A- 0 Answers t o Odd-Numbered Problems

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CALCULUS

Section 1.1 Velocity and Distance (page 6)
2for 0 < t < 10 0 for 0 < t < T
1v = 30,0, -30;v = -10,20 3 v(t) = 1for 10 < t < 20 v(t) = for T < t < 2T
-3for 20 < t < 30 0 for 2 T < t < 3T

5 25; 22; t + 10 7 6; -30 9 v(t) = { 20for t < .2

Ofor t > .2
20t for t 5 .2
11 10%; l2$%

8 for O < t < T for 0 5 t T

2 9 Slope -2; 1 5 f 5 9 3 1 v(t) =
-2 for T < t < 5 T lt) = { lOT - 2t
8t
for T 5 t _( ST

47 %v;;V 4 9 input * input -+ A input * input A B * B -+ C

-+ input + I + A
input +A --+output input +A B--+B C +
output--+ A * A -+ B
A +B output
+ 1,6t - 2,6t - 1,-3t
--+

6 1 3 t + 5,3t - 1,9t - 4; slopes 3,3,6,6,-3,9

Section 1.2 Calculus Without Limits (page 14)

+ +
1 2 5 3 = 10; f = 1,3,8,11;10 3 f = 3,4,6,7,7,6; max f at v = 0 or at break from v = 1 to -1
5 1.1,-2,s; f (6) = 6.6, -11,4; f (7) = 7.7, - l 3 , 9 +
7 f (t) = 2t for t 5 5,10 3(t - 5) for t 2 5; f (10) = 25
9 7, 28, 8t + 4; multiply slopes 11f (8) = 8.8, -15,14; = 1.1,-2,5
13 f (z)= 3052.50 + .28(x - 20,350); then 11,158.50 is f (49,300) 1 5 19+%
1 7 Credit subtracts 1,000, deduction only subtracts 15% of 1000 1 9 All vj = 2;vj = (-l)j-';vj = ($)j
2 1 L's have area 1,3,5,7 2 3 f j = j ; sum j2 j ; sum + 2 +
5 (1012 - 9g2)/2 = 2 7 V7j = 2 j 2 9 f31 =5
31 a j = -f j 3 5 0; 1; .1 3 5 v = 2,6,18,54; 2 3j-I 3 7 = 1,.7177, .6956, .6934 -+ln 2 = .6931 in Chapter 6
3 9 V, = -(i)j 4 1 vj = 2(-l)j, sum is f j - 1 4 5 v = 1000,t = lO/V
4 7 M, N 5 1 4 < 2 . 9 < 92 < 29; (i)2
< 2 ( i ) < @ < 2lI9

Section 1.3 The Velocity at an Instant (page 21)

16,6,ya,-12,0,13 34,3.1,3+h,2.9 5Velocityatt=lis3 7Areaf=t+t2,slopeoffis1+2t

9 F; F; F; T 112; 2t +
1 3 12 10t2;2 lot2 +
1 5 Time 2, height 1, stays above from t = $ to
1 7 f(6) = 18 2 1 v(t) = -2t then 2t 2 3 Average to t = 5 is 2; v(5) = 7 2 5 4v(4t) 2 7 v, = t, v(t) = 2t

Section 1.4 Circular Motion (page 28)

1 l o r , (0, -11, (- 1,O) 3 (4 cos t, 4 sin t) ;4 and 4t; 4 cos t and -4 sin t
5 3t; (cos 3t, sin 3t); -3 sin 3t and 3 cos 3t 7 z = cost; J2/2; -&/2 9 2x13; 1; 2a
11Clockwise starting at (1,O) 1 3 Speed $ 1 5 Area 2 1 7 Area 0
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A- 1

19 4 from speed, 4 from angle 21 from radius times 4 from angle gives 1in velocity
2 3 Slope i ; average (1 - $)/(r/6) = = .256 25 Clockwise with radius 1from (1,0), speed 3
27 Clockwise with radius 5 from (0,5), speed 10 2 9 Counterclockwise with radius 1from (cos 1, sin I), speed 1
31 Left and right from (1,O) to (-1,0), u = - sin t 33 Up and down between 2 and -2; start 2 sin 8, u = 2 cos(t+8)
36Upanddownfrom(O,-2)to(0,2);u=sinit 3 7 ~ = c o s ~ , ~ = s i n ~ , s p e e d ~ ,360 u ~ , = c o s ~

Section 1.5 A Review of Trigonometry (page 33)

1Connect corner to midpoint of opposite side, producing 30' angle 3n 7 $ -r area i r 2 8

9 d = 1, distance around hexagon < distance around circle 11T; T; F; F
13 cos(2t+t) = cos2tcost -sin2tsint = 4cos3t - 3cost
15icos(s-t)+~cos(s+t);~cos(s-t)-icos(s+t) 17cos8=secB=~tlat8=nr
19Usecos(t-s-t)=cos(t-s)cost+sin(t-s)sint 238=~+rnultipleof2n
25 8 = f + multiple of n 27 No 8 29 4 = f 31 lOPl= a, 1OQ1= b

CHAPTER 2 DERIVATIVES
Section 2.1 The Derivative of a Function (page 49)

1(b) and (c) 3 12 + 3h; 13 + 3h;3; 3 6 f(x) + 1 7 -6 9 2 x + A x + 1;2x+ 1

-4
11&d=&+3- 137;9;corner 15A=1, B=-1 17F;F;T;F
19 b = B; m and M; m or undefined +
2 1 Average x2 xl + 2x1
25 i ; no limit (one-sided limits 1,-1); 1; 1 if t # 0, -1 if t = 0 2 7 ft(3); f (4) - f (3)
2 9 2x4(4x3) = BX7 31 d~ = l 2u
= 2
2fi
33 X=-L.
AX ,, f1(2) doesn't exist 5
36 2f = 4 u 3 2

Section 2.2 Powers and Polynomials (page 56)

1 5 3x2 - 1= 0 at x = and A 17 8 ft/sec; - 8 ft/sec; 0 19 Decreases for -1 < x <

fi fi
z+h)-x 23 1 5 10 10 5 1 adds to (l+l)'(x = h = 1)
253x2;2hisdifferenceofx's 2 7 % =2x+Ax+3x2+3xAx+(Ax)2 +2x+3x2=sumofseparatederivatives
2 9 7 ~ ~ ; 7 ( x + l ) ~3 1 ~ x 4 p l ~ ~ a n y c u b i c3 3 x + ~ x 2 + $ x 3 + f x 4 + C 3 5 ~1 x ,41 2 10 x 6
37 F; F; F; T; T 39 = .12 so 4 AX
= i(.12); sixcents 41 4AX
=1 + C *
A -A d z =
-3
4 3 E = X 1 10. l X n + l .
2x+3 45ttofit 47i5x ,n+l ,dividebyn+l=O

Section 2.3 The Slope and the Tangent Line (page 63)
A- 2 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

1 7 (-3,19) and (8, E)

1 9 c = 4, y = 3 - x tangent at x = 1
+ + +
2 1 (1 h)3; 3h 3h2 h3; 3 3h h2; 3 + + 2 3 Tangents parallel, same normal
+
25 y = 2ax - a2, Q = (0, -a2) ; distance a2 i ; angle of incidence = angle of reflection
27~=2p;focushasy=$=p - x = - 2 -4 - 4
2 9 y - & = x + L fi'

31 y - = -1 2a(x-a);y= a2+ $;a= $

3 3 ($)(1000) = 10 at x = 10 hours 55 a = 2
+
5 7 1.01004512; 1 10(.001) = 1.01 +
3 9 (2 AX)^ - (8 6Ax) = AX)' + AX)^ + 4 1 xl = i;
x2 = -
41
40
43T=8sec;f(T)=96meters 45a>tmeters/sec2

Section 2.4 The Derivative of the Sine and Cosine (page 70)

1 (a) and (b) 3 0; 1; 5; $ +

5 sin(x 2s); (sin h)/h -t 1; 2 s 7 cos2 B w 1- 8' +
f B4; f B4 is small
9siniBmiB 11:;4 13PS=sinh;areaOPR=isinh<curvedareaih
15 cosx=l- d - + L - . . . 1 7 &(cos(x+ h) - cos(x - h)) = ;(-sinxsinh) -+ -sinx
2.1 4.3.2.1
193/=cosx-sinx=Oatx=q+ns 2l(tanh)/h=sinh/hcosh<~-+l
, 20,,1.
2 3 S l o p e ~ c o s ~ x = ~-1. 2,no 25y=2cosx+sinx;y"=-y 27y=-~cos3x;y=~sin3x
29 In degrees (sin h)/h -+2x1360 = .01745 +
31 2 sin x cos x 2 cos x(- sin x) = 0

Section 2.5 The Product and Quotient and Power Rules (page 77)

1 22 5&-* + +
5 (2 - 2)(x - 3) (2 - 1)(x - 3) (x - 1)(x - 2)
7 - ~ ~ s i n ~ + 4 x c o s x + 2 s i n x9 2 x - 1 - ~ 1 1 2 ~ s i n x c o s x + ~ x - 1 / 2 s i n 2 x + ~ ( s i n x ) - 1 / 2 c o s ~
134x3cosx-x4sinx+cos4x-4xcos3x sinx 1 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 s x + 2 x ~ i n x 1 7 0 1 9 - ~ ( ~ - 5 ) ~ ~ / ~ + ~ ( 5 - ~ ) - ~ / ~ (
2 1 3(sin x cos X ) ~ ( C Ox- +
S ~sin2 x) 2 cos 22 + + +
2 3 u'vwz v'utuz w'uvz z'uvw 25 - csc2 x - sec2 x
27 v = t;ytt, vt = cost-t sint-t' s i n t
(l+t)' A = ~ ( & + ~ c o s ~ + % )A ' = 2 ( ~ o s t - t s i ~.(t+l)'-iTi)
t + ' - ~ ~l i ~
n t~

29 lot for t < 10, & for t > 10 (l+t)?

3 1 ( l + t ) ' p 2t3+6t'
5 3 unv + 2u1v' + uu"; ut"v + 3u"v1 + 3u1v" + v"' i i +
3 5 sin2 t; tan2 t; ![(I t)3/2 - 11
59T;F;F;T;F 41degree2n-l/degree2n 43v(t)=cost-tsint(t<$);v(t)=-:(t>:)
45 y = 9+ 9,2 h a = 0 at x = 0 (no crash) and at x = -L (no dive). Then 2
= ?($ f ) and +
$#= r ( Z + 1).
6 ~ ' h 2s

Section 2.6 Limits (page 84)

1 !, L = 0, after N = 10; E,
oo, no N; i,~,after 5; 1.1111, y, a,
all n; 1, after 38; a-
4, $, all n;
i Ei,e
- = 2.718..., after N = 12. 3 (c) and (d)
5 Outside any interval around zero there are only a finite number of a's 7 $ 9 11 1
13 1 1 5 sin 1 1 7 No limit 19 $ 2 1 Zero if f (x) is continuous at a 23 2
25.001,.0001,.005,.1 27lf(x)-LI;& 290;X=100 534;03;7;7 353;nolimit;O;l
37 if lrl < 1; no limit if lrl 2 1 3 9 .0001; after N = 7 (or 8?) 41 $
4 3 9;8;;an - 8 = $(a,-1 - 8) -+ 0
4 5 a, - L 5 b, - L 5 c, - L so Ib, - LI < E if la, - LI < E and Ic, - LI < E
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Section 2.7 Continuous Functions (page 89)

Ic=sinl;noc 3Anyc;c=O 5 c = O o r 1;noc 7c=l;noc 9 no c; no c

11c = 1 . 64
64,'=
13c=-l;c=-1 15c=l;c=l 17c=-l;c=-1
19c=2,1,0,-1,~~~;samec 21f(x)=Oexceptatx=l 2 3 d x 25-ff 2 7 A
29One;two;two 31No;yes;no 3 3 x f ( x ) , ( f ( ~ ) ) ~ , ~ , f ( ~ ) , 2 ( f ( ~ ) - ~ ) , f ( ~ 3) 5+ F2 ;+F ; F ; T
37 Step; f (x) = sin $ with f (0) = 0 39 Yes; no; no; yes (f4(0) = 1)
4 1 g ( i ) = f (1) - f(i)
= f (0) - f (i)
= -g(O); zero is an intermediate value between g(0) and g(;)
4 3 f(x) - x is 2 0 at x = O and 5 0 at x = 1

CHAPTER 3 APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE

Section 3.1 Linear Approximation (page 95)

I Y = ~ 3y =I+~(x-:) 5 ~ = 2 ~ ( ~ - 2 74 2 6 + 6 . 2 5 . . 0 0 1 91
111- I(-.02) = 1.02 13 Error .000301 vs. i
(.0001)6 1 5 .0001- $lo-' vs. i(.0001)(2)
1 7 Error .59 vs. ?(.01)(90) 19 =A 2- = aatx=O
2 1 $ ~ ~ = r f i = &l+u
atu=0,c+~=c+$ 2SdV=3(10)~(.1)
25 A = 47rr2, dA = 87rr dr 27 V = 7rr2h,dV = 27rrh dr (plus 7rr2 dh) 29 1 +ix 31 32nd root

Section 3.2 Maximum and Minimum Problems . (page 103)

1x = -2: absmin 3 x = -1: relmax, x = 0 : a b s m i n , x = 4 : absmax

5 x = -1: abs max, x = 0 , l : abs min, x = : re1 rnax 7 x = -3: abs min, x = 0 : re1 max, x = 1: re1 min
9 x = 1,9 : abs min, x = 5 : abs rnax 11x = : re1 max, x = 1 : re1 min, x = 0 : stationary (not rnin or max)
x = 0,1,2, . . : abs min, x = i,4,4,
.. : abs rnax 151x/ 1: all min, x = -3 abs max, x = 2 re1 rnax
x = 0 : re1 min, x = $ : abs max, x = 4 : abs min
x = 0 : abs min, x = 7r : stationary (not min or rnax), x = 27r : abs rnax
19 = 0 : re1 min, tan B = -? 2
(sin B = and cosB = -%
abs max, sin B = -$ and COSB = abs min), %
8 = 27r : re1 rnax
h = $(62" or 158 cm); cube 25 A;
2 6 gallons/mile, miles/gallon at v = fi
(b) B = = 67.5' 29 x = compare Example 7; f = 4
6'
R(x)-C(x); RO z - C s .dR
x dC
ds;pr~fit 33x=+;rero 35x=2
2(b 4
V=x(6-9)(12-2x);xw1.6 3 9 A = n r 2 + x 2 , x = f ( 4 - 2 a r ) ; r , , , i , = ~2
maxarea2500vs~=3185 43x=2,y=3 45P(x)=12-x;thinrectangleupyaxis
H
h = F , r = z3 V = = ~fc~nevolume
r= ;*, best cylinder has no height, area 27rR2 from top and bottom (?)
r = 2, h = 4 5 3 25 and 0 55 8 and -00
+ +
dFG-2 Jq2 (S - x)2.9 d~ = A - & * - 8-2 = 0 when sin a = sinc
y = x2 = 6 1 (1-1) ( - ) 6 3 m = 1 gives nearest line 65 m = $ 6 7 equal; x = $
kx2 7 1 'Rue (use sign change of f")
Radius R, swim 2R cos 0, run 2RB , time + ;max when sin 0 = A, min all run
A-4 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Section 3.3 Second Derivatives: Bending and Acceleration (page 110)

