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Course Code: CE 1001 Course Title: Waste Water Engineering Credit Hours: 4

This document provides an overview of waste water engineering, including different types of sanitation systems. It discusses on-site and off-site sanitation systems, as well as permeable and confined systems. Criteria for appropriate sanitation systems include being inexpensive, preventing contamination, and requiring little maintenance. Simple pit latrines are described as the most common system, though they can produce odor and flies. The current state of sanitation in Bangladesh is outlined, noting progress in reducing open defecation but emerging issues with quality and urban infrastructure.

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128 views

Course Code: CE 1001 Course Title: Waste Water Engineering Credit Hours: 4

This document provides an overview of waste water engineering, including different types of sanitation systems. It discusses on-site and off-site sanitation systems, as well as permeable and confined systems. Criteria for appropriate sanitation systems include being inexpensive, preventing contamination, and requiring little maintenance. Simple pit latrines are described as the most common system, though they can produce odor and flies. The current state of sanitation in Bangladesh is outlined, noting progress in reducing open defecation but emerging issues with quality and urban infrastructure.

Uploaded by

MD. TAREQ MIA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Waste Water Engineering

Course Code: CE 1001


Course Title: Waste Water Engineering
Credit Hours: 4
Lecture: 2

Presented by:
Engr. Rabindra Ranjan Saha, PEng
Prof.(Associate) and Ex.Head
Dept. of Civil Engineering
World University of Bangladesh
Waste Water Engineering
Outline of the lecture 2:

❑ Brief description about the sanitation system.


❑ Criteria and appropriateness of sanitary system.
❑ Low cost sanitary system with a brief description of
simple pit latrine.
❑ Present scenario of sanitation in Bangladesh.
Waste Water Engineering
TYPES OF SANITATION SYSTEM:

Based on the waste is stored, treated and disposed of at the point


of generation or transported to somewhere else for treatment and /
or disposal, sanitation systems may be divided into the following
two categories –
❖On-site systems
❖Off-site systems
Based on the systems allows infiltration, sanitation
systems are of two types as follows –
❖ Permeable / Unconfined systems
❖ Confined systems
Waste Water Engineering
Physical Example

Figure : On site pit latrine


Figure : Off site latrine

Fig: Off site and on site pit latrine


Waste Water Engineering
ON-SITE SANITATION SYSTEMS
(FOR RURAL & LOW INCOME URBAN COMMUNITIES):

➢ Wastes are collected, treated and disposed of at the point of


generation.
➢ Examples are – pit latrines and septic tank systems.
➢ Widely used in rural areas of both developed and developing
countries, even in urban areas in absence of costly sewerage
systems.
➢ Modification of this system includes ventilated pit latrine,
pour-flush single and double-pit latrines, aqua privies, septic
tanks and so on.
Waste Water Engineering
The principles of on-site system are-

➢ Infiltration of liquids into the soil.

➢ Solids are retained, digested aerobically and have to be removed


or a new pit has to be dug at regular intervals. It is primarily
designed to dispose of human excreta.

➢ Wastewaters from cooking, clothes washing and bathing are


collected in small drains &disposed of in soak ways for
infiltration.
Waste Water Engineering
Suitability of uses of on site sanitation system :

❑ This system is most suitable for sparsely settled rural areas


with low population density and low water consumption
because of the system’s dependence on the infiltration capacity
of the soil for the disposal of the liquid portion of excreta.

❑ This system is not feasible for areas with high population


density, high water consumption, and low infiltration rate
of soil or high groundwater table.
Waste Water Engineering

OFF-SITE SANITATION SYSTEMS

➢ Waste is collected and transported to somewhere else for


treatment and disposal e.g. bucket latrine systems and
conventional sewerage systems.

➢ The basic elements of this system are collection,


transportation, treatment and disposal and/or reuse.

➢ The waste is collected either through house sewers or manually


using buckets or vaults; transported either by cart, truck or sewer
system to a suitable distant place where it is treated prior to
disposal or reuse.
Waste Water Engineering
OFF-SITE SANITATION SYSTEMS(contd.)

➢ Collection and transportation of the wastes through a sewer


reticulation system requires that the waste be diluted by water.
It is essential, piped water supply be available in areas where
this system is to be applied.

➢ This is waterborne system. The waste carries by water far


away and hence most satisfactory system. This system
required sufficient funds for its construction and
maintenance.
Waste Water Engineering
DRY SANITATION SYSTEMS:

❑ In dry systems no water is used for dilution of the wastes.


❑ They are usually applied in unsewered areas with no piped
water supply, e.g., pit latrine systems (on-site) and bucket
latrine systems (off-site).

WET SANITATION SYSTEMS:

❑ In the wet system, the waste is diluted with flushes of water


❑ Suitable where piped water supply systems are available, e.g.,
septic tank systems (on-site) and conventional sewerage
systems (off-site).
Waste Water Engineering
PERMEABLE/UNCONFINED SYSTEMS:

✓ The liquid part of the wastes is allowed to infiltrate.


