Volume 6, Issue 6, June – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Novel Cold Fusion Reactor with Deuterium Supply

from Backside and Metal Surface Potential Control
Noriyuki Kodama
Studied Physics at Tokyo Institute of Technology (1983-1987),
Studying cold fusion as an independent researcher since 2020.
Sekido 5-2-7, Tama-city, Tokyo, 206-0011, Japan,

Abstract:- It is proposed that Cold fusion can occur in After Fleischmann and Stanley’s report, a substantial
metal by D+ hopping to T sites with D– on the metal number of follow-up research was conducted to reproduce the
surface. In this mechanism, D+ hopping is assisted by the reported FPE, however the reproducibility was low.
Coulomb attractive force between D+ and D–, suggesting
that control of the positive surface potential of the metal is 1.2 FPE Overview
important. D2 thus formed at surface T site is compressed Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons reported the
by T-site atoms due to the size difference between D2 and abnormal heat generation of D2O with Pd Rod under the
the original T-site volume. Compression of the D2 covalent electrolysis conditions reported in ref [1], which is now called
bonds creates a small D2 atom with Electron Deep Orbit “Fleischmann Pons Effect”, or “FPE”. Because the real Cold
(EDO) at a radius of a few femtometers, which is small fusion needs the positive metal surface potential however FPE
enough to completely shield the Coulomb repulsive force has the negative metal surface potential under the electrolysis
between d-d and thus leads to the fusion. Hydrogen with condition. Thus, FPE differs from the real Cold fusion for the
DEO is verified by the experimental data of “high opposite voltage polarity to real Cold fusion.
compressibility of hydrogen” and soft x-ray spectra which
roughly matched the theoretical value of EDO, and Because of small number of experiments on the real
500keV broad peak can be the evidence of EDO. Because Cold fusion, the understanding of FPE mechanism is
the current Cold fusion reactors are based on important.
Fleischmann and Pons Effect (FPE), they have serious
issues originating from voltage conditions of D absorption The experimental results on FPE replication are listed
under the electrolysis condition which has the negative below:
metal surface potential because the real Cold fusion needs (1) High D/Pd ratio is needed to generate the excess heat [1].
the positive metal surface potential. Thus, it is very (2) Replication experiment by Takahashi [2] shows that Pd
difficult to trigger fusion due to the voltage condition Rod with surface insulator [3], improves the excess heat
mismatch. Therefore, FPE needs a very high temperature generation by increasing the cell voltage.
by a strong local resistive heating of Pd Rod caused by the (3) Surface nano roughness improves the excess heat
insulating film growth on fragments of Pd surface during generation.
D charging. The inhomogeneous insulating film growth is (4) Nano-particle is used to improve the heat generation [4,5].
caused by very high electric field and by its variation (5) Excess Heat generation occurs on the surface rather than
caused by the Pt wire anode cage. Thus, I propose the bulk.
novel Cold fusion reactor based on the real Cold fusion (6) The measurement in [6] shows that T site on the surface of
mechanism, which fixes the most of the issues of reactors Pd nanoparticle has larger D occupancy than that in the
based on FPE. core region.
(7) The number of detected neutrons was nevertheless many
Keywords:- LENR, Cold Fusion, EDO, Electron Deep Orbit, orders of magnitude lower than what would be expected to
Coulomb Repulsive Force Shielding, Fleischmann and Pons explain the energy generation observed [7]. This is the
Effect, Biological Transmutation. main counterargument by skeptics of Cold fusion.
(8) The amount of 4He ash emission clearly correlates with
I. INTRODUCTION total heat generation [8],[9], thus, the energy of 4He is
transferred to the metal lattice and so the neutron and
1.1 Background gamma ray emission are not always necessary and not
In 1989, Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons were detected actually. This is the answer to the
catapulted into the limelight with their claim to have achieved counterargument of (7) and explained in 4.4.5.
fusion in a simple tabletop apparatus working at room
temperature [1]. Their report described an experiment
involving electrolysis using D2O in which the cathode fused
(melting point 1544 ºC) and partially vaporized, and the fume
cupboard housing the experimental cell was partially
destroyed.

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
1.3 Lattice confinement theory and Coulomb repulsive Therefore, I selected the non-standard model of
force shielding hydrogen electron orbit which provides a possible answer as
explained in section 3.1.

II. OVERVIEW OF THE COLD FUSION

MECHANISM

Fig. 1. Scheme of edge dislocation loops in Pd containing

condensed H/D. [10].

