion to mee
increase load demand.
2. Why the load flow studies are important for planning the existing system as well as its
Suture expansion ?
The load flow studies are very important for planning, economic scheduling, control
and operalions of existing systems as well as planning its future expansion depends upon
knowing the effect of interconnections, new loads, new generating stations, or new
transmission lines, etc., before they are installed.
3. Whay bus admittance matrix is used in Gauss-Seidal instead of bus impedance matrix
Using bus admittance matrix is amenable to digital computer analysis, because it
could be formed and modified for network changes in subsequent cases, and requires
less computation time and memory.
4. What are the resuls obtained from load flow? (or) Why power flow analysis is made
(or) What are the information that are obtained from a power flow study?
The information obtained from the load flow studies are the magnitude and phase
angle of voltages at each bus, active and reactive power flow in
each line, and power
loss in the line. It also gives the initial conditions of the
system when the transien
behaviour of the system is to be studied.
5. What is the needfor power flow or load flow study ?
Load flow analysis is performed on a symmetrical
steady-state operating condition o
a power system under normal mode of operation. The
solution of load flow gives bu
voltages and line/transformer power flows for a given load
condition. This information
essential for long term planning and operational planning.
6. What are the data required för a loadflow study?
The network contiguration, complex power
schedules demands for all buses, real poower
generation and voltage magnitudes of all agnitude
bus.
the P-V busés and voltage mag
of the slack
PowerloW Analysis

7. Explain long term plannin ning 5.59

Load
ad flow analysis helps in investigating
choosing
cho the best plan for system the effectiveness
ss of alternative pians and
expansion to meet
8. What is operational planningg? the projected operaingE>a
It helps in choosing
the best unit commitment
the system efficiently for the next plan and generation schedules to run
day's load condition without violating
and line flow operating limits. the bus voltages
9. Write 1he general power flow
equation.
Power flow equation P, N
+j Q, =
V, 2 YV
i=1,2,. .....,N
JT
where V, =
|V,| 28,
P Real power.
Q Reactive power.
Yi Admittance.
(or)
N

P-iQ V
j=l
Y, V,; i=1,2,., N
10. What are the four quantities that are associated with each bus in a system?
Real power.
Reactive power.
Voltage magnitude.
Phase angle of voltage.
11. How the buses in the power system are classified ?
The buses are classified based on the variables specified. There are three types of
buses.
1. Slack bus or swing bus or reference bus.

2. Generator bus or voltage controlled bus

or P-V bus or regulated bus.
3. Load bus or P-Q bus.
power flow analysis with their known and unknown
Explain bus classification in
quantities? be specified
quantities specified and quantities to fo
The following table gives the
each bus.
Quantities to be
Quantities specified
S.No. Bus specified
V, P.Q
Slack bus
P-V bus (or) PV Q,8
2 Generator bus
P-Q bus (or) P,Q VF,8
3. Load buS
 O em Analysi.
5.60
where P= PG-PL
Q Qa-QL connected to the bus.
generated by generator
Pa Keal power to the bus.
power generated by generator connected
Reactive
PL Real power drawn by the load.
L Reactive power drawn by the load.
13. Define slack bus.
bus, voltage magnitude and phase angle of voltages are specified pertaininng
In slack
is chosen. we assumed voltape
to a generator bus usually a large capacity generation bus
(V) as reference phasor,
i.e.,
where ö = Phase angle of voltage.
This bus makes up the difference between the scheduled loads and generated power
that are caused by the losses in the network.
14. What is the needfor swing bus (OR) Slack bus?
Power Balance equation is
.
P i=1
P Po
Ppi (5.34)

Real power loss Total generation Total load

Pi depends on 12R loss in the transmission line and transformers of the network. The
individual currents in the various lines of the network cannot be calculated until after the
voltage magnitude and angle are known at every bus of
the system. Therefore P is
initially unknown. Real and reactive power are not specified
for slack bus.
In power flow problem, we assume one
generator bus as slack bus at which power
generation is not prespecified. After the power flow
problem has been solved, th
difference between the total specified real power
going into the system at all the other
buses and the total power consumed by loads plus 12R
losses are assigned to the s1ac
bus. Therefore a generator bus must be selected
as the slack bus. The slack
to account for transmission line losses. bus is needed

15. Why is one of the buses taken as slack

bus in a power systemn?
In power flow study, at all buses
net complex flow
into the network is not know
advance. While specifying a generation
schedule for a given
up the generation setting of all the system demand, one cal fix
generation buses except
limitation of not knowing the transmission because of
one bus because o the
loss in advance.
have one bus called Slack bus. Therefore, it is necessary t
Power rOW Analysis

