HV-PT

PROGRESS TEST 18.4

PART A. LISTENING
Section 1. You will hear part of a radio interview in which the comedian and writer Jane Clarkson
is talking about her work. For questions 1- 5, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best
according to what you hear.
1. What did Jane find difficult about writing a book?
A. She couldn’t travel around the country.
B. She didn’t get any instant reaction to her work.
C. She had to spend time looking after her daughter.
D. She found the process itself very challenging.
2. According to Jane, why did some critics dislike her novel?
A. They didn’t think the book was funny.
B. They were dismissive of her initial success.
C. They thought her male colleagues were better writers.
D. They thought she should stick to being a comedian.
3. Which aspect of Jane’s work as a comedian helped her to write?
A. her patience B. her ability to listen
C. her habit of watching people D. her rational way of thinking
4. According to Jane, how do many people react to female comedians?
A. They’re convinced women can’t tell jokes. B. They’re afraid the women will break down.
C. They find women’s humour too intense. D. They find women’s jokes embarrassing.
5. What was the disadvantage of the stage image which Jane developed?
A. It frightened the audience. B. It made the audience angry.
C. People thought it reflected her real personality. D. People did not take her seriously any more.
Section 2. Listen to the recording and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false
(F).
_____ 1. The speaker has come from the Theosophical Society.
_____ 2. One of the main points of the talk is to save money.
_____ 3. She thinks students should do more housework.
_____ 4. She argues that plastic containers won't biodegrade quickly.
_____ 5. She warns that asthma sufferers should be careful with her recipes.
Section 3. Listen to the talk about women in the workplace and answer the following questions.
1. How is the situation for women in the workplace changing?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. In which management role that women constitute 17% of the staff?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. How many percent of employees think that gender equality is a priority?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. What is the action companies should take to understand the problem of gender inequality?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. What should companies do to make sure opportunities and advancement are equitable?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Section 4: Listen and fill in the blanks with the missing information. Write NO MORE THAN
THREE WORDS for each answer.
Over the past few years as first lady, I have had the (1)______________ of traveling all across
this country and everywhere I’ve gone and the people I've met and the stories I’ve heard, I have seen
the very best of the (2)______________.
See, our life before moving to Washington was, was filled with simple joys. Saturdays at
soccer games, Sundays at grandma’s house, and a date night for Barack and me was either dinner or
movie because as an exhausted mum I couldn’t stay awake for both. Even back then when Barack was
a senator and (3)______________ to me he was still the guy who picked me up for our dates in a car
that was so (4)______________ that I could actually see the pavement going by in a hole in the
passenger side door. He was the guy whose (5)______________ was a coffee table he'd found in a
dumpster.
nt3.cbn - Page 1
 HV-PT
Well today, after so many (6)______________ and moments that’ve tested my husband in
ways I never could have imagined, I have seen first-hand that being president doesn’t change who you
are. No it (7)______________who you are.
When it comes to the health of our families, Barack refused to listen to all those folks to told
him to leave (8)______________ for another day, another president. He didn’t care whether it was the
easy thing to do politically, no that's not how he was raised. He cared that it was the right thing to do.
When we were first married our combined monthly student loan bill was actually higher than
our (9)______________.
Yeah!! We were so young, so in love, and so in debt.
If we wanna give all of our children a foundation for their dreams and opportunities worthy of
their promise. If we wanna give them that sense of (10)______________, that belief that here in
America there was always something better out there if you're willing to work for it. Then we must
work like never before, and we must once again come together and stand together for the man we can
trust to keep moving this great country forward.
My husband, our president, Barack Obama.
Thank you, God bless you, God bless America.
PART B. LEXICO-GRAMMAR
Section 1. Choose the best option A, B, C, or D to complete the following sentences.