At the initial stage of FPE replication experiments, most

of researchers proposed that the lattice confinement can cause
the fusion for example as shown in Fig. 1 [10]. The authors
developed a technique for embedding ultra-high-density
deuterium clusters (D clusters) into Palladium (Pd) thin film
and suggested that hydrogen in ultra-high-density clusters is
confined in the dislocation which is created by a very high
stress inside the metal and have the special state Rydberg
matter [11]. However, the D cluster confinement in the bulk
defects is inconsistent with other experimental data explained Fig. 2. Types of metal lattices (O: octahedral sire, T:
in 1.1.2. tetrahedral site) .

All the similar confinement theories are based on the The idea for the mechanism of Cold fusion presented
experimental evidence that a very high D/Pd ratio is required here arose from the reviews on Cold fusion and FPE literature
for FPE. Therefore, it would be reasonable assuming that so mentioned in 1.1.2 and in 1.1.3, EDO theory for complete
close d-d distance is possibly caused by the internal force in Coulomb repulsive shielding, and research on metal hydrides,
metal, therefore there are similar theories explaining the ultra- which together allude to hydrogen behavior in metals being
dense D clusters are related to the confinement in dislocations, the key to the occurrence of Cold fusion. A surprising fact that
defect or in lattice space. However, the estimation of the almost all Cold fusion phenomenon has been observed in fcc
required force shows that according to the simple lattice (and hcp) transition-metal hydrides and deuterides is
confinement theory the d-d distance cannot be reduced to the mentioned in [13]. Because fcc and hcp have the closest
fusion distance by external force as explained by Yu Fukai packed structures shown in Fig. 2 and the FPE features (4) and
[12] as explained below. (6) in section 1.1.2 indicate that the Cold fusion could occur at
the surface T site occupied by D-.
To enable fusion, the distance between the nucleons
should be shorter than the fusion distance (0.1-1 pm), so the Because the D absorption and Cold fusion must proceed
Coulomb repulsive force at the fusion distance of 1.5 pm is under the different conditions, let’s start with the stage when
calculated to be 1x10–6 N. However, the elastic induced stress hydrogen storage is finished in Fig. 3(A).
in Pd is estimated to be at least two orders of magnitude
smaller than that based on the Pd elastic constant. For
example, as a typical internal stress in a metal is on the order
of 10 GPa, the pressure applied to hydrogen atom can be
estimated as 1 GPa = 109 N/m2 = 1E-9 N/nm2＝ 1E-11 N/Å2.
Therefore, the 1E-6 N force needed to cause fusion is by 2-4
orders larger than the possible internal force in the metal
estimated above.

Thus, the Pd lattice cannot provide the compression

needed to shorten d-d to d2 fusion distance, and another proper
mechanism of Coulomb repulsive force shielding should be
involved.
Fig. 3. Proposed Cold fusion mechanism.

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(A) D– in a surface T site and D+ in an adjacent surface site. (A) 3D schematic of the surface metal atoms, and hydrogen at
D+ at surface T site tends to move to D– at surface T site. surface T site.
(B) T site occupied by D– with subsequent D2 formation by the (B) 2D schematic with the scale adjusted to the 2D schematics
hopped D+ to T site occupied by D–. from 3D schematics.
(C) D2 compression. (C) 2D Schematic size comparison of D2 and T site.
(D)(E) D2 transforms into a small D2 with EDOs based on
EDO theory. As is shown in Fig. 3(A), D can occupy the surface T
(F) 4He forms due to cold fusion. site as D- with the high priority due to the elastic surface
(G) 4He is ejected from metal by occupying another D– at lattice atoms on the surface as is shown in Fig. 4(A), (B). The
surface T site. size of H- is determined by the minimization of the total
(H) D+ turns into D– to eject 4He, and D0 fills the unoccupied energy of the displacement energy and the energy of hydrogen
O site. ion by the hydrogen charge change by the electron from
surrounding metal atoms, thus the maximum size of H- is the
2.1 Step (A): D absorption size of H- in free space. The higher probability of the
occupation at the surface T site was verified by the
(1) D- at the surface T site, D0 in O site; Fig. 3(A); measurements in nanoparticles in ref [6].
The hydrogen nature in metals is explained in [14]-[24],
and I would like to summarize here the nature of hydrogen in 2.2 Step (A)–(B): Hopping of D+ to D– at the surface sites
metals illustrated by Fig. 2 and 3. Hydrogen is H0 at O site in
Fig. 3, however, strictly speaking, hydrogen can be positive,
neutral, and negative ion, depending on the electron exchange
with the surrounding electronic state. In case of Hydrogen at T
site, Hydrogen is negative (D-) because it accepts the electron
from the surrounding metal atoms due to their
electronegativity. Due to the size difference between D- and T
site shown in Fig. 4 (the size of the T site is diameter=1.12 A,
and the size of D-(H-) is diameter<<4 A), thus hydrogen
occupying T site expands the T site metal atoms. This is the
cause of metal brittleness at a very high D/Pd ratio, and this
expansion produces the compression stress at T site.

