Power System Case Study

TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

SIMULATIONS (LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: System One-Line Diagram for Power Systems Analysis and Design Project

Figure 2: Flat Start of Power Flow Analysis

Figure 3: Procedure Flow Chart

Figure 4: Transmission and Distribution System Design

Figure 5: Per Unit Impedance Single Line Diagram

Figure 6: Transmission Line Data Sheet

Figure 6a: Transmission and distribution line data sheet

Figure 6b: Transmission and distribution line data sheet

Figure 7: Transformer actual image

Figure 8: Transformer data sheet

Figure 9: Corrected Transmission and Distribution Design

Figure 10: Bus Voltage Data Analysis

Figure 11: Real and Reactive Power Loss Data Analysis

Figure 12: Power Flow List

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Transmission Line Parameters in Per Unit

Table 2: Per Unit Bus Voltage Data Comparison

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INTRODUCTION

Power system provide a very important role to deliver usable power to the consumers. Poor power

system design will bring the system to future failure and affect everybody’s life and absence of electricity in

a short-period of time will also reduce the profit of business establishments. In this design project the team

require to design and analyze a small power system. The system is composed of two generating plants,

two transformers, two capacitor bank, five transmission lines and three loads that is linked together by 6

buses. The system single line diagram and loads that is connected for every buses are initially provided in

this project and the remaining data to complete the system will be based through research. Since thedesign

project is a small power system, the transmission line design will be 230kV and distribution lines are

13.8kV.

The design process involves PowerWorld and hand calculations for accuracy. The team will

provide tabular data and statistical analysis of system performance but not limited to sending voltage,

receiving voltage, real power loss, reactive power loss and per-unit volts limit. Familiarization of software is

substantially important in this design project. Drawing symbols and its function requires knowledge in

electrical engineering to interpret. It is role of the team to design the small power system based on the

given guidelines. Therefore, the system will be efficient and safe if it is evaluated properly using advanced

technology like PowerWorld.

Power series simulation necessitates a thorough understanding of basic electrical circuitry,

electrical architecture, devices, and measurements for power flow tests, per unit calculations, and a number

of other expertise, including methods for calculating device obtaining and transmitting voltages or currents.

The design team may also show their expertise by including a single line diagram of per unit impedance. In

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this article, the above capabilities will be shown and presented to you, demonstrating how a machine

network model performs when built and learned extensively by people with those abilities.

PROCEDURES

Figure 1: System One-Line Diagram for Power Systems Analysis and Design Project

The above figure comprises two distinct but connected system: transmission and distribution. Bus

2, 3 and 5 are the transmission system and Bus 1, 4, 6 are for the distribution system. The system one line

diagram and initial design loadings will be used for simulation reference.

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 Figure 2: Flat Start of Power Flow Analysis

The above figure shows the flat start which means the voltage angles is set to zero and all voltage

magnitudes are set to 1.000 pu. Since the setpoint voltage at slack Bus is 1.05 and setpoint voltage at Bus

2 is 1.04 it will remain the same during flat start. The initial design parameters, transformers and

transmission lines data are already reflected in one line power system diagram.

It demonstrates that the transmission lines have inconsistencies that must be addressed. The

green arrow represents the movement of power, indicating that this diagram reveals a gap in certain

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transmission lines due to an apparent issue with impedance value. In that situation, the team undertook an

analysis to develop the transmission and delivery mechanism in order to resolve and clarify this issue.

FLOW CHART DIAGRAM

Figure 3: Procedure Flow Chart

The above flow chart represents the design planning method of the team. The first step is to
evaluate the given initial design parameters on how to use it correctly. Next, the team look for the
specifications of the cable and transformer that is needed for the completion of design simulation. After
doing the one-line power system diagram the team run the simulation to evaluate if the transformer is

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overloaded. Since the team verified that the transformer is capable to carry the loads, the team continue
the design and calculations for documentations.

RESULTS

Figure 4: Transmission and Distribution System Design

As shown above is the transmission and distribution system design. The percentage inside the

circle reflected in the transmission and distributions line represents the total power MVA flowing in the lines.

It shows that all lines are safe from overloading and ready to accept future load growth. The per unit volts

limit at all buses also satisfied the given condition which has a value not less than 0.95 and not greater than

1.05. The real power losses of the system is 2.8MW and the reactive power losses is 11.20Mvar.

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 Figure 5: Per Unit Impedance Single Line Diagram

Figure 2 depicts the per unit impedance estimation and design manipulation used to create a single
line diagram.

