history of architecture

History of Architecture
Arch. Kevin Espina
 Introduction
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE REFERENCES

What are the board exams like? 1. Ching, Francis D.K., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture

1. Memorization is necessary – you must remember many 2. Fletcher, Bannister, A History of Architecture 20th Ed.
facts
3. Mercado, Jose L., The Architectural Reviewer Volume
2. Wide in Scope – from pre-historic to modern styles III: History & Theory of Architecture

3. Repetitive – questions from previous exams are reused 4. Salvan, George S., Architectural Character & the
History of Architecture
4. History amounts to only around 10% of your total score
5. The Children’s Atlas of World History

OUR o
METHO v
D OF e
STUDY r
ING
HISTO a
RY: n
d
history of architecture

To try
not to o
memori v
ze… e
but to r
underst
and

History
is not a
list of
facts…
it is a
story
that can
be
retold
 Introduction
DEFINITIONS

History of Architecture
• "It is a record of man's effort to
build beautifully. It traces the origin,
growth and decline of architectural
styles which have prevailed lands
and ages."

Historic Styles of Architecture

• "The particular method, the
characteristics, manner of design
which prevails at a certain place and
time.“

Six Influences of Architecture

• Geographical
• Geological
• Climatic
• Religious
• Social
• Historical

Four Great Constructive Principles

1. Post & Lintel Construction
2. Arch & Vault Construction
3. Corbel or Cantilever Construction
4. Trussed Construction
 The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek RomanEarly Christian RomanesqueGothic Renaissance

PRE-HISTORIC 18th-19th C: Revival 20th C: Modern
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC Indian Chinese & Japanese

INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Pre-historic

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 • Humans spread from Africa into Southern Europe, Asia
• Could not settle far north due to the cold climate
• From Siberia by foot into North America
• From Southeast Asia by boat into Australia

• Before 9000 BC, nomadic life of hunting & food gathering

• By 9000 BC, farming and agriculture was practiced
• Fertile soil and plentiful food
• Animal domestication for work, milk, wool

• People wanted to settle down, live in communities

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

• First villages in the Middle East, South America, Central

NEAR EAST America, India and China
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN
• Direct human ancestors evolved in Africa from 2.3 million
EARLY CHRISTIAN
years ago - Homo habilis, Homo erectus, homo sapiens,
BYZANTINE
homo sapiens sapiens
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
• Some people needed not farm, so they spent time on
INDIAN
other work - pot-making, metal-working, art and…
CHINESE & JAPANESE architecture!
FILIPINO

• The success of the human race was largely due to the RELIGION
development of tools – made of stone, wood, bone • No organized religion
• The dead are treated with respect - burial rituals and
monuments
 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
EXAMPLES
MATERIALS
• Animal skins, wooden frames, animal bones

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
• Existing or excavated caves
• Megalithic, most evident in France, England and
Ireland

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST MENHIR

EGYPTIAN • A single, large upright monolith
GREEK
• Serves a religious purpose
ROMAN
• Sometimes arranged in parallel rows, reaching several
miles and consisting of thousands of stones
EARLY CHRISTIAN
DECORATION
BYZANTINE
• Caves paintings in Africa, France and Spain
ROMANESQUE
• Sculpture
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Carnac, France
DOLMEN TUMULUS or PASSAGE GRAVE
• Tomb of standing stones usually capped with a large • Dominant tomb type
horizontal slab • Corridor inside leading to an underground chamber

CROMLECH
• Enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground
in circular form

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Stonehenge, England (2800 – 1500 BC)
ROMANESQUE • Most spectacular and imposing of monolithic monuments
GOTHIC • Outer ring, inner ring, innermost horseshoe-shaped ring
RENAISSANCE with open end facing east
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN • Largest stones weigh 45 to 50 tons, came from Wales
200 km away
ISLAMIC • Stones transported by sea or river then hauled on land
INDIAN with sledges and rollers by hundreds of people, raised
CHINESE & JAPANESE upright into pits, capped with lintels
FILIPINO
Genuine architecture - it defines exterior space
• A solar observatory - designed to mark the sun's path
during sunrise on Midsummer Day
 PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS
• Mostly had one room
• The development of more complex civilizations led to
division of the room into smaller ones for eating, sleeping,
socializing

• In places where no industrial revolution has occurred to

transform building methods and increase population
density, houses show little difference from primitive ones

Wigwam or Tepee
• conical tent with wooden poles as framework
• Covered with rush mats and an animal skin door
Hogan - primitive Indian structure of joined logs

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Natural or Artificial Caves Igloo - Innuit (Eskimo) house constructed of hard-packed
EARLY CHRISTIAN snow blocks built up spirally
BYZANTINE Nigerian hut - with mud walls and roof of palm leaves
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
Beehive Hut
FILIPINO Iraqi mudhif - covered with split reed mats, built on a reed
Trullo - dry walled rough stone shelter with corbelled roof
platform to prevent settlement
Sumatran house - for several families, built of timber and
palm leaves, the fenced pen underneath is for livestock
 Near East

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Near East
Mesopotamian Empire
under King Sargon of Agade
Mesopotamian Empire
Assyrian • City-
under King Hammurabi Mesopotamia under
states
n Persian Empire of Ur,
Babylo
n,
Agade,
Ashur
and
Damas
cus
• 23
34
BC,
King
Sar
gon
of
Aga
de
form
ed
the
first
maj
or
emp
ire
• 1792
BC,
next by
King
Hamm
urabi
• Institut
ed laws
to keep
order
• Inv
enti
on
of
writi
 ng - pictograms or tablets t pota s mes
cuneiform records on clay H l mia” , would
a • Tur p conquer
Assyrian I n ned r each
A • Based in Ashur, biggest d into i other and
DAM S
PER empire under King S city- e form an
ASC H
Persian
US U SIA Ashurbanipal b stat s empire
R
• Begun by
– conquered Mesopotamia, T e es t
MEMPHIS
Cyrus the
A P
Syria, Palestine and Egypt t with s
G E Great from
A R
O w pop • F
D S 559 to 529
E E
e ulati o
B P BC
O
e ons u
A
L R • Covered
B I
n of g
Y
L
S
thou h Mesopota
O Y mia,
N san t
UR
• S T Anatolia,
EGYPT ds a
t i Eastern
n
a g d Mediterran
• Eac
THEBES
r r ean,
h
t i t Bactria,
city-
e s r Indus
PTIAN GREEK state
d a a Valley and
PRE ROMAN surro
history of architecture

n d North
- EARLY CHRISTIAN unde
I a d e Africa
H BYZANTINE d by
s a d • Darius I
I ROMANESQUE E
N wall had
S GOTHIC u
v and w provinces
T RENAISSANCE p ruled by a
F i domi i
O 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL h t satrap,
l nate
R 20TH C MODERN
L l r h who
d by
I a a guarded
ISLAMIC INDIAN a
C U g t e the roads,
CHINESE & JAPANESE large
e e a collected
FILIPINO temp
N E s s c taxes and
le
E r h controlled
• Soci
o i the army
A N ety
v o • Local
R n of
e t peoples
C king
r h were
t s,
E s e allowed to
E h craft
A - r keep their
e sme
S “ •S religions
S n,
T M o and
f sold
E e m customs
l iers,
G s far e • Capital
a
Y o mer ti moved from
 Susa
to • Darius and Xerxes tried to
Persep conquer Greece
olis • Ended with the defeat
•N of Darius III to
etw Alexander the Great of
ork Macedonia
of
roa
ds
linki
ng
the
roy
al
cou
rt to
oth
er
part
s of
the
em
pire
–
fro
m
Sus
a in
Per
sia
to
Sar
dis
in
Ana
toli
a
• Traded
raw
materi
als,
carpet
s and
spices
 Near East
RELIGION ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• Each city-state worshipped their own god for protection
• People aimed to make peace with their wrathful god MATERIALS
• Only materials readily available was clay, soil, reeds,
rushes
• Bricks made of mud and chopped straw, sun-dried or
kiln-fired
• Timber, copper, tin, lead gold, silver imported

DECORATION
• Colossal winged-bulls guarding chief portals
• Polychrome glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow, green
• Murals of decorative continuous stone

S
• Re
GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY
ligi
ou
PRE-HISTORIC s
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
bu
ildi
EGYPTIAN
ng
GREEK
s
ROMAN
bu
EARLY CHRISTIAN ilt
E
BYZANTINE ne
X
ROMANESQUE A xt
GOTHIC M to
RENAISSANCE P te
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL L m
20TH C MODERN E pl
Fertile Crescent: S es
ISLAMIC •O
• Marshlands with few natural advantages aside from
INDIAN n
water and soil ZI
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Import materials like hardwood and metals G to
FILIPINO G p
Also: wa
• Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula s
• Mountains and plateaux from west to east a
s
m
 Near East
at Palace Platform at lonnaded
PALACES • Seven-staged space
• Persepolis
forming an
ings entrance or
celebrated DW vestibule,
their ELLI with a roof
wealth NGS supported on
power • Kn one side by
building large ow columns
palaces n • Suited to climate
as of Anatolian
Me plateau
gar
on
• Ent
ziggurat • Ruins still exist ran
during the • 50 years to build ce
Assyrian • People from at
period all over the en
Dev
empire were d
elo
involved in its rat
ROMAN 0TH pm Ziggurat at Ur
construction her
C ent: • 2000 BC
ESQUE
• Variety of tha
MOD • Ar
ERN architectural styles n
ch
OTHIC on
ai
RENAIS ISLAMIC
• parts: the
c
PRE- INDIAN lon
history of architecture

SANCE zi audience halls,

HIST 1 CHIN g
ESE gg reception halls,
ORIC 8 sid
& ur storerooms for
T es
H JAPA at tributes and
NESE •
- •T valuables,
EAST 1 FILIPI P
w military
9 NO o
T o quarters,
r
PTIA H or apadana –
Th t
tallest building,
C re i
with 36
e- c
R columns of 20m
st o
ROM E height
V ag
I -
ed
E V
A zi
L gg c
ANTINE
2 ur o
 Egyptian