The recent theoretical calculations of the electronic

structure of metal hydrides performed, founded by Switendick,
have shown that both the H+ or H- models capture only one Fig. 5. Proposed Cold Fusion Reactor to adjust the metal
aspect of the facts [16]. Based on these features of hydrogen in surface potential.
metals it may comprise positive, neutral, or negative ion
meaning that hydrogen has the resonance state between H- to (A), (B) Metal surface potential control voltage is positive at
H+. Therefore, the diffusion and status of hydrogen in the the Cold fusion stage, the surface potential of metal is
interstitials in metals need to be interpreted with the negative.
resonance, namely the charge of hydrogen can vary from (C), (D) Metal surface potential control voltage at D
negative (-1) to positive (+1) depending on the surrounding absorption stage is negative, the surface potential of metal
electronic state. is positive.
(E) 3D schematic of the Cold fusion with the counter electrode
and metal plate, which are the parallel plate electrodes.

Due to the opposite charge of D+ and D–, the ions attract,

and at higher temperature D+ moves to D– in surface T site by
hopping and by Coulomb attractive force. Within the surface
T site, D+ and D– form a D2 molecule, as shown in Fig. 3(B).
Coulomb attractive force shielding by free electrons in the
region near the metal surface would hinder the hoping of D+ to
D- in the adjacent surface T site as illustrated in Fig. 5(A), (B).
In case of Cold fusion stage, the counter electrode voltage
should be negative (Fig. 5(C), (D)) to positively charge the
metal surface by the field induced charging by counter
electrode. This hopping step could be promoted and well
controlled by the parallel flat plates structure of counter
Fig. 4. Pd surface T site atom expansion, and compression electrode with negative voltage and grounded metal plate, see
stress by T site atoms. Fig. 5(E).

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2.3 Step (B)-(C): Compressive stress from metal T-site a very small radius [30,31]. The modified Coulomb potential
atoms is not infinite at r=0, because the positive charge is distributed
The compression of D2 is explained in Fig. 3(B-C). within the nucleon uniformly as demonstrated in Fig. 6(b).
Based on the geometry of the fcc lattice parameters and the Because of the very narrow orbit of a few femto meters from
hydrogen ionic radius, see Fig. 4, the diameter of the inscribed the nucleon, it has a perfect Coulomb repulsive force shielding
sphere of the T site is 1.123 Å, the width of H2 (D2) is 2.74 Å, and acts as a neutron shown in Fig. 6(c)(d).
and the diameter of H0 (D0) is 2 Å, as shown in Fig. 4(C). The
T site lattice atoms compress the D2 molecules to make the d-d In case of D2, it should be a small D2 molecule as shown
distance shorter by the compression of the D2 covalent in Fig. 6(d).
bonding. The D2 molecule stretches and vibrates indicating the
elasticity of covalent bonding Fig. 4 (C) demonstrates that the In [30], the authors explained that the existence of EDOs
d-d distance can be zero without coulomb repulsive force. were predicted many decades ago following the Relativistic
However, as explained in 1.1.3, the force keeping the d-d Klein–Gordon and Dirac equations. However, as the FPE and
distance at fusion distance is large enough to prevent this. Cold fusion mechanism can be explained by the theory of
Thus, the proper Coulomb repulsive force shielding is needed EDO and small D2 molecules, we must try to verify this by the
to for the fusion. This can be achieved following the theory of measurements of soft X-ray emission spectroscopy, see
EDO explained in sections 3.1 and 3.2. sections 3.3.1-3.3.2

2.4 Step (C) - (D): Creation of small D2 with EDO 3.2 Experimental evidence of a EDO of hydrogen
This transition to small D2 can be explained by the EDO
theory, see section 3.1. This electron orbit located at a few 3.2.1 High Compressibility of hydrogen negative ion
femtometer distance from d can shield the Coulomb repulsive experiment
force perfectly as demonstrated in Fig. 6.