1. The decision was ......................... to a later meeting.
A. cancelled B. arranged C. deferred D. delayed
2. Tempers began to ................... as the lorries forced their way through the picket lines.
A. break B. fray C. grate D. fire
3. The old ship will be towed into harbour and ................................
A. broken up B. broken down C. broken in D. broken off
4. Making private calls on the office phone is severely .............. on in our department.
A. objected B. criticised C. regarded D. frowned
5. Apart from the ..................... cough and cold, I’ve been remarkably healthy all my life.
A. odd B. opportune C. irregular D. timely
6. The company was declared bankrupt when it had ...................... more debts than it could hope to
repay.
A. inflicted B. incurred C. entailed D. evolved
7. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses
from ...................
A. disruption B. abolition C. demolition D. dismantling
8. Before I went to drama school, I had to .................... quite a lot of family pressure for me to study
medicine.
A. resist B. restrain C. refuse D. reconcile
9. Strong protests were made .................. with demands for an international enquiry.
A. joined B. added C. included D. coupled
10. What her problems all seemed to ............................. to was lack of money.
A. analyse B. condense C. boil down D. sum up
Section 2. The passage below contains 5 mistakes. Find and correct them.
By the mid-1990s, the academic world finally appeared to be coming round to a conclusion as the
public: that human behaviour is a mix of nature, nurture and simple happenstance. Nowadays, for the
media, the story was still resistible: the discovery of a link between genes and political allegiance.
“Leftwing liberals are born not bred”, declared the headlines, over reports that scientists in the US had
revealed that people with a specific gene were more likely to hold liberal political views. In the face of
it, the finding was just the latest contribution to the nature versus nurture debate – the question of
whether we’re born with traits instill in us by our genes or acquire them in later life. Behind all the
media coverage lies an unnerving implication: just as we have no choice over our eye colour, who we
become in life is dictated by our DNA.
Many of the media put the claim squarely into the nature ‘box’ of the debate and moved on, wait
ing for the next ‘born, not made’ story. The resilience of the debate is astonishing – and also
disturbing. The belief in the primacy of genes has underpinned such outrage as the forcible sterilization
of ‘feebleminded’ people in 1930s America and the ethnic cleansing in the Balkans of the 1990s.
nt3.cbn - Page 2
 HV-PT
Section 3. Complete each of the following sentences with a suitable preposition or particle.
1. Gareth Bale is a brilliant young footballer who is ______________ the up and up.
2. Jan's good at keeping secrets, so you'll have to worm it _____________ her!
3. None of us could fathom ___________ why the experiment wasn't working.
4. Jim seems to be___________ the misapprehension that tomorrow’s a holiday. It isn't.
5. That’s enough TV! It’s time to knuckle _____________ and get on with your homework now.
Section 4. Write the correct form of each bracketed word. Write your answer in the corresponding
numbered boxes. (10 points)
POWER NAPS
Power napping is an effective, and under-used tool. It is a quick, intense sleep which (1.DRAMA)
............................. improves alertness. These naps are especially useful for those whose sleep is
constrained by a (2.DEMAND) ............................. schedule: for example, mothers of small children or
travelling business (3.EXECUTE).............................. However, the conditions must be right and
practice is required for maximum effect.
Power naps should be short, between ten and twenty-five minutes, to prevent (4.ORIENT)
............................. on awakening in such a short time, but (5.ACQUIRE)............................. of the
habit is simply a question of practice. At the (6.OUT)............................., it is more important to relax
for a while than actually fall asleep.
Power napping is not a good idea if you find it difficult to wake up at the
(7.DESIGN)............................. time or have problems sleeping at night after a power nap in the day.
The kind of dozing that can (8.COMPANY).............................a sensation of overwhelming
(9.SLEEP)............................. is not a true power nap, but a desperate attempt to compensate for a
poor sleep routine. However, with practice, you will find that power naps can lead to a welcome
(10.ENHANCE) .............................of your performance when you need it most.