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian

Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 HISTORY
• Wealthy country despite the desert - every year, Nile
would overflow, leaving the land fertile for growing crops
• Nile River was a trade route
• Gold from Nubia in the south

• Two kingdoms, Lower and Upper Egypt, combined by

King Menes in 3100 BC
• Many small towns, but royal cities at Memphis and
Thebes
• A single kingdom for most of its existence - unified under
SYRI
A
the centralized omnipotent authority of the pharaoh (king)
GIZA
MEMPHIS

EGYPT
KARNAK
THEBES

NUBIA
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK Pharaohs:
GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE
ROMAN • Seen as gods dwelling on earth
• Narrow stretch of fertile and arable land along the Nile
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Sole masters of the country and its inhabitants
• Beyond riverbanks, barren desert and rugged cliffs
BYZANTINE prevented attack from invaders • Builders and leaders
ROMANESQUE • Mediterranean and Red seas • Initiated the design, financing, quarrying and transporting
GOTHIC of materials, organization of labor and construction itself
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Society:
20TH C MODERN • Divided into groups, by order of importance: senior
priests, officials, noblemen, and army commanders
ISLAMIC
• Most ordinary Egyptians were farmers
INDIAN • Architects, engineers, theologians, masons, sculptors,
CHINESE & JAPANESE painters, laborers, peasants, prisoners
FILIPINO • Weaving, glass-making, pottery, metal, jewelry and
furniture
• Astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, music and writing
literature and history written on papyrus and stone tablets
RELIGION • Cult of many gods representing
 nature: sun, moon, stars, animals
ROOF & OPENINGS
• Roof was not an important consideration
• Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat
• No windows
• Spaces were lit by skylights, roof slits, clerestories

• After death, a persons soul went on to enjoy eternal life

in kingdom of the God Osiris - imagined this kingdom as a
perfect version of Egypt
• Pharaohs were buried, bringing with them the things they
might need in the afterlife, even living people
• Wished for a fine burial, embalmment and funeral rites,
and a permanent tomb or "eternal dwelling" WALL
• Batter wall - diminishing in width towards the top for
• Dead body had to be preserved to house the spirit stability
PRE-HISTORIC • Remove insides, dry out the body, filled with linen,
history of architecture

• Thickness: 9 to 24m at temples

NEAR EAST masked and bandaged • Unbroken massive walls, uninterrupted space for
EGYPTIAN hieroglyphics
GREEK ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
ROMAN DECORATIONS
EARLY CHRISTIAN DESCRIPTION • Mouldings such as "gorge" or "hollow and roll" was
BYZANTINE • Afterlife - life and house on earth is temporary, the tomb inspired by reeds
ROMANESQUE is permanent • Torus moulding
GOTHIC • For sustenance and eternal enjoyment of the deceased
RENAISSANCE • Religion is the dominant element in Egyptian architecture
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN MATERIALS
• Stone was abundant in variety and quantity
ISLAMIC • Used for monuments and religious buildings
INDIAN • Durability of stone is why monuments still exist to this
CHINESE & JAPANESE day
FILIPINO
• Other materials, metals and timber were imported
• Mud bricks: for houses, palaces (reeds, papyrus, palm
branch ribs, plastered over with clay)
 • Hieroglyphics were pictorial representations of religion, Common ornaments:
history and daily life
• Derived from the practice of scratching pictures on mud-
plaster walls

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE • Common capitals used were the lotus, papyrus, palm
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

which echoed indigenous Egyptian plants, and were

symbols of fertility as well

• The shaft represented bundle of stems

• Avenue of sphinxes: rows of monsters (body of lion,
head of man, hawk, ram) leading to monuments
EXAMPLES
 MASTABAS
• Rectangular flat-topped funerary mound, with battered PYRAMIDS
side, covering a burial chamber below ground • massive funerary structure of stone or brick

• First type of Egyptian tomb

• Developed from small and inconspicuous to huge an
imposing

Came in complexes:
• Offering chapel (north or east side)
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

• Mortuary chapel
NEAR EAST • Raised and enclosed causeway leading to west
EGYPTIAN • Valley building for embalmment and internment rites
GREEK
ROMAN • Immense use of labor and materials, built in layers, like
EARLY CHRISTIAN steps
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Parts:
20TH C MODERN • Stairway with 2 doors: one for ritual, second was a false
door for spirits
ISLAMIC
• Column Hall
INDIAN
• Offering Chapel
CHINESE & JAPANESE
• Serdab (contains statue of deceased)
FILIPINO • Offering room with Stelae (stone with name of deceased
inscribed)
• Offering table
• Sarcophagus – Egyptian coffin
 Pyramids at Gizeh
Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara • Most magnificent of pyramids
• World's first large-scale monument in stone • Equilateral sides face cardinal points
• Designed by Imhotep • Forms a world-famous building group

• Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)

• Pyramid of Chephren (Khafra or Khafre)
Bent Pyramid at Seneferu • Pyramid of Mykerinos (Menkaura)
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

• The Great Sphinx shows King Chepren as a man-lion

NEAR EAST protecting his country
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMBS

• Built along hillside TEMPLES
• For nobility, not royalty
MORTUARY TEMPLES
 • worship/ in honor of pharaohs • Entrance pylon
• Large outer court open to sky (hypaethral court)
CULT TEMPLES • Hypostyle hall
• worship/ in honor of god • Sanctuary surrounded by passages
• Chapels/chambers used in connection with the temple
Parts: service

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

Tombs at Beni Hasan

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Temple of Khons
• Typical temple: pylons, court, hypostyle hall, sanctuary,
ISLAMIC
chapels all enclosed by high girdle wall
INDIAN
• Avenue of sphinxes and obelisks fronting pylons
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Tombs of the Kings, Thebes

 Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak, Thebes
• Grandest temple and the work of many kings Great Temple of Abu-Simbel
• Example of rock-cut temple
• Constructed by Rameses II
• Entrance forecourt leads to imposing pylon with 4 rock-
cut colossal statues of Rameses sitting over 20 m high
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Temple of Ammon, Luxor
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Mammisi Temple Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri

• Became the prototype of the Greek Doric temples
 PYLONS DWELLINGS
• monumental gateway to the temple consisting of slanting • Made of crude brick
walls flanking the entrance portal • One or two storey high
• Flat roof deck
Temple of Isis, Philae
3 parts:
• Reception suite on north side - central hall or living room
with high ceiling and clerestory
• Service quarters
• Private quarters

FORTRESSES
• Mostly found on west bank of Nile or on islands
• Close communications with other fortresses

Fortress of Buhen
• Headquarters & largest fortified town near Nubia
PRE-HISTORIC • From here they could trade and invade lands to the south
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE OBELISKS
GOTHIC
• upright stone square in plan, with an electrum-capped
RENAISSANCE
pyramidion on top
• sacred symbol of sun-god Heliopolis
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
• usually came in pairs fronting temple entrances
20TH C MODERN
• height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base
ISLAMIC • four sides feature hieroglyphics
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Obelisk, Piazza of S. Giovanni
FILIPINO • originally from Temple of Ammon, Karnak
 Greek

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian

Pre-Historic Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Greek
Greek Empire
under Alexander the Great of Macedonia

M
1
•
o
c
G
•
e
t
M
ST R C
O
M E
A
ASIA MINOR
N S
E CR
ET SYRIA
S H
E
Q MEMPHIS
U I EGYPT
E
S THEBES

T
history of architecture

PRE O
-
H R
I I
S Y
EARL
T Y N
O CHRIS
TIAN
R F
I
C L
N
E U
A
R
E
E
N
A
 Hellen n o Athens were most important – Hoplite
ic u • The "polis" emerged as the basis Army
Perio t n of Greek society defeated
d (800 h t • Each had its own ruler, • repeated
to 323 e a government and laws A invasions by
BC) i • A federal unity existed m Darius and
PERSIA •C p n between city-states due to o Xerxes of
it l s common language, customs, n Persia
INDIA
y- a religion g • Alexander
st i – • Several different forms of the Great of
at n government: Oligarchic, b Macedonia
e s S Tyrannic, Democratic e conquered
s p s Persia, Asia
d b a • Under Pericles (444 BC to t Minor,
e e r 429 BC), peak of Athenian Egypt, Syria,
v t t prosperity s Afghanistan
el w a • Outburst of building o • Greek language
o e activity and construction, l and culture
p e a developments in art, law- d reached an
e n n making, philosophy and i enormous area
d d science e
o • Philosophers – Socrates, Plato, r Hellenistic Period
m
Aristotle s (323 to 30 BC)
G DIAN Aegean Period (Minoan) • Hellenistic
OT CHINESE & JAPANESE • Civilizations on Crete and Greek i Empire
HI FILIPINO mainland from 1900 to 1100 BC n established,
C • The first great commercial and Greek
RE naval power in the Mediterranean, t civilization
NA founded on trade with the whole h extended
IS eastern seaboard: Asia Minor, e
SA Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and
NC Libya, even South Italy and Sicily a
E on the west n
18TH-19TH • Trade and communications c
C REVIVAL produced a unity of culture and i
20TH C economic stability e
MODERN • Knossos was the largest city, had n
a magnificent palace t
ISL
A
M w
I o
C r
I l
N d
 Greek
GEOLOGY & CLIMATE ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• On the mainland, rugged mountains made
communication difficult DESCRIPTION
• Mountains separated inhabitants into groups, clans,
states
• archipelago and islands: sea was the inevitable means
of trade and communications OMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
• Between rigorous cold and relaxing heat BYZANTINE
• Clear atmosphere and intense light - conducive to PRE
history of architecture

