Introduction Aesthetics

 Architect Stephen Sauvestre

 The tower is entirely made of wrought iron.
 Engineer Maurice Koechlin  The tower is painted in three shades: lighter at the top, getting progressively darker
towards the bottom
 Structural Engineer Emike nouguier
 The exposed trusses forming large numbers of tiny triangles and parallelograms
 Construction Company Eiffel and cie looks appealing. Use of large number of trusses to
form small triangles
 The whole tower painted in the shades of brown have certainly made it stand out.
 Built in 1897-1899
 Weight 10000 tonnes
 Height 324 m Structure
 Width 124 m  Use of various linear members arranged in criss- cross manner, forming various small triangles and parallelograms.
 This provides a good structural stability to the tower.
 Cost 1.5 million USD(1889)  The basic structure of the Tower is intricate lattice-work columns at each of the four corners of the Tower, in which
diagonals connect four elements, thus making stiff, but lightweight columns.
 Location Champ de Mars, Paris, France Illustration of load transfer
 The structure is such that is broad, massive and contains large number of trusses at the bottom whereas, as we through the trusses
move towards the top, it gradually becomes narrow, lightweight and contains less number of trusses. Structure of the tower
 This strongly contributes to the structural strength of the Tower and enables the load to transfer to the ground safely.
About the Tower
 The Eiffel Tower is a structural masterpiece monument located in Champ de Third Floor (Summit)
Mars, Paris .
Observation Deck Foundations
 It was built as an Entrance gateway for the World Expo which was held in § The foundation of the Eiffel Tower is around 50 feet deep.
Paris in 1889. § It consists of large amount of concrete, massive limestone blocks and cut-stones.
276m
 It also depicts the centennial of the French Revolution. § The soil below the Eiffel Tower is very moist due to the adjacency of Seine River .
 The Eiffel Tower symbolizes the ideals of ingenuity, progress and beauty. § So, Gustave Eiffel created a two-system foundation in order to protect the reinforced concrete structure from
 At 324m (630 ft) in height, this iconic tower was once the tallest man made flooding through the Seine river (near the North and East pillars).
Foundation of the tower having concrete Workers laying the foundation
structure in the world, until the completion of Chrystler Building in New York in Second Floor blocks, limestone blocks and stones of the tower
1930.
 The tower is made entirely of latticed wrought iron. 115m
Loads:
 Although steel was available at that time because steel was more expensive. First Floor  The metal structure has a self-weight of 7300 tonnes.
 Gustav Eiffel chose wrought iron to demonstrate that the metal could be as  The tower consists of two lifts to commute the visitors to the top, each weighing around 20 tonnes.
strong as stone while being lighter. 57m  The paint done on the tower has its own weight of 60 tonnes.
 The tower also faces external forces due to fast blowing winds.
Spaces  The total load acting on the tower is around 10000 tons.

124m The load is simply distributed by splitting it up at the junctions and transferring into various members.
The Eiffel Tower is composed of three levels, the 1st floor, 2nd floor, and the summit (top As a result, the members go compression and tension. Due to this, the load gets distributed evenly on all the
Various platforms/Stages of the Tower
level) members and finds the shortest possible way to transfer the load to the ground.
There were several cafes built in the tower for the purpose of world expo. Few of them are still
Member in compression
operational today.
The first floor has museum exhibits, a glass floor, changing exhibitions, souvenir shops, and a
Construction Member in tension
theatre. The second floor has more eateries and shops, the Jules Verne restaurant, and the • The construction Process began in January 1887 by digging the foundation for the tower which was laid in four months.
third floor consists of an observation area, providing scenic views of the whole city. • The Metal Work was started in July 1887.
• There are around 18000 iron pieces (Trusses) used to construct the tower.
•
Access 
Each of the pieces were especially designed and calculated , traced out to an accuracy and then put together to form new pieces.
All the elements were prepared in Eiffel's Factory on the outskirts of Paris.
• Each of the legs of the Tower has two anchor bolts that are each 26 feel long and 4 inch in diameter.
Vertical load
There is a stairway present in the tower. It is also totally made up of iron and consists of 1720 steps, transferred to
the ground
leading to the top platform of the tower.
Also, there are 5 hydraulic lifts operating in the tower to commute the visitors to various platforms in
Stairs and lifts to access the various levels of the tower
Assembly Load transfer through the tower
the tower.
Initially in 1890, two hydraulic lifts were placed in the Tower. The platform at the top of the tower  On the site, various machines and equipments were deployed to build and assemble the structure.
provides very beautiful and panoramic views of the Paris.  A large number of workers were employed to assemble the gigantic structure.
 All the metallic pieces on the tower were fixed by rivets.
 This was a well-known technique at the time of the construction.
 A team of four men was needed for each rivet assembled: one to heat it up, another to hold it in place, a third to shape
Design the head and a fourth to beat it with a sledgehammer.
 The tower is built with wooden scaffolds and small hoists directly fixed to the tower.
 The workers, perched on a ramp just a few centimeters wide, at a steep height for the topmost floor of the tower.
Images of the workers assembling the tower very precisely
•The design of the Eiffel Tower is attributed to Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier, two senior
On March 31, 1889 the construction work was completely finished. That day, Gustav Eiffel himself climbed up the 1720
engineers working for the Eiffel,s firm.
stairs to the small platform at the top of the tower and hoisted the tricolor flag of France over the top of the Tower.
•The inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853 All the workers played their role very well and they assembled each single member with their hand very precisely and
•Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, a great pylon consisting of four lattice girders standing accurately.
initial drawing passed
apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal trusses at regular Plan of the Tower It took just two years two months and five days to build the Eiffel Tower, a record speed considering the rudimentary
intervals. means available at that time. The construction work was finished on 31 march 1889. The assembly of the tower was a
•Later, Stephen Sauvestre joined to contribute to the design. marvel of precision.
•Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and
other embellishments.
•The tower has a sprawling height of 324 meters and is divided into four platforms namely the
First Floor, the Second Floor and the Third Floor (or The Summit).
•The tower provides very beautiful and panoramic views of the whole city.
•The top floor consists of an observation desk.
•The foundation of the Eiffel Tower is around 50 feet deep and consists of large amount Various stages of Image of a rivet
Use of 2.5 million rivets to hold the metal
pieces together
of concrete, massive limestone blocks and cut-stones. Construction of the
Design proposals Tower

Eiffel Tower , Paris, France