PART C. READING COMPREHENSION
Section 1. Choose the option A, B, C, or D that best fits each blank in the following passage. (10
points)
The popular writer J.K.Rowling has agreed to end her part in the (1) _____ of the world’s forests
by having her books printed on paper which is environmentally friendly. The multimillionaire author,
whose novels about a teenage wizard have consumed 6.5 million trees so far, is one of a number of
high profile authors who have (2) _____ their support for the environment by stipulating that only
recycled paper (3) _____ for their books. Techniques (4) _____ in Canada mean that, for the first time,
paper made from such materials as office waste paper can be used to make books. The Canadian
edition of Rowling’s last book was printed without chopping down a single tree, saving an (5) _____
40,000 of them.
In the past, it was difficult to print books on recycled paper because the paper was not strong
enough to (6) _____ a lifetime’s reading. Technological advances mean that paper which is (7) _____
from waste material is now just as durable as paper made from virgin fiber in terms of quality and
strength.
Despite the high cost of developing recycled paper that has the required strength and whiteness
needed for books, there will not (8) _____ be a price rise for the reader. Instead, publishers are likely
to (9) _____ for the higher paper cost by using cheaper book covers, as (10) _____ in Canada.
1. A. demolition B. desolation C. destruction D. destitution
2. A. contracted B. pledged C. secured D. undertaken
3. A. be used B. is used C. using D. to be used
4. A. founded B. inaugurated C. led D. pioneered
5. A. estimated B. assessed C. established D. evaluated
6. A. experience B. withstand C. confront D. encounter
7. A. manufactured B. constructed C. devised D. formed
8. A. certainly B. naturally C. absolutely D. necessarily
9. A. balance B. compensate C. return D. refund
10 A. developed B. arose C. happened D. followed
Section 2. Read the text and think of a word that best fits each gap. Use ONLY ONE word in each
gap.
nt3.cbn - Page 3
 HV-PT
Over the last century the world has become increasingly smaller. Not geographically, of course, but
in the sense that media, technology and the opening of borders has enabled the world’s citizens to
view, share and gain (1)__________ to a much wider range of cultures, societies and world views. In
this (2)__________ pot that the world has become, today’s child is privy (3)__________ facets of the
human experience that his immediate predecessors had no inkling even existed. It (4)__________ to
reason that in order to absorb, configure and finally form opinions about this information-laden planet,
children must be supplied with certain tools. (5)__________ in this list of ‘tools’ are: education, social
skills, cultural awareness and the acquisition of languages, the most important of these being the latter.
Until recently, a child who had the ability to speak more than one language would have been
considered a very rare entity. (6)__________ one-language phenomenon could be attributed to a
combination of factors. One of them is that the monolingual environment in which a child was raised
played a strong role, (7)__________ did the limited, biased education of the past. With regard to
immigrants, the sad fact was that non-native parents tended to withhold the teaching of the mother
tongue so that the child would acquire the ‘more prestigious’ language of the adopted country.
Nowadays, the situation has (8)__________ an almost complete reversal. In the majority of North
American and European countries, most children are given the opportunity to learn a second or
(9)__________a third language. Children acquire these foreign languages through various and diverse
means. In many countries, learning a foreign language is a compulsory subject in the state school
curriculum. Other children rely on language schools or private tuition to achieve their goal. In other
instances, children are (10)__________ to bilingual parents, who, if they so desire, may teach the
children two languages.
Section 3. Read the passage and choose the best option A, B, C, or D to answer the questions. (10
points)
When people learn to play video games, they are learning a new literacy. Of course, this is not the
way the word "literacy" is normally used. Traditionally, people think of literacy as the ability to read
and write. Why, then, should we think of literacy more broadly, in regard to video games or anything
else, for that matter? There are two reasons.
First, in the modern world, language is not the only important communicational system. Today
images, symbols, graphs, diagrams, artifacts, and many other visual symbols are particularly
significant. Thus, the idea of different types of "visual literacy" would seem to be an important one.