ROMANESQUE
creating precise and exact forms - GOTHIC
• Judicial activities, dramatic presentations, public H RENAISSANCE
ceremonies took place in the open air I 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
S 20TH C MODERN
RELIGION T
ISLAMIC
O
INDIAN
R
CHINESE & JAPANESE
I Aegean religion:
FILIPINO
C • Primitive stage of
N nature worship
E • Priestesses
A conducted religious
R rites, sacred games,
E ritual dances, worship
A on sacrificial altars
S
T
Greek religion:
E
• A highly developed
form of nature worship
G
• Gods as
Y
personifications of
P
natural elements, or
TI
deified mortals
A
• Gods could influence
N events in the human
G world
R
E • Greeks sought advice
E from oracles – oracle at
K Delphi
R
 Greek
cture structures On • Columned
• "carpentry in marble“ - • Symmetrical, orderly islan entrance PALACES
Aegean
timber forms imitated in ds: porch with P
• Rough
stone with remarkable CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM • Flat central a
and
exactness roofi doorway l
massiv • Columnar and trabeated
e ng • Living a
• Roof truss appeared,
Hellenistic • Dra apartment c
enabling large spaces to
• Not religious in character, wn proper with e
Hellenic be unhindered by columns
• Mostly but civic – for the people toge sleeping room
religiou • Provided inspiration for MATERIALS ther behind o
s Roman building types • Timber and terra cotta in f
archite • Dignified and gracious • Stone bloc
NEAR EAST ks K
EGYPTIAN E • Two i
GREEK ROMAN to n
EARLY CHRISTIAN X four g
stor
BYZANTINE
A eys M
ROMANESQUE
high i
GOTHIC
M • Ligh n
RENAISSANCE t
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
o
P adm s
20TH C MODERN itted ,
L thro
ISLAMIC
ugh
INDIAN K
E light
CHINESE & JAPANESE n
well
history of architecture

FILIPINO s o
S s
s
On
o
mainl
and: s
H
• Sin
gle- P
PRE- O stor TOMBS a
H
eye • rock-cut or l
I U a
d chamber
S tombs - c
hou
T S se “tholos” tomb e
O with Treasury of
R E dee Atreus, a
I p Mycenae t
C S plan
 Greek
T
y
r
i
n
s
Lion
Gate,
Mycena
e
 TEMPLES
• Chief building type
• Earliest ones resembled megaron in
plan and construction

• Number of columns at
entrance: 1 column – hemostyle
2 columns – distyle
3 columns –
tristyle
4 columns – tetrastyle
5 columns –
pentastyle 6 columns
– hexastyle 7 columns
– heptastyle 8
columns – octastyle
9 columns – enneastyle
10 columns – decastyle
12 columns –
dodecastyle

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Greek
Arris
MOULDINGS
• Architectural devices, which with Splay
light and shade, produce definition to
a building
• Could be refined and delicate in
contour, due to fineness of marble
and the clarity of atmosphere and Fillet
light
Billet

Cove

Cavetto

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

Ogee
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Cyma Recta
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Cyma Reversa
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC Beak
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Brace
 Greek
G JAPANESE
• Certain refinements used to correct optical GREEK ORDERS RE FILIPINO
illusions: EK
R
O
M
A
N
EARLY
CHRISTIAN
B
YZAN
TINE
ROM
ANES
QUE
G
OTHI
C
PRE-
history of architecture

RENA
HI
ISSA
NCE
18TH-19TH C
REVIVAL
RI 20TH C
MODERN

IS
L
A
M
I
C

I
N
D
I
A
N
CHINESE &
• Hori used, swelling outwards • Shaft, Capital, and
zont to correct appearance of Horizontal entablature
al curving inwards (architrave, frieze,
line
s
built
con
vex
to
corr
ect
sag
ging
•V
erti
cal
feat
ure
s
incli
ned
inw
ard
s to
corr
ect
app cornice)
ear METHODS OF NATURAL
anc LIGHTING • Originally, Doric and
e of • no windows Ionic, named after the
falli • clerestory - situated two main branches of
ng between roof and upper Greek race
out portion of wall • Then there evolved
war • skylight - made of thin, Corinthian, a purely
ds translucent marble decorative order
•O • temple door, oriented
n towards the east
col
um
ns,
ent
asi
s
wa
s
 Greek
DORIC ORDER
• Without base, directly on crepidoma
• Height (including capital) of 4 to 6
times the diameter at the base
• Shaft diminishes at top from 3/4 to
2/3 of base diameter
• Divided into 20 shallow flutes
separated by arrises

• Doric capitals had two parts - the

square abacus above and circular
bulbous echinus below

Doric entablature:
• Height is 1 and 3/4 times the lower
diameter in height

3 main divisions:
• Architrave, principal beam of 2 or 3
slabs in depth
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

• Frieze
NEAR EAST • Cornice, mouldings
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Greek
IONIC ORDER
• Volute or scroll capital (derived
from Egyptian lotus and Aegean
art)

Ionic column:
• More slender than Doric
• Needed a base to spread load
• Height was 9 times the base
diameter
• Has 24 flutes separated by
fillets
• Upper and lower torus

Ionic entablature:
• Height was 2 and 1/4 times the
diameter of column

Two parts:
• Architrave,with fasciae
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

• Cornice
NEAR EAST • No frieze
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 CORINTHIAN ORDER
• Decorative variant of Ionic Order

Corinthian column:
• Base and shaft resembled Ionic
• More slender
• Height of 10 diameters
• Capital: much deeper than Ionic, 1
and 1/6 diameters high
• Capital invented by Callimachus,
inspired by basket over root of
acanthus plant

3 parts:
• Architrave,
• Frieze,
• Cornice, developed type with dentils

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens

Temple of Hera,
Paestum

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Temple of Artemis Ephesus
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
The Parthenon, Acropolis
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The Erectheion, Acropolis
TEMENOS • Entire groups of buildings laid out
• Enclosure designated as a sacred land symmetrically and orderly
 Acropolis at Pergamon AGORA

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN STOA
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE The Acropolis, Athens
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 10 structures form a world-famous building group:
20TH C MODERN • Propylaea
• Pinacotheca
ISLAMIC
• Statue of Athena Promachos
INDIAN
• Erectheion
CHINESE & JAPANESE
• Parthenon
FILIPINO
• Temple of Nike Apteros
• Old Temple of Athena
• Stoa of Eumeses PRYTANEION, BOULEUTERION, or ASSEMBLY HALL
• Theater of Dionysus
• Odeon of Herodes Atticus
 THEATER or ODEION
• Carved or hollowed out of the hillside
• Acoustically-efficient

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN STADIUM or HIPPODROME
CHINESE & JAPANESE PROPYLAEA
FILIPINO PALAESTRA and GYMNASIUM
NAVAL BUILDING
TOMBS/ MAUSOLEUM
Theater of Epidauros
 Roman

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian

Pre-Historic Greek Roman

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Roman
Roman Empire in 114 AD
under Emperor Trajan

2
BRITAI periods:
N
Etuscan
G
LONDON or
Etrusca
n (750
BC to
146 BC)

Roman
(146 BC
to 365
AD)
• Develo
ped
constit
utional
republi
c
FRANCE • Farmers & soldiers,
I concerned with
T efficiency and
A G
SPAIN L R justice
BYZ
SEGOVIA Y E ANTI
NIMES
E UM

C
(CO • For 500 years
NST
P E ANTI PE Rome was ruled
NOP
O
M LE) RS by elected
P IA
E leaders called
II A
T
ANTIOCH consuls
H
E • In 27 BC,
CARTH
N
S Augustus
AGE
crowned himself
AFRICA Emperor with
total power
• Succession of
military
dictatorships of
which Julius
Caesar’s was
most famous
 AN EGYPT Italia located on the
EARLY CHRISTIAN n northern • Empire reached its
PR

history of architecture
BYZANTINE peni Mediterranean greatest size in 114
E
ROMANESQUE nsul • Not a sea-faring AD under Emperor
- a people
GOTHIC Trajan - 4000km wide
H • Fro • Depended on
RENAISSANCE and 60 million
I m conquest by land to inhabitants
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
S
20TH C MODERN 800 extend their power • Used natural
T -300 frontiers such as
I
O ISLAMIC BC, • Fought with mountain ranges and
R INDIAN amon Carthage in North rivers to define their
N
I CHINESE & JAPANESE g all Africa for control of empire
C FILIPINO cities the Mediterranean • Otherwise they built
F
in • Hannibal led the fortified walls, such
N Italy, Carthaginian army as Hadrian’s Wall in
L
E Rome and its 38 elephants England
A beca across the Alps into
U me
R Rome • Provinces run by
the governors
E most • Latin was the official
E power language
A N ful • Applied roman system of
S • 334 laws
C – 264
T • Was the
BC, intermediary in
E
E Rome spreading art and
G conqu civilization in Europe,
S ered West Asia and North
Y
P all of Africa
T Italy
I
and
H establ
A
ished
N
I one of
the
G S strong
R est
E T empir
E es in
K O histor
y
R
R
• Was
O Y centr
M • Many city-states on the ally-
 Roman
RELIGION COLUMNS
• Polytheistic, several cults • Orders of architecture, used by Greeks constructively,
• Roman mythology slowly derived attributes from those of were used by Romans as decorative features which could
Greek gods be omitted

GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY and CLIMATE Tuscan Order

• Italian peninsula: Central and commanding position on • Simplified version of Doric order
Mediterranean sea • About 7 diameters high
• With a base, unfluted shaft, moulded capital, plain
• Temperate in the north entablature
• Sunny in central Italy
• Almost tropical in south Composite Order
• Evolved in 100 AD, combining prominent volutes of Ionic
ARCHITECTURAL with acanthus of Corinthian
• Most decorative
CHARACTER DESCRIPTION