III. ELECTRON DEEP ORBIT (EDO) THEORY

3.1. Background of EDO

Fig. 7. High-pressure behavior of SrVO2H and SrFeO

[39].

(A)Pressure dependence of lattice parameters for the

experimental (red) and the DFT-computed (sky blue)
values of SrVO2H (note that some error bars are smaller
than the width of the symbols). The decrease in pressure
Fig. 6. Coulomb potential of small hydrogen with EDO.
from 52 GPa to 49 GPa as the cell volume decreases
This section is based on the works [25]-[38], and the suggests a phase transition to a denser phase. Relative
background of the study is described in [27]. Rutherford lattice parameters, a/a0 and c/c0, of SrVO2H (red),
suggested already in 1920 that electron and proton could be SrFeO2(black), and SrVO3(dark blue) as a function of
tightly bound. After Chadwick's discovery of the neutron in pressure.
1932 there was a lot of discussions whether the neutron is an (B)Schematics of SrVO2H, and V-H-V bonding, which is
elementary particle or a hydrogen-like atom formed from compressed by the mechanical pressure.
electron and proton. The assumption that the small hydrogen (C)Schematics of SrVO2H under the 52 GPa pressure,
illustrating the decrease in size of hydrogen negative ion.
is a neutron was finally rejected because the wave function is
infinite at r = 0. Since nobody has observed it, the idea of the
Figure 7 is the experimental evidence of smaller
small hydrogen died. However, it revived again ~70 years
hydrogen of the compressed V-H-V bonding [39]. The authors
later with the assumption that the proton has a finite size, and
showed via a high-pressure study of anion-ordered strontium
the electron experiences a different non-Coulomb potential at

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vanadium oxyhydride SrVO2H that H− is extraordinarily 3.3. Soft X-ray spectra measurements verifying the
compressible, and that pressure drives a transition from a Mott existence of the EDO
insulator to a metal at ~ 50 GPa. I think that this experiment is
the direct evidence of the existence of EDO as discussed in
3.2.2. I would like to explain D2 molecule case (D-D bonding)
in the actual Cold fusion in place of V-H-V compression as is
in Fig. 7(B)-(C).

3.2.2 Transition from D1s to D0s by the compression of D–

D covalent bond

Fig.9. NaI γ-rays spectrum showing a peak superimposed to

the background.

The insert, obtained by subtracting the background,

shows the typical structure of a γ-ray: photoelectric peak,
Compton and backscattering peak. In ref [40], Figure.7.

The direct evidence of EDO is to detect the soft-x-ray

based on the theoretical calculation as follows. The theoretical
calculation, which is now under study by Vavra Jerry and
temporal results from the private communication shows that
photons of these energies in case of relativistic Schrödinger
equation are ~507.27keV, ~2.486keV, ~0.497keV or 0.213
keV, depending on which transition is involved. In case the
Dirac equation, these energies are 509.13keV, 0.932keV,
0.311 keV, 0.115keV or 0.093keV, again it depends on which
transition is involved. Ref [40] has an overview of our
Fig. 8. Mechanism of small atoms (molecules) generation by
experimental activity during the last twelve years. They have
the compression of D-D covalent bonding.
been studying the Ni-H system at temperatures of about 700
K. Their investigations have revealed several interesting
The mechanism of electron transition to EDO proposed
effects: (a) energy production for long time (b) neutron
in this work is illustrated in Fig. 8. The size of D2 at the
emission (c) γ-ray emission (d) charged particles emission (e)
surface T site is determined by the balance between the
appearance of elements other than Ni on the surfaces of Ni
compression stress from the lattice metal atoms and the elastic
samples.
rebound force of covalent bond and due to the nature of the
covalent bonding the compression can cause the d-d distance
These experiments were performed in several
shorter in d-d compression direction that brings two ds to be
laboratories and tool configuration is the best as far as I know,
closer together in a collision direction.
so I think that reproducibility is excellent and it is very
accurate. They performed at about 700K, which may not be
Under compression of D2 by external pressure, the d-d
the real cold fusion but FPE as is discussed in 4.1, and 4.4.5,
distance can decrease and the D1s wave function tail can
so the result may have the gamma emission and neutron
extend to overlap with the EDO wave function, which is
emission due to the higher temperature.
localized at a distance of a few femtometers from the nucleus.
Because the d-d distance is so small, the overlap (C in Fig. 7)
As is shown in Fig.9 the soft x-ray spectra has the broad
of wave functions can be large enough to achieve a high
peak at 500keV and sharp single peak at less than 100keV,
tunneling probability of electrons from D1s to the EDO (D0s).
and one small peak at around 100-200keV. Note that 500keV
Radius of EDO is calculated to be few femtometers [30], [31],
Peak is broader than peaks at less than 100keV, probably
and is by far smaller than that of D1s of 0.53 pm (Bohr radius).
because of the orbit difference effect of EDO of hydrogen, and
A small D2 molecule can be created due to the simultaneous
theoretical calculation roughly matches the measured x-ray
transition of both D atoms to small D atoms, so D2 molecule
spectra except the border peak at 500keV, which is discussed
can transform to small D2 molecule with the covalent electron
in 3.3.3 for the further study of the nuclear physics.
at EDO as shown in Fig. 6(d).