For example, being able to “read” the images in advertising is one type of visual literacy. And, of
course, there are different ways to read such images, ways that are more or less aligned with the
intentions and interests of the advertisers. Knowing how to read interior designs in homes, modernist
art in museums, and videos on MTV are other forms of visual literacy.
Furthermore, very often today words and images of various sorts are juxtaposed and integrated in a
variety of ways. In newspapers and magazines as well as in textbooks, images take up more and more
of the space alongside words. In fact, in many modern high school and college textbooks in the
sciences images not only take up more space, they now carry meanings that are independent of the
words in the text. If you can’t read these images, you will not be able to recover their meanings from
the words in the text as was more usual in the past. In such multimodal texts (texts that mix words and
images), the images often communicate different things from the words. And the combination of the
two modes communicates things that neither of the modes does separately. Thus, the idea of different
sorts of multimodal literacy seems an important one. Both modes and multimodality go far beyond
images and words to include sounds, music, movement, bodily sensations, and smells.
None of this news today, of course. We very obviously live in a world awash with images. It is our
first answer to the question why we should think of literacy more broadly. The second answer is this:
Even though reading and writing seem so central to what literacy means traditionally, reading and
writing are not such general and obvious matters as they might at first seem. After all, we never just
read or write; rather, we always read or write something in some way.
So there are different ways to read different types of texts. Literacy is multiple, then, in the sense
that the legal literacy needed for reading law books is not the same as the literacy needed for reading
physics texts or superhero comic books. And we should not be too quick to dismiss the latter form of
literacy. Many a superhero comic is replete with post-Freudian irony of a sort that would make a
modern literary critic's heart beat fast and confuse any otherwise normal adult.

nt3.cbn - Page 4
 HV-PT
Literacy, then, even as traditionally conceived to involve only print, is not a unitary thing but a
multiple matter. There are, even in regard to printed texts and even leaving aside images and
multimodal texts, different "literacies."
Once we see this multiplicity of literacy (literacies), we realize that when we think about reading
and writing, we have to think beyond print. Reading and writing in any domain, whether it is law, rap
songs, academic essays, superhero comics, or whatever, are not just ways of decoding print, they are
also caught up with and in social practices... Video games are a new form of art. They will not replace
books; they will sit beside them, interact with them, and change them and their role in society in
various ways, as indeed, they are already doing strongly with movies. (Today many movies are based
on video games and many more are influenced by them.) We have no idea yet how people "read" video
games, what meanings they make from them. Still less do we know how they will "read" them in the
future.
1. According to the first paragraph, the traditional definition of "literacy" is ______.
A. the ability to analyze literature B. the ability comprehend basic cultural cues
C. the ability to read and write D. the ability to compose poetry
2. All are mentioned as being types of "visual literacy” EXCEPT ______.
A. musical tones B. interior design
C. diagrams D. Modern Art
3. An example from a science textbook of the phenomenon the author describes in the third paragraph
could be ______.
A. a genetic tree that coincides with the discussion of specific mammal classes in the text
B. a diagram of a specific chemical reaction that is used to explain a broad definition in the text
C. an illustration of a plant cycle that accompanies a chapter on photosynthesis
D. a cartoon that references the same methods discussed in the text about laboratory safety
4. What is an example of a "multimodal” text?
A. A dictionary
B. A movie script
C. A photo album
D. An art book that describes the art as well as reproduces images of the original prints
5. The phrase "beyond print” is closest in meaning to ______.
A. reading to understand the underlying meanings and themes of the author's words-not just a
literal interpretation
B. reading text that defines different types of wheat and grains
C. to read the text from right to left rather than left to right
D. to read books that use recycled paper and other green alternatives
6. In the seventh paragraph, the author suggests that literacy is multiple, meaning that ______.
A. to be "literate" can mean participating in any form of expression
B. one's literacy increases exponentially as greater mastery of reading and writing is achieved
C. different genres and modes of expression require different background knowledge and
perspectives to understand them
D. literacy can only be gained by exploring every type of media and expression
7. Why does the author give the example of superhero comics to explain multiple literacies?
A. To explain that comic books are written for children and purely for entertainment. They require
only a basic knowledge of the action that occurs in the story.