• Etruscans were great builders

• Large-scale undertakings, like city walls and sewers
• Draining marshes, controlling rivers and lakes by using
PRE-HISTORIC channels
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN • Romans had great constructive ability
GREEK • Complex, of several stories
ROMAN • Utilitarian, practical, economic use of materials
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE MATERIALS
ROMANESQUE • Stone: tufa, peperino, travertine, lava stone, sand, gravel
GOTHIC • Marble, mostly white
RENAISSANCE • Imported marble from all parts of the Empire to river
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Tiber
20TH C MODERN • Earth for terra cotta and bricks

ISLAMIC • Etruscans introduced the use of concrete (300 AD to

INDIAN 400 AD):
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Stone or brick rubble with pozzolana, a thick volcanic
FILIPINO earth material as mortar
• Used for walls, vaults, domes
• Concrete allowed Romans to build vaults of a magnitude
never equaled until 19th century steel construction
 CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
• Adopted columnar and trabeated style of Greeks
• Arch and vault system started by Etruscans - combined
use of column, beam and arch (arctuated)
• Were able to cover large spaces without the aid of
intermediate support

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 TYPES OF VAULTS DECORATION

Wagon/ Barrel/ Tunnel Vault:

• Semi-circular or wagon-headed, borne on two parallel
walls throughout its length

Mosaics
• Thousands of small stones or glass tiles set in mortar to
form a pattern
• Showed pictures of roman life

• Opus Incertum - small stones, loose pattern resembling

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

Wagon Vault with Intersecting Vault: polygonal walling

NEAR EAST • Opus Quadratum - rectangular blocks, with or without
EGYPTIAN mortar joints
GREEK • Opus Reticulatum - net-like effect, with fine joints running
ROMAN diagonally
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Cross Vault:
RENAISSANCE • Formed by the intersection of two semi-circular vaults of
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL equal span - used over square apartment or bays
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Hemispherical Dome/ Cupola:

• Used over circular structures
 EXAMPLES

FORUM
• Roman cities were well-planned with straight streets
crossing the town in a grid pattern
• In the town center was an open space called the forum
RECTANGULAR TEMPLE • Surrounded by a hall, offices, law courts and shops
Maison Caree, Nimes
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

BASILICAS
Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii
CIRCULAR TEMPLE Basilica of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna
The Pantheon. Rome
 THERMAE DOMUS

• Romans liked to keep clean and fit

• Built elaborate public baths throughout the empire
• For as many as 30 men and women in the open

Parts of the thermae

• Apodyteria – dressing room
• Laconicum (sudatorium) - sweat room, rubbing with oil INSULAE
• Tepidarium – warm bath • 3- or 4- storey tenement type buildings
• Frigidarium – cold bath • Prototype for the modern condominium
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

• Unctuaria – oils and perfumes room

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
Baths of Diocletian, Rome
FILIPINO

CIRCUS
Circus Maximus, Rome TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
Arch of Septimius Severus, The Forum, Rome
 THEATERS and AMPHITHEATERS AQUEDUCTS
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

• Gladiators trained to fight each other at organized • Carried water in pipes from the country to the heart of
NEAR EAST contests the city
EGYPTIAN • For the entertainment of the townspeople
GREEK
ROMAN The Colosseum, Rome
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Pont du Gard, Nimes,

France Segovia Aqueduct,
Spain
 Early Christian

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian

Pre-Historic Greek RomanEarly Christian

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Early Christian
Christianized
by 600 AD

• Belief
BRI that
TAI
N Jesus
was the
LON
DON
Christ
and the
Son of
FRANCE I God -
T Christianit
y was
born
• Disciple
s spread
stories of
Jesus’ life
and
teaching
by word
of mouth
and by
written
account in
the new
testament
G
S NAPLES R
P E CONSTANTINOPLE
SEVAI E
ILLE ANTIOCH
N C
E

ATH
EN
S
CARTHAGE SYRIA
JERU PERSIA
SALE
M

DAMA
SCUS
N AFRI BETHLEHEM

O CA
ALEXANDRIA
R
T EGYPT
H
JUDEA Eastern and found guilty of • Moved from Judea to
Mediter offending their god Antioch in Syria and into
ROMAN
ranean • He was nailed to a cross the Northern
EARLY CHRISTIAN
• Main and died a painful death Mediterranean
BYZANTINE inhabit • He appeared to his
ROMANESQUE
• Founded new communities
ants disciples after his along the way
PR GOTHIC were resurrection from the dead

history of architecture
• Carried by St. Peter, St.
E RENAISSANCE the
I Paul and other
- 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Jews
missionaries to Rome, the
H 20TH C MODERN • Jews
N center of the Empire and
I believe
ISLAMIC fountainhead of power
S d that
INDIAN F and influence
T one
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Emperor Nero ordered
day
O
FILIPINO L Christians to be fed to wild
the
R beasts or burned to death
“Messia
I U h” or
C • Despite this, in 4th century
“Christ”
E Rome, Christianity grew
would
N • In 312 AD, Constantine,
free
E N a converted Christian,
them
A named it the official
from
R C religion of the Roman
the
empire
Roman
E • By 600 AD, most roman
E s
villages had their own
A churches, governed by a
S • In 27
S bishop
AD,
T • Patriarchs based in
Jesus
Jerusalem, Alexandria,
began
E Antioch, Constantinople
H preachi
G and Rome
ng to
Y
I people
P GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
in
T • Ruins of Roman
S Galilee,
I buildings served as
north of
A quarries from which
T Judea
N materials were obtained
• After
O three
G years,
R R he was
arreste
E
Y d by
E
• In 63 BC, the Romans the
K
conquered Judea in the Jews
 Early Christian
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

DESCRIPTION
• Highly-influenced by Roman art and architecture
• This architecture hardly has the architectural value of a
style, simply because it was never really produced by the
solution of constructive problems

ROOF and CEILING

• Further development of trusses - king and queen post
trusses

EXAMPLES

BASILICAN CHURCHES
• Roman basilicas as models
• Usually erected over the burial place of the saint to
whom it was dedicated
• Unlike Greek and Roman temples which sheltered gods,
the purpose of the Christian church was to shelter
PRE-HISTORIC worshippers
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN • Came in a complex, with cathedral, belfry or campanile,
GREEK and baptistery
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Fine sculptures and mosaics worked into new basilicas
BYZANTINE • Paid little regard to external architectural effect
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC • Entrance at west
RENAISSANCE • Priest stood behind altar, facing east
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Early Christian

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Early Christian
St. Peter's, Rome Other examples:
• Erected by Constantine near the site of St. Peter's S. Apollinare, Ravenna
martyrdom S. Sabina
• The Circus of Nero was torn down to erect it S. Agnese Fuori Le Mura,
Rome St. Paulo Fuori Le Mura
S. Clemente, Rome
S. Maria Maggiore, Rome

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 BAPTISTERIES
• Used only for sacrament of baptism, on festivals of
Easter, Pentecost and Epiphany
• Large separate building from church, sometimes
adjoined atrium

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
TOMBS or CATACOMBS
ROMANESQUE
• Christians objected to cremation, insisted on burial on
GOTHIC
consecrated ground
RENAISSANCE
• Land for burials had become scarce and expensive
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
• Monumental tombs became expressions of faith in
ISLAMIC immortality
INDIAN • Cemeteries or catacombs were excavated below ground
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Several stories extending downwards
FILIPINO
• Usually domed and enriched with lavish mosaic
decorations
• Walls and ceilings were lavishly decorated with paintings
mixing pagan symbolism with scenes from the bible
 Byzantine

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek RomanEarly Christian

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Byzantine
Byzantine Empire in 565 AD
under Emperor Justinian

•
S
t
r
o
BULGARIA n
g
l
y

C
h
r
i
s
t
i
a
n

p
e
o
p
l
e

f
o
u
n
d
e
d

m
a
n
y
 monasteries Christiani AD, the empire had
and ty E split into two – an
• survives Eastern and Western
onverted today as empire • Under Emperor
S
Russians the • Constantine, a Justinian, regained
Eastern Eastern converted Christian, control of lost lands
Europeans Orthodox changed the capital of the Western
Christianity - Church of the Empire from Roman Empire, such
H
this form of Rome to as Northwest Africa,
Constantinople in Italy and Spain
I
R
330 AD • Attacks from Slav
O GR
SP
M
EE • The western Barbarians and
AIN
E
CE CONSTANTINOPLE S Bulgars from the
ASIA MINOR empire based in
CORDOBA
Rome finally northwest were
ANTIOCH T constantly being
A collapsed in 476 AD
CAR T
• Eastern empire repelled
THA
GE H O • Persians, Arabs and
E
N lasted another
S
thousand years and Muslims from east
JERUSALEM SYRIA R • Normans and Venetians
AFRICA DAMASCUS was known as the
Byzantine empire • Ottoman Turks
ALEXAN
DRIA
Y captured the city in
EGY • Fier 1453 and killed
PT ce • Constantinople
stood on the site of Constantine XI the
barba last emperor
ric an old Greek town
tribes called Byzantium
(present-day GEOGRAPHY &
such GEOLOGY
as Istanbul)
• Known as the "new • Where Asia and
PRE EAST EGYPTIAN the Europe meet,
Rome", most
history of architecture

- GREEK ROMAN Goth separated by a

s commanding
H EARLY CHRISTIAN I narrow strip of water
and position and most
I BYZANTINE
valuable part of • Art and
S ROMANESQUE N Vand architecture
als eastern Roman
T GOTHIC empire by original
F attac craftsmen
O RENAISSANCE • Bulwark of
ked • Influence reached
R 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Christianity during
L from Greece, Serbia,
I 20TH C MODERN
outsi the Middle Ages
C Russia, Asia Minor,
ISLAMIC INDIAN U de North Africa, further
CHINESE & JAPANESE the west
N empir
FILIPINO E • Also Ravenna, Perigeux
E e and Venice, through
A • In
N trade
R 285
C –
293
 Byzantine
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DOMES
• The dome was the prevailing motif of Byzantine
DESCRIPTION architecture
• First buildings constructed were churches • Practice of using domes contrasts with Early Christian
• Dumped Early Christian style for new domical Byzantine timber truss system
style
• Byzantine is still official style for Orthodox church 3 types of dome:

Simple - Pendentives and domes are of same sphere

PTIAN
PRE GREEK
history of architecture

- ROMAN
H EARLY CHRISTIAN
I BYZANTINE
S ROMANESQUE
T GOTHIC
O RENAISSANCE
R 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
I 20TH C MODERN
C distinction:
ISLAMIC
N • Basilican plan - Early
INDIAN
E Christian
CHINESE & JAPANESE
A • Domed, centralized
FILIPINO plan - Byzantine
R
E
A CONSTRUCTION
S SYSTEM
T • Fusion of domical
E
construction with
classical columnar style
G
• Domes of various
Y
 Byzantine
types Special designs: melon, EXA e at west
placed serrated, onion or bulbous shape MPL S. Mark, Venice
over ES • On the site of original
square Basilican church
S. Sophia,
compart CHU • An exterior quality
Constantinople
ments RCH all its own: blending
using ES of features from
pendent • Cen many foreign lands
Compound
ives • Dome of separate trali
• Semi- zed • Sits behind the
sphere, rises Piazza of San
circular independently over type
arches of Marco, vast marble-
sphere of pendentives paved open space
rest plan
or dome raised on high serves as atrium to
directly • Do
drum church
on me
over • Hagia Sophia "divine
columns or holy wisdom"
, with nav • Glittering, resplendent
e, • Built by Justinian, façade
capitals designed by
able to som • Exterior enriched
etim Anthemius of by fine entrance
support Tralles and Isidorus
springin es portals, mosaic and
sup of Miletus marble decorations
g of • Rose on the site
arches port
GOTHIC ed of 2 successive
by Basilican churches
RENAISSANCE
PRE-HISTORIC NEAR sem of the same name
history of architecture

18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
EAST EGYPTIAN i-
20TH C MODERN
GREEK ROMAN dom • Most important
EARLY CHRISTIAN ISLAMIC INDIAN es church in
BYZANTINE CHINESE & JAPANESE • Entr Constantinople
ROMANESQUE FILIPINO anc • Perfection of
Byzantine style

• Later converted into

a mosque
Byzantine
 Romanesque

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek RomanEarly Christian Romanesque

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 • The decline of the Roman Empire led to the rise of
independent states and nations across Europe
• Most states still had ecclesiastical and political ties to
Rome
• This went on for three centuries, from 500 to 800 AD

• Charlemagne, a Frankish Carolingian king, was

barbarian Europe’s most effective ruler
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

• In 800 AD, he was crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III -

NEAR EAST • established the Holy Roman Empire, tried to be as grand
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN as the Roman and Byzantine emperors before him
GREEK • Built his palace in Aachen, based on Byzantine palace
HISTORY
ROMAN
• The Roman Empire was halved into East and West and chapel in Constantinople
EARLY CHRISTIAN
• Those outside the Empire were called “barbarians” - • Conquered parts of Germany, Austria, Italy and Spain
BYZANTINE
German tribes such as the Franks, Saxons, Vandals,
ROMANESQUE Goths; Asian tribes such as the Huns • Art and civilization was restored over Europe
GOTHIC • 4th century, Huns invaded Europe forcing the Goths and • There was a new religious enthusiasm:
RENAISSANCE Vandals to seek shelter inside the Roman Empire • The crusades were conducted against Muslims
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Rome agreed to let them stay in exchange for help • Papacy rose to great power
20TH C MODERN against the Huns • Great monastic foundations
• Christianity was source of education, culture, and
ISLAMIC economy
• In 410 AD, Alaric the Goth seized Rome, settled in Spain
INDIAN
• Ostrogoths held much of Italy, Vandals moved across
CHINESE & JAPANESE • In 814 AD, Charlemagne’s empire began to break up
Europe into Africa
FILIPINO splitting into 3 kingdoms
• 486 – 507, Clovis, King of the Franks, conquered Gaul,
but was overthrown by the Carolingians in 751 AD • Vikings from Norway, Denmark and Sweden began
• Franks, Visigoths and Burgundians ruled Gaul attacking Britain, France, Ireland, Russia and North
• Angles, Saxons and Jutes occupied Britain America, only stopping by 1000 AD
 RELIGION NORTHERN ITALY
• Rise of the religious orders • Milan, Venice, Ravenna, Pavia, Verona, Genoa - cities
• Science, letters, art and culture were the monopoly of competed to construct glorious buildings
orders • Links to Northern Europe (through alpine passes) and
• Gave impulse to architecture; fostered art and learning Constantinople (through Venice and Ravenna)

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER • Ornamental arcades all over façade

• Wheel window
DESCRIPTION • Central projecting porch, with columns on roughly-carved
• Religious fervor expressed in: grotesque figures of men and beasts (shows Northern
• Art, cathedrals and monastic buildings European influence)

• Architecture spread throughout Europe but governed by S. Ambrogio, Milan

classical traditions – “Romanesque” S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona
S. Fedele, Como
• Ruins of classical buildings - classical precedent was S. Michele, Pavia
used only to suit the fragments of old ornaments used in
PRE-HISTORIC new buildings
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN EXAMPLES
GREEK
ROMAN CATHEDRALS
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Mostly Basilican in plan
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
• Rib and Panel vaulting - framework of ribs support thin
20TH C MODERN
stone panels
ISLAMIC
INDIAN BAPTISTERIES
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Large, separate buildings usually octagonal in plan and
FILIPINO connected to the cathedral by the atrium
• Used 3 times a year: Easter, Pentecost, Epiphany

CAMPANILES
• Straight towers shafts, generally standing alone
• Served as civic monuments, symbols of power, watch
towers
SOUTHERN ITALY • Underwent Greek, Roman, Byzantine,
 Muslim and Norman rule
CENTRAL ITALY
• Richer in design and color • Rome, Florence, Naples, Pisa – cities rich in pagan
• Elaborate wheel windows – made of sheets of pierced influence
marble • Pisa had commercial links with the Holy Land; fought
• Greater variety in columns and capitals with Muslims
• Elaborate bronze doors and bronze pilasters • Great stone and mineral wealth, brilliant atmosphere

• Byzantine influence: mosaic decorations, no vaults, used

domes
• Muslim influence: use of striped marbles, stilted pointed
arches, colorful, geometric designs as predominant
interior decoration

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Pisa Cathedral
BYZANTINE Cefalu Cathedral, Sicily • Forms one of most famous building groups in the world -
ROMANESQUE • Most distinct Romanesque church in Sicily Cathedral, Baptistery, Campanile, and Campo Santo
GOTHIC • Resembles other early Basilican churches in plan
RENAISSANCE • Exterior of red and white marble bands
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Baptistery
• 39.3 m circular plan by Dioti Salvi
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
Campanile
CHINESE & JAPANESE
• aka The “Leaning Tower of Pisa”
FILIPINO • 8 storeys, 16 m in diameter
• Due to failure of foundations, overhangs 4.2 m
Monreale Cathedral
• Most splendid under Norman rule in Sicily
• Basilican and Byzantine planning
FRANCE greater freedom of developing new
• Remains of old buildings were less abundant – they had style
 • Rib-vaults and semi-circular or pointed arches over the
nave and aisles CENTRAL EUROPE
• Timber-framed roofs of slate finish and steep slope to
throw off snow Worms Cathedral
• Eastern and western apses and octagons
• 2 circular towers flank each
• Octagon at crossing, with pointed roof

SPAIN
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

S. Madeleine, Vezelay • Use of both Basilican and Greek-cross forms

NEAR EAST • Earliest pointed cross-vault in France • Use of horseshoe arch
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Abbey of St. Denis, near Paris

• Among the first instances of using the pointed arch Santiago de Compostela
• Ribbed vault, pointed arch and flying buttresses • Finest achievement of Romanesque in Spain
successfully combined
 ENGLAND MONASTIC BUILDINGS
Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire
3 foundations:
• Old foundation - served by secular clergy
• Monastic foundation - served by regular clergy or monks
• New foundation - to which bishops had been appointed

FORTIFICATIONS & TOWN WALLS

All over Europe - 1500 castles in England in 11th and 12th centuries
Peterborough Cathedral
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

• Fine Norman interior

NEAR EAST • Original timber ceiling over nave
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
Began as motte and bailey earthworks
FILIPINO
Later became citadels with stone curtain walls

Durham Cathedral
• Rib and panel vaulting with pointed arches
 Romanesque

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
history of architecture
 Gothic

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek RomanEarly Christian Romanesque Gothic

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Gothic
NORWA
SCOTLAN Y
D SWEDEN
DENMA RUSSIA
RK
I
R ESTONI
E A
L ENGLAND
A LIVONIA
N POLAND
D
HOLY ROMAN
LITHUANIA
FRANCE
H
U
N
G
A
R
Y

CASTIL
E P
A OTTOM • So
P AN
EMPIRE
me
A
L 4000
A S new
F
R A
T towns
I were
T
C
E built
A to
S
acco
mmo
date
the
rising
popul
ation
• Tow
ns
beca
me
cente
rs of
trade
–
 Paris,
Naples
•• Feudal a h • Te r AR le
system
Florence, n e hc• a CHI • a departure
landlords
Venice, • e t TE from classic
P r s CT lines
12t a UR • Can be
•M e
h –o n AL identified by
•C
13t d CH the general
•E w
h AR use of pointed
PRE- • a

history of architecture
cen AC arch
HIST I • s fl
turi TE • Also called
ORIC T e
es: R- “Medieval
N r a
Hol DE Architecture”
e s
y SC
EAST F s ,
Ro RIP
t c
ma l TIO
L o
PTIA n e N
u
Em s • "G
U l
pire s ot
d
was n hic
ROM E red e "
k is
uce s
N il a
E d to s l ter
the
C a m
ANTINE are a
a of m us
ROMAN
E Ger p ed
ESQUE o
ma e in
n
S ny g r re
OTHIC s pr
•O
RENAIS o oa
nly t
SANCE
3 h n ch
1
gre e to
H
2 w thi
at
p it s
I kin
e h sty
gdo
ms o i
C
S
wer p n
F l
T e
left: e 3
O Fra •T
nce o d
, w a
R
Eng n y
lan s s
Y
• d
b
 Gothic
FRANCE
• In French, "L'architecture Ogivale“

