FACULTY OF OCEAN ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND

INFORMATICS
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU

KEJ 3105 THERMODYNAMICS

(EXPERIMENT A)
MARCET BOILER

Student number & Name

1. _____________________________________

Laboratory Staff

………………….……………….
( )
 Please read carefully the instructions in this lab sheet
EXPERIMENT: Marcet Boiler

OBJECTIVES:

To determine the relationship between pressure and temperature of saturated

steam in equilibrium with water over range in 0 – 12 bar.

APPARATUS:

Marcet boiler equipped with pressure and temperature measurement devices.

THEORY:

In all the engineering equipment using heating system, a certain fluid flow
through the system. This fluid is called as the working fluid. It acts as a
medium to allow the conversion or transfer of energy to produce heat or work.
These materials can be employed in the liquid, vapor or gas phase, or a
mixture of the two phases, where there are changes in chemical bonding.
Water is the working fluid commonly used in engineering works. It is useful at
ambient and high temperature. At ambient temperature water in liquid form is
used as heat transfer media while at high temperature water in the vapor state
is often used as a medium of energy transport.
For example, in steam power plants, water is used as the working fluid, and it
exists in two phases, liquid and vapor, or often referred to as steam. The water
is heated in a boiler to produce steam which would then be expanded in a
steam turbine to produce turbine work. Then it passed through the condenser
where it will be returned to the initial state of the liquid.
Knowledge regarding the thermodynamic properties of the working fluid in
certain circumstances is important for the purpose of analyzing the processes
that occur and to determine the thermodynamic properties. The values of these
properties can be determined experimentally. Various properties can be related
in the form of a graph or chart, properties diagram, tables or specific
relationships.
In this experiment, we will get the relationship of two important
thermodynamic properties such as temperature and pressure for saturated
steam.
If energy is added to water, the resulting increase in activity of the molecules
causes more and more of them to leave the surface until equilibrium is
achieved. Equilibrium depends on the pressure of the pure substance (steam)
at the interface with water, the lower the pressure the easier for the molecules
to leave and thus less energy is required to reach the equilibrium (boiling
point). The temperature for a pure substance existing as a mixture of two
phases, the Clapeyron relationship relatives the pressure, heat and expansion,
during a change of phase provided the two phases are in equilibrium.
The Clapeyron relationship is,
Now,

And vg is very larger than vf ,

Since that,

Where, vf = Specific volume of water

vg = Specific volume of steam
hf = Specific enthalpy of water
hg = Specific enthalpy of steam
hfg = Latent heat of vaporization
From the graph of temperature against pressure calculate the slope of the
graph at a number of points and for the same values of pressure, calculate the
theoretical value of (Tvg/hfg) with the figures from the set steam tables (table
01).
Plot the two values of (Tvg/hfg) obtained to a base of absolute pressure.
Units of (dt/dp)sat
(a) Theoretically

Units = (K.m3/kg) / (kJ/kg)

= (K.m3) / kJ
= (K.m3) / (kN.m)
= Km2/kN
(b) Practically

Units = K / bar
= K / (102 × kN/m2)
= Km2/102kN
PROCEDURE:
1. Fill in the boiler with clean water through the filler plug situated on the top of
the boiler, until the water reaches and starts to drain through the tap on the side
of the boiler.

2. Leaving the level cock open, switch on the electric heater and wait until steam
issues freely from the cock. This is to ensure that all air is expelled from the
boiler.

3. Close the cock and continue heating up to a maximum gauge pressure 12 bar
and record the increasing values of temperature with 1 bar intervals in Table
A-1.

4. Switch off the heater and record the decreasing values of temperature until 0
bar with 1 bar intervals in Table A-1.

5. Plot the graph of T (K) Vs P(ab) (bar) and (dt/dp)sat (Km2/kN) Vs P(ab) (bar).
INCLUDEPICTURE
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EXPERIMENTAL DATA:

Fill in the experimental data in Table A-1

TABLE A-1: Tables for Data and Results of Experiments

TEMPERATURE, T
PRESSURE, P (bar) *Temp.
(EXPERIMENT)
From
INCREASE DECREASE Steam
Increase Decrease Av. Av.
Tables
Gauge Abs Gauge Abs (°C) (°C) (°C) (°K)
(°C)

0 0
69 106

1 1
98 113

2 2
111 123

3 3
120 133

4 4
130 142

5 5
138 150

6 6
143 155

7 7
147 158

8 8
154 160

9 9
158 168

10 10
161 170

11 11
164 169

12 12
169 170
*Abs = Absolute Approved by Technician in charge:
Temp = Temperature

…………………………………..
Signature & Official Stamp

Date:
Av = Average

CALCULATIONS:
1. Do the Specimen Calculation to find absolute pressure (bar) and average
temperature (K).
2. Tabulate the calculated values of absolute pressure (Pab) and average
temperature (T).
3. Plot the graph of T Vs P(ab).
4. Calculate the practical value of (dt/dp)sat from the graph of T Vs P(ab) for
Experimental Analysis.
5. Calculate the theoretical value of (dt/dp)sat using the steam table 01 for
Theoretical Analysis.
6. Tabulate the practical values and theoretical values of (dt/dp)sat separately.
7. Plot the graph of (dt/dp)sat Vs P(ab).

DISCUSSION:
1. Explain why it was necessary to expel the air from the apparatus.
2. Compare the curves obtained from experimental results with the curves
obtained from the tabulated data.
3. Point out any possible sources of error.
4. Discuss the properties of a liquid and its vapour as illustrated by this
experiment and quote any examples of an industrial or practical nature in
which this relationship is effective.

CONCLUSIONS:

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