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3.4. Proposed new set-up to detect soft X-ray spectra from
Cold fusion

Fig. 11. Transverse profile of a single proton configuration

at four different intervals dY of the evolution.

The different panels show a contour plot of the real part

of the trace of the Wilson line as a function of the transverse
coordinates x and y. The small (large) circles show the
position and size of the three constituent quarks (the proton).
In ref [41], fig.1.

Fig.10. Proposed soft X-ray emission spectra measurement

setup for registration of Cold fusion: (a) Vertical location to
the metal plate; (b) Oblique location from metal surface.

I would like to propose a new experimental setup for soft Fig. 12 Schematics of proton shape with fine structure by
X-ray spectra evidencing the Cold fusion mechanism three quarks and Electron Deep Orbit deviation
(Fig.10(a)),
Figure 11 is the proton shape measurement results in ref
Because the Cold fusion is the surface reaction which [41] and this measurement suggested that there is a possibility
occurs at the surface T site, and a positive surface potential is of proton to have the fine structure by quarks, so it has the
needed, the detector location is important because and metal great impact on the deepest orbit energy as is shown in fig.12.
atoms existing around the D2 may shield the X-ray emission
from D2 as shown in Fig. 10(b), and cooling down the metal Because the soft x-ray spectrum study in 3.3.1, Fig.9
temperature is important to run the real cold fusion operated at shows that 500keV(transition to the deepest orbit) has the
lower temperature to avoid neutron and gamma ray emission. broader peak than other orbit, I think that the closest electron
deep orbit (r=a few fm) to the nucleus of d must have the very
3.5. Possibility to cause the broader soft-x ray profile by large variation of orbit due to the proton shape deviation from
the non-true sphere proton shape based on the proton true spheric shape probably caused by three quarks from true
shape measurement. sphere, and 500eV broad peak can be qualitatively explained
I would like to discuss here on the cause of this broad by larger variation of orbit and energy in the deepest orbit
peak at 500keV. caused by the fine structure by three quarks.

As is explained in Historical background of Neutron is Therefore, because peak energy matches with the
explained in 3.1.1, Rutherford suggested already in 1920 that theoretical value and the deepest orbit have the broader peak
electron and proton could be tightly bound. The assumption than others, these soft x-ray peak result proves existence of
that the small hydrogen is a neutron was finally rejected Electron Deep Orbit of nucleus.
because the wave function is infinite at r = 0. Since nobody
had observed it, the idea of the small hydrogen died. However, IV. MECHANISM OF FPE (COLD FUSION UNDER
r=0 issue was fixed by the practically modified coulomb ELECTROLYSIS CONDITIONS)
potential, and more importantly I show that the Cold Fusion is
real and is caused by EDO, based on the matching of soft-x- 4.1. Replication experiment
ray to the theoretical calculation and high compressibility of Replication experiments using a Pd sheet cathode
hydrogen. centered within a Pt-wired anode in a D2O/LiOD electrolyte
were conducted by Takahashi et al, [2]. An anomalous heat
More precisely I would like to discuss the cause of excess was first observed, and later it was replicated with a
broader peak at 500keV. much smaller excess heat level.

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To investigate the reproducibility, the second experiment I would like to propose my mechanism of FPE based on
was performed over 4 months with minor changes to the cell the replication experiments in [2],[3], and based on the real
design. The excess heat was reproduced, but at much smaller Cold fusion mechanism, the Pd-D resistance change in Fig.13.
level. The mechanism schematics is presented in Fig.14.