16. Define voltage controlled

bus.
5.61
At these buses, the
real power and
angles of the voltages voltage magnitudes are specified. 1
and the reactive he pnase
value of the reactive power power are to be determined. The limits on tne
are also specified.
In order to maintain
a good voltage
Regulator (AVR) is used. profile over the system, Automatic
voltag
Static VAR Compensator
buses are called as P-V
voltage magnitudes are specified buses because real power and
at these buses.
17. Define load bus or what is P-Q
bus in power flow analysis.
At these buses, the active
and reactive powers are specified. The magnitude
phase angle of the voltage are unknown. and
These are called as load bus.
18. State practical load flow problem.
Given: The network configuration, complex
power demands for all buses, real power
generation schedules and voltage magnitudes
of all the P-V buses and voltage
magnitude of the slack bus
Todetermine
Bus admittance matrix.
Bus voltage phase angles of all buses except the slack bus and bus voltage
magnitudes of all the P-Q buses.
State vector X = [V, V2, VN ......
Ö 02 ONl ,
19. Write the polar form
of the powerflow equations (or) static load flow equations.
N
cos
P,
j=l
IV,IY,||V,| (O,+8,-8)
IV,IIYylIV,| sin (9,+8,-8)
9 j=1
We can write the above equations
asS

N
cos (, +8,-8,)
:P, IV,PIY|
cos
t J
2IVYG|Vl
N
(,+ô,-8,)
Q -I V,PIY,lsinBju-2VYylIsin
power flow analysis.
20. Hrite
an equation inn loop frane of referencejor
VLoop lZL0op L'Loop
matrix. sri
Bus impedance
where [ Z/oon]
Voltage matrix.
[VLoop
Current matrix.
Loop=
 Power System
5.62 Analysi

21. What technique is used to solve load low problems using us

Diakoptics technique
The formulation of load flow problem using Zus employs
which is actually the piecewis solution of the power system problem by usir
singtearing
off techniquc.
ire the methods used for the iterative solution of non-tnear' algebr:
raic
equations ?
() Gauss-Seidel Load Flow Method (GSLF).
(i) Newton-Raphson Load Flow Method (NRLF).
(ii) Fast-dccoupled Load Flow Method (FDLF)
23. What do you mean by flat voltuge start?
Initial bus voltages are assumed as,
VIspee20 for slack bus.
V Vspec20 for generator bus.
V =1L0° for load bus
This is referred to as flat voltage start.
24. Why is it necessary to use acceleration factor in Gauss-Seidel method
of load flow
studies ? (OR) What is meant by acceleration factor in Gauss-Seidel loadflow solution
and its best value?
In Gauss Seidel method, the number of iterations
required for convergence can be
reduced if the correction in bus voltage computed at each iteration is multiplied by a
factor greater than unity, called as acceleration factor to bring
the voltage closer to the
value to which it is converging. The range of 1.3 to 1.7 is
found to be satisfactory for
typical systems.

vnew
Vold +a V -vod
where V = Voltage value obtained in
the previous iteration.
o=Acelerationfactor.
V = New value of voltage obtained
in the current iteration.
25. In which methodfor solving load flow problem
acceleration factor is used
Gauss-Seidal Method
26. When the generator bus is treated as load
bus ?
If Q (max)» Substitute
QQi (max)
If ,<Q(min) Substitute Q,T Q
(min)
i.e., the rea ve power of a generator
bus violates the specified P.V
bus will act as load bus. limits, then the n
 wer Flow Analysis

27. What are the

the advantages of Gauss-Seidal
5.63
1. Calculations are simple method ?
and so the programming task
2. The memory requirement is lesser.
is less.
3. Useful for small size system.

-
8. What is Jacobian matrix?
In matrix form,

AP
(P
1V
APN
082
AQ9 (00 00,:(D0, aQ, AV2
OIV21

LA0L6)
(09N (0000 v
Wecan write [Au°] [J°] [Ax°], where [°] is the Jacobian matrix.
In the above equation, bus is assumed to be the slack bus. The Jacobian matrix
1

gives the linearized relationship between small changes in voltage angle A8, and voltage
magnitude [AV,|with a small change in real and reactive power AP and AQ.
.What are the disadvantages of Gauss-Seidal method?
-1. Requires large number of iterations to reach convergence.
suitable for large systems.
2. Not

3. Convergence time increases with

size of the system.
are the advantages of Newton-Raphson method
.What reliable and the results are accurate.
I. The N-R method is faster, more
iterations for convergence.
2. Requires less number of
independent of the size of system (number of buses).
3. The number of iterations are
systems.
4. Suitable for large size
of Newton-Raphson method ?
hat are the disadvantages G.SiMethod.
logic is more complex than
,The programming
nemory requirement is more:
The G.S. method.
calculations per iterations are higher than
3. Number of