8 Technical appendix

Critical buckling force of the screw

Explanatory notes:
I = 2nd moment of area expressed in mm4 Example:
F = Max. load/gearbox in N
L = Free screw length in mm F = 45,000N/gearbox
E = Modulus of elasticity for steel (210,000N/mm2) L = 1320 mm
v = Safety factor (normally 3) v=3
d = Minimum core diameter of the screw

Euler 1 Formula:
4
F x v x (L x 2)2 I x 64
I= then d =
π2 x E π
Example:
45,000 N x 3 x (1,320 mm x 2)2 9.089611 mm4
I= = = 453,965.22 mm4
π2 x 210,000 N/mm2 2,072,616.924
4
453,965.22 mm4 x 64
d= = 55.15 mm minimum core diameter
unguided π
= Z-250 (screw core Ø = 59.6 mm)

Euler 2 Formula:
4
F x v x L2 I x 64
I= then d =
π2 x E π
Example:
45,000 N x 3 x (1,320 mm)2 2.3522411 mm4
I= = = 113,491.305 mm4
π2 x 210,000 N/mm2 2,072,616.924
4
113,491.305 mm4 x 64
d= = 38.99 mm minimum core diameter
S version guided Pivot drive π
= Z-100 (screw core Ø = 43.6 mm)

Euler 3 Formula:
4
F x v x (L x 0.7)2 I x 64
I= then d =
π2 x E π
Example:
45,000 N x 3 x (1,320 mm x 0.7)2 1.1525912 mm4
I= = = 55,610.7396 mm4
π2 x 210,000 N/mm2 2,072,616.924
4
55,610.739 mm4 x 64
d= = 32.62 mm minimum core diameter
R version guided π
= Z-50/Tr50 (screw core Ø = 39.8 mm)

GSZ-2 Z-5 Z-10 Z-25 Z-35/50 Z-50/Tr50 Z-100 Z-150 Z-250 Z-350 Z-500 Z-750 Z-1000
Trapezoidal screw Tr 16x4 18x4 20x4 30x6 40x7 50x8 55x9 60x9 80x16 100x16 120x16 140x20 160x20
Core Ø in mm (minimum) 10.9 12.9 14.9 22.1 31.0 39.8 43.6 48.6 59.6 80.6 99.6 115.0 135.0

Ball screw KGT Ø mm 16 16 25 32 40 - 50 63 80 100 125 140 160

Core Ø in mm (minimum*) 12.9 12.9 21.5 27.3 34.1 - 43.6 51.8 67 87.4 107.8 117 132.8

*Depending on the pitch, the core Ø may be even larger. See the KGT pages in Sections 2 and 3 for the exact core Ø values.

160
© by ZIMM Austria 2015
 8 Technical appendix

Critical whirling speed for R gearboxes

Maximum permissible screw

rotational speed
nzul = 0.8 x nkr x fkr

nzul Maximum permissible screw speed (rpm)

nkr Theoretical critical screw speed (rpm)

fkr = 0.32
leading to resonant vibrations

fkr = 1
(see diagram)
fkr Correction factor which makes allowance
for the type of screw bearing
The operating rotational speed must not
exceed 80% of the maximum with end mounted bearings without end mounted bearings
rotational speed (preferred solution) (avoid as far as possible)

[rpm]
700
Tr Tr Tr
Tr 1

Tr 2

14 Tr 16
Tr 3

Tr

Tr

Tr
Tr 1

Tr 10 12
40

55

60

80
600 0x 0x 0x 0x
8x4

0x4

0x6
6x4

16 20 20
x7

x9

x1
x9

6 16

500
Input drive speed
Screw speed = 400
igearbox
300

200

100

0
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
nkr Unsupported screw length [mm]

The maximum allowable screw speed must be If the calculated maximum screw speed is CAUTION:
calculated for R version gearboxes (with lower than the required speed, select a larger Long, thin screws can tend to squeak even
rotating screws) with long thin screws.
To do this, read the theoretical critical speed
screw or a double-pitch screw with half the
speed. This must then be checked also.
though they satisfy the critical whirling
speed! Therefore allow a sufficient margin 8
nkr from the diagram. Take into account also You have the option to use a “increased screw” of safety in the calculation.
the additional lengths for screw covers etc. for the R version (screw for the next larger
when calculating unsupported screw lengths. gearbox).
Now use the formula together with the
correction factor for the screw bearing Bear in mind that a larger pitch demands a
arrangement to calculate the maximum higher drive torque.
allowable screw speed.

