Islamic Law Research Guide
Islamic Law Research Guide
W. DIAMOND LAW LIBRARY RESEARCH GUIDES
Written by Aslihan Bulut
This guide is intended to help you get started with researching Islamic Law. The selective list of
resources is only a sampling of what is available on this topic. Please refer to the additional sources listed
throughout the guide for more indepth coverage of the topic. Islamic law is a reference to primary and
secondary sources of law and the methodology used to apply law. Islamic law originates in two major
sources, namely divine revelation (wahy) and human reason (aql). This dual identity of Islamic law is
reflected in Shariah and fiqh[1]. The former make up the primary sources discussed in part II and the
latter is the human understanding and knowledge derived from the primary sources discussed in part III.
Contents
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1 Primary Sources of Islamic Law
1.1 Quran
1.1.1 Online English Translations
1.1.2 Selective list of online translations:
1.2 Sunnah
1.2.1 Hadith/Qawliyyah
1.2.2 Shi'a Collections
2 Secondary Sources of Islamic Law
2.1 Tafsir (Interpretation of Quran)
2.2 Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence)
2.3 Madhhabs (Schools of Fiqh)
3 General sources on Islam
3.1 Encyclopedias
3.2 Periodicals
3.3 Books
3.4 Research Guides & Bibliographies & Indexes
4 Footnotes
Primary Sources of Islamic Law
The Arabic term for source in Islamic law is dalil (guide)[2]. There are two primary sources of Islamic
law: Quran and Sunnah. Quran and Sunnah make up Shariah (pathway), the source of all principles of
Islamic law[3].
Quran
The literal meaning of Quran is that which should be recited, read, or studied and refers to the book
embodying the revelation from Allah to Prophet Muhammad[4]. There is only one authentic and uniform
text of the Quran in Arabic that is in use throughout the Muslim world. The Arabic text is often found in
the English translations, some of which are provided below. However, there are many translations and
interpretations (discussed later) of the Arabic text. The leading translations in English[5] are available in
print and online:
Online English Translations
Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The Meaning of the Holy Qur'an.
Shakir, M.H. The Qur’an.
Pickthall, M. The Meaning of the Glorious Koran.
Irving, T.B. The Qur'ān : the first American version.
Selective list of online translations:
http://www.qurandatabase.org/
http://tanzil.info/
Online Quran Project, http://community.alquran.info/
Compared translations, http://www.islamawakened.com/quran/1/
http://quran.alislam.org/
Sunnah
Sunnah is roughly translated as the traditions and practices of Prophet Muhammad. There are three types
of Sunnah. 1) The sayings of the Prophet – Sunnah Qawliyyah/Hadith. 2) The actions of the Prophet –
Sunnah Al Filiyya. 3) Sunnah Taqrīriyyah, practices prevailing at the time of the Prophet which he did
not oppose or prohibit.
Hadith/Qawliyyah
Hadith/Qawliyyah are the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. The following sample searches in a library
catalog will yield many collections of hadith. Hadith – texts Hadith Criticism, interpretation, etc. The
six major Hadith collections listed below were collected by Islamic scholars approximately 200 years
after Prophet Muhammad's death. These are listed in order of authenticity.
1. Sahih Bukhari, collected by Imam Bukhari (d. 870), includes 7275 hadiths
a. Bukhari, Muhammad ibn Isma`il and WaheeduzZaman. Sahih Bukhari Sharif. Lahore:
Maktabah Rehmaniyah, 1900. 3 vols. in Urdu.
2. Sahih Muslim, collected by Muslim b. alHajjaj (d. 875), includes 9200
a. Muslim ibn alHajjaj alQushayri, Abdul Hameed Siddiqui. Sahih Muslim: being
traditions of the sayings and doings of the prophet Muhammad as narrated by his
companions and compiled under the title alJami`ussahih. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf,
19711975. 4 vols. in English.
3. Sunan alSughra, collected by alNasa'i (d. 915)
a. Bayhaqī, Aḥmad ibn alḤusayn. alSunan alṣaghīr. Karātshī, Bākistān : Jāmi’at alDirāsāt
alIslāmīyah, 1989. 4 vols. in Arabic.
4. Sunan Abu Dawood, collected by Abu Dawood (d. 888)
a. Abu Daud Sulayman ibn alAsh`ath alSijistani, Muhammad Mahdi Sharif. Sunan Abu
Dawud: the third correct tradition of the Prophetic Sunna = Sunan Abi Dawud. Beirut: Dar
alKotob alIlmiyah, 2008. 5 vols. in English.