3 y = -l-x2; no . . . 5 False 7True 9True(f1has8zeros, f"has7)

11 x = 3 i s m i n : f M ( 3 ) = 2 1 3 x = O n o t m a x o r m i n ; x = ~ i s m i n :f M ( ; ) = 8 1
1 5 x = a is max: f " ( y ) = -a;
x= is min: ft1(?) = fi
1 7 Concave down for x > $ (inflection point)
19~=3ismax:f"(3)=-4;z=2,4areminbutf"=O 21f(Ax)=f(-Az) 23l+x-$
25 1 - $ 27 1- ;x - Lx2 8 29 Error f " ( x ) ~ x 31 Error OAx +& f"'(x)(~z)~
37 & = 1 . 0 1 0 1 ~ ; = .909m 3 9 Inflection 4 1 18 vs. 17 4 3 Concave up; below

Section 3.4 Graphs (page 119)

1 120; 150; 9 3 Odd; x = 0, y = x 5 Even; x = 1,x = -1, y = 0 7 Even; y = 1 9 Even

11 Even; x = l , x = -1, y = 0 13 x = O , x = - l , y = O 1 5 x = 1,y = 1 1 7 Odd 19 3
21 x + & 23 d G2 5 Of the same degree 27 Have degree P < degree Q; none
+
29 x = 1 and y = 32 + C if f is a polynomial; but f (x) = (x - 1)'13 32 has no asymptote x = 1
3 1 ( ~ - 3 ) ~ 39x=fi,x=-&y=x 4 1 ~ = 1 0 0 s i n ~4 5 ~ = 3 , d = l O ; c = 4 , d = 2 0
47 X* = JS = 2.236 4 9 t j = x - 2; Y = X ; y = 2~ 5 1 xmax = -281, Zmin = 6.339; xinfl= 4.724
5 3 xmin = -393, xmaX= 1.53, xmin = 3.33; Zinfl = .896,2.604
5 5 xmin = -.7398, xmaX= .8l35; xins = .O4738;x~~,,,, = k2.38 5 7 8 digits

Section 3.5 Parabolas, Ellipses, and Hyperbolas (page 128)

1 dyldx = 0 at 2 3 V = (1,-4), F = (1,-3.75) 5 V = ( O , O ) , F = (0,-1) 7 F = (1,l)

9 V=(O,f3);F=(o,ffi) 11 V = ( O , f l ) ; F = ( ~ , f f i ) 1 3 Twolines, a = b = c = O ; V = F = ( 0 , 0 )
15 t ~ = 5 x ~ - 4 x 1 7 Y + P = J x 2 + ( Y - p ) 2 - - + 4 p y = x 2 ; ~ = ( ~ , ~ ) , Y = - ~ ; ( 11
f~,12)
1 9 x = a y 2 with a > 0 ; y = W ; y = - a x 2 + a x w i t h a > 0
21 $ + y 2 = 1 ; ~ + ( y - 1 ) 2 = 1 23% z2 + Y1 = 1. ,
, (x-3)' + ,, ( ~32- 1 )=
~ 1; x2 + y2 = 25
25 Circle, hyperbola, ellipse, parabola *
27 d z = - y = -$x 2;5 +
29 b* 2 = 1 -
49 40 , 2 ( ~ 5)
~ 1 ~ i r ~ l ~ ; ( 3 , 1 ) ; 2 ; X2 = y , Y
3 3=3 x~1 2 + y 1 2 = 2 ~ 5 ~ ~ - $' 9 ~ ~9 = 1 . ~ - ~ = l ; ~ ~
37 2
25 - & =1 + + +
3 9 # - 4y 4, 2x2 122 18; -14, (-3,2), right-left
41 ~ = ( k $ , ~ ) ; y = k : 43 ( ~ + y + 1 ) ~ = 0
+ + + + +
45 (a2 - 1)x2 2abxy (b2 - 1)y2 2acx 2bcy c2 = 0; 4(a2 b2 - 1); if a2 + + b2 < 1 then B2 - 4AC < 0
Section 3.6 Iterations xn+l = F(xn) (page 136)

1-.366;oo 31;l 5:;foo 7-2;-2

9 attracts, 9 repels; $ attracts, 0 repels; 1attracts, 0 repels; 1 attracts; $ attracts, 0 repels;
f\/Z repel
11 Negative 13 .900 1 5 .679 1 7 la1 < 1 1 9 Unstable IFII > 1 2 1 x* = k; la1 < 1
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

23 $2000; $2000 25 X O , 6 / 0 0 , X O , ~ / x o., . 27 F' = - A 2x - 3 / 2 = -:at *.

29 F1 = 1 - 2cx = 1 - 4c at x* = 2;O < c < ) succeeds
3 1 F1 = 1 - 9c(x - 2)8 = 1 - 9c at x* = 3;0 < c < succeeds
x a -2. sin 2 % -
SQ xn+l = X n - &; = xn- C 0 8 X m 3 5 ~=* 4 i f x O > 2 . 5 ; ~ *= 1 i f ~ <
o 2.5
37 m = 1 + c at x* = 0 , m = 1 - c at x* = 1 (converges if 0 < c < 2) 39 0 4 3 F' = 1 at x* = 0

Section 3.7 Newton's Method and Chaos (page 145)

A
25 r is not afraction 2 7 = f x : + ) S;Z
3 1 lxol < 1
1
= +
b:+;Y =
3 3 A x = 1, one-step convergence for quadratics
37 1.75 < x* < 2.5; 1.75 < x* < 2.125 39 8; 3 < x* < 4
55 = x2 = 1.86 *;
29 162 - 80z2 1 2 8 2 - 64z4;4; 2

4 1 Increases b y 1; doubles for Newton

+

+ +
4 5 xl = xo cot xo = xo r gives x2 = xl cot xl = X I + r + 4 9 a = 2, Y's approach ;
Section 3.8 The Mean Value Theorem and 1'H6pita19sRule (page 152)

I c= fi S No c 5c=1 7 Corner at ) 9 Cusp at 0

11 sec2 x - tan2 x = constant 136 15 -2 17 -1 l9n 2 1 -) 23Not %
1 -sin x
25 -1 27 1; TT~;;;;has no limit 29 fl(c) = $$;c = \/j
3 1 0 = x* - xn+1 + -#$(x* - xn)' gives M m 3 3 fl(0); v; singularity 35 # -+ 37 1

CHAPTER 4 DERIVATIVES BY THE CHAIN RULE

Section 4.1 The Chain Rule (page 158)

1 s = y3,y = x2 - 3,s' = 6x(x2- 3)2 3 2 = cosy,y = x3,z' = -3x2sinx3

5 ~ = ~ , ~ = s i n x , z ' = c o s x / 72 z~= ~ tany+(1/tanx),y=l/x,d=(~)sec2(~)-(tanx)-2sec2x
9z=cosy,y=x2+x+1,d=-(2x+1)sin(x2+x+1) 1117cos17x 13sin(cosx)sinx
15x2cosx+2xsinx 1 7 ( ~ o s ~ ~ ) ~ ( x + l ) - 1' 9/ )~( 1 + s i n ~ ) - ~ ~ ~ ( c o s z 2) l c o s ( & - ) ( ~ ~ )
2 3 8 ~ ' = 2 ( ~ ~ ) ~ ( 2 ~ ~ ) 2( 52 2x ()~ + 1 ) + c o s ( x + r ) = 2 ~ + 2 - ~ o s x
+ +
27 (x2 +I2 1;sin U from 0 t o sin 1; U(sinx ) is 1 and 0 with period 27r; R from 0 t o x; R(sin x ) is half-waves.
+ +
29 g(x) = x 2, h ( x ) = x2 2; k ( x ) = 3 3 1 f t ( f ( x ) )f l ( x ) ;no; ( - l / ( l / ~ ) ~ ) ( - l / x=~1) and f ( f ( x ) )= x
+ +
33 ? ( ) x 8) 8; i x 14; & + 35 f ( g ( x ) )= x, g ( f ( y ) )= y
37 f ( g ( x ) )= d f(4)= 1 - $ 8 f ( f (4)= x = g(g(x)),g ( f ( g ( x ) ) )= = f ( g ( f (4))
39 f (y) = y - 1, g(x) = 1 + +
48 2 cos(x2 1) - 4x2 sin(x2 1);-(x2 - 1)-'I2; -(cos &)/4x + (sin f i / 4 x 3 I 2
45f'(u(t))u1(t) 47(cos2u(x)-sin2u(x))g 492xu(x)+x2~ 511/4d=4=
53 df /dt 55 f'(g(z))g1(x)= = 122" 57 3600; 18 4;
59 3; 5
A-6 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Section 4.2 Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates (page 163)

I -xn-l/yn-l 3 2 4 5 2 = 1 7 ( y 2 - 2 x y ) / ( x 2- 2xy) or 1 1
F'(v) g&or~i;l
11 First 2 = -E , second 2 = j 1 3 Faster, faster 1 5 222' = 2yyt -+ 2' E
= y' = y' sin 6
17 sec2 0 = I S ~ O O ~ ; ~ O 2O1 $ =
J - g~. *3=, d t -2fi;oothenO
2 3 V = T r 2 h .9ddth = --
I dV - -- in/sec
4 r dt 25 A = iabsin 9 , % =7 27 1.6 m/sec; 9 m/sec; 12.8 m/sec
29 -g 3 1 d"-
dt - a&.&-
2 d t d t - 10
1 dt ' ,,
L C O s 2 ~ & . g u =&y" - &jcos3 O ~ i n B ( y ' ) ~

Section 4.3 Inverse Functions and Their Derivatives (page 170)

( x unrestricted -, no inverse) 11 y =
1
,
13 2 < f-'(x) < 3 1 5 f goes u p and down
2 iy-4/5
f ( x ) g ( x )and& 19 m # 0 ; m 2 0 ; Iml 1 2>1 $ = 5x4, =
2 = 3x2.' dz dY
= $(I+ y)-2/3 25 & = -=1_ & - - 1
dx (3-1l2
27 y ; i y 2 + C
d~ -
- 7
f ( g ( x ) )= -1/3x3; g - l ( y ) =; : g(g-'(x)) = x 3 9 2/& 4 1 l/6cos 9
Decreasing; $ = & <0 45 F; T ; F 4 7 g ( x ) = xm, f ( y ) = yn, x = (2'1" 1'Irn
g ( z ) = ~ ~ , f ( y ) = y + 6 , x = ( z - 6 ) ~ / ~5 1 g ( x ) = 1 0 x , f ( y ) = l o g y , x = l o g ( l ~ Y ) = y
y = x3, y'' = 6 2 ,d2x/d$ = - $ yV5I3;m / sec2,sec / m 2 55 p = - 1;0 < y 5 1
fl
,ax = G = gY 3 413 9 GI= 2 y 113 5 9 y2/100

Section 4.4 Inverses of Trigonometric Functions (page 175)

CHAPTER 5 INTEGRALS
Section 5.1 The Idea of the Integral (page 181)

11,3,7,15,127 3 - 1 - 1 - 1 =8 1 - 8 1 5 f j - f O = 2 7 3 ~ f o r x ~ 7 ~ 7 x - 4 f o r x ~ 1
g 11s2m,&,&G 11Lowerby2 13Up,down;rectangle 15 ,/X-&;A~;~
17 6 ; 18; triangle 1 9 18 rectangles 2 1 6 2 - $ x 2 - 10;6 - x 23 25 x2;x2; i x 3
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A-7

Section 5.2 Antiderivatives (page 186)

i x 6 + $ x 6 '*3P 32fi;2 5Qx413(1+21/3);q(i+21/3) 7-2~0sx-~cos2~;~-2cosi-~cos2

9xsinx+cosx;sin1+cos1-1 11isin2x;isin21 13f=C;O 15f(b)-f(a);f7-f2
178+* 19:(1+&);:(3+fi);2 2 l 55 ,=36m,oo
* 23 f(x) = 2& 25 below -1; 5, +,q
- -
27 Increase decrease; increase decrease increase -
29 Area under B - area under D; time when B = D; time when B - D is largest 33 T; F; F; T; F

Section 5.3 Summation Versus Integration (page 194)

7 x x
n
akxk;
n
sin - 9 5.18738; 7.48547 + 6;) 112(a; 13 2" - 1; if - 1 5 F; T

1 7 $ + C; fp - fs - fl + fo 1 9 fl = 1; n2 + (2n + 1) = (n + 1)2
2 1 a + b + c = 1,2a + 4b + 8c = 5,3a + 9b + 27c = 14; sum of squares 23 S4oO= 80200; E400= .0025 = i
25 Sloo,l/3 w 350, Eloo,l/3 w .00587; Sloo,3 = 25502500, Eloas = .0201 27 vl and v2 have the same sign

Section 5.4 Indefinite Integrals and Substitutions (page 200)

1 $ ( 2 + x ) ~ / ~ + C ~(x+l)"+'/(n+l)+C(n#-I) 5 & ( ~ ~ + 1 ) ~ + C7 - + c o s 4 z + C
9 -!cos42x+C llsin-lt+c 1 3 $(1+t2)312-(1+t2)112+C 15 2 f i + x + C
17s e c x + ~ 1 9 -COSX+C 2 1 ax3 $x3/2 +
23 -$(I - 2~)3/2 25 y = 6
27 ?x2 29 asinx bcosx + 3 1 &x'/~ 33 F; F; F; F 35 f ( x - 1);2f(:)
57 x - tan-' x 39 ?du I 4 1 4.9t2 Clt C2 + + + +
43 f (t 3); f (t) 3t; 3f (t); $f (3t)

Section 5.5 The Definite Integral (page 205)

1C = -f (2) S C = f (3) 5 f (t) is wrong 7 C =0 9 C = f(-a) - f(-b)

