c



Purpose: To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story

Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Complication
3. Resolution
4. Reorientation

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Chronologically arranged


  
Once upon a time, there lived a kind hearted man and his wife. One morning,
his wife found a poor little sparrow. She took it gently and fed it. To show its
gratitude, the sparrow stayed with them and sang every morning. But there was an
ill-tempered old woman who didn't like the sparrow. She cut the sparrow's tongue.
That's why the bird flew away to its previous nest.
Knowing that their sparrow flew away, the kind man and his wife looked for
the sparrow. They walked a long way, crossed the bridges, climbed the mountains
and passed the woods.
At last, they could find the sparrow's nest. The sparrow welcomed them and
provided a feast for them. Before they went home, the sparrow brought two
baskets; one was large and looked heavy, and the other one was small and light. The
sparrow asked them to choose only one. They chose the small and that was the
best choice. There were many rolls of silk and piles of gold in it.
Being jealous, the ill-tempered old woman did the same thing as the kind man
and his wife did. She chose the big basket which actually contained wasps and
venomous crawlers, such as scorpions, centipedes, and other horrible creatures.
Finally, aaathey stung and bit her to death.
FIND OUT

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Purpose: to presents information about something, as it is.
Generic Structure
1. General classification
2. Description
Dominant Language Feature
1. Introducing group or general aspect
2. Using conditional logical connection
3. Using Simple Present Tense


  

Volcanic eruptions have caused some of the worst disasters in the world.
They can wipe out entire cities and kill thousands of people.
The name of volcano comes from Roman term. It derives from VULCAN
which is the name of Roman fire god. Romans believed that Vulcan lived on a
volcanic Italian coast. Romans called the island VULCANO.
According to scientists, volcanic eruptions are divided in to four basic
groups. They are commonly known as Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian and Peleean.
The term of Hawaiian eruptions are named after the volcanoes in Hawaii. These
volcanic eruptions are the least violent type. They produce highly fluid lava which
flows quietly. This gradually builds up a shield volcano.
Strombolian eruptions are named after Stromboli. These result from the
constant release of gas from the magma. As the gas escapes, it produces tephra
that piles up, turning into a cinder cone. Strombolian eruptions happen when sticky
magma plugs the central vent. This makes the magmatic gas build up pressure until
it blasts. The magma is turned into volcanic dust and bombs.
Vulcanian eruption which comes from the ancient Roman belief, are more
violent than the strombolian eruption. Vulcanian eruption happens and brings magma
which is more viscous. Vulcanian explosions are usually larger and noisier than the
Strombolian eruptions.
Paleean eruptions are famous as the most violent kind of volcanic eruptions.
The name of paleean comes from the eruption of Mount Pelee, Martinique in 1902.
It killed almost 38 thousands people. A Peleean eruption occurs when the magmatic
gas build up tremendous pressure. This causes violent explosions with glowing
clouds of hot ash and dust.
FIND OUT

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=

Purpose: to describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Identification
2. Description
Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Using special technical terms



I inhabit a small area in south-western Western Australia. My species was quite

widespread in Australia before European settlement but now we are endangered.

I prefer areas of open woodland. I forage for my food in the mornings and
afternoons. At night I sleep in hollow logs or under fallen timber.

My body is about 25 centimeters long. My bushy tail is nearly as long as my body. I

am covered in a reddish-brown coat with white stripes. My front legs are shorter
then my back legs and I have small claws.

My ears are short but my snout is long I have a very long, sticky tongue for eating
termites I can eat over 10000 termites in one day.
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Purpose: To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural
phenomena.
Generic Structure:
1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.


 





If we talk about the Wonders of the World buildings, then we will see Eiffel Tower
as one of them. However many of us do not know the tower·s past history on why it
was build. Everything has the reasonable background, especially for the tower
which is to be one of the most recognized buildings in the world.