The authors noticed that the cell voltage in first Following the replication experiments by Takahashi and
experiment is anomalously high (~25 V in the beginning and the resistance change of Pd-D by Arai et al the sample with
up to ~30 V in the end) compared with those in 2nd better excess heat and higher cell voltage contains the
Experiment (~14 V in the beginning and very slowly increase insulating film at Pd rod under the electrolysis conditions.
up to 20 V after 3 months). This replication experiment Thus, I think that longer time of D charging causes the higher
showed that the first experiment had much smaller “effective” D concentration, and causes the higher resistance in Reg(a) in
surface area of Pd cathode than that in the second experiment. Fig.14. The insulating film grown under the high electric field
The surface analysis of Pd cathode in the first experiment cuts the current path and D diffusion into Pd Rod, therefore
showed the presence of Al-27 and Ca-40 deposits in amounts the D diffusion proceeds only in the region without the
comparable to that of Li-7. This film can be formed by a high insulating film (Reg(a)). Note that the inhomogeneity of
electric field strength of 106 V/cm assisted passive film growth electric field created by Pt wire anode causes the
[9]. It was proposed that the thin film grown on Pd surface inhomogeneous deposition of the insulating film on Pd Rod.
may play a role of a “current blocking layer” enhancing the So, the narrower current path and higher resistance of the
cathode over-potential (hence the cell voltage) and increase openings (Reg(a)) in the insulating film on Pd Rod can cause
the cell current resulting in the higher resistance on the current the higher cell voltage due to the constant current mode and
path of Pd. positive feedback of higher resistance and higher cell voltage
to keep the current constant. Hence, the resistance can be
4.2. Mechanism of FP effect rapidly so high that the local heat generation by higher
resistance in Reg(a) in Fig.14 triggers the Cold fusion, because
a very high local heat can cause the higher possibility of D+
hopping and can increase the possibility of fusion. Once the
fusion occurs locally, the metal temperature increases rapidly
and causes a higher fusion probability and the positive
feedback resulting in the fusion in all of region with the high
Pd-D on Pd Rod.

The issue of irreproducible excess heat generation on

FPE can be caused by the very high stress in the grown
insulating film as shown in [3], because, as the author
mentioned, the variations in electrode potential (open-circuit
conditions), or current density (potentiodynamic scans) can be
simply explained by a high field strength of 106 V/cm)
assisted the passive film growth. Thus, the cold fusion reactor
electrode geometry and configuration among Cold fusion
reactors based on FPE are shown in Fig.15.

Fig. 13. Resistivity increases due to dissolved hydrogen

during electrolytic charging at 273 t/ks in ref [42]

Fig.15. Typical Cold fusion reactors

(a)in ref [43], (b) in ref [41]
Fig.14. Schematics of FPE mechanism: (A) Experimental
setup of Cold fusion cell; (B)-> (C) ->(D) charging with D The electrode geometry and overall configuration of all
and evolution of insulator growth. of the current Cold fusion Reactors based on FPE are similar
to the original setup [1] as is shown in Fig.13(a). FPE is not
As is shown in Fig.13, the resistivity increases with the real cold fusion from the engineering point of view
longer D charging time [42]. because it has the issue of the high temperature triggering and
irreproducibility owing to the simultaneous D absorption and

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Cold fusion on the same surface, and inhomogeneous electric 4.4. FPE advantage to eject 4He with D supply from the
field by Pt wire and Pd Rod as is shown in Fig.13. so the backside
proper design is needed to have the uniform electric field and
to separate the Cold Fusion and D absorption to ensure stable
and reproducible excess heat generation. The reactor in
Fig13(b) in ref [41] has cylindrical sample or planar sample,
so the electric field and metal surface potential seems to be
uniform, and as far as I know, this is the best reactor. Thus, I
would like the researchers using this type of reactor to run
experiment on the potential impact on excess heat generation
of cold fusion step as is shown in Fig.5.

Due to the low efficiency of the original setting of D2O Fig. 17. Mechanism of 4He ejection from a surface T site
electrolysis reactor based on FPE, the most researchers are
using D2 gas to load hydrogen in metal, however D2 gas The very high D/PD ratio can produce the larger excess
method may be reconsidered because D2 gas has the lower heat because of the large total amount of D accumulated in Pd
specific heat so the heat transfer efficiency seems to be lower Rod. But note that 4He ash confined at surface T site can
than coolant of H2O. hinder the D absorption from the front surface, but in FPE D is
supplied to the surface T site from the bulk, and 4He ash is
Thus, in section 5, I propose the novel design of Cold ejected from there as shown in Fig.15.
fusion reactor based on the real Cold fusion mechanism.
However, the way of switching the D absorption and
4.3. FPE using RF input Cold fusion has the issue of the remaining 4He ash on the
surface T site due to the limited D supply from the backside,
Thus I think that D absorption and Cold fusion need to be
separated. For the RF input technique wastes the times while
D absorption step and the accumulation of 4He at surface T
sites hinder the D absorption.