1 5 u = s e c x ; ~ ~ ~ ~ d u = ~ ( s a m e a s 1137) u = ) , x = ~ , d x = = $ ; ~ , ' ~ ~ ~
19 s =$ ( + + I ) ' + + ( I + I ) ~ ; s= ;(o) +
+(++q4
21 s = + i3+ (;)3 + 23];s = ?[03 + (+)3 + i3+ (;)3]
23 S = z[(E) + (q)4 + (%)( + 21'
1 17 4 25 Last rectangle minus first rectangle
27 S = .07 since 7 intervals have points where W = 1. The integral of W (x) exists and equals zero.
29 M is increasing so Problem 25 gives S - s = Ax(1- 0); area from graph up to y = 1is $ 1 A4 + '+ . .
2 =
+(I+ + & +.-.)= i;area under graph is i.
A
=
3 1 f (x) = 3 + v(x)dx; f (x) = I; v(x)dx 33 T;F;T;F;T;F;T
A-8 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Section 5.6 Properties of the Integral and Average Value (page 212)

1 ~ = ~ ~ ~ ~ x ~ d x = ~ e ~ u a l s c ~~~ a= t~ cJ ~= cf o( s ~~ )x ~d x~ =~ ~ e ~ u a l s c o s ~ c a t c = ~ a n d $
6 i r = / 12 d2z= ~ e q u a l s $ a t c = f i 7J:v(x)dx gFalse,takev(x)<O
3 +
11The; J', v(x)dx $ . J: v (x)dx = v(x)dxi J,S
1 3 False; when v(x) = z2 the function x2 - is even i
?
1 5 False; take v(x) = 1; faetor is missing 17 = A
b-a Ja v(x)dx 19 0 and ?
2 1 v(x) = Cx2; v(x) = C. This is 'constant elasticity" in economics (Section 2.2) 23 V + 0; + 1
?
25 i J i ( a - x ) d x = a + 1 i f a > 2;;s; la- xldx= area = $ - a + 1i f a < 2; distance = absolute value
27 Small interval where y = sin B has probability $; the average y is :J =2A

<
29 Area under cos 0 is 1. Rectangle 0 0 5 5 , O 5 y 5 1has area 5. Chance of falling across a crack is $ = 1.
31 $, &,..., $;10.5 5 J , ' ~ ~ o c o%dt
33 s = -220-g s i n % = Vave

35 Any V(X)= veve,(x) odd(^); + (X = (3x2 + 1)+ (x3 + 3%);;)i= -&

31 16 per class; $;E(X) = 64 = 22.9
8 39 F; F; T; T

Section 5.7 The Fundamental Theorem and Its Applications (page 219)

1cos2 x SO S ( X ~ ) ~ ( ~ X ) = ~~v (Xx +~ I ) - V ( X ) g e m - J : sin2 t dt 2.

ll/;v(u)du 1 3 0 152sinx2 17u(x)v(x) 19th-'(sinx)cosx=xcosx
21 F; F; F; T 23 Taking derivatives v(x) = (xcos x)' = cos x - xsin x
25 Taking derivatives -v(-x) (- 1) = v(x) so v is even 27 F; T; T; F
29 Jrv(t)dt = J; v(t)dt - v(t)dt = - + &
(in revised printing)
3 1 V = s3; A = 3s2; half of hollow cube; AV rr 3s2dS;3s' (which is A)
33 dH/dr = 2?r2r3 35 Wedge has length r rr height of triangle; $r2d0 = $
1 . do . ~ 4 4 do = ta.e+=~
c o s 8 ~ 2 e o s 2 8 ~ 02cos28 T O 2

39 x = y2; J; y2dy = = t ;vertical strips have length 2 - fi

4 1 Length &a; width 3;Jo ada =
1
4 3 The differences of the sums f j = vl +v2+-. *+vjare f j - fj-1 = vj

Section 5.8 Numerical Integration (page 226)

1 ? A X ( U ~ - vn) 3 1,-5625,,3025;0, -0625,-2025 5 L8 W .1427, T8 W .2052, S8 U .2OOO

+# f$
7 p = 2 : for y = z 2 , f . ~ ~ 2+ I - ( i ) -~l a 9 F o r y = x 2 , error +(AX)' from i-s , y 'l -
-2Ax
13 8 intervals give %[:& + = < .001 15 fl'(c) is yl(c) 1 7 00; .683, .749, .772 + 2
19 A + B + C = l , ? B + C = & , ~ B + c $ =;Simpson
2 1 y = 1 and x on [0,1]: L, = 1 and - i &,
R, = 1 and + so only ?L, k, +
$R, gives 1 and 51
23 Tlo N 500,000,000; Tloow 50,000,000; 2 5 , 0 0 0 ~
25 a = 4, b = 2, c = 1; 1,'(4x2 + 22 1)dx = + y;
Simpson fits parabola 27 c = &
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

CHAPTER 6 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS

Section 6.1 An Overview (page 234)

15; -5; -1.1.. 3.2

5' 2 ' 5 1; - 10; 80; 1; 4; - 1 7nlogbx g m3a,a10 13 lo5
1 5 0 ; I S F = 1 0 7 ~ O ~ 8 . 3 + l ~ g l o 41 7 A = 7 , b = 2 . 5 19A=4,k=1.5
21 A; -&;log2 2 3 y - 1= cx; y - 10 = c(x - 1) 2 5 (.l-h- l)/(-h) = (loh - l)/(-h)
27 3/' = c2bX;x0 = -l/c# 29 Logarithm

Section 6.2 The Exponential eZ (page 241)

149e7" 3 8e8" 5 3%in 3 7 ($)" in $ 9- (i+e:)2 112 13xex l5(e~+e-z)2

4

+
1 7 esin x cos x ex cos ex 1 9 .1246, .0135, .0014 are close to ; i ; ~ 2 1 1.1
e'e
23Y(h)=l+&;Y(l)=(l+&)'O=2.59 25(l+~)"<e<ex<e3x/2<e2x<10x<zx
27%+?
3s 72
29x+&+& 31 %+ 2ex z3
33%--
e-z3
2

3 5 2exl2+ $ 3 7 e-" drops faster at x = 0 (slope -1); meet at x = 1; e-"'/e-" < e-g/e-3 < & for x > 3
39 y - ea = ea(x - a); need -ea = -aea or a = 1
+
4 1 3/ = xx(lnx 1) = 0 at %,in = :; y" = xx[(lnx + 1)2+ ]! > 0
*
4 3 $ (e-x y) = e-" d~ - e-"y = 0 so e-x y = Constant or y = Cex
45 !L]i= I-'
2z
2 47 &]L1 = g ,, ,
=A 49 -e-"IF =1 5 1 el+"]: = e2 - e 53
ninz
=0
55 J F d x = -e-u + C; J ( e u ) 2 e d x = +eZU + C 5 7 yy' = 1gives iy2= x + C or y = 4-
59 = (n - X ) X " - ~ / ~ " < 0 for x > n; F(2x) < -+ 0 61 m 117; ( : ) 6 m 116; 7 digits

Section 6.3 Growth and Decay in Science and Economics (page 250)

47 (1.02)(1.03) + 5.06%; 5% by Problem 27 4 9 20,000 e(20-T)(.05)= 34,400 (it grows for 20 - T ears)
- e-.005(48)
5 1 s = -cyoect/(ect - 1) = -(.01) ( 1 0 0 0 ) e . ~ ~ / (-e 1)
. ~ ~ 5 3 yo = m(1
.005 1
55 e4c = 1-20so c = 5 7 24e36.5 =? 5 9 TO-00; constant; to oo +
61 = 60cY; = 60(-Y + 5); still Y, =5
A-10 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Section 6.4 Logarithms (page 258)

1$ 3 x(ln
- 1 x)a 5 lnx x7 ~s i0n s8 5 =
9 11 $ l n t + C I 3 in$
15iln5 17-ln(ln2) 191n(sinx)+C 21-$ln(cos3x)+C 23$(ln~)~+C
2 7 in y = $ ln(x2 1); = + 2dFE
29
dx
= esin cos x *
31 2 = exee' 33 l n y = e x l n x ; ~ = y e x ( l n x + ~ ) 5 5 l n y = - 1 s o y = : , z = O 370
3 9 -1 4 1 sec x 4 7 . l ; .095; .095310179 4 9 -.01; -.01005; -.010050335
5 1 lYHSpital:1 53 1 In b 5 5 3 - 2 in 2 5 7 Rectangular area .. <$ i+ +
: $ = Inn
59Maximumate 610 6310gloeor& 651-x;l+xln2
+
67 Raction is y = 1 when l n ( T 2) - In 2 = 1 or T = 2e - 2 69 y' = -2-
(t+2)a -+ y = 1 - 1t+2 never equals 1
7 1 l n p = x l n 2 ; L D 2 " l n 2 ; E D p = eZLn2,p'= In2 esln2
7 5 24 = 42; yln x = x l n y -+ '"2 = decreases after x = e, and the only integers before e are 1 and 2.
y ' s

Section 6.5 Separable Equations Including the Logistic Equation (page 266)
I 7et - 5 3 ($x2 1)lI3 + 5 x 7 e l - ~ ~ ~ t9 ( ? + & ) a 11y, = O ; t = 1
YO
1 5 z = l + e - t , y is in 1 3 1 7 ct = ln3,ct = l n 9
19 b = c = 13 . y, = 13 . lo6; at y = & (10) gives ln = ct In c_'::,b so t = 1900 + + = 2091
2 1 # dips down and up (avalley) 2 3 sc = 1= sbr so s = $ , r =
2 7 Dividing cy by y K > 1 slows down y' +
*
25 Y = l+e-NY(N-l) ; ~=!d!!$l-+o
2 9 dR = CK
dy ( y + ~ )>
f 09 -+

31 = 6; multiply e ~ l K = e - c t l K e y ~ l K( EL) by K and take the K t h power to reach (19)

33 f / = ( 3 - y ) 2 ; & = t + $ ; y = 2 a t t = 2 3

35 A e t + D = A e t + B + ~ t + t - + ~ = - l , B = - l ; y o = A + B g i v e s A = l
3 7 y + 1 from yo > 0, y -oo from yo < 0; y -+ 1 from yo > 0, y -+ -1 from yo < 0
-+

39 $ Cyiydy= dt -+ ln(sin y) = t + C = t + In i. Then sin y = i e t stops a t 1 when t = In 2

Section 6.6 Powers Instead of Exponentials (page 276)
a 3 a 3
1l-x+y-%+... 3 lf x + ~ f ~ + - 5 1050.62; 1050.95; 1051.25
7 1+n($) + w(+)2
11 Increases; l n ( l + $) -&
4 + 1- I +

>0
9 square of ( I +
1 3 y(3) = 8 1 5 y(t) = 4(3')
i)";
set N = 2n
1 7 y(t) = t
19 y(t) = $(3t - 1) 2 1 s ( 2 ) if o # 1 ; s t if a = 1 2 3 yo = 6 2 5 yo = 3
2 7 - 2 , - 1 0 , - 2 6 + - 0 0 ; - 5 - = - ?9 - +2- 1, 2 2 9 P = =b 3 1 10.38% 3 3 1 0 0 ( 1 . 1 ) ~=~ $673
35 &= 965
100 000 1 12
3 7 Y ( 1 . l z 0 - 1) = 57,275 39 y, = 1500 4 1 2; ( g ) 5 2 = 2 69.ye
4 3 1.0142'~ = 1.184 -+ Visa charges 18.4%

Section 6.7 Hyperbolic Functions (page 280)

1 ex, e-x
2
eax-eeax
4
= $ sinh 22 7 sinh nx 9 3 sinh(3x 1) + 11 -
eoah = - t a n h x sech x
1 3 4 cosh x sinh x 1 5 ~ ( s e c h 4 G ) ~1 7 6 sinh5 x cosh x
19cosh(lnx)= i(x+;) =lat x=1 2 1 139 '3
5 1 -B 1 2 , -5
5 I -3 12 23 O , O Y ~ Y ~ Y ~
2 5 sinh(2x + 1) 2 7 $ cosh3 x 2 9 ln(1 cosh x) +
3 1 ex
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A-11

o t = ~ s oA = i t .
3 3 J y d z = J s i n h t(sinh t d t ) ; A = i s i n h t c o s h t - J y d x ; ~ l =~ ; A = at
4 1 eY = x + d m ,y = In[x + d-] 4
47 ln 1% 1 4 9 sinh-' x (see 41) 5 1 -sech-'z
53$1n3;oo 55y(x)=~coshcx;$coshc~-$
57 5/' = y - 3 3 9. L( 2 Y
=1 2Y
- y3 is satisfied b y y = isech2:

CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

Section 7.1 Integration by Parts (page 287)

$(x2+1)tan-'x-%+C 21x3sinx+3x2cosx-6xsinx-6cosx+C
+
ex(x3- 3x2 6 x - 6 ) + C 25 x tan x + ln(cos x ) C+ 27 -1 29 -:e-2 + 3 1 -2
3ln10-6+2tanV'3 35 u = x n , v = e x 37 u = x n , v = s i n x 39 u = ( l n x ) " , v = x
u = x s i n x , v = ex + / e x s i n x d x in 9 and - $ x c o s x e x d x . Then u = - x c o s x , v = ex + ~ e x c o s x d x
+
in 1 0 and - J x sin x exdx (move t o left side): ( x sin x - xcos x cos x ) . Also try u = xex, v = - cos x.
$ $ u s i n u d u = $ ( s i n u - u c o s u ) = $ ( s i n x 2 - x 2 c o s x 2 ) ; odd
3. step function; 3ex. step function I
4 9 0 ;x 6 ( x ) ]- $ 6 ( x ) d x = - 1; v ( x ) d ( z ) ]- v ( x ) 6 ( x ) d x
~ (=4Jxl f (+x
u(x)= 51,"
v ( x ) d x ;+(: - $);f for x 5 ~ ( Z - i,
X x2 - for x 2 4)
for X I i;: i,&for x > i.
u=x2,v=-cosx+-x2co~x+(2x)sinx-J2sinxdx 57Compare23
Jo'
uw']A - u'wl - u1w]A + So
1

u'w' = [uwl - ulw];

No mistake: ex cosh x - ex sin h x = 1 is part o f the constant C

Section 7.2 Trigonometric Integrals (page 293)

1 J ( 1 - ~ o s ~ x ) s i n x d x = - ~ o s x + ~ ~ o s ~ x 3+i C
sin2x+C
5$(1-u2)2u2(-dtl)=-$c0s3x+~c0s5x-~c0s7x+~ 7 $ ( s i n ~ ) ~ / ~ + ~
9iJsin32xdx=&(-cos2x+$cos32x)+~ 1 1 3 L3( 522 + s7)
in6x + C
15 x C+ 17 cos5 x sin x +
$ cos4 x dx; use equation ( 5 )
1 9 $:I2 dx = n $:I2 c0sn-2 dx = . . . = n & n-2
. . . $:I2 d ~i
+
2 1 I = - sinn-' x cos x ( n - 1) J xcos2 x dx = - sinn-' x cos x ( n - 1) J + x dx - ( n - 1)I.
+
So nI = - sinn-' x cos x ( n - 1) $ x dx.
230,+,0,0,0,- ~ ~ - $ c o s ~ x , o2 7 - ; ( & 2 + TC0s200x
),O 29 + ( s i n200
2003 + si;2x), 0