5. Sunan alTirmidhi, collected by alTirmidhi (d. 892)
a. Muhammad ibn `Isá Tirmidhi, `Abd alWahhab `Abd alLatif, `Abd alRahman
Muhammad `Uthman. Sunan alTirmidhi wahuwa alJami` alsahih. alMadīnah al
Munawwarah, alMaktabah alSalafīyah, 196567. 5 vols. in Arabic.
6. Sunan ibn Majah, collected by Ibn Majah
a. Ibn Mājah, Muḥammad ibn Yazīd. Sunan Ibn Mājah. alQāhirah : Dār alḤadīth, 1998. 4
vols. in Arabic.
Shi'a Collections
There are also Shi’a Collections of Hadith. A subject search in a library catalog, such as, WorldCat for
Hadith (Shiites) will yield many sources. The prominent Shi’a collections include Twelver collections,
Ismaili, and Mu’tazili. These can also be used as search terms to locate relevant collections.
There are also bibliographies on Hadith, see: Brown, Jonathan A.C.. "Hadith". In Oxford Bibliographies
Online. 02Jul2010. http://www.oxfordbibliographiesonline.com.
Secondary Sources of Islamic Law
Tafsir (Interpretation of Quran)
Tafsir (interpretation of Quran) is the science of interpreting and rendering commentary on the Quran, its
exegesis. The sources of commentary on Islam are: 1) the Quran itself because a verse of the Quran is
often used to explain another verse; 2) the Hadith. Many of the collections listed above have sections
devoted to tafsir; 3) accounts of Sahabah, the companions of the Prophet Muhammad; 4) accounts of
Taibun, the generation that had direct contact with the Sahabah. A few of the prominent Tafsirs are listed
below. A search in a library catalog for Tafsir will yield many others.
Tafsir ibn Kathir (~1370). Isma`il ibn `Umar Ibn Kathir; Muhammad Nasib Rifa`i. Tafsir ibn
Kathir. London: AlFirdous, 1998. 6 vols. in English.
Tafsir alQurtubi (~1273). Muhammad ibn Ahmad Qurtubi; Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley. Tafsir
alQurtubi: classical commentary of the Holy Quran. London: Dar alTaqwa, 2003.
Tafsir alTabari (~922). Jāmi’ albayān ‘an ta’wīl āy alQur’ān, ta’līf Abī Ja’far Muḥammad ibn
Jarīr alṬabarī. Misr, Mustafá alBabi alHalabi, 19541968. 30 vols. in Arabic.
Tafsir alJalalayn (14601505). Jalal alDin Muhammad ibn Ahmad Mahalli; Suyuti; Feras
Hamza. Tafsir alJalalayn. AlQāhirah: Dār alQalam, 1966.
Tafsir Ibn Arabi. Ibn al`Arabi, (11651240) and Mu.hammad `Ali, `Abd alWarith. Tafsir al
Quran alKarim. Bayrut, Lubnan: Manshurat Mu.hammad ’Ali Bay.dun: Dar alKutub al’Ilmiyah,
2001. 2 vols. Sufi tafsir.
Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence)
Fiqh is the process of deducing and applying Shariah principles. Fiqh is also the collective body of laws
deduced from Shariah. Ijtihad (literally striving or exertion) is the process of making a legal decision by
independent or original interpretation of the legal sources, the Quran and the Sunnah. Ijtihad is embodied
in the works of jurists of various schools of thought. Fiqh and ijtihad are not to be equated with divine
revelation and, therefore, they are considered secondary to Quran and Sunnah. There are several
methodologies of fiqh, listed below, recognized by Islamic jurists and ijtihad occurs in a variety of forms.
A subject search in a library catalog for fiqh, Islamic jurisprudence, Islamic law will yield many general
collections. More specific sources discussing the methodologies below can be found by searching these
terms: ijma, qiyas, istihsan, istihab, urf.
Ijma (general consensus of opinion from among the companions of Muhammad or the learned
scholars)
Qiyas (analogical reasoning/deduction)
Istihsan (juristic preference to ensure equity/public interest)
Istihab (presumption of continuity)
Urf (local custom)
Madhhabs (Schools of Fiqh)
The nineteen schools of fiqh madhhabs that developed during the first four centuries of Islam has
condensed to five of which four are sunni and one shia[6]. The sunni schools are: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'I,
Hanbali and the shia school is Jafari.