4.5. Neutron and gamma ray emission, and energy transfer

to the metal lattice in FPE
We had a lot of discussion whether Cold fusion is real,
and why it is not accompanies by the neutron and gamma ray
emission. Skeptics insist that Fusion requires the large dose of
neutrons and gamma-rays to transfer heat to the metal lattice,
however they completely misunderstand the Cold fusion and
Fig. 16. Mechanism of Cold Fusion at RF Electrolysis: FPE mechanism. They suggest on the hot fusion reaction path
(A)D absorption and as below:
(B) ColdFusion stages; D+D→[4He*]τ ～10-21s
(C)Conventional RF plasma voltage waveform;
(D) Proposed Separated control of D absorption and Cold
fusion. 1. 3He(0.8MeV) +n(2.45MeV): ～50%
2. T(1MeV) + p(3MeV): ～50%
In [44], a new Cold fusion technique by Plasma
Electrolysis is presented. The authors suggested that Plasma 3. 4He(76keV) +γ(23.8MeV): ～10-5%
was formed on the electrode surface, and the measured heat
exceeded the input power substantially by up to 200% in some Note that above reaction channel occurs via the excited
cases. The reproducibility was 100%. state of 4He under the hot fusion conditions, however, Cold
fusion occurs by small atoms or small D2, so no extra energy
However, I do not think that plasma can form in the is needed and the reaction is softer than hot fusion. In
electrolysis with hydrogen storage metal electrode, and this opposite, FPE sometimes needs a very high temperature to
excellent performance and high reproducibility are attributed trigger the fusion, and in such case 4He can have a larger
to the separation of D absorption and Cold fusion in time as energy and may emit neutrons and gamma rays. The heat
shown in Fig.16. Thus, this experiment evidences that the transfer can be done via the 4He energy based on lattice
Cold fusion mechanism is related to the control of the metal confinement [8],[9], and the heat transfer to H2O coolant can
surface potential. Note that adjusting the pulse voltage is proceed by hot 4He ejected from the surface T sites. Therefore,
important to optimize the excess heat generation as shown in the heat generation efficiency is very high because the D
Fig.16(D). supply can be maximized.

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Volume 6, Issue 6, June – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
V. A CONCEPTUALIZED COLD FUSION cold fusion side of the metal and support the brittle metal to
REACTOR avoid cracking.

5.1 A Cold fusion reactor with D supply from the backside Because 4He is confined in surface T site after d-d
fusion, the total number of unoccupied surface T sites is
decreasing with time. Thus, 4He in surface T site must be
ejected, while D absorption from the backside of the metal
plate leads to the 4He ash eject as shown in Fig.17, like in
FPE.

Fig.19 represents a similar concept of D supply with D2

gas from the nanoholes on the backside metal because D
diffusion is limited in case of D2O electrolysis condition
owing to the insulator growth under the high stress, which
blocks the D diffusion.

The very high-power burst of FPE can be attributed to

the larger amount of D stored in the bulk metal region, which
can supply D from the backside, thus in this reactor D is
Fig.18. Conceptualized Cold fusion reactor with D supply supplied from the backside and Cold Fusion occurs on the
from the backside. front side simultaneously, with a high D supply rate with D2
gas (Fig. 19). If more power is needed, the cold fusion reactor
may have the multiple metal plates as shown in Fig.20.

5.2 A new concept of Cold fusion reactor with Nano-Corn

nanostructured metal Line and Space aligned along the
H2O coolant flow.

Fig.19. A conceptualized Cold fusion reactor of D supply

from the backside by D2 gas.

Fig. 21. Cold fusion reactor containing the metal Nano-

Corn structure aligned along the H2O coolant flow.
(A) Nano Corn structure top schematics.
(B) Cross-section of Nano Corn.
(C) Cold fusion reactor with upward flow of H2O coolant.