161
© by ZIMM Austria 2015
 8 Technical appendix

Determining the drive torque [M G] of a single screw jack

The following specifications serve to calculate the required

Explanatory notes: drive torque.
MG necessary drive torque [Nm] for a screw jack For gearboxes with single-pitch trapezoidal screws the load can
F Lifting load (dynamic) [kN] simply be multiplied by the factor stated on the corresponding
ηgearbox Efficiency of the screw jack (without screw) gearbox page (Sections 2 + 3).
ηscrew Efficiency of the screw
P Screw pitch [mm]
i Drive ratio of the screw jack Use at least 10% of the gearbox rated load for the
ML Idling torque [Nm] calculation, even if the effective load is less than this
PM Motor drive power (i.e. for the Z-250 use at least 25 kN).

Formula: Example:

Z-25-SN
F = 12 kN (dynamic lift load)
ηgearbox = 0.87 ηscrew = 0.391
P=6 i =6

F [kN] . P [mm] 12 kN . 6 mm
1) Drive torque: MG = + ML [Nm] 1) MG = + 0.36 Nm = 5.97 Nm
2 . π . ηgearbox . ηscrew . i 2 . π . 0.87 . 0.391 . 6

MG [Nm] . n [rpm] 5.97 Nm . 1500 rpm

2) Motor power: PM[kW] = 2) PM = = 0.938 kW
9550 9550

3) We recommend multiplying the calculated value 3) Example: 0.938 kW . 1.5 = 1.407 kW motor 1.5 kW
by a safety factor of 1.3 to 1.5 (up to 2 for small
systems and for low speeds).

Efficiencies of the screw jack ηgearbox (without screw)

i rpm GSZ-2 Z-5 Z-10 Z-25 Z-35 Z-50 Z-100 Z-150 Z-250 Z-350 Z-500 Z-750 Z-1000
N 3000 0.87 0.81 0.83 0.87 - - - - - - - - -
N 1500 0.87 0.82 0.84 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.91 - - - -
N 1000 0.86 0.82 0.82 0.86 0.87 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.88 0.90
N 750 0.86 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.88 0.90
N 500 0.85 0.82 0.84 0.83 0.85 0.84 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.87 0.89
N 100 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.87 0.81 0.84
L 3000 0.78 0.74 0.78 0.76 - - - - - - - - -
L 1500 0.77 0.70 0.74 0.72 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.78 - - - -
L 1000 0.75 0.67 0.72 0.70 0.64 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.77 0.78 0.76 0.67 0.76
L 750 0.74 0.65 0.70 0.68 0.64 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.76 0.78 0.75 0.66 0.76
L 500 0.71 0.62 0.67 0.65 0.63 0.65 0.65 0.63 0.75 0.77 0.73 0.65 0.75
L 100 0.54 0.53 0.59 0.54 0.52 0.55 0.57 0.53 0.65 0.67 0.61 0.58 0.66

Efficiencies of the screws ηscrew calculated for coefficient of friction μ = 0.11

Tr screw, single-pitch 16x4 18x4 20x4 30x6 40x7 50x8 55x9 60x9 80x16 100x16 120x16 140x20 160x20 Ball screw
Efficiency 0.453 0.420 0.391 0.391 0.357 0.335 0.340 0.320 0.391 0.335 0.293 0.308 0.278
Tr screw, double-pitch 16x8P4 18x8P4 20x8P4 30x12P6 40x14P7 50x16P8 55x18P9 60x18P9 80x32P16 100x32P16 120x32P16 140x40P20 160x40P20 0.9
Efficiency 0.623 0.591 0.563 0.563 0.526 0.502 0.508 0.484 0.563 0.502 0.453 0.471 0.436

Idling torques ML of screw jacks [Nm] (without screw, at 20°C - significantly higher at low temperatures)
Z 2 5 10 25 35 50 100 150 250 350 500 750 1000
N 0.08 0.10 0.26 0.36 0.56 0.76 1.68 1.90 2.64 3.24 3.96 7.28 9.70
L 0.06 0.08 0.16 0.26 0.40 0.54 1.02 1.20 1.94 2.20 2.84 4.42 5.90

These are indicative values for calculation. Series production models may vary!