Sbase=60 MVA
V base 1=13.8 kV
230 kV
V base 2=13.8 kV × =230 kV
13.8 kV
13.8 kV
V base 3=230 kV × =13.8 kV
230 kV

( 13.8 kV )2
Z base1= =3.174 Ω
60 MVA

( 230 kV )2
Z base2 = =881.6667 Ω
60 MVA

( 13.8 kV )2
Z base3 = =3.174 Ω
60 MVA
@ joree with75 ℃ , 60 Hz

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 Ω
Z=0.03+ j0.299
km
0.3+ j 2.99
Z 14=10 km ( Z )=0.3+ j 2.99= =0.0945+ j0.942
3.174
0.3+ j 2.99
Z 16=10 km ( Z )=0.3+ j2.99= =0.0945+ j 0.942
3.174
0.15+ j 1.495
Z 46=5 km ( Z )=0.15+ j 1.495= =0.0473+ j0.471
3.174
Z 56=0.1364
Z 34=0.1364
@ waxwing with 75 ℃ ,60 Hz
Z=2.611+ j.386 Ω/km
130.55+ j 19.3
Z 25=50 km ( Z )=130.55+ j 19.3= =0.1481+ j0.0219
881.6667
130.55+ j 19.3
Z 23=50 km ( Z )=130.55+ j 19.3= =0.1481+ j0.0219
881.6667

Figure 6: Transmission Line Data Sheet

The data sheet for the transmission lines used in the architecture as shown in the diagram. Owing
to the buses' low nominal voltage of 13.8 kV, the researchers used the Joree transmission line for buses 1,
4, and 6, while the Waxwing transmission line was used for buses 3, 2, and 5, which has a smaller core in
mm or conductor scale than Joree due to the high nominal voltage of the said buses. Current power was

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measured at 758°C conductor temperature, 258°C air temperature, 1.4 mi=h wind speed, and 60 Hz
frequency.

Transmission line conductors

Figure 6a: Transmission and distribution line data sheet

Figure 6b: Transmission and distribution line data sheet

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Figure 6a & 6b shows the transmission and distribution line data sheet use in simulations. Ortolan cable is
used in low voltage and has 109MVA circuit limit. Partridge cable is used in high voltage and has 60MVA
circuit limit.

Figure 7: Transformer actual image

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 Figure 8: Transformer data sheet

PER UNIT IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS FAULT INFO

LINE CONNECTION R X B Length in Miles R X C
LINE 2 TO 3 0.02464 0.03650 0.11405 31.1 0.06161 0.09118 0.11405
LINE 2 TO 5 0.02512 0.03647 0.11405 31.1 0.06279 0.09118 0.11405
LINE 1 TO 6 0.15752 1.57000 0.00011 6.2 0.39380 3.92501 0.00011
LINE 1 TO 4 0.15752 1.57000 0.00012 6.2 0.39381 3.92502 0.00011
LINE 4 TO 6 0.07876 0.78502 0.00005 3.1 0.19691 1.96255 0.00005

Table 1: Transmission Line Parameters in Per Unit

The transmission line parameters in per unit impedance and fault details on zero series impedance
used by the design team in designing the transmission and distribution system are shown in the table. The
details are the products of the Power World Simulation's automated calculation of per unit impedance to
transmission line length.

ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATION

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 Figure 9: Corrected Transmission and Distribution Design

The team analyze that the system per unit volts limit can be enhanced when adding two capacitors
one for Bus 4 and another one for Bus 6.

On buses 4 and 6, the design team recommends using capacitor banks with Mvar values ranging
from 19 to 30 Mvar. The capacitor banks that have been connected to the device are shown in the diagram.
The aim is to increase each bus's bus voltage to a level that is greater than 0.95 but not more than 1.05 per
unit of bus voltage.