31 -+ cos x , 0 33 1: x sin x dx = :$ A sin2 x dx + A = 2 55 Sum = zero = (left right) +

37 p is even 39 p - q is even 4 1 sec x C + 4 3 $ tan3 x C +
4 5 $ sec3 x C +
47 $ t a n 3 x - t a n x + x + C 49 lnIsinxl+C 5 1 &+c 53 A=&,-fisin(x+:)
55 4JZ 57 59 1-cosx s i n x
l+coax~sinx C + 6 1 p and q are 10 and 1
A-12 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Section 7.3 Trigonometric Substitutions (page 299)

7 ~ t a=n 8 ; $ ~ 0 ~ ~ 8 d fi It =a n - ' z + ? + + ~
9 5sec8;S5(sec28- l ) d 8 = d n - 5 s e c - I ; + C
X =

I I X = S ~ C ~ ; J C O S ~ ~ ~ = I ~~X+= C
~~~~;$COSB~O=-+C
dm
15 x = 3 sec 8; $ 'g"'?,dee = &+ C=- -5
9@zi +c
1 7 x = sec8; Jsec3 8 dB = &sect9tan8 iln(sec8+ + tan8) + C = & x d G + ?ln(x+ d m ) +C
1 g X = t a n 8 ; $ c ~ s ~=d -~ L + C = -+C
sina 6 sin 0 x

21 $ + C = - cos-' x + C; with C = 5 this is sin-' x

= -8

e - ln(cos 8) + C = 1n 4
23 $ t a n ~ ~ $ ~= - + C which is i ln(x2 + 1)+ C
2 5 x = a sin 8; $L:72 a2 cos2 8 d8 = = area of semicircle 2 7 sin-' x]f5 = 5-2 =t
2 9 Like Example 6: x = sin 8 with 8 = 5 "12
when x = oo,8 = 5 when x = 2, Jnl3 cos8d0 = -14 2
,h
"12 3 seca de = g "12
3 1 x = 3 tan 8; $-r12 9seca e 3]-n/2 = 33 $ xnTcln-l
$ dx = xn-'dx = $
3 5 x = s e c e ; i ( e f + e - f ) = L(x+J=+
2 .+;=)=
? ( x + d Z + x - - d G ) =x
3 7 x = cosh 8; $ dB = cosh-' x c +
+
3 9 x = cosh 8; $ sinh2 8 dB = i(sinh 8 cosh 8 - 8) C = $ x d = - $ ln(x d r l ) C + +
4 1 x = tanh 8; $ dB = tanh-' x C + 4 3 (x - 2)2 4 +
4 5 (x - 3)2 - 9 4 7 (x +
49u=x-2,$-&= itan-':= i t a n - 1(+j-)+C;u=x-3,$*=
x 2
u -9
L
6
l n U
~ -+5 =3 '1 n ~ ~- 6+ c ;
u = x + 1 , $ + = L - ' +uc x+1
+
5 1 u = x b; $ u'-ba+c
dU u ~ e ~ u = a s e c 8 i f b ~ > ~ , ~ = a t a n 8 i f b ~ < c , e ~ u a l s c- ~ = ~ i f b ~ =
5 3 cos 8 is negative (-d-) from to 5 then $ F;
: - +
4-dx = 7 = area of unit circle
5 5 Divide y by 4, multiply dx by 4, same $ y dx
5 7 No sin-' x for x > 1; the square root is imaginary. All correct with complex numbers.

Section 7.4 Partial Fractions (page 304)

~ ~ A + + + M . A = - L B = L C = OD = - L
x+1 x- x'+l ' 4' 4' 2
1 7 Coefficients of y : 0 = -Ab +
B; match constants 1 = Ac; A = $, B =
19A=l,then B = Z a n d C = 1 ; ~ 5 + $ % =
+ + + + +
ln(x - 1) ln(x2 x 1) = ln(x - l ) ( x Z x 1) = ln(x3 - 1)
2 1 u = e ~ ; $ ~ = $ ~ - $ ~ = l n ( ~ ) + ~ = l n ( ~ ) + ~
~~u=cos~;$.& +
= - $ J A - I $ k =& l n ( l - - u ) - ~ l n ( l + u ) = $ l n ~C. We can reach
1 in ('-CO.B)1 = In 1-cose
2 ~ - C O S ~ O - ln(csc8 - c o t e ) or a different way + I n =In- ~ + C eO=
S -1,- sm e =
+
- ln(csc 8 cot 8)
25 u = e x ; d u = e x d x = u(1-U)U d x ; $ ~ d u = $ ~ += $ -~2 l n ( l - e x ) + l n e x + C = - 2 l n ( l - e x ) + z + C
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A-13

2 7 x + 1 = u 2 , d x = 2 u d u ; $ ~ =J [ 2 - & ] d u = 2 ~ - 2 1 n ( l + u ) + C =
2,/2+1-21n(i+,/z+l)+c
29 Note Q(o) = 0. Then =s- . + &
by definition of derivative. At a double root Q'(a) = 0.

Section 7.5 Improper Integrals (page 309)

15
1-P
diverges for every p! 1 7 Less than $? 3 =
19 Less than $', + $PO ,q= tan-' XI; - -$]I" = +2
$PO e-'dx = $, greater than -+
&
,

2 1 Less than
2 3 Less than i,'e2dx + e $re-('-')'dz = c2 + e $ ' e - ~ l d u= e2 + 'Jsr
-

25 1,'
- +
-less than 1 ;$ =2 + 3 2 7 p! = p times (p - I)!; 1= 1 times 01
-2
+ ifi
29 u = x, dv = xe-"'dz : - x < ] r
33 w= 3 p l =~ --
:
G -
;$ L d x =
a, = tmV; 7~ 31;$ = -10,000e-.~~]r= $10,000
1000e--~~dt

35;$
$= Jr =C!II
ee--+ln2dx
-In210
00- 1
-m
37 $I2 + +
: (see x - tan x)dx = [ln(secx tan x) ln(cos x)]:~' = [ln(l+ sin x)];l2 = In 2.
The areas under sec x and tan x separately are infinite 3 9 Only p = 0

CHAPTER 8 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

Section 8.1 Areas and Volumes by Slices (page 318)

1x2 - 3 = 1 gives x = f 2 ; ~ ! ~ [ ( 1(x2 - - 3)ldx = 7 32

3 3 = x = 9 gives y = f3; $_S3[9- y2]dy = 36

5 x4 - 2x2 = 2x2 gives x = f 2 (or x = 0); $!2[2x2 - (x4 - 2x2)]dx=
7 y = x2 = -x2 +
182 gives x = 0,9; $:I(-x2 + 182) - x2]dx = 243
9 y = c o s x = c o s 2 x w h e n c o s x = 1 0 r 0 , x = O o r ~ o r ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ( c o s x - c o s ~ x )4d x = 1 - ~
-1
11ex = e2z-1 gives x = 1;$:[ex - e2'-']dz = (e - 1)- ( y)
1 3 Intersections (O,O), (l,3), (2,2); $,'[3x - xldx + ~:[4 - x - xldx = 2
1 5 Inside, since 1- x2 < J D ; $ : l [ d n - (1- x2)ldx = - $ 5
1 7 V = a$: ay2dx = $fa ab2(l- $)dx = 9;
around y axis V = rotating w;
x = 2, y = 0 around y axis gives a circle not in the first football
I9 V = :$ 2x2 sin x dx = 27r2 2 1 1
I,'
23 J,' a . 12dx - ~ ( x ~ ) = F;
~ d x$,'27r(l- x4)x dx =
v;
; a(8 - X ) ~ =~ X ;$ 2ax(8 - x)dx = (same cone tipped over)

25 ~ ( 3 ~ )-
dx = y; 2rx(3 - $)dx = 7 25r

27 1,'
R
l ~ )=~$;
~ [ ( x ~- l( ~ ~) ~ lo'
] d x2ax(x213 - X ~ / ~=) ~ (notice
X xy symmetry)
29 x2 = R2 - y2,V = $R-h T ( R ~- y2)dy = r ( ~ -h$) ~
3 1 j : a ( 2 d m ) 2 d x = ?a3 3 3 J,'(2d=)'dy =2 1
3 7 A(x)dx or in this case $ o(y)dy
39 Ellipse; J s t a n 8; $(I - x2)tan 8; tan 8
4 1 Half of ar2h; rectangles 43 ~ ( - 522)dx~ = 42r 4 5 J: a(4' - 12)dx = 30a
A-14 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

59 2 r 61 1,'2ry(2 - &)dy = 63 3re 65 Height 1; :$ 2 r z dz = ra2; cylinder

67 Length of hole is 2d- = 2, so b2 - a2 = 1 and volume is !f 69 F; T(?); F; T

Section 8.2 Length of a Plane Curve (page 324)

Graphs are flat toward (1,O) then steep up to (1,l); limiting length is 2
~=\/36sin23t+36cos23t=6 23J,'ady=&
1
J!, yd-J =J
!, 3(e'+ e-Y)dy = $(ev - e-')]L1 = e - -
e

Using x = cosh y this is 1

dy = cosh y dy = sinh y]kl = 2 sinh 1
Ellipse; two y's for the same z 29 Carpet length 2 # straight distance */Z
+ +
( d d 2 = ( d ~ ) (~d ~ ) (~d ~ )ds~ = +
; \/(%)l (%)a + (%)2dt;
ds = \/sin2 t + cos2 t + ldt = h d t ; 2 a 4 ; curve = helix, shadow = circle
L = I,'t/TTZ?dz; Jt d G S d z = 1,'JGG2du = 2L; stretch xy plane by 2 (y = x2 becomes :=

Section 8.3 Area of a Surface of Revolution (page 327)

1 J" 2rfiJ-dx = 1: 2rdZ+!dx = 32 1,'2 r ( 7 x ) m d x = 14s-

5 -
J', 2 a d = m d x = I-, 4rdz = 8 r
1
: 2 r xJ1+(22)2dx = f (1+ 4x2)312]~= f [173/2- 11
71
9 $:
2rzz\/Zdx = 9 r f i 11 Figure shows radius s times angle I9 = arc 2 r R
+
13 2rrAs = r ( R Rt)(s - st) = aRs - uR's' because Rts - Rs' = 0
15 Radius a, center at (0, b); +
= a2, surface area st" +
2r(b asin t)a dt = 47r2ab
17 J: 2rxdx-J = 1: +
= r2 2 r (write 22 - z2 = 1- (x - 112 and set x - 1= sin 19)

19 $t122 r x d q d z (can be done)

2 1 Surface area = JF 2r: J x d x > JT 00 = 2 r l n x J r = a, but volume = JF ~ ( $ ) ~ =d xr
23 :J +
2 r sin t d 2 sin2 t cos2 t dt = :J 2 r sin tt/- dt = 2rt/Z--;du =
rut/= + 2 r sin-' 3]L1 =2r 9 +
Section 8.4 Probability and Calculus (page 334)

i,
1 p ( X < 4) = P(X = 4) = & ,P(X > 4) = $ s ir p(x)dx is not 1; p(x) is negative for large x
5 1; e-'dz = -$;/ll.O1e-'dx (J (.01); :
7 p(x) = $; F ( z ) = for 0 5 x 5 r (F = 1for x > A)
 Answers t o Odd-Numbered Problems

11 $*
9 p = 1.1+;.2+ ...+1.7 =4
7 7
2xdx
o n(l+x3) =
I
m ln(1 + x2)]F = + m

;$ ~ x e - ~ " d=
z [-xe-""]F + e-axdx = a
I" 2dx
0 n(l+x3)
=Z
rr
tan-' x.0J X e-"dx = 1- e-X. JX
0
ae-aXdx = 1- e-ax 17 $=
10
Le-x/10dZ = -e-~/10
10
w
I10
1
=;
Exponential better than Poisson: 60 years --+ .01e-.~" dx = 1- e-s6 = .45
y= 7; +
three areas = $ each because p - o to p is the same as p to p o and areas add to 1
+
-2p J xp(x)dx p2 J p(x)dx = -2p . p + p2 = -pa e l

p=o.$+1.$+2.+1; 02=(o-1)2.$+(1-1)2.$+(2-1)2.$=Z 3'

A l ~ o x n ~ ~ , - p ~ = O . $ + 1 . 13 + 4 . ~3- 1 = Z
p = Jo00 ~ e - * / ~ d -
- 7 x
- e-s72dx = 1 [e-x/2]: = e-2
2; 1 - Jo4 7 +
Standard deviation (yes - no poll) 5 1
2 n
= = &
Poll showed = %
peaceful.
95% confidence interval is from % & - to + &, or 93% to 100% peaceful.
$
3 1 95% confidence of unfair if more than = & = 2% away from 50% heads.
2% of 2500 = 50. So unfair if more than 1300 or less than 1200.
33 55 is 1.50 below the mean, and the area up to p - 1.50 is about 8% so 24 students fail.
A grade of 57 is 1.30 below the mean and the area up to p - 1.30 is about 10%.
35 .999; .9991°00 = (1- &)loo' = $ because (1- i)"
4 $.

Section 8.5 Masses and Moments (page 340)

IF=? s z = 4r 5 ~ = 33. 5 7 z = + g 9z=+g IIZ=L$=~ IS^=$,$$

15 Z = & =g 21 1 = $ x ~ ~ d x - 2 t $ x ~ d x + t ~ $ ~ d x ; ~ = - 2 ~ x ~ d x + 2 t $ ~ d x = 0 f o r t = ~
23 South Dakota 25 2n2a2b 27 M, = 0, M, 7
5 29 $ 31 Moment
x
33 I = mnrz; C rn,rzwz; o 3 5 14nt$; 1 4 d $ ;
37 $; solid ball, solid cylinder, hallow ball, hollow cylinder 3 9 No
41 T = 5.m by Problem 40 so T = a, m,
a,
4

Section 8.6 Force, Work, and Energy (page 346)

12.4 ft lb; 2.424 ...

ft lb 3 24000 lb/ft; 835 ft lb 5 lox ft lb; lox ft lb 7 25000 ft lb; 20000 ft lb
9 864,000 Nkm 11 5.6. lo7 Nkm I3 k = 10 lb/ft; W = 25 ft lb 1 5 $6Owh dh = 48000cu, 12000w
1 7 iwAH2; ~ W A H 1 ~9 9600w 2 1 (1- $ - ) - 3 / 2 23 (800) (9800) kg 25 f force

CHAPTER 9 POLAR COORDINATES AND COMPLEX NUMBERS

Section 9.1 Polar Coordinates (page 350)

I~O<Y<OO,-;<B< ~;O<r<m,n<~<2n;&<r<JS,0<0<2n;0~r<m,-~<B<
19y=xtanB,r=xsecB 21B=~,allr;r=sine~eose;r=~~sB+~inB
23x2+y2=y 25~=rsinBcos8,y=rsin~8,~~+~~=~
(e)2
Z ' 1 x 2 + y 2 = x + y , ( x - Z1) 2 + ( Y - * ) ~ = 2 9 x = cosC@+sin
O ~ @ sine
0 9 Y = cos @+sin
8
3 1 (x2 + y2)3 = 24
A-16 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Section 9.2 Polar Equations and Graphs (page 355)