162
© by ZIMM Austria 2015
 8 Technical appendix

Maximum torques

Maximum input torque

In order to achieve optimum service life, do not exceed the values shown.
If operating hours are lower, higher values may be achieved. Please contact
us for advice.

max. input drive torques MR [Nm]

i rpm GSZ-2 Z-5 Z-10 Z-25 Z-35 Z-50 Z-50/Tr50 Z-100 Z-150 Z-250 Z-350 Z-500 Z-750 Z-1000
N 3000 1.2 4.0 11.0 17.0 - - - - - - - - - -
N 1500 1.4 4.7 13.5 18.0 19.8 31.5 31.5 53.4 75.1 152 - - - -
N 1000 1.5 5.6 14.0 22.0 20.8 36.8 36.8 60.8 77.1 152 265 408 480 680
N 500 1.6 6.1 16.7 28.0 24.8 46.5 46.5 75.3 95.0 160 350 500 640 960
L 3000 0.5 1.4 5.7 8.5 - - - - - - - - - -
L 1500 0.5 1.5 7.5 10.0 9 10.4 10.4 13.5 20.7 41.4 - - - -
L 1000 0.5 1.8 8.7 11.0 9.7 14.9 14.9 15.4 23.7 47.4 100 170 210 450
L 500 0.6 2.2 10.7 14.0 11.1 19.2 19.2 18.9 29.4 63.5 112 220 240 580
The stated limit values are mechanically-based - thermal factors may be relevant depending on the duty cycle

max. drive-through torque

Where several gearboxes are arranged in series the drive-through torque may be
significantly greater than the maximum input drive torque. Only the torsional
load on the shaft needs to be considered, not the load on the gear teeth.

max. worm shaft drive-through torque [Nm]

GSZ-2 Z-5 Z-10 Z-25 Z-35 Z-50 Z-50/Tr50 Z-100 Z-150 Z-250 Z-350 Z-500 Z-750 Z-1000
9 39 57 108 130 260 260 540 540 770 1800 1940 4570 4570

163
© by ZIMM Austria 2015
 8 Technical appendix

Drive torque for screw jacks - approximate calculation

Calculation
The drive torque required for a lifting system is To simplify the calculation, the following
the sum of the torques for the individual screw factors are used to determine the drive torque
jacks and increases due to frictional losses on for the most common system layouts.
transfer components such as couplings,
connecting shafts, bevel gearboxes etc.

MR = MG x 2.4

MR = MG x 2.1 MR = MG x 3.1 MR = MG x 3.6

MR = MG x 4.9 MR = MG x 7.1 MR = MG x 4.8

MR - Overall drive torque

for the entire system.

MG - Drive torque for

an single gearbox

MA - Starting torque max. 1.5 x MR

MR = MG x 3.5 MR = MG x 3.6

Example (example from page 162, 12 kN per gearbox)

CAUTION:
We recommend multiplying the calculated
value by a safety factor of 1.3 to 1.5 (up to 2
for small systems and for low speeds).
The values stated assume equal distribution
MR = MG x 4.9 = 5.97 Nm x 4.9 = 29.25 Nm of the load across all gearboxes!
x safety factor 1.4 = 40.95 Nm

164
© by ZIMM Austria 2015
 8 Technical appendix

Drive torque for screw jacks – precise calculation

The following calculation example takes account of the efficiency

of the connecting shafts (η 0.95) and bevel gearboxes (η 0.9).

1 2 3
4
Formula for the gearbox::
F [kN] . P [mm]
Drive torque: MG = + ML [Nm]
5 2 π . ηgearbox . ηscrew . i
.
1 2 3

Efficiencies:
6
7 Connecting shafts: η 0.95
Bevel gearbox: η 0.90

Example:
Z-25-SN
12 kN . 6 mm F = 12 kN (dynamic lift load per gearbox)
1) MG = + 0.36 Nm = 5.97 Nm
2 . π . 0.87 . 0.391 . 6 ηgearbox = 0.87 ηscrew = 0.391
P=6 i =6

5.97 Nm
2) = 6.28 Nm
0.95
(efficiency of the connecting shaft)

3) 5.97 Nm + 6.28 Nm = 12.25 Nm 12.25 Nm . 1.5 = 18.38 Nm

-> so KSZ-25-L is OK (see Section 5)

12.25 Nm
4) = 13.61 Nm
0.9
(efficiency of the bevel gearbox)

13.61 Nm
5) = 14.33 Nm
0.95

6) 12.25 Nm + 14.33 Nm/0.9 = 29.53 Nm 8

7) 29.53 Nm . 1.4 = 41.34 Nm 41.34 Nm –> we need a KSZ-50-L

(see Section 5)
We recommend multiplying the calculated value
by a safety factor of 1.3 to 1.5 (up to 2 for small
systems and for low speeds).