General sources on Islam
Encyclopedias
There are many encyclopedia sets on Islam and Islamic law. Below is a selective list. A subject search in
a library catalog for Islamic law – Encyclopedias and Islam Encyclopedias should retrieve a list of the
collections available in the library. Additionally, browsing the collection under the Hicks/Schiller call
number, Islam 000, in Pegasus will retrieve several of these sets. There are also encyclopedias dedicated
to subjects within Islam/Islamic law, a few of these are listed below as well.
Khan, A. A. and Khan, T. M. Encyclopaedia of Islamic law. New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2006.
Razi, M. Encyclopaedia of Islamic jurisprudence. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2007.
Encyclopaedia of Islam (Online). Leiden: Brill, 2002.
McAuliffe, J. D. Encyclopaedia of the Quran. Boston: Brill, 2001.
Suad, J. Encyclopedia of women and Islamic cultures. Boston: Brill, 2003.
Oxford Islamic Studies online. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
The Cambridge History of Islam in four volumes from the complete Cambridge Histories Online.
The Cambridge History of Islam Vol. 1A: The central Islamic lands from preIslamic times
to the First World War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
The Cambridge History of Islam Vol. 1B: The central Islamic lands since 1918. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1978.
The Cambridge History of Islam Vol. 2A: The Indian subcontinent, SouthEast Asia, Africa
and the Muslim West. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
The Cambridge History of Islam Vol. 2B: Islamic Society and Civilization. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Periodicals
This is a selective list of periodicals. A subject search in a library catalog for Islamic law – Periodicals
will also retrieve a list of periodicals. Another option to locate articles is to search an index. Index to
Foreign Legal Periodicals has several Islamic journals indexed. For further information on locating
articles, please refer to our research guide, Finding Books and Articles on International and Foreign Law.
Islamic law and society (online). Islamic law and society (print). Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994.
Journal of Islamic and comparative law. Nigeria: Centre of Islamic Legal Studies, Faculty of Law,
Ahmadu Bello University, 1967.
Journal of Islamic Law & Culture (online). Journal of Islamic Law & Culture (print). Takoma
Park, Md.: Institute for Intercultural Relations, 2000.
UCLA journal of Islamic and Near Eastern law. Los Angeles: UCLA School of Law, 2002.
Journal of law and society. Peshawar: Legal Research Centre, Faculty of Law, University of
Peshawar, 1982.
Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern law. London: Kluwer Law International, 1995.
Arab law quarterly. London: Kluwer Law International, 1985.
Books
A search in Pegasus by Hicks/Schiller call# Islam will retrieve a list of the materials in our collection.
Another search in Pegasus by subject, Islam, will also retrieve relevant materials. Browsing the subject
headings under Islam will help narrow down this list. For more detailed information on finding books,
please refer to our research guide, Finding Books and Articles on International and Foreign Law.
Research Guides & Bibliographies & Indexes
Oxford Bibliographies Online, Islamic Studies. http://www.oxfordbibliographiesonline.com/
Index Islamicus. Bethesda, Md.: Cambridge Scientific Abstracts Internet Database Service.
Columbia Religious Studies Subject Guide.
Grossman, Andrew. LLRX. Finding the Law: Islamic Law (Sharia).
Raisch, Marylin Johnson. GlobaLex. Religious Legal Systems: A Brief Guide to Research and Its
Role in Comparative Law.
Wiles, Stephen. Harvard Law Library. Guide to Researching Islamic Law.
Santa Clara Law Library. A Guide to Islamic Law.
Franklin, Jonathan. University of Washington, Marion Gould Gallagher Law Library. Islamic Law
Resources at the Gallagher Law Library.
Amissah, Ralph. Lex Mercatoria. Islamic and International law.
Footnotes
1. ↑ Kamali, M.H. Characteristic features of Shari’ah. An Introduction to Shari’ah. Kuala Lumpur:
Ilmiah Publishers, 2006.
2. ↑ Khan, A.A. et. al. Encyclopaedia of Islamic Law. v.1 Concepts of Islamic Law. New Delhi:
Pentagon Press, 2006. p.59.
3. ↑ Ramadan, H.M. Understanding Islamic Law. Oxford: AltaMira Press, 2006. p.4.
4. ↑ Id., at 11.
5. ↑ Kidwai, A.R. Translating the Untranslatable – A Survey of English Translations of the Qur’an.
The Muslim World Book Review, Summer 1987.
6. ↑ For more information on the madhhabs, see Hallaq, W.B. The formation of legal schools. The
Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Kamali,
M.H. The leading schools of law(madhahib). An Introduction to Shari’ah. Kuala Lumpur: Ilmiah
Publishers, 2006.
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