BUS 1 BUS 2 BUS 3

Preliminary With Preliminary With Preliminary With
Design Capacitor Design Capacitor Design Capacitor
VOLTAGE/UNIT 1.00000 1.00000 1.00001 1.00004 0.98 0.99
BUS 4 BUS 5 BUS 6
Preliminary With Preliminary With Preliminary With
Design Capacitor Design Capacitor Design Capacitor
VOLTAGE/UNIT 0.960 0.996 0.978 0.998 0.948 0.996

Table 2: Per Unit Bus Voltage Data Comparison

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 Preliminary vs Recommended Design
1.01
1
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
VOLTAGE/UNIT

BUS 1 Preliminary Design BUS 1 With Capacitor BUS 2 Preliminary Design BUS 2 With Capacitor
BUS 3 Preliminary Design BUS 3 With Capacitor BUS 4 Preliminary Design BUS 4 With Capacitor
BUS 5 Preliminary Design BUS 5 With Capacitor BUS 6 Preliminary Design BUS 6 With Capacitor

Figure 10: Bus Voltage Data Analysis

Based on the data obtained and the analysis of the bus voltage relation. The suggested repair or
additional capacitor banks have higher bus voltage values, resulting in a more effective transmission and
delivery system with less voltage drop on each bus.

Preliminary vs Recommended Design

Real Power Loss

Reactive Power Loss

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Figure 11: Real and Reactive Power Loss Data Analysis

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 Figure 12: Power Flow List

SUMMARY

One of the reasons why undergraduate and graduate electrical engineering students are unable to
take power engineering courses is the complexity of transmission and distribution system architecture.

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Using simulation software, on the other hand, can entice and inspire students to create their own concept
and model, as well as analyze it. This paper provides a six-bus protocol model with a power world simulator
that involves load flow and line impedance analysis, as well as data from the testing team to be entered into
the program. The team uses tools to illustrate per unit impedance in the form of a single line diagram, as
well as trial and error of transmission line and transformer parameters, and impedance estimation. The
execution of design ventures focuses on planning the transmission line parameters to be placed with small
inputs such as loads and sources. The design team will be able to measure other parameters and
determine the duration, voltage rating, MVA rating, and transformer leakage impedance to be used as
device values. Some of the values were derived from research references, and others were derived from
the design team's manual calculations. However, the power world plays a significant role in calculating
architecture parameters. The team will launch the simulation and run the machine via power world by
defining the data sheet of the transmission line and transformer. The design team correctly chose the exact
form materials found in the device to ensure that the materials are available in the market; this design style
could be recommended in the future.

CONCLUSION

The group uses tools to illustrate per unit impedance in the form of a single line diagram, as well as
trial and error of transmission line and transformer parameters, and impedance estimation. For the power
system architecture, ideal transformers and transmission lines were also mentioned. Since the group was
able to meet the desired performance and per unit value of each bus after carefully implementing the plan.
As a result, the team strongly advises that capacitor banks be installed on the device to correct the power
factor and reduce power losses. In electric power networks, capacitor banks are commonly used. Power
factor adjustment, improved performance, loss reduction, voltage support, and reactive power support are
five ways it strengthens the electric network.

The protocol configuration and study of a 10-bus power system was presented using the power
world simulator. This simulator is widely used in transmission and delivery system architecture to design
and test a variety of facets. The protocol specification in this paper necessitates a basic understanding of
power system components. The design's durability is then evaluated using power world simulator software
for load flow analysis and fault analysis.

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 The power flow state of the transmission and distribution design system should be balanced
between generation and load in normal service, according to the load flow report. As a result, the nominal
voltage will remain within the allowed range. It is assumed that in a contingency situation, such as when
one of the large generators fails or a main transmission line fails, the device parameters will not change
dramatically. If the system's status cannot be restored naturally, the service should be able to manipulate
the system to restore it to its original state. As a last resort, load shedding will offer relief from a
contingency condition while ensuring utility supply continuity.

As a result, the team came to the conclusion that the transmission line's impedances and other
parameters are crucial in power system architecture. Any simulation results, such as incorrect per unit
impedance, including shunt charging, can cause the device to black out.

The design team also concluded that the impedance could have affected the systems per unit
voltage due to voltage decrease, resulting in a power loss. Since the device has an impedance, the
inductance causes the voltage to drop; thus, the design team recommends and solves this issue by
installing capacitor banks in two buses to minimize the inductive reactance, since the capacitor bank is
used for power correction. In order to provide a consistent configuration, the team concludes that when
designing the transmission line structure, choosing sufficient per unit impedance of the line and transformer
must be attended to and measured.

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