Scribd
Upload
193 views28 pages

Immunology: Lymphoid Organs Sr. Sarupya Mercy College Palakkad

The document discusses the lymphoid organs of the immune system, including primary organs like the bone marrow and thymus where immune cells develop and mature, as well as secondary organs like lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal tissues that help the immune response. It describes the key functions of the bone marrow in generating blood cells including B lymphocytes and the role of the thymus in the maturation and selection of T cells. The lymphatic system works to return excess tissue fluid and proteins from tissues to the bloodstream via lymph vessels and lymph nodes.

Uploaded by

Tahir Aziz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
193 views28 pages

Immunology: Lymphoid Organs Sr. Sarupya Mercy College Palakkad

The document discusses the lymphoid organs of the immune system, including primary organs like the bone marrow and thymus where immune cells develop and mature, as well as secondary organs like lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal tissues that help the immune response. It describes the key functions of the bone marrow in generating blood cells including B lymphocytes and the role of the thymus in the maturation and selection of T cells. The lymphatic system works to return excess tissue fluid and proteins from tissues to the bloodstream via lymph vessels and lymph nodes.

Uploaded by

Tahir Aziz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

Immunology

Lymphoid organs

Sr. sarupya
Mercy college palakkad
ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
Lymphoid Organs
 Bone marrow

 Thymus

 Spleen

 lymph node

 Tonsils

 Small intestine & appendix


aggregated lymphoid nodules
Lymphoid system:

1.Lymphoid organs are stationed throughout the body

2. They are concerned with the growth, development and


differeciation of lymphocytes.
3.There are structurally and functionally
diverse lymphoid organs and tissues
4.They are interconnected by the blood vessels and lymphatic
vessels through which lymphocytes circulate.
5.These organs are involved in specific as well as non-specific
immunity
CLASSIFICATION
Based upon the functional development of the lymphatic cells
the lymphoid organs are classified into 2 groups
1.PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS / central/ generative organs
2. SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS /perpheral
1.PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS

1.BONE MARROW- 2. THYMUS T- cell maturation


all lymphocytes arise and b-cell maturation

2. SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS

LYMPH NODE SPLEEN

MUCOSA ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (MALT)


(GALT) (BALT) (UGALT) (CALT)
BONE MARROW
Bone marrow is the primary lymphoid organ .It is a
soft tissue within the cavity of bones .Bone marrow is
divisible into 2
1.vascular region 2, haemtopoietic region.
…..Vascular region is the circulatory system that supplies
nutrient and removes waste from actively growing blood
vessels.

Red marrow is actively involved in haemtopoiesis


Red marrow contains titipoent cells called stem cells. The
devlopment of blood cells from stem cells is called
Haematopoies.
Haematopoies is forms RBC,WBC- granulocytes,
lymphocytes, monocytes and platlets.
Majority of lymphid progenitors develop into B-
lyphocytes in the bone marrow.
Some of lymphoid progenitors migrate into the
thymus , where they develop into the
T-lypmhocytes.
During secondary immune response large number
of plasma cells are produced in the bone marrow.
They secrete large amount of abs. So bone marrow
is a source of ab synthesis.
The bone marrow is the site of generation of all
circulating blood cells in the adult including
lympocytes and is the site of B- cell maturation
Bone marrow
The bone marrow is the site of generation of all
circulating blood cells in the adult, including
immature lymphocytes, and is the site of B cell
maturation.
Functions of bone marrow
The site of generation of all immunocytes
The site of differentiation and maturation of
immunocytes
The site of immune response of B cell,
specifically in secondary immune response.
BONE MARROW

 All the cells of the immune system are initially derived from
the bone marrow through a process called
hematopoiesis
In human bone marrow is the site for B- cell origin
It is the site for B-cell maturation
 Immature B cells arise from lymphoid progenitors,
proliferate and differentiate within the bone marrow

The stromal cells in the bone marrow interact with B cells and
secrete cytokines and help in the maturation of b-cells .
In Birds – B-cell development in Bursa of Fabricus
Specific immune organs in birds
The site of differentiation and proliferation
of B cells in birds.
 In cattle and sheep –fetal stage- spleen
Later- small intestine
In Rabbit- gut associated tissue- appendix
THYMUS:
Thymus is the site of T cell differentiation and maturation
It is a bilobed gland, Situated above heart in the thorax region
each lobe is encapsulated and it is divided into lobules
which are separated by strands of connective tissue –
called trabeculae
Each lobule contains – lymphocytes & each lobule organized into
2 compartments 1…Outer cortex 2.Inner medulla

Site of T cell
maturation.

Relative Size
Greatest in
Newborn

Absolute Size
Greatest at
Puberty
The cortex contains mostly immature & proliferating thymocytes, Medulla is
sparly populated with thymocytes.
some of which mature and migrate to the medulla -
in medulla they learn to discriminate between self and non-self during fetal
development and for a short time after birth.
T cells leave the medulla to enter the peripheral blood circulation, through which
they are transported to the secondary lymphoid organs
About 95% of all T cells die in the thymus.

Besides lymphoid cells it is composed of


1.Epithelial cells (cortical and medullary)
2. Macrophages
3. Dendritic cells
4. Nurse cells
5. Hassall’s corpuscles
Lymphocytes in the thymus are called thymocytes
Function of the thymus
 Generate and select T- cells

 Through clonal selection mechanism , thymus cause the death of


those T- cells that cannot recognize Ag- MHC- complexes and
those that react with self Ag- MHC & stop danger of causing autoimmune
diseases.
 Thus about 95% of all T cells die in the thymus.

Role Of Thymus In Immune Function

Thymectomy.
 Thymectomy is the surgical removal of thymus

 Thymectomized mice show decrease


in circulating lymphocytes & absence of
cell mediated immunity
Digeorge’s syn.
 Congenital birth defect in humans

 A Mutation on the 22nd Chromosome


 Absence of thymus and so T- cell deficiency

Nude mice
Thymus fails to develop

Mutation in the gene encoding a transcription


factor

Nude mouse is unable to produce T-cells, Nude mice


and is, therefore, immunodeficient & increase
in infections
Aging and thymic function

 Thymus diminishes in size with age


 Thymus attains maximum size at puberty
 Then degenerates with decrease in both
cortical & medullary cells
 An increase in total fat content
In infants the average wt. of thymus is 70g
 In elders the average wt. is 3g
 The age dependent involutions leaves an organ the reduced wt.

Evidence for the effect of age on the immune function


Thymus from 1day old mouse and 33 month was removed
and grafted to thymectomized adult.
Thymus form 1day –old- mouse showed large improvement in immune function
than mice receiving the 33 month old thymus
One way system: to the heart

Return of collected excess tissue fluid

Return of leaked protein

“Lymph” is this fluid


Edema results if system blocked or
surgically removed

Lymph capillaries
Have one way minivalves
allowing excess fluid to enter
but not leave
Picks up bacteria and viruses
as well as proteins,
electrolytes
and fluid
(lymph nodes destroy
most pathogens)
 Primary follicle
 Unactivated lymphoid
follicle
 Secondary follicle
 Follicle that is activated
by antigen
 Ring of B cells that
surround germinal center
 Proliferating B cells and
T helper cells
 Interstitial fluid (the portion that doesn’t enter
venous system) is returned to circulatory
system by lymphatic vessels
 Largest lymphatic vessel – thoracic duct
○ Enters left subclavian vein
○ Lymph from right arm and right side of head enters
through right lymphatic duct, drains into right subclavian

 Antigen is carried by lymph to lymph nodes

You might also like