Primarily, the Eiffel Tower was built for the World Exhibition. It was called Paris
Exposition in 1889. The exhibition was organized to celebrate the 100th
anniversary of the French Revolution. The purpose of building Eiffel Tower in such
structure was to show to the world France·s advancement of technology and
beauty. The Eiffel Tower was designed by Gustave Eiffel. It seemed that then the
name of the tower was derived from the designer·s last name, ´Eiffelµ

Another reason on why the tower was built was for scientific progress. Although
few realized it, the Eiffel Tower would become the prominent structure in terms
of science and technology. Many experiment with temperature, pressure and
pendulums were performed atop the unique famous building. Additionally the Eiffel
Tower was used for radio transmission tower. Many experiments were conducted
atop the Eiffel Tower for radio transmission advancement. Once the Eiffel Tower
was proposed to be demolished but it was spared because the tower had the
promising future as a radio tower.

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NEWS ITEM

Purpose: to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Newsworthy event(s)
2. Background event(s)
3. Sources
Dominant Language Features:
1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
2. Using action verbs
3. Using saying verbs
4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner.

Camp Rock 2 The final Jam will Premieres on Disney Channel

It was announced on Tuesday that Disney Channel movie with tourmate Demi
Lovato, "Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam," will premiere on September 3 at 8 p.m. ET.

On July 27, long before they watch the sequel to the 2008 flick, fans can pick up
the soundtrack, featuring 15 original songs that a press release promises will span
genres from hip-hop to rock to pop.

The flick will not only have more summer lovin' between real-life couple Lovato and
Joe Jonas as Mitchie and Shane, but there will also be a little friendly rivalry
between the Camp Rockers and a group of musicians at another summer camp, Camp
Star, including a love interest for Nick Jonas, played by Chloe Bridges.

The JoBros promise the movie's music will be every bit as entertaining as its plot,
which has been kept a secret since the movie was shot. "The songs are really cool,"
Joe told MTV News.
Find out

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EXPOSITION/HOTRATORY

Purpose: to persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
Dominant Language features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition
Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple word.
Analytical is the answer of "How is/will" while hortatory is the answer of "How should". Analytical
exposition will be best to describe "How will student do for his examination? The point is the important
thing to do. But for the question" How should student do for his exam?" will be good to be answered
with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done

 

Most people agree that some form of family limitation or spacing is desirable for
the good of the family and society. But individuals and groups²especially religious
groups²differ sharply on the methods of birth control that they consider moral
and acceptable.

Couples that practice birth control do so for various reasons. They may want to
limit or space their children, or to have no children at all. Young couples often
postpone having children so that both partners can work full-time. Other couples
space their children so they can give each child as much attention as possible.
Some women are advised by their doctors to avoid pregnancy for health reasons.
In many countries with rapidly growing populations, the government encourages
couples to limit the size of their families.
Even though birth control has gained in acceptance, opposition to the practice is
continuous. Some people fear that birth control encourages sexual relations
outside marriage or that government might impose birth control. Some religious
groups oppose birth control on moral grounds.
Some religious groups teach that artificial methods of birth control are immoral
because they separate the two purposes of intercourse in marriage²conjugal love
and the procreation of children. Although they oppose all artificial birth control,
they consider natural family planning acceptable.

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DISCUSSION

Purpose: to present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (͚For/Pros͛ and
͚Against/Cons͛)
Generic Structure:
1. Issue
2. Arguments for and against
3. Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Use of relating verb/to be
3. Using thinking verb
4. Using general and abstract noun
5. Using conjunction/transition
6. Using modality
7. Using adverb of manner

Hacking: Pro and Contra?

Do you know what a hacker is? Well, a hacker is a person who enjoys exploring the
details of programmable systems on computers and they like to stretch the
capability of the systems. And you know what, the activities they do in the
computers are called ¶hacking·.

So, what·s the problem with ¶hacking and its hackers·? Well, the problem is whether
¶hacking and its hackers· is legal or illegal? What I mean is that people in the world
have many different views about hacking and the hackers. Some of them take
sides, but many object.

To get back to what I was saying previously, let us see the positive points of a
hacker, shall we? Although in most places breaking into computer systems is
considered illegal, I believe that hackers don·t do anything illegal because they only
want to know and try the systems. I dare to say that a hacker likes finding the
strengths and the weaknesses of a computer system. They feel proud if they can
find the weaknesses. So I don·t really see the crimes in this case. In addition,
these hackers sometimes help the police catch the ¶white collar criminals·, such as
bank robbers, money launderers, credit card forgers. For example, in 2000, the
U.S. hackers caught some Singaporean hackers who made ¶Virus Love· to break up
the programs of the U.S. National Security system.