1Line y = 1 +
3 Circle x2 y2 = 25 +
5 Ellipse 3x2 4y2 = 1 - 22 7 x, y, r symmetries
9 x symmetry only 11No symmetry 13 x, y, r symmetries!
+ + +
1 5 x2 y2 = 6y 82 -t (x - 4)2 (y - 3)2 = 52, center (4'3) 1 7 (2,0), (0,O)
l g r = l - & 2 B = s4" ,. r = I + +,8 = ".(o,o)
4 ' 21 r = 2 , =~ f~ 1 2 ' f~
12' 1 2 ' 5-12

Section 9.3 Slope, Length, and Area for Polar Curves (page 359)

1Area 3 Area 9 5 Area 7 Area - a 9 $I:3 7r/3 (2

2 Cos2 6 - =
11Area 87r 13 Only allow r2 > 0, then 4 j;l4 i - 28 d6 = 1
cos 152 q +
1 7 8 = O ; left points r = + , 8 = f F , x = -I4 , Y = f 9
1 9 $]i4= 40,000; $ [ r J F T F + +
c2 ln(r J 7 7 7 ) 1 : 4 = 40,000.001
21tan$=tan8 23x=O,y=1isonlimaconbutnotcircle 25iln(27r+J=)+7rd1+4?rZ
27 ?f &
29 (base) (height) FJ i ( r ~ 8r ) 31 ?& 33 2s(2 - &) 35 f
! 3 9 sec 19

Section 9.4 Complex Numbers (page 364)

1Sum = 4, product = 5 5 Angles F, ?f , +

7 Real axis; imaginary axis; axis x 2 0; unit circle
g c d = 5 + 1 0 i ,c = u,, 112 cos 8 , l ; - 1 , l 1 3 sum = O, product = - 1 1 5 r4e4" ' rle-'O , rLe-4'e
4
1 7 Evenly spaced on circle around origin 1 9 eit, e-" 21et,e-t,e0 23cos7t,sin7t
2 9 t = - z , y = -ex/+ 3 1 F; T; at most 2; Re c < 0 3 3 be-", x = $ cos8, y = -$ sin 8; fLe-'e/2
J;

CHAPTER 10 INFINITE SERIES

Section 10.1 The Geometric Series (page 373)

1Subtraction leaves G - XG = 1 or G = & 3 L. 9.W. 3 4

29 5 ' 11 9 99 52-l+3.2x+4.3x2+..-=
7 .I42857 repeats because the next step divides 7 into 1 again
9 If q (prime, not 2 or 5) divides loN - loM then it divides 10N-M - 1 11This decimal does not repeat
3
87 123
1 5 a 6
17 19 '1-111
"5
x 21 2 3 tan-'(tan x) = x
25 ( ~ + x + x ~ + x ~ - . . z)+( x~2 -- x 3 . . . ) = 1 + x 2 + x 4
272(.1234 ...) i s 2 - & . * = 8 ; 1 - . 0 1 2 3 . . . i loo l - - -~81~ - 2 -9 52~s =1 1
~ (1-&)1
3
31-ln(1-.l)=-ln.9 33ilnY 35((n+1)! 3 7 y = 1-L
b~

+
39 All products like a1b2 are missed; (1 1)(1+1) # 1 1 + 4 1 Take x = in (13): In 3 = 1.0986
4 3 In 3 seconds the ball goes 78 feet 4 5 tan z = $; (18) is slower with x = $
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Section 10.2 Convergence Tests: Positive Series (page 380)

1 ?+ +f is smaller than 1 $ + + .
1 2 n 1
8 ~ n = S n - S n - 1 = ~ , S = 1 ; ~ n = 4 , S = ~ ; n+l ~ n = h * - ~ n ~ = n ~ n1 ~ , ~ = h 2

5 No decision on b,x 7 Diverges: &(I + +.*) 9 - x converges: 5

is larger
11Converges: 5 is larger 1 5 Diverges: xis smaller 15 Diverges: &
is smaller
1 7 Converges: x8 is larger 19 Converges: C 5
is larger 21 L =0 23 L =0 25 L = 5
27ro0t(v)~+L=$ 29s=l(onlysurvivor) 3lIfydecreases,~~y(i)~~~y(x)dz~~;-'y(i)
35 x: e-" imOe-ldx = 1; $ 7 1
+ + . = 5 5 Converges faster than fi
S
r
+

37 Diverges because ST = ln(x2 1)Ir= oo + 39 Diverges because xe-"dx =

zC- I+ 1
= oo
4 1 Converges (geometric) because i;(f)'dx < oo 4 3 (b) J'+' $ > (base 1) (height &)
4 5 After adding we have 1+
1000 &
5+ +&
.. (close to ln 2n); thus originally close to ln 2n - In n = In = ln 2 %
4 7 Jloo 2 = 2 loo - looo -- .009 4 9 Comparison test: sin an < an; if an = m then sin a, = 0 but C an = oo
51an=n-6/2 53an=5 65Ratiasarel,~,l,i,...(nolimitL);(&)'l"= '
; yes
57Roottest&-rL=O 59RoottestL=& 61Divergence:Ntermsaddto~~+m
6 5 Diverge (compare i) 6 5 Root test L = Q 6 7 Beyond some point $ < 1 or an < b,

Section 10.3 Convergence Tests: All Series (page 384)

1 Terms don't approach zero 3 Absolutely 5 Conditionally not absolutely 7 No convergence

9 Absolutely 11No convergence 1 3 By comparison with C la, 1
1 5 Even sums + +a
f + . diverge; an's are not decreasing 1 7 (b) If an > 0 then s, is too large so s - s, < 0
19 s = 1- $; below by less than
2 1 Subtract 2($ + +
f i .-) = i(fr+ & +
...) = from positive series to get alternating series
2 3 Text proves: If C lanl converges so does C a,
25 New series = (4)
-f + - (i)is..
= i(1- I2 + - ..
-) 27 In 2 : add in 2 series to $ (In 2 series)
29 Terms alternate and decrease to zero; partial sums are 1 + 8+ +
;!- In n + 7
31 .5403? +
5 3 Hint comparison test 5 5 Partial sums a, - ao; sum -a0 if a, + 0
57 && = 3 but product is not 1 .+ +
- .
39 Write x to base 2, as in 1.0010 which keeps 1 and deletes+ i,f , . .
41 +&+ adds to 6
= and can't cancel +
43 I-cos 1 = cot ? (trig identity) = tan (g - 2
a n = - log(1-
1).' s = C 2 e') by 10a in Section 10.1;
take imaginary part

Section 10.4 The Taylor Series for eZ, sin x, and cos x (page 390)

1l + 2 x + + .. . ; derivatives 2"; 1+ 2 + + . . $ 3 Derivatives in;1 i x . + +

5 Derivatives 2"n!; 1+ 22 + 4x2 + . . 7 Derivatives -(n - l)!; -X - E?,
2 - 3
-
gy=2-e~=l-x-I)-...
21
11y = x - $ + ... =sin 13 y=~e'=~+~~+d+.-•
21

2 1 ( % - 1)- w+
15 l + 2 ~ + ~ ~ ; 4 + 4 ( ~ - 1 ) + ( ~ - 1

25 x + 2 z 2 + 2 x 3
3
27 2A - 24
l 7) ~

~ + . 720
-(X-I)~
- ... = l n ( l + (x-1))
19 i - ( ~ - i ) + ( ~ - l ) ~ - -
25 e-'el-= =e-'(1-
2 g X - d18. + &600
(x- 1)+
31 l + x 2 + $ 35 l + x - $
- a * . )
A-18 Answers t o Odd-Numbered Problems

35ooslope; l + & ( z - l ) 3 7 x - 3x5

-4-5 3 9 ~ + 2~~
% + ~4 1 l + x + $ 43 14-OX-x2
45 cos 8 =
e i e +e-?O
,sin8 = + ie- -iB
4 7 99th powers - 1,-i, e3"14, -i
4 9 e-"I3 and - 1; sum zero, product - 1 5 3 i;, 27ri 5 5 2ex it +
Section 10.5 Power Series (page 395)

1 1 + 4 ~ + ( 4 x ) ~ + - . . ; r!;x=
= f 3 e ( l - x + < -...); r = co
5 l n e + l n ( l + i ) = 1 + 5 - i ( 5 ) 2 + - . . ; r = e ; x = -e
71 < 1 or ( - 1 , ) 9 l x - a1 < 1;-ln(1- ( x - a))
l-(1-Lx?..)
111+~+$+...;addtolatx=0 13 a l , a 3 , . . . a r e a l l z e r o 15 - + L2

1 7 f ('1 (c) = cos c < 1; alternating terms might not decrease (as required)
xn+l n+ l
19f = & , l R n l I w ; R n = ~ ; ( 1 - ~ ) 4 = 1 - ;
2 1 f("+')(x) = *, lRnI 5, -(A) -' 0 when x = 4 and 1- c > i
n+ 1

23 R2 = f (x) - f (a) - f t ( a ) ( x- a ) - i f U ( a ) ( x- so Rz = R; = R"2 - 0 at x = a, R': = f"';

Generalized Mean Value Theorem in 3.8 gives a < c < c2 < cl < x
+ +
2 5 1 i x 2 ;(x2)' 27 (-l)n; ( - l ) n ( n 1) +
29 (a) one friend k times, the other n - k times, 0 5 k 5 n; 21 33 (16 - 1)'14 EI 1.968
+
35 (1 I ) = ( ) ( ) ( + I ) 1.1105 37 1 24 ' =
5ZI-r + $+
4 1 x x2 $x3 $x4 5 + + +
+
4 3 x2 - 5x4 &x6 45 1 + + +2 47.2727 49 6 - 3 = 2 -'
5 1 r = 1,r = - 1 -' 5

CHAPTER 11 VECTORS AND MATRICES

Section 11.1 Vectors and Dot Products (page 405)

1(0,0,0);(5,5,5);3;-3;cose = -1
3 % - j -k;-i-7j+8k;6;-3;cosB = -I2
5 (v2, -vi); ( ~ 2 -vl,
, 0), (v3,0, -v1) 7 (0,0);(0,0,0) 9 Cosine of 8; projection of w on v
11F;T;F 13 Zero; sum = 10 o'clock vector; sum = 8 o'clock vector times
1 5 45' + +
1 7 Circle xZ J = 4; (x - 1)2 # = 4; vertical line x = 2; half-line x 2 0
19~=-3i+2j,w=2i-j;i=4v-w 21d=-6;C=i-2j+k
23cos8 = -&cos8 = -&;cos8= 2 5 A . ( A + B ) = l + A . B = l + B . A = B - ( A + B ) ; equilateral,600
27 a = A . I, b = A . J 29 (cos t, sin t) and (- sin t, cos t) ; (cos 2t, sin 2t) and (-2 sin 2t, 2 cos 2t)
3 1 C = A + B , D = A - B ; C . D = A . A + B . A - A - B - B - B = r 2 =-Or 2
SSU+V-W=(2,5,8),U-V+W = (0,-1,-2),-U+V+W= (4,3,6)
35 c and JFTF;b/a and J a 2 b2 c2 + +
~ ~ M ~ = ~ A + c , M ~ = A + ~ B , M ~ = B + $ c ; M ~~( +AM + B~ ++ cM) =~ o=
39 8 5 3 3; 2 & j 5 x y + 4 1 Cancel a2c2 and b2d2; then b2c2 + a2d2 2 2abcd because (be - ad)2 2 0
4 3 F ; T; T; F 45all2fi;cosB = -+
Section 11.2 Planes and Projections (page 414)

1(0,0,0)and(2,-l,O);N=(l,2,3) 3(0,5,6)and(0,6,7);N=(1,0,0)
5 (1,1,1)and (1,2,2); N = (1,1,-1) 7x +y =3 9x + 2y + z = 2
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A-19

11Parallel if N V = 0; perpendicular if V = multiple of N

+ +
1 3 i j k (vector be tween ~ o i n t s )is not perpendicular to N; V . N is not zero; plane through first three
+ + +
is x y z = 1; x y - z = 3 succeeds; right side must be zero
15ax+by+cz=O;a(x-xo)+b(y- yo)+c(z-zo)=O 17cosB= $,$,*
1 9 &A has length $ 2 1 P = $A has length $ 1 ~ 1 23 P = -A has length IAl 25 P = 0
27 Projection on A = (1,2,2) has length g;
force down is 4; mass moves in the direction of F
29 IPlmin = &
= distance from plane to origin 3 1 Distances 2 and 2 both reached at ($, $, - $)
6 6
3 3 i + j + k ; t = -$;(!,-5,-;);-&
35 Same N = (2, -2,l); for example Q = (0,0,1); then Q $N = + (2, v)
-$, is on second plane; $ 1 ~ 1=
+ +
37 3i 4j;(3t,4t) is on the line if 3(3t) 4(4t) = 10 or t = P= g;
g),IPI = 2 (g,
~92x+2(~-fx)(-f)=0sox=~=~;3x+4~=10givesy=~
4 1 Use equations (8) and (9) with N = (a, b) and Q = (xl ,yl ) 43 t = A'B B onto A
45 aVL = ?LI - ?LIII; a V F = $LII $LrII +
47V.LI =2-l;V.LII =-3-l,V.LIII =-3-2;thus~.2i= 1,~-(i-&j)=-4, and^= $ i + U
2 Je

Section 11.3 Cross Products and Determinants (page 423)

10 33i-2j-3k 5-2i+3j-5k 727i+12j-17k

9 A perpendicular to B; A, B, C mutually perpendicular 11I A x B I = a,
A x B = j -k 1 3A x B = 0
1 5 [ A x BIZ= (a: + + +
ag)(b: bg) - (albl a2b2)2= (alb2 - a2b1)2;A x B = (alb2 - a2bl)k
17F;T;F;T 19N=(2,1,O)or2i+j 21x-y+z=2soN=i-j+k
23[(1,2,1)-(2,1,1)]x[(1,1,2)-(2,1,1)]=N=i+j+k;x+y+z=4
25 (1,1,1)x (a, b, c) = N = (c - b)i + (a - c)j + (b - a)k; points on a line if a = b = c (many planes)
27 N = i +j, plane x + y = constant 29 N = k, plane z = constant

31
I ::I
1 1 0

39 +c1
=x-y+z=O

- c2
33 i - 3j; -i + 3j; -3i -j 35 -1,4, -9

b2 b3 b l b2
4 1 area2 = ( i ~ b +) ~ + 1 x B1)2 when A = ai - b j , B = ai -ck
( ? u c ) ~ ( $ 6 ~ )=~ (21A
i;