Motor selection: 132M-P4-7.5 kW (50 Nm)

(for motors see Section 4)

165
© by ZIMM Austria 2015
 8 Technical appendix

Screw
maximum forces / torques
FS

Loading definitions:
F - Lifting load tensile and/or compressive VH
FS - Lateral loads on the screw
vH - Lifting speed of the screw
(or nut if the R version)
FA - Axial load on the input shaft FR
FR - Radial load on the input shaft
MR - Input torque
nR - Input speed

MR
FA
nR

Input drive shaft =

Worm shaft

Lateral forces on the lifting screw maximum lateral force FS [N] (only static) extended screw length in mm
The maximum permissible lateral forces are
Z 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1500 2000 2500 3000
shown in the table on the right. Lateral 5 360 160 100 70 55 45 38 32 28 25 20 18 12 – –
forces should generally be taken by linear 10 600 280 180 130 100 80 70 60 50 47 40 30 20 15 –
guides. The guide bushing in the gearbox 25 900 470 300 240 180 150 130 110 100 90 70 60 45 35 30
functions only as a secondary guide. 35 1300 700 450 360 270 220 190 160 150 130 100 90 60 50 40
The maximum lateral forces actually 50 3000 2000 1300 900 700 600 500 420 380 330 280 230 160 130 100
occurring must be less than the values 100 5000 4000 3000 2300 1800 1500 1300 1100 950 850 700 600 400 350 250
150 5500 5000 3900 2800 2300 1800 1500 1300 1200 1000 850 750 500 400 350
shown in the table! 250 9000 9000 6500 4900 3800 3000 2500 2200 2000 1900 1450 1250 900 760 660
350 15000 13000 12000 10000 8800 7000 6000 5500 4800 4300 3500 3000 2000 1600 1400
CAUTION: only applies to static forces. 500 29000 29000 29000 29000 29000 24000 20000 17000 15000 14000 12000 9000 7000 5600 4900
750 34800 34800 34800 34800 34800 28800 24000 20400 18000 16800 14400 10800 8400 6720 5880
1000 46000 46000 39000 36000 32000 30000 25000 29000 25000 23500 20000 17000 12000 10000 8000

Radial load on the input shaft maximum radial load on the input shaft FR [N]
Make sure that the radial forces arising
where chain or belt drives are used do Z-5 Z-10 Z-25 Z-35 Z-50 Z-100 Z-150 Z-250 Z-350 Z-500 Z-750 Z-1000
FR max. 110 190 260 260 420 650 670 1100 1400 2600 3000 3400
not exceed the values stated in the
table alongside.
Photo: © studio 22

166
© by ZIMM Austria 2015
 8 Technical appendix

Length calculation – screw and protective tube

A quicker method Principle

The tables on the following pages allow you to Depending on the version and accessories used
calculate the required screw length and the screw (and the protective tube on the
protective tube extension length yourself. S version) are extended.
This lets you quickly calculate the fitting These dimensions are minimum requirements.
dimensions of your screw jack. For special fitting situations, please provide a
drawing or contact our project technicians.

Stroke + basic length (+ various extensions for variants/accessories)

Example S:
Z-25-SN, stroke: 250 mm
Bellows Z-25-FB-300 (ZD=70mm)
Fixing flange BF (means the bellows do not require an fixing ring)
Rotation protection VS
Limit switch ES

Screw length Tr:

250 + 180 + 44 + 45 = 519 mm

Stroke Basic length Bellows Limit switch + Screw length
(70-26=44) rotation protection
Section 4

Protective tube length SRO:

250 + 53 + 72 = 375
Stroke Basic length Limit switch + Protective tube length
Rotation protection

Example R:
Z-25-RN, stroke 250 mm
Screw with end support (opposed bearing plate GLP) 8
Bellows Z-25-FB-300 (ZD=70mm) above and underneath
Duplex nut DM

Screw length Tr:

250 + 139 + 60 + 55 + 50 = 554 mm
Stroke Basic length Bellows gearbox side 2nd bellows Duplex nut Screw length
(70-10=60) (70-15=55)

See Section 4 for the length calculation for connecting shafts.

167
© by ZIMM Austria 2015