Date: _________________________

4.4 – Abnormal Meiosis

4.5 – Cytoplasmic Inheritance
4.4 – The Abnormal Meiosis
▫ Factors that interfere with meiosis can lead to genetic disorders and infertility
▫ Factors include:
▫ __________________________________________________________________
▫ __________________________________________________________________
▫ __________________________________________________________________
▫ These factors can result in either
▫ The inability to produce adequate _________________________________________________________
▫ Gametes that do not carry the normal complement of _________________________________________

Abnormal Meiosis: Non-disjunction

▫ _______________________________: the failure of homologous chromosome to move to opposite poles of the

cell during meiosis; results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the daughter cells
▫ Occurs on _____________________
_____________________, however, cells
that have an extra chromosome or that are
missing a chromosome are not able to
function normally

Non-disjunction in Humans

▫ In human, this results in gametes with ____

___________________________________
▫ If a gamete with ____ chromosomes
joins with a gamete with 23
chromosome – the zygote has ____
▫ If a gamete with ____ chromosomes
joins with a gamete with 23
chromosome – the zygote has ____
▫ ______________________:
▫ a chromosomal abnormality in which there are three homologous chromosomes in place of a
homologous pair
▫ ______________________:
▫ a chromosomal abnormality in which there is a single chromosome in place of a homologous pair

Non-disjunction Disorders

Down Syndrome:
▫ A chromosomal abnormality in which an individual has ______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
▫ The extra genetic material in every cell cause both physical and mental challenges for an individual
▫ Approximately 1 in 800 live births
 4.4 – Abnormal Meiosis &
4.5 – Cytoplasmic Inheritance
Turners Syndrome:
▫ A chromosomal abnormality in which an individual has ______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
▫ Females do not mature sexually and are sterile
▫ Most fetuses are miscarried before the 20th week of pregnancy
▫ Approximately 1 in 2500 female births

Klinefelter Syndrome:
▫ A chromosomal abnormality in which an individual has ______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
▫ Males are usually sterile and exhibit some female body characteristics
▫ Approximately 1 in 500 male births

Patau Syndrome:
▫ A chromosomal abnormality in which an individual has ______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
▫ Many serious problems, including brain, heart and kidney defects, children rarely live more than a few months
▫ Approximately 1 in 25000 live births

Edwards Syndrome:
▫ A chromosomal abnormality in which an individual has ______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
▫ Many organ system defects, very low survival rate, most fetuses die before birth, life expectance is <1month
▫ Approximately 1 in 6000 live births

Non-disjunction disorders are usually confirmed by preparing a ______________________

Problems with Fertilization

▫ Much more common than non-disjunction

▫ In Ontario, __________________________ trying to conceive experience problems
▫ 1/3 attributed to females, 1/3 attributed to males, 1/3 undeterminable causes
▫ Possible causes of infertility include:
▫ ____________________________________________________________________________________
▫ ____________________________________________________________________________________
▫ ____________________________________________________________________________________

Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs)

▫ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
▫ Can increase sperm/egg production
▫ Improve chance of successful fertilization
▫ Enhance likelihood of implantation and development
 4.4 – Abnormal Meiosis &
4.5 – Cytoplasmic Inheritance
▫ In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
▫ Ovaries are stimulated to increase egg production
▫ Ova are retrieved from ovaries
▫ Egg is fertilized outside of the body
▫ Embryo is transferred into the uterus

Technological Advances

▫ Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI):

▫ A form of IVF that injects a _______________________________________________________________
▫ Laser-Assisted Hatching (LAH):
▫ Designed to assist success of ICSI
▫ A precision laser is used make an _________________________________________________________,
This weakens the wall of the embryo and helps the embryo hatch so it can attach properly

4.5 – Cytoplasmic Inheritance

Origin of Cytoplasmic DNA

▫ Recall, not all genetic information is located in the chromosome in the nucleus
▫ DNA is found in the ______________________________________________________
▫ ________________________ require their ____________________ to be able to carry out cellular respiration
▫ This is similar for _________________________ to carry out photosynthesis
▫ Mitochondria and chloroplasts have to reproduce independently within the cytoplasm

Asexual Reproduction and Cytoplasm Inheritance

▫ When a cell is produced by asexual reproduction, each daughter cell inherits any genetic material contained
within the organelles of the parent cell
▫ As the parent cell divides, each daughter cell obtains ________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
▫ These organelles are assorted randomly into the daughter cells

Sexual Reproduction and Cytoplasm Inheritance

▫ Each gamete donates an _______________________________ of nuclear

chromosomes to the zygote but not equal amounts of cytoplasmic genetic
material
▫ Most male gametes are ________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
▫ Male gametes do not usually contribute ___________________________
____________________________________________________________
▫ Material Inheritance: a type of inheritance in which a zygote formed from two
gametes inherits cytoplasmic DNA (mitochondria and chloroplasts) from only the
female gamete
▫ All the mitochondria in a human individual are ______________________
____________________________________________________________
 4.4 – Abnormal Meiosis &
4.5 – Cytoplasmic Inheritance
▫ Paternal Inheritance: a type of inheritance in which a zygote formed from two gametes inherits cytoplasmic DNA
from only the male gamete
▫ There is also inheritance where both gametes contribute cytoplasmic DNA equally
▫ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

Cytoplasmic Inheritance and Genetic Variation

▫ Although mitochondria (and chloroplasts) are normally inherited ______________________________________,

the mitochondria (and chloroplasts) in the daughter cell are not necessarily ______________________________
________________________________
▫ This can be because the mother may contain mitochondria (and chloroplasts) with _________________
__________________________________________________
▫ These organelles are separated at random (________________________________) during cell division,
making it possible for each daughter cell to receive a different mix of chloroplasts or mitochondria
▫ This genetic variability is not usually ______________________ because, for the most part, organelles
contain only a small number of genes with little or no variation

DNA Egg Swapping

▫ British scientists recently developed a very controversial method that could be used to avoid the inheritance of
mitochondrial diseases
▫ ____________________________________________________________________________________,
the nucleus of her fertilized egg could be removed and transferred to an unfertilized and enucleated egg
cell with normal mitochondria from a donor female
▫ The resulting cell would then be ___________________________________________

◦ The result would be an embryo with nuclear DNA from ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Pg. 166 #3, 4, 5

Pg. 170 #1, 2, 6