Nevertheless, those who object to the good points of a hacker say that hacking is
a crime. The reason is that some hackers use their brilliant skills to break into
banks and other vital institutions where they can get money, destroy information,
and the worst thing is they can get secret information and sell it to another
country. This is a treachery.
Take for example, in 1994, The U.S. government broke a conspiracy of computer
hackers out of Majorca, Spain. These hackers were responsible for accessing and
eliminating 190,000 telephone credit card numbers over computer bulletin boards
in America and Europe. Seeing this fact, I don·t blame those who think negatively
about hackers.
To put the whole thing in a nut shell, I personally think that hackers are not bad
people with their brilliant skills. However, they could be bad because of money
orientation to get the wealth. That·s just the point.

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PROCEDURE
Purpose: to help readers how to do or make something completely
Generic Structure:
1. Goal/Aim
2. Materials/Equipments
3. Steps/Methods
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using Imperatives sentence
3. Using adverb
4. Using technical terms

   

 : How to charge hand phone battery

prepare your :
- hand phone
- battery charger

Steps :
1. Connect the charger to your hand phone, the flash symbol on the charger plug
must face upward.
2. Wait until the battery icon appears on the screen.
3. Charge the battery approximately 5 hours or until the battery icon indicates
that the battery is fully charged.
4. Remove the charger by pulling out from your hand phone.

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5.

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Purpose: to tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Twist
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged

!"  ! 

A man wanted to get the best and most defective weight loss program so he called
a company and ordered a 5-day, 10 lb. weight loss program.
The next day, there·s a knocked on the door and there stand before him a
voluptuous, athletic, 19 year old babe. She dressed in nothing but a pair of Nike
running shoes. She introduced herself as a representative of the weight loss
company. A sign was around her neck. The sign read, ´If you can catch me, you can
have me.µ So without a second thought, he took off after her. However, a few
miles later huffing and puffing, he finally gave up. The next four days, the same
girl showed up for and the same thing happened. On the fifth day, he weighed
himself and was delighted to find he had lost 10 lbs. as promised.
He felt satisfied and called the company and ordered the 5-day/20 pound
program.The next day, there was a knock at the door and there stand the most
÷tunning and beautiful woman he had ever ÷ n in hi÷ lif . Sh wa÷ w aring nothing
but R bok running ÷ho ÷. Th ÷ign around h
n ck that
ad, ´If you catch m
you can hav m .µ W ll, h wa÷ out th doo
aft
h
lik a ÷hot. Thi÷ gi
l wa÷ in
xc ll nt ÷hap and h did hi÷ b ÷t, but no ÷ch lck. So fo
th n xt fo
day÷,
th ÷am
tin happ n d with him g
adally g tting in b tt
and b tt
÷hap .
Mch t hi÷ d light n th fifth day wh n h w igh d him÷ lf, h di÷cv
d that
h had l÷t anth
20 lb÷. a÷ p
mi÷ d. Again h f lt ÷ati÷fi d with that p
g
am.
Th n h d cid d t g f
b
k and call d th cmpany t 
d
th 7-day/50
pnd p
g
am. ´A
y ÷
?µ a÷k÷ th

÷ ntativ n th hn . ´Thi÷ i÷ 

m÷t
ig
÷ 
g
am.µ H
li d;µAb÷lt ly,I hav n·t f lt thi÷ gd in y a
÷.µ
S th n xt day th
wa÷ a knck at th d
. Wh n h  n d it h find÷ a hg
m÷cla
gy ÷tanding th
w a
ing nthing bt ink
nning ÷h ÷. Th ÷ign
a
nd hi÷ n ck that
ad,µIf I catch y.