43 A = $(2 1- (-1)l) = fourth corner can be (3,3)
+ +
45 ali aj and bli b j ; lad2 - a2b1I; A x B = +
(alb2 - azbl)k
+
47 A x B; from Eq. (6),(A x B) x i = -(asbl - alb3)k (a1b2 - a2bl)j; (A . i)B - ( B . i)A =
+ +
al(bli b j b3k) - bl(ali aj a&) + +
49N=(Q-P)x(R-P)=i+j+k;area $ & ; X + ~ + Z = ~

Section 11.4 Matrices and Linear Equations (page 433)

A-20 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

15 ad - bc = -2 so A-l =
[ :;-:;] 17 Are parallel; multiple; the same; infinite
19 Multiples of each other; in the same direction as the columns; infinite
2 1 dl = .34, d2 = 4.91 + +
23 .96x .02y = .58, .O4x .98y = 4.92; D = .94,x = .5, y = 5

27 = - 2 , ~ - l = -1
L
- -:]
25 a = 1gives any x = -y; a = -1 gives any x = y
D
.
I
; D = -8, (2A)-' = +A-'; D = -2 ' (Aw1)-' = original A;

D = -2 (not +2), (-A)-' = -A-'; D = 1,I-' = I

39 Line 4 + t, errors -1,2, -1 4 1 dl - 2d2 + ds = 0 4 3 A-' can't multiply 0 and produce u

Section 11.5 Linear Algebra

0 -1

5 det A = 0, add 3 equations -,0 = 1 75a+lb+Oc=d,AV1=

9 b x c; a . b x c = 0; determinant is zero 11 6, 2, 0; product of diagonal entries

-2 4 0 2 -1
15 Zero; same plane; D is zero

17 d = (1,-1.0); u = ( 10, 0) or (7,3,I) 19 A B = [ 4: 2:

18 12 0
] , det A S = 12 = (det A) times (det B)

I1 A + C = [ 1
2

0 -1
3
4
-3
z] , det(A+C) is not det A + det C
2 s P = l 2) (3)-
6
(0)(6)
= 1 , q = -(4)(3)+(0)(0)
6
= -2 25 ( ~ - l ) - lis always A

33 New second equation 32 = 0 doesn't contain y; exchange with third equation; there is a solution
35 Pivots 1,2,4, D = 8; pivots 1,- l , 2 , D = -2 37 al;! = 1,a21 = 0, aijbjk = row 2 , column k in A B

CHAPTER 12 MOTION ALONG A CURVE

Section 12.1 The Position Vector (page 452)

+
1~ ( 1=) i 3j; speed 3 = m; = 2 %;tangent to circle is perpendicular to "=
Y
5v=eti-e-tj=i-j;y-1=-(x-l);xy=1
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

+ +
7 R = (1,2,4) (4,3,O)t; R = (1,2,4) (8,6,O)t; R = (5,5,4) (8,6,O)t +
9 R = ( 2 + t , 3 , 4 - t ) ; R = ( 2 + $,3,4- $); the same line
Line; y = 2 + 2 t , z = 2 + 3 t ; y = 2 + 4 t , z = 2 + 6 t
Line;t/m=7;(6,3,2);linesegment 15$;l;$ IIx=t,y=mt+b
v = i - &j,IvI = ~ W=,v/lvl;v +
T = (cost - tsint)i (sint +tcost)j; Ivl = d m ;
+
R = -sint i + cost j any &;same R plus any w t
+
v = (1- sin t)i (1- cos t)j; Ivl= 4 3 - 2 sin t - 2 cos t, Ivlmin= d r f i ,IVI~. =d c f i ;
a = -cost i + s i n t j , l a l = 1; center is on x = t,y = t
Leaves at (9,$);v = (-&,&);a = (9, +
$) v(t - P)
+
R = cos l i sin i j l k
fi
+
fi \/z
v = sec2t i+secttantj;Ivl = s e c 2 t m ; a = 2 s e c 2 t t a n t i + (sec3t+secttan2t) j;
curve is y2 - x2 = 1; hyperbola has asymptote y = x
If T = v then lvl = 1; line R = ti or helix in Problem 27
- (240) 05t5 3
(3 - 2t, 1) 1 5 t 5 q
(x(t)3 - (1,2t - 1) 3
5 t 5 1 (0,4 - 2t) 5t52 q
~(t)=4cosi,~(t)=4sini 37F;F;T;T;F 39f=tanebutt#tant
v and w; v and w and u; v and w, v and w and u; not zero
u = (8,3,2); projection perpendicular to v = (1,2,2) is (6, -1, -2) which has length
x = G(t), y = F(t); y = x2I3;t = 1and t = -1 give the same x so they would give the same y; y = G(F-I(%))

Section 12.2 Plane Motion: Projectiles and Cycloids (page 457)

1(a) T = 16/gsec, R = 128&lg ft, Y = 32/g ft

(b) ; , (c) 0 3 z = 1.2 or 33.5
5 y = x - i x 2 = ~ a t ~ = 2 ; ~ = z t a n2(v,cosa)2
x - ~ = 0 at x = R 7 x =v o e
9 vo M 11.2, tan a M 4.32 11vo = a a = m/sec; larger 1 3 +j/2t~= 40 meters
1 5 Multiply R and H by 4; dR = 2vi cos 2ada/g, d H = v; sin a cos a da/g
17 t = set; y = 12 - % r, -2.1 m; + 2,lm
1 9 T = ~l-cOse)i+sinei
,/-
+
2 1 Top of circle 25 ca(1- cos 8), casin 8; 8 = r, $ 27 After 8 = r : x = r a vot and y = 2a - igt2 29 2; 3
31 v ; 5 9 a 3 33 x = c o s 8 + 8 s i n 8 , y = s i n 8 - 8 c o s 8 35 ( a = 4 ) 6 r
+
57 y = 2sin 8 - sin 28 = 2 sin 8(1 - cos 8); x2 y2 = 4(1- cos 8)2;r = 2(1- cos 8)

Section 12.3 Curvature and Normal Vector (page 463)

1 -&- 3 $ 5 0 (line)
7 &$& 9 (- sin t2, cos t2); (- cos t2, - sin t2)
11 (cost,sint);(-sint,-cost) 1 3 ( - ~ s i n t , ~ c o s t , ~ ) ; ~ v ~ = 5 , n = & ; ~ l ot anngBe=r$;
1
l52\/za,/l-cos8 17 n= 9 16,N = i 1 9 (0,O); (-3,0) with $ = 4; (-1,2) with = 2 f i !
2 l R a d i u s ~ , c e n t e r ( 1 , f ~ ~ f o r n2~3 1U - V ' 2 5 l\/z
(sinti-costj+k) 27;
29 N in the plane, B = k, r = 0
3 7 a = * Ja
~+-
31 e5 +
+
33 a = 0 T
39 IF2 2(F1)' - FF"I/(F2 F " ) ~ / ~
+ 5w2N 5 5 a = -&T + &N
\l&N
A-22 Answers t o Odd-Numbered Problems

Section 12.4 Polar Coordinates and Planetary Motion (page 468)

9 r $ $ + 2 2 g = O = L d ( r 2r $dt) 11~=.0004radians/sec;h=r2~=40,000
1 3 mR x a;torque 15 T ~ / ~ ( G M / ~ ~ ) '1 /7 ~4n2a3/T2G 19 (365~)2~24)1((3~0~2(6667~10011
47r2 150 1017
kg
23UseProbleml5 25a+c=&,a-c=- ,&, solve for C, D
2 7 Kepler measures area from focus (sun) 2 9 Line; x = 1
3 3 r = 20 - 2t, 0 = z,v = -2ur + (20 - 2 t ) g u s ; a = (2t - 2 0 ) ( % ) ~ u ,- 4(%)us; So
10
lvldt

CHAPTER 13 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

Section 13.1 Surfaces and Level Curves (page 475)

3 x derivatives ca,-1, -2, -4e-4 (flattest) 5 Straight lines 7 Logarithm curves

9 Parabolas + +
11No: f = (x y)" or (ax by)" or any function of a x by +
1 3 f (x, y) = 1 - x2 - y2
1 5 Saddle 1 7 Ellipses 4x2 y2 = c2 + 19 Ellipses 5x2 y2 = c2 4cx x2+ + +
2 1 Straight lines not reaching (1,2) 2 3 Center ( 1 , l ) ; f = x2 y2 - 1 +
2 5 Four, three, planes, spheres
2 7 Less than 1, equal to 1, greater than 1 2 9 Parallel lines, hyperbolas, parabolas
3 1 $ : 482 - 3x2 = 0, x = 16 hours 33 Plane; planes; 4 left and 3 right (3 pairs)

Section 13.2 Partial Derivatives (page 479)

13 + 2xy2; -1 + 2yz2
z&2 i 7% l1Z+ z2:y2
3 3x2y2 - 2x;2x3y - eY
132,3,4
5 (z%)2a; 7 -22 . -2

156(x+iy),6z(x+iy),-6(x+zy)
(z2+Y2); (z2+$)2

2z2- 2 . 2 2-z2
17(f=!)fzZ= ,sY , f z y = y ; f y y = yrs 19 -a2 cos a x cos by, ab sin a x sin by, -b2 cos ax cos by
2 1 Omit line x = y; all positive numbers; fz = -2(x - Y ) - ~ , fy = 2(x - y)-3
2 3 Omit s = t; all numbers; A,H,&$
2,
2 5 x > O , t > O a n d x = O , t > 1 andx=-1,-2,...,t=e,e2,...;fz = ( l n t ) ~ ' " ~ - ' f, t = ( ~ n x ) t ~ ~ ~ - '
+
2 7 y, x; f = G(x) H ( y ) 29 = Y v ( x y ) = yv(zy)
3 1 fzzz = 6 9 , fyyy = ex3, fzzy = f z y z = fuzz = 1 8 x 9 , f y y z = f y z y = fxyy = 18x2y
3 3 g(y) = +
3 5 g(y) = ~ e ' y / ~ ~ e - ' y / ~
3 7 ft = -2 f , fzz = fyy = -e-2t sin x sin y; e-13' sin 2x sin 3y
+
3 9 sin(x t ) moves left 4 1 sin(x - ct), cos(x ct), ez-"+
4 3 (B - A) hy (C*) = ( B - A) [fy(b, C*) - fy (a, C * ) ] = ( B - A) (b - a ) fyz(c*, C*); continuous fxy and fyx
+
4 5 y converges to b; inside and stay inside; d, = J(x, - a ) 2 (y, - b)2 -+ zero; d, < E for n > N
1
4 7 E, less than 6 4 9 f (a, b); or ( x - l ) ( y - 2 ) 51 f (0,O) = 1; f (0,O) = 1; not defined for x < 0
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Section 13.3 Tangent Planes and Linear Approximations (page 488)

9 Tangent plane 2 4 2 - a)- 2xo(x - xo) - 2yo(y - yo) = 0; (0,0,O) satisfies this equation because
zi - xg - yi = 0 on the surface; cos 9 = N-k = dL ,m
zg +Y: +r,l
= (surface
, is the 45' cone)
11dz = 3dx - 2dy for both; dz = 0 for both; Az = 0 for 3%- 2y, Az = .00029 for x ~ / ~ 'tangent ; plane
1 3 z = z o + Fzt; planeB(x-4) +
1 2 ( y - 2 ) + 8 ( ~ - 3 ) =O; normalline x = 4 + 6 t , y = 2+12t,z = 3 + 8 t
+ + +
1 5 Tangent plane 4(x - 2) 2(y - 1) 4(z - 2) = 0; normal line x = 2 4t, y = 1 2t, z = 2 4t; (0,0,0) + +
at t = - 12
+
1 7 dw = yodx xody; product rule; Aw - dw = (x - xo)(y - yo)
+
1 9 d I = 4000dR .08dP; d P = $100; I = (.78)(4100) = $319.80
2 1 Increase = - = decrease = &, - = &;dA = Adz - S d y ; 3
Y
23 A@M - Y ~
,/z'+y'
~ + ~ ~ Y

25 Q increases; Q8 = - y , Q t = +,pa = -.2Q8 = E 3 ' Pt = -.2Qt = $ ; Q = 5 0 - Z$l(s- .4) - $ ( t - 10)

l
P8 = -Qu =
27s=l,t=lOgivesQ=40: s Q a + Q = Q 8 + 4 0 ;Q8=-2O,Qt=-;,p8 =20,Pt = $
Pt = -Qt = sQt 1= Qt 1 + +
2 9 s - 2 = x-2+2(y-1) and z - 3 = 4 ( ~ - 2 ) - 2 ( ~ - 1 ) ; ~ =1 , y = ; , Z = O
3 1 AX= -$,Ay = A2-, ~ =1 5,yl
1 = -$; line X + ~ = O
33 3 a 2 ~ -x Ay = -a - a3 gives Ay = -Ax = f&&;
lemon starts at (I/&, -I/&)
-Ax +
3a2Ay = a a3 +
35 If x3 = y then y3 = x9. Then x9 = x only if x = 0 or 1or -1 (or complex number)
37 AX= -xo +
1,Ay = -yo +
2, (XI, yl) = (1,2) = solution
39 G = H = 2xn1
:
x1
4lJ= [: Y: ] , A X = -l+e-xn,Ay= -1- (..-
l+e-~n)e-~n

43 ( ~ 1~, 1=) (0, :), (-:, :)I (;to)

Section 13.4 Directional Derivatives and Gradients (page 495)

1grad f = 2xi - 2yj, Du f = f i x - y, Du f (P) = fi

3 grad f = ex cos y i - ex sin y j, Du f = -ex sin y, Duf ( P ) = -1
d y j , & f = r , & f ( P ) = L fi
t i f = ~ ~ ~ + ( ~ - 3 ) ~ ,f g= rj ai + 7gradf = *i+,&j
+ +
9 grad f = 6xi 4yj = 6i 8j = steepest direction at P ; level direction -8i +
6j is perpendicular; 10, 0
llT;F(gradfisavector);F;T 13~=(* a2+b' ' b
1 5 grad f = (ex-Y, -ex-Y) = (e-', -e-') at P ; u = (&,
17gradf=Oatmaximum;levelcurveisonepoint
\/W
-),~uf=d=
f =he-' s),
IgN=(-Ill,-l),U=(-1,1,2),L=(l,l,O)
-xP-Yl
2 1 Direction -U = (-2,0, -4) 23 -U = ( d m , l-zl-~l)
+ +
25 f = (x 2y) and (x 2y)2;i 2j; straight lines x + + 2y = constant (perpendicular to i + 2j)
27 grad f = f (A,3 );
grad g = f (2& &), f = f
. . (3- %) + C,g = f ( 2 h x + &) + C
29 9 = constant along ray in direction u = grad 9 = w
x +Y
7;
i = *; u-grad t9 = 0
+
3 1 U = (fx, fy, fi f i ) = (-1, -2,s); -U = (-1, -2,5); tangent at the point (2,1,6)