B. To once again refer to his earlier points about "multimodal" texts
C. To insist that even when an author may intend multiple meanings and interpretations, they are
rarely successful in conveying those to readers
D. Things that may seem on the surface to be only meant for a particular group of people can
actually have very profound meanings to those who possess other types of literacy
8. The author suggests that all of the following require different types of literacy and the ability to
decode meaning EXCEPT ______
A. Rap music B. Comic books C. Academic papers D. Symphonies
9. The author says that video games ______.
A. are not yet entirely understood in terms of literacy, but are already impacting other forms of
expression such as filmmaking.
B. are unrealistic and should not fall into the same categories as the other texts he describes
nt3.cbn - Page 5
 HV-PT
C. are too violent to risk experimenting with for the purposes of understanding literacy
D. are irrelevant in academic discussion because no one has yet determined how to explain the
ways that people understand them
10. What would be the most logical information for the next paragraph to contain if the article
continued?
A. A technological definition of video games, how they are made, and how they are played
B. A historical explanation of the very first video game and its evolution
C. Examples of the way that some people currently interpret video games and what they mean to
them
D. A price comparison of video game consoles and whether or not quality has a direct impact on
literacy
Section 4. Read the passage and answer the questions as required. Write all your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes.
A. Our daily lives are largely made up of contacts with other people, during which we are
constantly making judgments of their personalities and accommodating our behavior to them in
accordance with these judgments. A casual meeting of neighbors on the street, an employer
giving instructions to an employee, a mother telling her children how to behave, a journey in a
train where strangers eye one another without exchanging a word - all these involve mutual
interpretations of personal qualities.
B. Success in many vocations largely depends on skill in sizing up people. It is important not only
to such professionals as the clinical psychologist, the psychiatrist or the social worker, but also
to the doctor or lawyer in dealing with their clients, the businessman trying to outwit his rivals,
the salesman with potential customers, the teacher with his pupils, not to speak of the pupils
judging their teacher. Social life, indeed, would be impossible if we did not, to some extent,
understand, and react to the motives and qualities of those we meet; and clearly we are
sufficiently accurate for most practical purposes, although we also recognize that
misinterpretations easily arise - particularly on the part of others who judge us!
C. Errors can often be corrected as we go along. But whenever we are pinned down to a definite
decision about a person, which cannot easily be revised through his 'feed-back', the
inadequacies of our judgments become apparent. The hostess who wrongly thinks that the
Smiths and the Joneses will get on well together can do little to retrieve the success of her
party. A school or a business may be saddled for years with an undesirable member of staff,
because the selection committee which interviewed him for a quarter of an hour misjudged his
personality.
D. Just because the process is so familiar and taken for granted, it has aroused little scientific
curiosity until recently. Dramatists, writers and artists throughout the centuries have excelled in
the portrayal of character, but have seldom stopped to ask how they, or we, get to know people,
or how accurate is our knowledge. However, the popularity of such unscientific systems as
Lavater's physiognomy in the eighteenth century, Gall's phrenology in the nineteenth, and of
handwriting interpretations by graphologists, or palm-readings by gipsies, show that people are
aware of weaknesses in their judgments and desirous of better methods of diagnosis. It is
natural that they should turn to psychology for help, in the belief that psychologists are
specialists in 'human nature'.