Primaire (12th Century AD)

• Also called "a lancettes"
• Distinguished by pointed arches and
geometric traceried windows

Secondaire (13th Century AD)

• Also called "Rayonnant"
• Characterized by circular windows
with wheel tracery

Tertiare (14th to 16th Century AD)

• Also called "Flamboyant"
• Flame-like window tracery or free-
flowing tracery

Features:
• Use of pointed arch to cover
PRE-HISTORIC rectangular bays
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Use of flying buttresses weighted by

EGYPTIAN pinnacles
GREEK • Tall, thin columns – “stretching up
ROMAN as if to heaven”
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Walls released from load-bearing
BYZANTINE function
ROMANESQUE • Invention of colored, stained glass
GOTHIC windows to adorn window-walls
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Tracery windows provided a
20TH C MODERN framework for Bible stories to be told
in pictures
ISLAMIC • Cathedrals as a library for illiterate
INDIAN townspeople - Biblical stories were
CHINESE & JAPANESE told with stained-glass and statuary
FILIPINO
 Gothic
Amiens Cathedral Reims Cathedral

EAR EAST
Chartres Cathedral
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTIN
PRE-HISTORIC E
of architecture

NEAR EAST ROMANESQU

EGYPTIAN E
GREEK GOTHI
ROMAN C
of architecture

EARLY CHRISTIAN RENAISSANC

BYZANTINE E
ROMANESQUE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
GOTHIC 20TH C MODERN
RENAISSANCE
ISLAMI
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
C
20TH C MODERN
historyhistory

INDIA
ISLAMIC N
INDIAN PRE- CHINESE & JAPANESE
CHINESE & JAPANESE HI FILIPINO
FILIPINO ST
O
RI
C
N
 Gothic
e e e al wheel window
s de s • Two western L
t Sull towers with high a
y w pointed louvred o
F i openings n
r • Faç t
e a h O C
n d t a
c e s h t
h t e h
f a r e
c e t d
a a u c r
N t t e a a
o h u s t l
t e r : h
r d e e S
e r s d
C o
a r
l h i
D s a
s r s
a u l
•B i s
m c s
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g t n
, e
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s a B
P n
s n e C
a
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e F v h
s
r a e
•O B
t e i d
n i
i n s r
e s
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f p s a
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h M o i h
e a f n e
u n g d
o r i s r
l i c • Ce a
d c h ntr l
 CASTLES
• Built on mounds above rivers
• Thick walls and small windows to resist attack

• Many were adapted to make convenient residences in

later periods

Carcassone
• built in 13th Century AD
• double wall, inner one made in 600 AD
• 50 towers and moat
• two gateways guarded by machicolations, drawbridge
and portcullis

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

ENGLAND churches and castles

NORMAN (1066 to 1154 AD) TRANSITIONAL (1154 to 1189 AD)

• Includes the raising of most of major Romanesque • Pointed arches in Romanesque
 structures
CATHEDRALS
EARLY ENGLISH (1189 to 1307 AD) • May have been attached to monasteries or to collegiate
• Equivalent to High Gothic in France institutions
• Also called "Lancet" or "First Pointed" style, from long • Found in precincts with dormitories, infirmary, guest
narrow pointed windows houses, cloisters, refrectory, other buildings

DECORATED (1307 to 1377 AD)

• Window tracery is "Geometrical" in form, and later,
flowing tracery patterns and curvilinear surface pattern
• Also called "Second Pointed", equivalent to French
"Flamboyant" style Salisbury Cathedral
PRE-HISTORIC PERPENDICULAR (1377 to 1485 AD)
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Also called "Rectilinear“ or "Third Pointed"

EGYPTIAN
GREEK TUDOR (1495 to 1558 AD)
ROMAN • Increasing application of Renaissance detail
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD)
ROMANESQUE • Renaissance ideas take strong hold
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE Westminster Abbey
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Complex of church, royal palace and burial grounds
20TH C MODERN • Most important medieval building in Britain
• widest (32 m) and highest vault in England (102 ft)
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
Other examples:
CHINESE & JAPANESE
Wells Cathedral
FILIPINO York Cathedral - largest medieval cathedral in England
and in Northern Europe
Winchester Cathedral - longest medieval cathedral in
England
MANOR HOUSES • increased rooms, quadrangular court,
• Erected by new and wealthy trading families battlement parapets, and gateways,
chimneys, buttery (butler’s pantry),
Parts: oven, pantry, serving area and storage,
• great hall, room with solar room, chapel, latrine chamber, larder (food storage), wardrobe,
service rooms, kitchens, central hearth oratory-study, private chapel with altar
and crucifix, scullery, brew house
Later, in Tudor Manor Houses
 GERMANY, BELGIUM AND THE NETHERLANDS HALL CHURCHES
• In Germany, the chief influence came from France, not from German • Had a different look:
Romanesque • Nave and aisle of same height
• In Belgium and The Netherlands, it was based on French Gothic, • One or two immense and ornate western towers or apse,
developing the Brabantine style in place of sculptured doorway
• Brick-work and simplified ornamentation

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Ulm Cathedral
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Penhurst Place, Kent
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

St. Elizabeth, Marburg

• Typical hall church
SPAIN character
• Strong Moorish influences: the use of horseshoe arches
and rich surface decoration of intricate geometrical and
flowing patterns
• Churches had flat exterior appearance, due to chapels
inserted between buttresses
• Excessive ornament, without regard to constructive
 Gerona Cathedral

Granada Cathedral

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE Toledo Cathedral
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Burgos Cathedral (1221 - 1457 AD)
ISLAMIC
• Irregular in plan
INDIAN
• Most beautiful and poetic of all Spanish cathedrals
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Seville Cathedral (1402 to 1520 AD) Salamanca Cathedral
• Largest Medieval church in Europe
• Second largest church in the world, next to St. Peter's, Other cathedrals:
Rome • Avila Cathedral, Segovia Cathedral, Barcelona Cathedral
 ITALY
• Led the way in Europe, in terms of art, learning and
commerce

• Cultural revival was taking place in Italy in advance of

northern Europe

• Roman tradition remained strong

• This arrested the development of Gothic architecture in

Italy
• Verticality of Gothic is generally neutralized by horizontal
cornices and string courses
• Absence of pinnacles and flying buttresses
• Small windows without tracery
• Projecting entrance porches with columns on lion-like
beasts

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Siena Cathedral
ROMANESQUE • One of most stupendous undertakings since the building
GOTHIC of the Pisa cathedral
RENAISSANCE • Outcome of civic pride - all artists in Siena contributed
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL their works to its building and adornment
20TH C MODERN • Cruciform plan
• Zebra marble striping on wall and
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
pier Other cathedrals:
CHINESE & JAPANESE
Florence Cathedral or S. Maria del Fiore
FILIPINO Milan Cathedral
• Designed by Arnolfo di Cambio
• Essentially Italian in character, without the vertical • Largest Medieval cathedral in Italy
features of Gothic • 3rd largest cathedral in Europe
• Peculiar latin cross plan with campanile and baptistery
 Renaissance

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek RomanEarly Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 NORWAY

SWEDEN Renaissance
GREAT RUSSIA DUTCH •
BRITAIN DENMAR • Printing by Movable
K Types P
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S
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T
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history of architecture

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POR
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A E
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 Renaissance
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ROCOCO
• Style which is primarily French in origin
DESCRIPTION • Rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and crimped shells
• The Renaissance movement created a break in the • Profuse, often semi-abstract ornamentation
evolution of European church architecture • Light in color and weight
• Departure from Gothic, with the employment of Classic
EEK ROMAN
Roman “Orders of Architecture” EARLY RENAISSANCE
EARLY CHRISTIAN
• Byzantine structural and decorative practices, instead of • Period of learning
BYZANTINE
Gothic, were interwoven with those from Roman and • Designers were intent
ROMANESQUE
Romanesque succession on the accurate
GOTHIC
transcription of Roman
PERIODS RENAISSANCE
elements
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
PRE 20TH C MODERN HIGH RENAISSANCE
history of architecture

- or PROTO-BAROQUE
ISLAMIC
H • Renaissance became
INDIAN
I an individual style in its
CHINESE & JAPANESE
S own right
FILIPINO
T • Purist or Palladian,
O where Roman tradition
R was held in high respect
I (represented by Andrea
C Palladio)
N • Proto-Baroque, where
E there was more
A
confidence in using the
R
acquired vocabulary
freely (represented by
E
Michelangelo)
A
• Mannerist, where
S
practices which had no
T
Roman precedent were
E
interspersed with the
G usual buildings, or entire
Y buildings were
P conceived in a non-
T Roman way
I • Mannerists used
A architectural elements in
N a free, decorative and
G illogical way,
R unsanctioned by antique
 Renaissance
precede ge IN SUMMARY:
nt • The true nature of ROME Tempietto in S. Pietro,
Renaissance as a • Splendidly presented Montorio
• Palladian Architecture was examples of High • Resembling
BAROQ distinctive style began to logical, staid and serene
UE emerge Renaissance and Proto- small Roman
• Archite • Baroque saw architecture, baroque circular temple
• Proto-Baroque Architecture • Famous architect is Donato with Doric
cts painting, sculpture and the was vivid, virile and intense
worked minor arts being used in Bramante columns
with harmony to produce the • 4.5 m internal
• Baroque Architecture was diameter
freedom unified whole dramatic, rich, grand and alive
and IAN GREEK
firmly- PALAZZI
• Rococo Architecture was ROMAN
acquire • With the development
a profusion and confusion EARLY CHRISTIAN
d of gunpowder, palace-
of detail, presenting a lavish BYZANTINE
knowled type building evolved,
display of decoration ROMANESQUE
taking the place of
GOTHIC fortified castles
F • Craft RENAISSANCE
L • Built around a cortile
guilds, 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
O or interior court, like
with PRE 20TH C MODERN medieval cloister
history of architecture