+ +
33 grad f toward 21 j at P,j at Q, -2i j at R; (2, ?) and (21,2); largest upper left, smallest lower right;
z, > 9; z goes from 2 to 8 and back to 6
A-24 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

i +
3 5 f = J(x - 112 (y - 112; ( 3 , =( 2 J3
i' ~ J Z )
3 7 Figure C now shows level curves; lgrad f 1 is varying; f could be xy
+
39 x2 xy; ex-'; no function has = y and 3 %
= -x because then f,, # f,,
4 1 v = (1,2t); T = v / & S F ; %
= v . (2t, 2t2) = 2t 4t3; $ = (2t 4t3)/J- + +
4 3 v = (2,3); T = -&; 3 +
= v . (2xo 4t, -2yo - 6t) = 4xo - Byo - lot; $ =
0
4 5 v = (et,2e2',-e-');T = G;grad f = (,; $, $) = ( ~ - ' , e - ~ ' , e ' ) , % = 1 + 2 -
Ivl
1, = -2-
4 7 v = (-2 sin 2t, 2 cos 2t), T = (- sin 2t, cos 2t); grad f = (y,x), = -2 sin2 2t 2cos2 2t, 2 + %=i s ;
zero slope because f = 1on this path
492-1=2(x-4)+3(y-5); f = l+2(x-4)+3(y-5) 51 grad f . T = O ; T

Section 13.5 The Chain Rule (page 503)

1f, = cfx = c COS(X ey) +

3 f, = 7fx = 7ex+7' 5 3g2*&
ax dt +32% 2 7 Moves left a t speed 2
9 2
= 1 (wave moves a t speed 1)
11 sf+ +
(x iy) = f t t ( x iy), -@-f(x+iy) = i 2 f t t ( x + i y )
so f i x f,, + = 0; (x + ~
y =)(x2~ - #) i(2xy) +
13%=2~(1)+2~(2t)=2t+4t~ 15$=y$+x$=-1 1 7 dt* = x+ydt
l d . + 1 s+ydt
* = 1
19 V = STr2h dt=--
dV 27rrh dr 7rr2 dh = 3GT
3 d t + ~ d t
90
21 % = d 90a+90a
z ( 6 0 ) + d7(45)
903+90 = Ji m ~ h 7dD
;T = d
- 60
(60) + J
- 45 (45) cl 74 mph
23 $ = U I % + U ~ % + U ~ % 25 g = l w i t h x a n d y f i x e d ; % = 6

27 ft = fxt + f , W ftt = fxtt + f x + 2fytt + 2f, = (fxxt + fYX(2t))t+ fx + 2(fx,t + f,,(2t))t + 2f,
29 = gg + g g = ~ C O S B + U s i n B , ~is fixed
x3
3,2 = h.. a?
2 + ~ 1 ) 3, a(:)
ax - r - .,-2& ax = L
3 r - 2 - ~ 3 - $

2) (2), = I; first answer is also J& = eosr 1

3 5 f r = f ~ c o s B + f , s i n B , fro = - f x s i n ~ + f , c o s B + f x , ( - r s i n B c o s ~ ) + f x , ( - r s i n 2 ~ + r c o s 2 8 ) + f , , ( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ )
3 7 yes (with y constant): 2= yex', = 2 2 &
-
- 39 ft = fxxt f,yt; ftt = fxxx; + 2fX,xtyt + fyyy? +
41(%),=%+%2=a-3b. 9 ( 2 ) y = a; (E).= g g = $6
431 45f=y2sofx=~,f,=2y=2rsin~;f=r2sofr=2r=2J~,~fe=~
47 gu = fxxu + f,yu = f x + f,;gu = fxxu f,yu = f x - f,; guu = f,& + fx,y, f,,x, f,,yu + + +
-
+ fyy; ~ U U= ~ X X X+ ~fXyyu - fyXxu- fyyyu = fix - 2fxy fyy Add gUu guu
- fix +2 f ~ y + + 4 9 False

Section 13.6 Maxima, Minima, and Saddle Points (page 512)

1 (0,O) is a minimum 3 (3,O) is a saddle point 5 No stationary points 7 (0,0) is a maximum

9 (0,0,2) is a minimum 11All points on the line x = y are minima 13 (0,0) is a saddle point
1 5 (0,O) is a saddle point; (2,O) is a minimum; (0, -2) is a maximum; (2, -2) is a saddle point
1 7 Maximum of area (12 - 3y)y is 12
19
+ + +
2(x y) 2(x 2y - 5) 2(x 3y - 4) = 0 + + x = 2;
= (6)(28) > E
+ + +
2(x y) 4(x 2y - 5) 6(x 3y - 4) = 0 + +
gives
y=-1
min because ExxEyy ,: = 1z2
2 1 Minimum at (0, i ) ; ( 0 , l ) ; ( 0 , l )
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

23 % = 0 w h e n t a n t = & ; f m , = 2 a t (i,$),fmin=-2at (-+,-'$)

+
25 (ax by),, = W; + (x2 y2)min =
1
2 7 0 < c <f
29 The vectors head-to-tail form a 60-6@6O triangle. The outer angle is 120' 31 2 &;1 fi;1 + + +
35 Steiner point where the arcs meet 39 Best point for p = oo is equidistant from corners
4 1 grad f = (& ?+ y+y,\/Z ?+ +7);
angles are 90-135-135
4 3 Third derivatives all 6; f = 5 x 3 *x2 + +
$29 y3 +5
45 (&)n(s)m , ~ - I)! for rn = n > 0, other derivatives zero; f = -xy - 2 - 3 - . .
ln(1- ~ y ) ]=~n!(n
1 2 3 3

+ + + +
47 All derivatives are e2 at (1,l); f N e2[l (x - 1) (y - 1) i ( x - 1)2 (x - l)(y - 1) ?(y - I ) ~ ] +
4 9 x = l , y = - 1 : f,= 2, f, = -2, f,, = 2, fx, = 0, f, = 2; series must recover x2 y2 +
+
51 Line x - 2y = constant; x y = constant
5 3 ~ f . , + z y f x , + f f , , ] ~ , ~ ; f x , > O a n d f x z f u v > f ~ a t ( ~ , ~ ) ; f x = f v = O5 5 A x = - l , A y = - 1
57 f = x2(12 - 42) has fmax = 16 at (2,4); line has slope -4, y = 5 has slope = -4
59 If the fence were not perpendicular, a point to the left or right would be closer

Section 13.7 Constraints and Lagrange Multipliers (page 519)

2k kkl
1 f = x 2 + (k- 2 ~ ) ~ = ; 22- 4(k- 22) = 0; (-g-, g ) , -g 3 A = -4, Xmin = 2, Ymin = 2
5X= : (x, y) = ( ~ k 2 ' / ~
0), or (0,f21/6), fmin = 2lI3; X = '
3 (x, Y) = (*I, f 1 ) s f m a ~= 2

i,
7 X = (x, y) = (2, -3); tangent line is 22 - 3y = 13
9 (1- c ) + ~ (-a- c)'+ (2 - a - b - c)'+ (2- b - c ) is~ minimized at a = -$,b = t , c = Q
11 (1, -1) and (-1,l); X = -51
1 3 f is not a minimum when C crosses to lower level curve; stationary point when C is tangent to level curve
1 5 Substituting = = = 0 and L = fmin leaves =X
1 7 x2 is never negative; (0,O); 1= A(-3y2) but y = 0; g = 0 has a cusp at (0,0)
19 2x=X1+X2,4y=X1,2s=X1 - X 2 , x + y + z = 0 , x - z = 1 gives X1 =0,X2 = 1,fmin= at (;,o,-?) ?
21(1,0,0);(0,1,0);(Xl,X2,0);x=y=O 2 3 % a n d d ; X = O
25 (1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1); at these points f = 4 and -2 (min) and 5(max)
27 By increasing k, more points are available so fmax goes up. Then X = 20
29 (0,O); X = 0; fmin stays at 0
+
3 1 5 = X1 + X2, 6 = X1 As, X2 2 0, As 5 0; subtraction 5 - 6 = X2 - X3 or -1 2 0 (impossible);
+
x = 2004, y = -2000 gives 52 6y = -1980
+ + +
33 22 = 4X1 X2, 2y = 4X1 As, X2 2 0, X3 2 0,4x 4y = 40; max area 100 at (10,0)(0,10);min 25 at (5,5)

CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Section 14.1 Double Integrals (page 526)
A-26 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

&L .-L

37 + q L ! = , C L (n
f, ~ )ni s e x a c t f o r f = 1 , x , y , x y 39Volume8.5 41Volumesln2,2ln(l+&)
1 1
43 $: J: xydx dy = $
: &dy = l n 2 ; J0 loxydy dx = $'o "I -nls d x = In2
45 W i t h long rectangles yiAA = A A = 1 but $$ y d A =

Section 14.2 Change to Better Coordinates (page 534)

1 W ddv u
1 $:;i4
$: r dr dB = 2
3 S = quarter-circle with u O and v 2 0 ; > So So
5 R is symmetric across the y axis;
1 dl-"'
So So 5
u du dv = divided b y area gives (a,U ) = ( 4 / 3 r ,4 / 3 4
7 2SoI * '+-dy
Sl+x d x ; xy region R* becomes R in the x*y* plane; d x dy = dx'dy* when region moves

gJ =
COSO* -r*sinO*
= r*; $:7i4so1r*dr*dO*
1 1 I y = $$Rx2dx dy = $:Y/~$: r2cos2O r dr do = 5 - i;Is = 5 + i;I. =
1 3 (0,0), (1,2), (1,3), ( 0 , l ) ;area o f parallelogram is 1
+ +
1 5 x = u , y = u 3v uv; then ( u ,v ) = ( 1 , 0 ) ,( 1 , I ) , ( 0 , l ) give corners ( x ,y) = ( 1 ,O ) , ( 1 , 5 ) ,( 0 , 3 )
17 Corners ( 0 , 0 ) , (2,1), (3,3), (1,2);sides y = i x , y = 22 - 3, y = i x 53 , y = 22 +
I 9 Corners ( 1 ,I ) , (e2,e ) , (e3,e 3 ) ,(e,e 2 ) ;sides x = y 2 , = x2/e3,x = y2/e3, y = x2

3 J = 1 /
2 1 Corners (0,0 , (1,0), (1,2), ( 0 , l ) ;sides y = 0 , x = 1, y = 1 x2, x = 0
= 3, area
1 1
so
Zdu dv = 3; J = eu+2v
ze2u+v e 2 ~ + ~
2eu+2v
+
- 3e3u+3v,$
- : :$ 3e3u+3"dU d y =

25 corners ( x ,y) = ( 0 , 0 ) ,( 1 , 0 ) ,( 1 ,/ ( 1 ) ) ,( 0 ,f ( 0 ) ) ;( $ 9 1) gives x = $ 9 Y = f ( $ ) i J = 1 1

v u
0
f(,)

27 ~2 = 2 $:I4 $:Isine e-r'r dr do = -1

29 f = //
r2dr dB/ //
r dr dB = " 8,a So 3 cos3 B
3 1 2n 1 r2r dr dB =
dd/xa2 = 9 7r /, so 5
3 3 Along the right side; along the bottom; at the bottom right corner
3 5 $$ xy d x dy =
1 1
So So +
(ucos a - v s i n a ) ( u s i na v cos a ) d u dv = f (cos2 a - sin2 a )
37 $:" $ ' r2r2r dr do = Y(S6- 4 6 ) 3 9 x = cos a - sin a , y = sin a + cos a goes t o u = 1, v = 1
Section 14.3 Triple Integrals (page 540)

21 Corner o f cube at ( &,z,

z) ; 5;area
1
sides 1
3&
23 Horizontal slices are circles o f area r r 2 = a ( 4 - z ) ; volume = lo
4
r ( 4 - z ) d z = 8 r ; centroid
has z = 0 , g = 0 , z =
4
so
zlr(4--z)dz/8r= 5
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

25 I = $ gives aeros; = :$ f dy dz, = I: f dx dz, & - I,"f

:
,$! J : ~ ( ~+~z2)dx dy dz = y;J/Ix2dv = t;3 $JJ(x - T ) 2 d =~
27 ,$
29 J: dx dy dz = 6 $1Tkape~oidalrule is second-order; correct for 1,x, y, z, xy, xz, yz, xyz

Section 14.4 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates (page 547)

1(r, 8, 2) = (D, 0, 0); (P, 498) = (Dl :, 0)

3 (r, #,a) = (0, any angle, Dl; (P, 4,8) = (D, 0, any angle)
5(x,y,z)=(2,-2,2fi);(r,8,~)=(2@,-f,2@) 7(x,y,z)=(O,O,-l);(r,d,z)=(O,anyangle,-1)
9 4 = tan-'(:) 1145' cone in unit sphere: y(1- A)
1 3cone without top: 2
1 5 hemisphere: 17 $ 19Hemisphere of radius r : :r4 2 1 r ( R 2 - z2);4 r t - d n
23 $a3 t a n a (see 8.1.39) 27 = p-DcOsC -
- near lide
Q hypotenuse = COs
3 1 Wedges are not exactly similar; the error is higher order + proof is correct
33 Proportional to 1 + i(\/02
+ (D - h)2 - @TP)
a cos8 -rsin# 0
35 J = b = abc; straight edges at right angles 3 7 sin 8 r cos 8 0 = r
C 0 0 1
3g e.
3 '3
n 41 p3; pa; force = 0 inside hollow sphere

CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

Section 15.1 Vector Fields (page 554)

lf(z,y)=x+2y 3f(x,y)=sin(x+y) 5f(x,y)=ln(x2+#)=21nr

9
+
*-
7 F = xyi Gj, f (x, Y) = 9 = O so f cannot depend on x; streamlines are vertical (y = constant)
11F=3i+j ISF=i+2yj 15F=2xi-2yj 17F=ex-vi-ex-Yj
lgz=-l;y=-x+C 2 1 $ = - E - Yx' 2 + y 2 = C 23 = =3 x2 y2 = C 7;+
25 parallel
2 7 ~ = F i+yj 2 9 F = -:fG(xi+yj)- ~ M G ((x - 1) i + Y j)
((x-1)2+Ya)3/2
t l ~ = $ ~ i - q ~ j J J ~ z = = = 2- 9~d .~ ~ *K = 2=
35 = gE = g:; 5