E. This belief is hardly justified: for the primary aim of psychology had been to establish the
general laws and principles underlying behavior and thinking, rather than to apply these to
concrete problems of the individual person. A great many professional psychologists still
regard it as their main function to study the nature of learning, perception and motivation in the
abstracted or average human being, or in lower organisms, and consider it premature to put so
young a science to practical uses. They would disclaim the possession of any superior skill in
judging their fellow- men. Indeed, being more aware of the difficulties than is the non-
psychologist, they may be more reluctant to commit themselves to definite predictions or
decisions about other people. Nevertheless, to an increasing extent psychologists are moving
into educational, occupational, clinical and other applied fields, where they are called upon to
use their expertise for such purposes as fitting the education or job to the child or adult, and the
person to the job. Thus a considerable proportion of their activities consists of personality
assessment.
nt3.cbn - Page 6
 HV-PT
F. The success of psychologists in personality assessment has been limited, in comparison with
what they have achieved in the fields of abilities and training, with the result that most people
continue to rely on unscientific methods of assessment. In recent times there has been a
tremendous amount of work on personality tests, and on carefully controlled experimental
studies of personality. Investigations of personality by Freudian and other 'depth' psychologists
have an even longer history. And yet psychology seems to be no nearer to providing society
with practicable techniques which are sufficiently reliable and accurate to win general
acceptance. The soundness of the methods of psychologists in the field of personality
assessment and the value of their work are under constant fire from other psychologists, and it
is far from easy to prove their worth.
G. The growth of psychology has probably helped responsible members of society to become
more aware of the difficulties of assessment. But it is not much use telling employers,
educationists and judges how inaccurately they diagnose the personalities with which they have
to deal unless psychologists are sure that they can provide something better. Even when
university psychologists themselves appoint a new member of staff. They almost always resort
to the traditional techniques of assessing the candidates through interviews, past records, and
testimonials, and probably make at least as many bad appointments as other employers do.
However, a large amount of experimental development of better methods has been carried out
since 1940 by groups of psychologists in the Armed Services and in the Civil Service, and by
such organizations as the (British) National Institute of Industrial Psychology and the American
Institute of Research.

List of Headings
i. The advantage of an intuitive approach to personality assessment
ii. Overall theories of personality assessment rather than valuable guidance
iii. The consequences of poor personality assessment
iv. Differing views on the importance of personality assessment
v. Success and failure in establishing an approach to personality assessment
vi. Everyone makes personality assessments
vii. Acknowledgement of the need for improvement in personality assessment
viii. Little progress towards a widely applicable approach to personality assessment
ix. The need for personality assessments to be well-judged
x. The need for a different kind of research into personality assessment
Question 1-6. Choose the correct headings for the paragraphs below.
Example : Paragraph A - vi
1. Paragraph B ______ 2. Paragraph C ______ 3. Paragraph D ______
4. Paragraph E ______ 5. Paragraph F ______ 6. Paragraph G ______
Question 7. Choose THREE letters A-F. Write your answer here __________
Which THREE of the following are stated about psychologists involved in personality assessment?
A. 'Depth' psychologists are better at it than some other kinds of psychologist.
B. Many of them accept that their conclusions are unreliable.
C. They receive criticism from psychologists not involved in the field.
D. They have made people realize how hard the subject is.
E. They have told people what not to do, rather than what they should do.
F. They keep changing their minds about what the best approaches are.
Questions 8 - 10. Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the Reading
Passage. In boxes 8 - 10 write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
______ 8. Unscientific systems of personality assessment have been of some use.
______ 9. People make false assumptions about the expertise of psychologists.
______ 10. It is likely that some psychologists are no better than anyone else at assessing personality.

nt3.cbn - Page 7
 HV-PT
Section 5. Read the following article about how to be environmentally friendly and decide in which
paragraph (A-E) the following are mentioned. For each question 1-10, write your answer (A, B, C,
D or E) in the corresponding numbered boxes. Write one letter for each answer. The paragraphs
may be chosen more than once.
A. FAIR TRADE
Farmers in developing countries are some of the most vulnerable people on earth, prey to world
commodity markets, middle men and the weather. So-called “fair trade” arrangements guarantee
cooperative groups a price above the world market and a bonus on top. The growing fair-trade market
has distributed hundreds of millions of pounds to more than 50 million people worldwide. But critics
say that fair trade will never lift a country out of poverty; indeed, it may keep it there, because the
money generated from sales goes almost in its entirety to rich countries which promote the products.