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RECOUNT

Purpose: to retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adjectives
Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so narrative and
recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple Past Continuous Tense, or Past
Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are in chronological order using time or place.
Commonly narrative text is found in story book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in
biography.
The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are constructed.
Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social conflict or psychological
conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these
conflicts inside recount text. Recount applies series of event as the basic structure

Child
n Day'÷
On Child
n'÷ Day in 1999, a t chnlgy cmany t
at d m
than 200 nd

ivil g d
child
n t a 'high-t ch' x
i nc . Th y w
giv n t
aining n inf
matin t chnlgy.
Th cmany want d t 
vid 
tniti ÷ f
th ÷ child
n t l a
n m

abt th Int
n t and th lat ÷t t chnlgy. Th y want d t h l th l ÷÷ f
tnat in
th cmmnity.
Th child
n had an njyabl and dcatinal x
i nc that day. Th y w
x÷ d t
th n w t chnlgy f
th fi
÷t tim and th y w
v
y int
÷t d. Th cmany h d
t cndct many m
÷ch t
aining ÷ ÷÷in÷ f
th ÷ child
n. Th y f ll that th ÷kill÷
th child
n had wld b ÷ fl t th m wh n th y g
w .
Th cmany wa÷ v
y activ in ca
ing f
th l ÷÷ f
tnat . Th y v n t a÷id
n day a y a
f
th i
mly ÷ t d vlnt
w
k t h l th n dy. Th y al÷
dnat d mn y t many cha
itabl 
gani÷atin÷.
Many  l had b n fit d f
m th i
ff
t÷. Many al÷ 
ai÷ d th cmany f
b ing ÷
g n
÷ twa
d÷ th n dy.

?
?

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?

 =
Purpose: to share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident
Generic Structure:
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda.
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers
2. Using material process
3. Using temporal conjunctions

Snak in Bath
m

Hw wld y lik t find a ÷nak in y bath?

W had j÷t mv d int a n w h÷ , which had b n mty f
÷ lng that
v
ything wa÷ in a t

ibl m ÷÷. Anna and I d cid d that w wld cl an th bath
fi
÷t, ÷ w ÷ t t, and t
n d n th ta.

Sdd nly t my h


, a ÷nak '÷ h ad a a
d in th lg hl . Th n t

÷lith
d th
÷t f hi÷ lng thin bdy. H twi÷t d and t
n d n th ÷li
y
bttm f th bath, ÷itting and hi÷÷ing at ÷.

F
an in÷tant I ÷td th
qit a
alyz d. Th n I y ll d f
my h÷band, wh

lckily cam
nning and kill d th ÷nak with th handl f a b
m.

Anna, wh wa÷ nly th
at th tim , wa÷ qit int
÷t d in th whl b÷in ÷÷.
Ind d I had t ll h
t f th way 
÷h 'd 
bably hav l an v
th bath
t g t a b tt
lk.

W fnd t lat
that it wa÷ a black mamba, a i÷n÷ kind f ÷nak . It had
bvi÷ly b n fa÷t a÷l , c
l d  at th bttm f th nic wa
m wat
-i . It
m÷t hav had an awfl ÷hck wh n th cld wat
cam t
ickling dwn! Bt nthing
t th ÷hck I gt! Ev
÷inc th n I'v alway÷ t th lg in fi
mly b f


nning.

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Purpose: to critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience
dominant Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretative Recount
4. Evaluation
5. Evaluative Summation
Dominant Language features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor

— # !$ 

It i÷ abt a yng mth
. It ha÷ a titl f ymmy mmmy. Thi÷ blg i÷


÷ ntativ f h
id a f b cming yng mth
. H 
÷ h
thght and inin n
thi÷ blg in
lating h
÷itin f a mth
f kid and a wif f a h÷band. B ÷id that,
÷h i÷ t
ying t mn tizing it
Thi÷ blg ha÷ f
÷h hy÷ical a a
anc . Sh ch÷ g
n b
d
f h
t mlat . Sh i÷
yng th
f
÷h ha÷ t hav a blg lk f
÷h and n
g tic. Sh lk÷ t hav ÷t
ng
ca
t h
baby that i÷ why w find h
mnthly cal nda
f f ding milk t h
baby
attach ÷ n th h ad
f th blg.
Sh i÷ nt nly a gd mth
f
h
baby bt al÷ a gd wif f
h
h÷band. Sh
x
÷÷ ÷ it in h
÷t lab l d w dding anniv
÷a
y. It i÷ a
mantic ÷c n . In th la÷t
÷h i÷ mn tizing thi÷ blg. It m÷t h l h
h÷band ÷
t financially th family. It i÷

ally a
f
nc blg f
v
y yng mth
and wif .
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