= g f ; f(r) = C gives circles
37 T; F (no equipotentials); T; F (not multiple of xi yj zk) + +
+
39 F and F i and 2F have the same streamlines (different velocities) and equipotentials (different potentials).
But if f is given, F must be grad f.

Section 15.2 Line Integrals (page 562)

l$;dWdt=&;j,'2dt=2 3ct2\/Zdt+~:1.(2-t)dt= $+;

5 JtU(-3 sin t)dt = 0 (gradient field); J ": -9 sin2t dt = -97r = - area
7 No, xy j is not a gradient field; take line x = t, y = t from (0,O) to (1'1) and $ t2dt # ?
g N o , f o r a ~ L c l e ( 2 7 r r ) ~ # 0 ~ + 0 ~l l f = x + ~ # ; f ( O , l ) - f ( 1 , 0 ) = - i
1 3 f = +xay2;f (0,l) - f (1,O) = 0 15f = r = dm; f (0,l) - f ( l , ~=)0
1 7Gradient for n = 2; after calculation - = ~3
1 9 x = a c o s t , z = asint,ds = a d t , M = $ , axa s i n trn) a d t = 2ra2
(a+
A-28 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

2 1 x = a cos t , y = a sin t , ds = a d t , M = a3 cos2 t dt = nu3, (3, $) = ( 0 , 0 ) b y symmetry

2i+2tj
23T=\r,=d-
4+4t +;F =3xi+4j = 6 t i + 4 j , d s = 2 d m d t , ~ . ~ d s = (6ti+4j)-(-$=$)2~mdt=
+ + 2
2Ot dt; F . d R = (6ti 4). ( 2 dti 2t dt j ) = 20t dt; work = J1 20t dt = 30
2 5 ~f = + +
t h e n M = cay 6 , N = a x c , constants a , b, c
27 F = 4xj (work = 4 from (1,O) u p t o ( 1 , l ) ) 2 9 f = [ X - 2ylIt:ij = -1 3 1 f = [ x y 2 ] ~= ~1 : ~ ~
3 3 Not conservative; $ + + so
: ( t i - t j ) . ( d t i dt j ) = $ 0 dt = 0 ; (t2i - t j ) ( d t i 2t dt j ) = 1 -t2dt = 3 -'
35 = ax, = 22 + 6 , so a = 2,b is arbitrary 37 = 2yebx = w -f = -y2e-"
BY ay ax 9
a M = ~ = ~ . f = r = J ~ = 1 x i + y j 1
3 9 ~
f- ax ,

Section 15.3 Green's Theorem (page 571)

1 $:"(a cos t ) a cos t dt = r a 2 ; N z - M y = 1, $$ d x d y = area r a 2

0
3 J,'xdx+J1 x ~ x = O , N ~ - M ~ = O , J $ O ~ X ~ ~ = O
5 $ x 2 y d x = $:7r(a~ost)2(asint)(-asintd t ) = -$so 2 7r
( ~ i n 2 t ) ~=d t-4d.
'
N, - M y = -x2,$$(-x2)dxdy= SO So
27r a
- r 2 c o s 2 @ r d r d 0 = -$-
+
7 J x d y - y d x = $ ' ( c o s 2t sin2 t ) dt = r ;$ / ( I + 1 ) d x d y = 2 (area) = s;$ x2dy - x y d x = $ + 1;
Jl +
(22 x)dx dy = $
9 4 $ i n ( 3 cos4 t sin2 t + 3 sin4 t cos2 t ) d t = i stff3 cos2 t sin2 tdt = $ 2 (see Answer 5 )
11 $ F d R = 0 around any loop; F = : i + Fj and $ F d R = $:"[- sin t cos t + sin t cos t ]dt = 0 ;
ay = z gives $$o d x d y
1 3 x = cos 2t, y = sin 2t, t from 0 t o 2 r ;
2n
So
-2 sin2 2t dt = - 2 s = -2 (area);
$:7r -2dt = -47r = -2 times Example 7

1 5 J ~ d y - ~ d x ~=~ " 2 s i n t c o s t d t = 0 ; ~ $ ( ~ , + ~ ~ ) d x d ~ = $ $ 0 d x d ~ = 0

2lr
1 7 M = ~ , N = ~ , $ ~ d y - ~ d x = ($c ,o s 2 t + s i n 2 t ) d t = 2 r ; $ $ ( ~ x + ~ y ) d x d y = $ $ ( ~ - $ . + ~ - $ ) d x d y =

$$ k d x d y = $$ dr dB = 2 s
1 9 $ ~ d - yN d x = / - x 2 y d x = 1
:
-x2(1 - x)dx = A;
$'o $ oI - Y x2dx d y = &
+
2 1 J $ ( M , N y ) d x d y = $$ div F d x d y = 0 between the circles
+
2 3 Work: $ a d x b d y = $$(% - E ) d x dy; Flux: same integral
25 g = tan-'(:) = 0 is undefined at (0,0) +
2 7 Test M y = N , : x2dx y 2 d y is exact = d ( 5 x 3 + 5 y3)
29divF=2y-2y=O;g=xy2 31divF=2x+2y;nog 33divF=O;g=exsiny
3 5 div F = 0 ; g = $
+
3 7 N , - M y = -22, -6xy, 0 , 2 x - 2y, 0 , -2ex+Y; i n 3 1 and 3 3 f = 5 ( x 3 y3) and f = ex cos y
3 9 F = ( 3 x 2 - 3y2)i - 6 x y j ; d i v F = 0 +
4 1 f = x4 - 6 x 2 y 2 y4; g = 4x3y - 4 x y 3
4 3 F = ezcosy i - exsinyj;g= exsiny
+
4 5 N = f ( x ) ,$ M d x N d y = I,
f' +
f ( 0 ) d y = f (1) - f (0); $ $ ( N , - M y ) d x d y =
I,'
$$ g d x d y = g d x (Fundamental Theorem o f Calculus)
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Section 15.4 Surface Integrals (page 581)

1N = -2xi - 2yj k; d S = + dl +
4x2 + 4 9 dx dy; lo
2rr 2
/, d w r d r dB = :(17~/' - 1)
3 ~ = - i + j + k ; d ~ = f i d x d y ; area fir
-21-
. + k ; d S = 0 d2d 2~ 1 / f i rdrd8
5N=d& 0 J--+fi)
7 N = -7j +
k; d S = 5 f i dx dy; area 5 4 ~
9N=(y2-x2)i-2xyj+k;dS=~l+(y2- +
4x2y2dx dy = dl + (y2 + ~ 2 ) ~ dy;
dx
JtCJ,'d m r dr d0 =
+ +
N = 2i 2j k; d S = 3dx dy; 3(area of triangle with 2% 2y 5 1) = +

A = -sinu(cosv i + s i n v j ) + c o s u k ; B = - ( 3 + c o s u ) s i n v i + (3+cosu)cosv j;
N = -(3 + cosu)(cosucosv i +cosusinv j + sinu k);dS = (3 + cosu)du dv
$ J ( - M ~- N% + P)dx dy = JJ(-2x2 - 2 3 + z)dx dy = -r2(r dr d0) = -87r
F . N = -z+y+z=Oonplane
N=-i-j+k,F=(v+u)i-uj,J~F.NdS=II-vdudv=~
JJ d S = so Jo
2rr 2rr
(3 + cos u)du dv = 127r2 31 Yes 33 No
A = i + f'cos0 j + f'sin0 k ; B = -f sin8 j + f cos8 k ; N = ff'i - f cos8 j - f sin0 k ; d S = INldz dB =
f ( x ) d m dx dB

ldivF=l,JJJd~=Y 3divF=2~+2y+2z,~/$div~dV=0 5 d i v F = 3 , ~ ~ 3 d ~ = ~ = ~
2~ ~ / 2
7 F N = pa, JJp=a
p2dS = 47ra4 9 div F = 22, lo I.
J: 2pcos 4(p2 sin 4 dp d# dB) = i r u 4
11J
: :J J:(2x + 1)dz dy dz = a' + a3; -2a2 + 2u2 + 0 + a' + 0 + a3
I ~ ~ ~ v F = $ , J I J $ ~ v = o ; F . ~ = x , J J x ~ 1s 5=doi v F = l ; J I I i d V = ~ ; ~ $ J 1 d ~ = ~
R =7
1 7 div (7) div R
+ R grad$ = - $R gradp 3
19 Two spheres, n radial out, n radial in, n = k on top, n = -k on bottom, n = on side;
@T7
n = -i, -j, -k, i + 2j + 3k on 4 faces; n = k on top, n = lfi( ' i + fj - k ) on cone
2 1 V = cylinder, / div F dV = /I(%+ +)dx dy (a integral = 1); IJF - n d S =
Mdy - Ndx, z integral = 1 on side, F - n = 0 top and bottom; Green's flux theorem.
23 div F = -:yM = -47rG; at the center; F = 2R inside, F = 2(:)3R outside
2 5 d i v u , = : , q = y , / J E - n d ~ = $ I l d ~ = 4 a 2 7 F ( d i v F = O ) ; F ; T ( F . n < 1); F
29 Plane circle; top half of sphere; div F = 0

Section 15.6 Stokes' Theorem and the Curl of F (page 595)

lcurlF=i+j+k ScurlF=O 5curlF=O 7f=+(x+y+~)~

9 curl xmi = 0; xnj has zero curl if n = 0 11curl F = 2yi; n = j on circle so $$ F - n d S = 0
13curl~=2i+2j,n=i,~~curl~~nd~=~~2d~=27r
A-30 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

15 Both integrals equal F dR; Divergence Theorem, V = region between S and T, always div curl F = 0
17 Always div curl F = 0 19 f = xz y + 21 f = e2-' 23 F = yk
+ +
25 curl F = ( a s k - a2bs)i (alb3 - a3bl)j (a2bl - alba)k 27 curl F = 2wk; curl F . =2 w / 4
+ + +
29 F = x(a3z a2y)i y(alx a3z)j z(alx a2y)k
2% r / 2
+ +
31 curl F = -2k, JJ -2k . R d S = Jo Jo -2 cos 4(sin 4 d4 dB) = -2r; J y dx - x dy =
J:"(- sin2 t - cos2 t)dt = - 2 r
2% %/2
33 curl F = 2a, 2 //(alx + + + +
a2y a3z)dS = 0 0 2a3 Jo Jo cos 4 sin 4 d4 dB =
35 curl F = -i,n = *,JIB' .ndS = - ~ r r ~
h A
3 7 p = d - I ' = stream function; zero divergence
+
39 div F = div ( V W) = div V so y = div V so V = $j (has zero curl). Then W = F - V = xyi - $j
41 curl (curl F) = curl (-2yk) = -21; grad (div F ) = grad 22 = 2i; Fx2+ F,, + Fzz = 4i
-=
43 curl E = aB = a s i n t so E = ?(a x R ) sint

CHAPTER 16 MATHEMATICS AFTER CALCULUS

Section 16.1 Linear Algebra (page 602)

1 All vectors c 3 Only x = 0 5 Plane of vectors with xl + x2 + x3 = 0

7+= [ ~ ] , A ( X ~ + ~ O ) = [:I+ [:] 9 A(xp + xo) = b + 0 = b; another solution

13 C C =
~ [ 1 0 1
0 1 2
1 2 5
] ;CTC = [ : :] ; (2 by 3) (2 by 3) is impossible

15 Any two are independent 17 C and F have independent columns

23 d e t ( F - XI) = det [ 2 ; X 2!X] =(2-X)2-1=3-4X+X2=~ifX=lorX=3;

l-X 1
1- X
1 'I
1
l-X
= (1 - - 3(1- A) + 2 = X3 - 3X2 = 0 if X = 3 or X = 0 (repeated)
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

31H = [ -2
2
-:] 33 F if b 2 0; T;T; F (eAt is not a vector); T

Section 16.2 Differential Equations (page 610)

13Best - Best = 8est gives B = 4 : y = 4est 3y=3-2t+t2 5Aet+4est=7att=OifA=3

7 Add y = Ae-' because y' + y = 0; choose A = -1 so -e-' + 3 - 2t + t2 = 2 at t = 0
e" - 1 tekt
g y = *;,= t; by19~bpitallim- = lim- =t
k+O k k+O 1
+ + +
11Substitute y = Aet Btet C cost D sin t in equation: B = 1,C = D = - i, i, any A
+ + +
13 Particular solution y = Atet Bet; y' = Atet (A B)et = c(Atet Bet) tet + +
g i v e s A = c A + l , A + B = c B , A = & , B = = -1

+ + + + +
15X2eXt 6XeXt 5eXt = 0 gives X2 6X 5 = 0, (A 5)(X 1)= 0, X = -1 or -5 +
(both negative so decay); y = Ae-' + Be-5t
+ +
1 7 (A2 2X 3)eXt = 0, X = -1 f \/=Z has imaginary part and negative real part;
y = ~ ~ ( - l + f i i+ ; Ce-' cos f i t + De-' sin f i t
P ~ ~ ( - 1 - f i ~ i y) t=
19 d = 0 no damping; d = 1underdamping; d = 2 critical damping; d = 3 overdamping
21 X = -: zt is repeated when b2 = 4c and X = -i;(tX2 +
2X)ext b(tX 1)e" + +
ctext = 0 +
+ +
when X2 bX c = 0 and 2X b = 0 +
+ + +
23 - m o s t - bsint - a s i n t bcost acost bsint = cost if a = 0, b = 1,y = sint
+ +
25 y = Acos3t Bcos5t;y" 9y = -25Bcos5t +
9Bcos5t = cos5t gives B = G;
1
yo = 0 gives A =
+ +
2 7 y = A(cos wt - cos wet), y" = -Aw2 cos wt Aw: cos wot, y" wiy = cos wt gives A(-w2 wg) = 1; +
breaks down when w2 = w i
2 9 y = BeSt;25B+3B=1,B= $ 3 1 y = ~ + ~ t$ =+it
+ +
ss y" - 25y = e5t ;y" y = sin t; y" = 1 t; right side solves homogeneous equation so particular
solution needs extra factor t
35 et ,e-" ee",e-it + +
37 y = e-2t 2te-"; y(27r) = (1 4 ~ ) e - ~r~" 0
39 y = (4e-" - r2e-4tlr)/(4 - r2) 1 as r-+0 4 3 h 5 2; h 5 2.8
-+

Section 16.3 Discrete Mathematics (page 615)

1Two then two then last one; go around hexagon 3 Six (each deletes one edge)
5 Connected: there is a path between any two nodes; connecting each new node requires an edge
1 3 Edge lengths 1,2,4
15No;1,3,4onleftconnectonlyto2,3onright;1,3onrightconnectonlyto2onleft 174
19Yes 2lF(mayloop);T 2516