As a simple guide, only about 5% of the sale price of a fair-trade chocolate bar may actually go to the
poor country.
B. ORGANIC FOOD
For food to be organic it must be free of added chemicals, both in the growing of the food and in the
killing of the pests that might damage the crop. In a world where many manufactured chemicals have
never been properly tested for safety, this is a very big selling point. Parents are thus prepared to pay a
premium for organic food, especially when chemicals suspected of causing a variety of problems have
been found, albeit in tiny quantities, in most children’s blood. The problem is that many farmers have
not switched to organic in sufficient numbers to satisfy this growing market. As a result, supermarkets
are often forced to fly vegetables as they can label “organic” halfway round the world, at a great cost
to the planet in extra greenhouse gases. Environmentalists are now urging shoppers to buy locally
produced vegetables, even if they are not organic and have been sprayed with pesticides.
C. BEING CARBON NEUTRAL
If you want to make yourself feel better about the planet, there are lots of ways for you to ease your
conscience by becoming “carbon neutral”. One of the most appealing methods is to pay for someone to
plant trees, preferably creating or regenerating new forests. The theory is that trees grow by absorbing
carbon dioxide and giving out oxygen, storing the carbon in their trunks. But woods and forests create
their own mini-climate, which collects and stores water and creates rainclouds. Added to this, there is
the potential problem that planting trees often releases carbon stored in the soil - and what happens if
the forests catch fire, or are chopped down and harvested for timber? Another and perhaps better
solution might be to invest in small-scale hydro-electric schemes, so that people who live in the
Himalayas, for example, and currently do not have electricity, can develop a 21st century lifestyle
without polluting the planet.
D. ECO-TOURISM
The idea of “green” tourism is to persuade local people not to chop down forests, shoot elephants or
wipe out tigers, but to preserve them so rich tourists visit and peer at the wildlife through binoculars.
Unfortunately, the best money is made from reintroducing animals for trophy hunting by the very rich
- an idea which does not always meet with approval and has caused much debate. While tourists may
help sustain some national parks, they often create as many problems as they solve. One is that they
tend to demand all mod cons in their hotels, such as a great deal of water for showers; a luxury
sometimes not available for locals. Eco-tourism, when properly managed, can offer the locals and the
animals a brighter future. Sometimes, though, the only winners are a few business people who own
hotels.
E. RECYCLING
A great shift has taken place in the way we think about rubbish. Where once we were happy to bury it
in landfills or dump it at sea, we are now being urged by national and local governments to recycle it
and think of waste as a resource. The wheelie-bin culture is being replaced by a series of kerbside
collections of paper, metals, plastic, bottles, clothes and compost. The idea is to cut landfill as well as
saving the planet. It is, however, having some unexpected consequences. Most of Britain’s plastic and
paper is now being sent for recycling in China or India, which creates more greenhouse gases just to
get it there, plus workers then have to separate it. Meanwhile, some paper and bottles carefully sorted
out by householders end up being dumped in landfills after all, because the demand for recycled
materials constantly fluctuates.

nt3.cbn - Page 8
 HV-PT
In which section is the following mentioned?
a controversial pastime that raises considerable money 1. ______
an action which creates a different weather pattern 2. ______
an undesirable result of unnecessary global transportation 3. ______
(NB. You must provide two different options) 4. ______
inadequate research into harmful substances 5. ______
people at the greatest risk from factors beyond their control 6. ______
a benefit for those the scheme was not originally intended for 7. ______
(NB. You must provide two different options) 8. ______
the bringing of a source of energy to remote areas 9. ______
a failure to adapt in order to meet increasing demands 10. ______

--- The end ---

nt3.cbn - Page 9