✓ Cause potential pollution of the groundwater.
✓ Example - pit latrines

CONFINED SYSTEMS:
The liquid portion of the wastes is not allowed to infiltrate into
the ground.
✓ No potential for groundwater pollution.
✓ Example – aqua privies, septic tanks etc.
Waste Water Engineering
CRITERIA FOR GOOD SANITATION SYSTEM:

➢ Simple and inexpensive in construction and operation.


➢ Should not contaminate surface soil, surface water or
groundwater.
➢ Minimum handling of excreta and free from odour and unsightly
conditions.
➢ No access to flies, insects and animals.
➢ Should use little or no water.
➢ Should require little supervision and maintenance.
➢ Should handle all waste and wastewater.
➢ Should use little or no mechanical equipment.
Waste Water Engineering
APPROPRIATENESS OF SANITATION SYSTEMS:
Purpose of sanitation:

✓ Health
✓ Privacy
✓ Convenience
✓ Cleaner Environment
✓ Prestige/Status
✓ A good sanitation system should, therefore, be able to meet all
the different requirements of the people.
Waste Water Engineering
Suitability of Sanitation System:
❑ Level of Water supply
❑ Population Density
Level of Water supply:
✓ On site pit latrine system would not be appropriate with piped
water supply.
✓ Water borne sewerage system (e.g., conventional sewerage
system) is not a feasible option with bucket carried or hand-
pump water supply.
Population Density:
✓ On site system is more appropriate for low-density rural setting.
✓ Off-site systems more suitable for high density urban centers.
Waste Water Engineering
FLOW DIAGRAM OF APPROPRIATENESS
OF SANITATION SYSTEMS
Waste Water Engineering
LOW-COST SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES

a) Pit Latrine
b) Pour-flush Latrines (where a water seal is maintained with
low-volume of flushing)

All forms of pit latrines are not fully sanitary. With slight
modifications in design and with some interventions
conventional pit latrines could be improved to be hygienic.
Waste Water Engineering

SIMPLE PIT LATRINES:

Pit latrines are the most common and simplest form of excreta
disposal in many developing countries. These are almost
universally acceptable in rural areas and are also widely used in
low income urban communities, although often not appropriate.
They are , however, the cheapest system possible and the system
most appropriate for individual householders responsible for
their own sanitation.
Waste Water Engineering
SIMPLE PIT LATRINES(contd.)
A pit latrine consists of manually dug or bored hole into the ground , an appropriate
sit or squatting slab , and a superstructure erected over it (as shown in figure). The
pit is simply a hole in the ground into which excreta fall. Urine and other liquids soak
into the ground and solid materials are retained and decomposed in the pit.

Figure: Conventional simple pit latrine


Waste Water Engineering
The major types of pit latrines :
1. Simple or “Home-made” pit latrines
2. Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrines
3. Reed Odorless Earth Closet (ROEC)
Forms:
1. Direct pit latrine-Excreta falls directly into a pit underneath
the user.

Fig: Direct pit latrine


Waste Water Engineering
2.Off-set pit latrine-Excreta pass through a short pipe or a channel
to a pit a few meters away.

Fig: Off-set pit latrine


Waste Water Engineering

3) Partly off-set pit latrine-when part of the pit is under the


shelter and part is outside.

Fig: Partly off-set pit latrine

1/12/2021 21
Waste Water Engineering
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PIT LATRINES:

The main advantages of a simple pit latrines are-

✓ Least cost
✓ Easy construction and maintanance
✓ Structurally safe and therefore free from the risk of children
falling into it and thus less frightening for children
✓ Prevents hookworms transmission
✓ Offers a better solution than open defecation and unhygienic
hanging latrines
Waste Water Engineering

DISADVANTAGES OF PIT LATRINES:

The most serious disadvantages of a simple pit latrines are-

✓ Flies lay their eggs in feces within poorly built latrines.


✓ Odor nuisance.
✓ Improper lining of pits may lead to collapse of the
superstructure.
Waste Water Engineering
Present sanitation scenario of Bangladesh

Bangladesh has made significant progress in reducing open defecation,


from 34 percent in 1990 to just one percent of the national population
in 2015. However, the present rate of improved sanitation is 61 percent,
growing at only 1.1 percent annually.
Still, the quality of sanitation coverage is an emerging area of concern,
with more than 40 percent of all latrines classified as “unimproved.”
Drinking water access is widespread, but half of the drinking water
consumed fails to meet water safety standards. In urban areas of
Bangladesh, piped water supply reaches only about one-third of the
population, and there is no systematic sewer disposal and treatment
system. Only Dhaka, capital city of Bangladesh has a sewer system,
and it serves just 18 percent of the city.

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