R both - • Ground floor and piano

E religiou ISLAMIC
N
H nobile
s and INDIAN
C I • Façade of massive,
lay CHINESE & JAPANESE
E S rugged, fortress-like
connota FILIPINO
• Cities of T character due to use of
tions,
Florence, Genoa, O rusticated masonry and
directed
Milan - central, R wall angles called
activitie
chief powers of I quoins
s of
Italy C • Large windows
studios
• Medici family - N unnecessary and
and
founded by unsuitable
worksh E
Giovanni de • Low pitched roof
ops A
Medici, who was covered by a
• Renai R
a commercial and balustrade, parapet or
ssanc E
political power e had boldly protruding roof
A
• Vitality of social its cornices
S
life at every level birth in T
• Artists, who Floren E
excelled in ce
G
several arts,
Y
achieve high
P
status in society
T
 Renaissance
e of the Florentine palace of
that period
• Open cortile and piano
nobile
• Astylar exterior of uniform
• Site where S. Peter was
rustication
martyred
• Cornice of 1/13 the height,
• Designed by Donato Bramante
2.1 m projection
• Dome on drum pierced
with alternating windows
Palazzo and shell-headed niches

Strozzi

• By
Bened
etto da
Majano
• Repres
entativ
 6. Antonio da Sangallo
• Slightly altered plan - extended vestibule and campanile,
and elaborated the central dome
• Died

7. Michelangelo
• Undertook the project at 72 years old - present building
owes most of its outstanding features to him
• Greek-cross plan, strengthened dome, redesigned
surrounding chapels
S. Peter, Rome
• Most important Renaissance building in Italy 8. Giacomo della Porta
• With cathedral, piazza and the Vatican, forms a world-
famous group 9. Domenico Fontana
• Completed dome in 1590
• 120 years, outcome of the works of many architects
under the direction of the pope 10. Vignola
• Added sided cupolas
12 Architects:
11. Carlo Maderna
PRE-HISTORIC 1. Bramante • Lengthened nave to form Latin cross and built the
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • His design was selected from several entries in a gigantic facade
EGYPTIAN competition
GREEK • He proposed a Greek cross plan and a dome similar to 12. Bernini
ROMAN the Pantheon in Rome • Erected noble entrance piazza 198 m wide with Tuscan
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Foundation stone laid in 1506 colonnade
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE 2. Giuliano da Sangallo
GOTHIC • Upon death of Julius II in 1513
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 3. Fra Giocondo
20TH C MODERN
4. Raphael
ISLAMIC • Proposed a Latin cross plan
INDIAN • Died
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO 5. Baldassare Peruzzi • Completed plan is a Latin cross with an internal length of
• Reverted to Greek cross 183 m, width of 137 m
• Died • At crossing, majestic dome of 41.9 m internal diameter
• Largest church in the world
 FRANCE

COUNTRY HOUSES
• Country houses took the place of fortified castles

Some examples:
Chateau de Justice,
Rouen Chateau d'O,
Mortree Chateau de Chateau de Maisons
Josselin Chateau de Blois • One of the most harmonious of all chateaux
Chateau d'Azay-Rideau • Designed by Francois Mansart on a symmetrical E-plan
Chateau de
Chenonceaux

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Palaise du Louvre, Paris
BYZANTINE • Built from Francis I to Napoleon III
ROMANESQUE • Together with Tuilleries, 45 acres constituting one of the
GOTHIC most imposing palaces in Europe
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Chateau de Chambord
• Designed by an Italian, Domenico da Cortona
• Semi-fortified palace, most famous in Loire district
Petit Trianon, Versailles • Designed by JA Gabriel for Louis XV
 • One of most superb pieces of domestic architecture of
the century CHURCHES

Church of the Val de Grace, Paris

• Projecting portal by Francois Mansart, dome by
Lemercier

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN St. Gervais, Paris
EARLY CHRISTIAN • earliest wholly-classical church facade
BYZANTINE • by Salomon de Brosse
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

St. Etienne du Mont, Paris

ENGLAND ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD)
• During the reign of Queen Elizabeth
PERIODS • Establishment of Renaissance style in
 England, followed Tudor architecture
• Transition style with Gothic features and Renaissance STUART BUILDINGS
detail

JACOBEAN (1603 to 1625 AD)

STUART (1625 to 1702 AD)

• 1st Phase: Inigo Jones was influenced by Italian
Renaissance Banqueting House, Whitehall, London
• 2nd Phase: Christopher Wren was influenced by French • Designed by Inigo Jones
Renaissance

Queen's House
• Influenced by Palladian architecture

GEORGIAN (1702 to 1830 AD)

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST ELIZABETHAN MANSIONS

EGYPTIAN • Statesmen, merchants and gentry built mansions in the
GREEK countryside to suit their positions
ROMAN • E-shaped plan or H-shaped plan
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire
ROMANESQUE • Great hall, kitchen and office, living rooms, grand St. Paul's Cathedral, London
GOTHIC staircase, long gallery, withdrawing room or solar, towers, • Designed by Christopher Wren
RENAISSANCE gables, parapets, balustrades, chimney stacks, oriel and • Area of 6000 sq.m and a large central space under dome
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL bay windows for big congregations
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
GEORGIAN HOUSES
FILIPINO
Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire
• Most monumental mansion in England
• Example of central block with wings
 Renaissance
SPAIN & PORTUGAL

EARLY PERIOD (1492 to 1556 AD)

• Grafting Renaissance details unto Gothic forms

In Spain:
• Plateresque, rich and poetic style, so named for its
similarity to silversmiths' work – plateria
• Influenced by Moorish art - extremely florid and
decorative, from the minuteness of detail

in Portugal:
• Manueline Style (from King Manuel I, 1495 to 1521 AD)
• Decorative rather than structural in character, inspired by
the voyages of discoverers

CLASSICAL PERIOD (1556 to 1690 AD)

• Close adherence to Italian Renaissance art The Escorial, Madrid
• Austere group of buildings, composed of the monastery,
BAROQUE PERIOD (1650 to 1750 AD) college, church and palace with state apartments
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

• Classical rules disregarded

NEAR EAST • Churrigueresque, fantastically extravagant expression,
EGYPTIAN by Jose de Churriguera, (1650 to 1723 AD)
GREEK
ROMAN ANTIQUARIAN PERIOD (1750 to 1830 AD)
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Returned to ancient classical models
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The University, Salamanca
• The facade is a Plateresque design masterpiece
• Admirable craftsmanship
 Renaissance
GERMANY

Heidelberg Castle
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ISLAMIC CHINESE & JAPANESE
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FILIPINO

Monastery, Melk
• One of most striking Baroque monuments
 18th-19th C: Revival

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek RomanEarly Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance

PRE-HISTORIC 18th-19th C: Revival
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 • Home-based cottage industries were rendered obsolete
by the invention of the steam engine by Watt in 1785
• Goods could be made more cheaply
• Factories sprouted all over Britain where coal was
available to fuel the engines, other countries followed suit

Social and Political changes:

• Centuries-old monarchies gave way to democratic
institutions – American Declaration of Independence
(1776) and French Revolution (1789)
• Urbanization and rise in population
• Growth of the bourgeoisie or middle class
• Professionals and businessmen

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Technological innovations:
RENAISSANCE • Railways to easily transport people and goods
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL HISTORY • Improved drainage and sanitation
20TH C MODERN • Coal-gas and gas lamps, later electricity
• Revolutionary changes affecting every aspect of life • Lift or elevator
ISLAMIC
• Growth of communications
INDIAN
• The Industrial Revolution started in Britain - new • Ship-building and the Suez Canal
CHINESE & JAPANESE
machines and innovative processes helped change • International exhibitions of science and industry
FILIPINO
nations from agricultural to industrial ones
• Spread to continental Europe and to North America
• Created a new type of worker – the wage laborer or
proletarian
 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Periods in Britain:
• The need to create an imposing effect – research into old
styles EARLY VICTORIAN (1830 to 1850 AD)
• Conservation of historic relics or monuments had begun HIGH VICTORIAN (1850 to 1870 AD)
• Interest in Classicism, in the Romanesque, the Gothic, LATE VICTORIAN & EDWARDIAN (1870 to 1914 AD)
the Renaissance, the Baroque AFTERMATH (after World War I)
• “age of revivals” - eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
combining native and foreign styles

• “age of innovation” - use of newly available materials

• Form follows Function (Louis Sullivan)

Due to inventions in metallurgy and construction, new

materials became available for building:
• structural iron and cast-iron
• iron and glass
• zinc The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol
• steel • Designed by Isambard Brunel
• reinforced concrete – first used by Auguste Perret • Pylons of Egyptian character
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST New building types:

EGYPTIAN • Industrial Buildings and Warehouses
GREEK • Houses of Parliament
ROMAN • Railways and Transport Stations – spread all over
EARLY CHRISTIAN Europe
BYZANTINE • Museums – took the place of aristocratic private
ROMANESQUE collections of art
GOTHIC • Department Stores – in Paris, London, Brussels, other St. George's Hall, Liverpool
RENAISSANCE commercial areas • Designed by Harvey Lonsdale Elmes
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Hospitals, Public Banks, Fire and Police Stations, • Most magnificent Neo-Classical monument in Britain
20TH C MODERN Exhibition Halls

ISLAMIC New emerging style:

INDIAN • The Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain
CHINESE & JAPANESE • in the tradition of craft guilds in the Middle Ages
FILIPINO • led by artist-craftsman William Morris, architect Philip
Webb and writer John Ruskin City Hall, Swansea
• furniture, glassware, fabrics, wallpaper, etc – decorated
with repeating stylized floral patterns • Designed by Sir Percy Thomas
 Westminster New Palace (Houses of Parliament), The Conservatory, Carlton House, London
London • Cast-iron for structural and decorative purpose
• Designed by Sir Charles Barry
• Non-classical design: Gothic detail by Pugin
• Victoria tower, Clock tower “Big Ben”
• First major public building of Gothic revival

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

St. Giles, Cheadle, Staffs

NEAR EAST • Designed by Pugin Palm House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
EGYPTIAN • Designed by Decimus Burton and Richard Turner
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC The University Museum, Oxford
RENAISSANCE • Designed by Benjamin Woodward
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • landmark of High Victorian Gothic
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
Crystal Palace, London
CHINESE & JAPANESE
• Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton
FILIPINO • One of the most remarkable buildings in 19th century
Britain – free of any traditional precedent
The Cathedral, Guilford • Housed the Great Exhibition of 1851, erected in Hyde
• Designed by Sir Edward Maufe Park, moved to Sydenham in 1852 to 1854
 Periods in Continental Europe:

1850 to 1870 AD
• Comparable to High Victorian in Britain
• Renaissance and Gothic revival
• Structural use of iron

1870 to 1914 AD
• Use of metals was intensified, especially in exhibitions
• Antique forms instead of Renaissance

ART NOVEAU (1893 to 1906 AD)

• Derived from the “Arts and Crafts Movement” in Britain
• An art free of any historical style

The Votivkirche, Vienna

• Neo-Gothic by Heinrich von Ferstel
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE • Deliberate simplification of structural elements in
ROMANESQUE buildings and interiors, handmade objects and furniture
GOTHIC • Forms of nature for ornamentation in the facade
RENAISSANCE • Floral style, freely-shaped writhing vegetal forms
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Versions:
• France – Le Modern Style
ISLAMIC
• Germany – Jugendstil
INDIAN
• Austria – Sezessione
CHINESE & JAPANESE
• Italy – Stile Liberty
FILIPINO • Spain - Modernismo
The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris
• Neo-Byzantine by Paul Abadie
 The Schauspielhaus, Berlin
• Greek-revival style by KF von Schinkel

The Opera House, Paris

• Neo-Baroque by Charles Garnier

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN The Library of St. Genevieve, Paris
GREEK • Neo-Renaissance by Henri Labrouste
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE The Victor Emanuel II Monument, Rome
ROMANESQUE • Neo-Classical by Giuseppe Sacconi
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE Others:
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Reighstag, Berlin – Paul Wallot
20TH C MODERN Parliament, Budapest – Imre Steindl
Dresden Opera - neo-Renaissance by Gottfried
ISLAMIC
Semper The Altes Museum, Berlin - Greek-revival style
INDIAN
Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen - Greek-revival
CHINESE & JAPANESE
The Opera House, Cologne - French Neo-Baroque
FILIPINO The Post Savings Bank, Vienna - Art Noveau by Otto
The Stock Exchange, Amsterdam Wagner
• Neo-Romanesque by HP Berlage
 Art Noveau Architects:
• Victor Horta in Brussels
• Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona
• Raimondo D’Aronco in Constantinople and Turin
• Joseph Hoffman in Vienna
• Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow

The Palau Guell, Barcelona

• Designed by Antoni Gaudi
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

• Seems to presage Art Noveau in its forms

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN The Entrance Pavilion, Exposition Universelle 1889
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Designed by Gustav Eiffel and maurice koechlin
BYZANTINE • Extensive use of iron, 300m high
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Casa Mila, Barcelona
• Designed by Antoni Gaudi
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

The Galerie des Machines, Exposition Universelle 1889 Sagrada Familia, Barcelona
• By Victor Contamin, engineer, and CLF Dutert, architect • Art Noveau by Antoni Gaudi
Periods in America:
POST-COLONIAL (1790 to 1820 AD) The White House, Washington DC
• Neo-Classic elements • President’s official residence
• Designed by James Hoban, Irish architect
FIRST ECLECTIC PHASE (1820 to 1860 AD) • English Palladian style
• Greek-revival style, also Gothic and Egyptian styles

SECOND ECLECTIC PHASE (1860 to 1930 AD)

1st Stream:
• Romanesque and Gothic inspiration
• Influenced by Arts and Crafts movement in England
• HH Richardson, Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd
Wright
 2nd Stream:
• Italian and French Renaissance, ancient Greek and Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia
Roman, late Gothic inspiration • Designed by Thomas Jefferson, 3rd American president
• Influenced by the Ecole des Beaux-Artes • Palladian style
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
history of architecture • Structural experiment and achievement: metal frame
construction, non-load-bearing curtain wall, elevators
EGYPTIAN • Produced the skyscraper - America's single greatest
GREEK contribution to architecture
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Robie House, Chicago
ISLAMIC
• Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois (aka Prairie House)
FILIPINO • First important work of Frank Lloyd Wright

Taliesin East, Spring Green, Wisconsin

• Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
 Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia
• by Frank Lloyd Wright • Designed by Thomas Jefferson
• First neo-classical monument in America, based on
Maison Caree, Nimes
• Ionic order
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
The United States Capitol, Washington DC
ISLAMIC
• First designed by Dr. William Thorton along Palladian
INDIAN
lines
CHINESE & JAPANESE
• Numerous modifications after the war
FILIPINO • Crowning dome Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC
• One of the world's best known buildings • Designed by Henry Bacon
• Greek Doric style
 Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia
• Designed by William Strickland
• Greek-revival

The Marshall Field Wholesale Warehouse, Chicago,

Illinois
• Designed by HH Richardson

The Auditorium Building, Chicago, Illinois

• Designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan
• Neo-Byzantine interior

The Reliance Building, Chicago

• Designed by Burnham and Root
The Monadnock Building, Chicago
• Designed by Daniel Burnham

The Second Leiter Building, Chicago

• Metal-framed building
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

The Gace Building, Chicago

NEAR EAST • Designed by Louis Sullivan and Holabird and Roche
EGYPTIAN
GREEK The Schlesinger-Mayer Store
ROMAN • Designed by Louis Sullivan
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Suggestion of Art Noveau style
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE The Larkin Soap Co. Building, Buffalo, NY
GOTHIC • Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL The Woolworth Building, NY
20TH C MODERN • Designed by Cass Gilbert
• Gothic style
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
The Wainwright Building, St. Louis
CHINESE & JAPANESE
• Designed by Adler and Sullivan
FILIPINO

Empire State Building

• Designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon
• 85 storeys
 20th C: Modern

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek RomanEarly Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance

PRE-HISTORIC 18th-19th C: Revival 20th C: Modern
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 FAMOUS ARCHITECTS

Marcel Breuer
• Architect and designer
• Best known for the design of tubular steel Wassily Chair
• Studied at the Bauhaus - become director of the school's
furniture department in 1924
• Designed a series of noted structures including
innovative houses and the Whitney Museum of Art

UNESCO Secretariat Building, Paris

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN INFLUENCES
GREEK
Eero Saarinen
ROMAN HISTORY Works include:
EARLY CHRISTIAN
- Dulles International Airport Building, near Washington
More innovations: - The General Motors Technical Center, Warren, Michigan
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE • Curtain wall
GOTHIC • Steel and plate-glass
RENAISSANCE
• Folded slab by Eugene Freyssinet
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
• Flat slab by Robert Maillart
• Laminated timber
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC • Functionalism in design

INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO TWA Terminal, JFKennedy Airport
• Undulating shape was meant to evoke the excitement of
high speed flight
• Even interior details: lounges, chairs, signs, and
telephone booths harmonized with the curving “gull
winged” shell
 Oscar Niemeyer
• Worked with city planner Lucio Costa to conceive and Frank Lloyd Wright
build Brasilia, Brazil's capital in a record time of just four
years Johnson Wax Co. Building
• Functionality and the use of pre-stressed concrete
dominate his designs
• Also designed the cathedral, the national theater and the
presidential palace

Parliament Building, Brasilia

Falling Water, Pennsylvania

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN Eric Mendelsohn
GREEK • Dynamic, sculptural quality
ROMAN Also designed:
EARLY CHRISTIAN Einstein Tower, Potsdam - Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NY
BYZANTINE - Imperial Hotel in Tokyo – he played a decisive role in the
ROMANESQUE renewal of Japanese architecture
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 le Corbusier Buckminster Fuller
• Based in Switzerland and France, he dominated • Created the Dymaxion House, the first “machine for
European scene for nearly half-a-century living” - a portable home inside from metal alloys and
• He believed that "the house is a machine to live in" - the plastics
PRE-HISTORIC program for building a house should be set out with the • Designed all necessary mechanical systems and devices
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
history of architecture same precision as that for building a machine in the center of the building, with living spaces around it,
open to the arrangement tastes of the owner
GREEK Five Points of New Architecture
ROMAN
1. Framework structurally independent of walls The United States Pavilion at Expo 67, Montreal
EARLY CHRISTIAN
2. Free-standing façade - the free facade, the corollary of
the free plan in the vertical plane
BYZANTINE
3. Roof garden - restoring, the area of ground covered by
ROMANESQUE
the house
GOTHIC
4. Open planning - the free plan, achieved through the
RENAISSANCE
separation of the load-bearing columns from the walls
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
subdividing the space
20TH C MODERN
5. Cube form elevated on stilts or columns - pilotises
ISLAMIC elevating the mass off the ground
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Walter Gropius
• Created prototype of modern architecture: free-standing
glass sheath suspended on a structural framework - aka
Chapel of Notre Dame, Ronchamp curtain wall
• First used this on Hallidie Building, San Francisco in
1918
• Established Bauhaus, a school or training intended to
relate art and architecture to technology and the practical
needs of modern life

Villa Savoye at Poissy

• Realization of his 'five points‘ of new architecture