As shown in Figs.18,19,20,21, the H2O coolant flows

upward in the separated Cold fusion side. In Fig.21, the metal
Fig.20. Cold fusion reactor having the multiple metal plate has the nanostructured pattern of Line/Space comprising
plates the vertical nano-corn structure, which side wall is shown in
Fig. 21(a), (b). It has the same effect on cold fusion as
The setup contains the mesh electrode which holds the nanoparticles, and this reactor can precisely control the surface
metal plate and partially covers the D absorption area, but only potential of nano roughness on nanopatterned surface on the
the mesh window region of the metal plate may absorb D, positively charged side to improve the cold fusion efficiency.
whereas Reg(a) in Fig.18 and in Fig.19 around the center of
the mesh frame has a very low D concentration. This is a rigid
and low-resistance region to tightly control the potential of the

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Volume 6, Issue 6, June – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
The side view of the reactor is presented in Fig. 21(c).
The upward flow of the H2O coolant along the Line/Space
pattern to wafer with Line/Space with nanostructured pattern
enhancing the H2O flow rate, see Fig. 21(A) and (C). The
pattern designed by a nano-imprinting technology provides the
increase of the wafer surface area by 6 times compared to the
surface area without the pattern. The experimental prototype
design is now under discussion with a nanoimprinting tool
vendor, so the experimental setup is not yet completed. [45] Fig. 23. Mechanism of bonding compression of carbide and
hydride.
VI. BIOLOGICAL TRANSMUTATION
(A) Potassium channel, in ref [48].
(B) Gap Junction, in ref [49].
6.1Background
The biological transmutation has the same mechanism of (C) Na+/K+-ATPase, in ref [50].
Cold fusion, So I briefly discuss its the mechanism as an
additional evidence of the Cold fusion mechanism. It is shown The examples of transmutation of essential chemical
that transmutation by Cold fusion was reported by several element in biological systems shown in Fig.23.
researchers with a high reproducibility, however the proposed
Biological systems have the mechanisms of the essential
mechanism of this phenomenon was not correct.
element transport, which can involve the Cold fusion and
transmutation of chemical elements (Fig. 22). Such
It is well known that in biological systems chemical
mechanism is Na-K pumping (Na+/K+-ATPase) [50],
elements can be transmuted into other elements [46]. Although
Potassium Channels [48], and gap junction [49]. It seems
these facts have been established since the early 19th century,
reasonable that such biological mechanism can compress the
they have been ignored by established science ever since. In
hydride (H-M bonding) and carbide (C-M bonding) to
[47], the author reported that femto atoms may cause the
transmutation. transmute the essential elements. Thus, this is another
evidence of Cold fusion.
6.2 Category of biological transmutation based
I categorized the types of biological transmutation based VII. SUMMARY
on the report [48,46] as follows:
It is proposed that Cold fusion in metal is caused by the
(1) Adding one proton (adding atomic nucleus of Hydrogen)
39 40 137 138 formation of small D2 molecules with EDOs created by the
19K+1p= 20Ca, 55Cs+1p= 56Ba
compression of D2 at surface T sites of close-packed metal
(2) Adding 6*proton+6*neutron (adding atomic nucleus of
12
C) structures. However, the FPE mechanism is different from the
28 12 40 mechanism of real cold fusion, because in FPE D is absorbed
14 Si + 6C= 20Ca,
under the electrolysis conditions, under the voltage sign
As shown above, the biological transmutation can be opposite to the real Cold fusion condition.
caused by the compression of the M-C and M-H (carbide and
hydride) bonds to create small carbon or small hydrogen A Cold fusion reactor based on this real cold fusion
shielding the Coulomb repulsive force between M and H, or mechanism is proposed and the patent is pending at Japan
C. by the femto atom formation based on the mechanism of Patent Office in [51],[52] The invention is the reactor where
transmutation in ref [47] the Cold fusion and D absorption are spatially separated on the
front/backside of the metal plate, respectively. The D
absorption and Cold fusion can proceed simultaneously, thus it
6.3 Compression mechanism in biological systems
can maximize the D supply and the excess heat by ejecting
4He ash confined at the surface T site.

Another novel feature of the proposed Cold fusion

Reactor comprises the nano-patterned metal plate, which is
efficient to produce excess heat in the nano roughness on the
sidewall of the nano-patterned metal structure and is
efficiently cooled by the supplied H2O coolant. Soft-x-ray has
the broader peak at 500keV, which can prove existence of
Electron Deep Orbit.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Fig.22. Periodic table with the essential elements for plants
I would like to thank Vavra Jerry and Jean-Luc Paillet
and animals.
for useful discussions on EDO.

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Volume 6, Issue 6, June – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
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