NOTES

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 SMART STUDY ACCA ACCA P6 (ATX)

CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Income tax computation, Trust income, Tax Reducer

Chapter 2 Property & Investment income

Chapter 3 Employment income

Chapter 4 Pension & National Insurance Contribution

Chapter 5 Income from self-employment

Chapter 6 Capital allowances

Chapter 7 Basis period

Chapter 8 Trading losses

Chapter 9 Partnership

Chapter 10 Capital gain tax (Individual)

Chapter 11 Overseas aspects of income tax and CGT

Chapter 12 Inheritance tax

Chapter 13 Corporation tax, Groups & oversees issues for companies

Chapter 14 Value added tax (VAT)

Chapter 15 Self-assessment and payment of tax for individuals and companies

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 SMART STUDY ACCA ACCA P6 (ATX)

CHAPTER 1
Income Tax Computation, Trust Income, Tax Reducer
INCOME TAX is paid by individuals on his taxable income in a tax year.
Taxable income: Income from all sources except exempt income, minus reliefs & personal allowance.
Tax Year: income tax is calculated for tax year which runs from 6th April to 5th April. 6th April 20 to 5th April 21.
Individual: All individuals including children are called taxable person and pay income tax Non-UK Residents Pay UK
Income tax on their UK Income only while UK residents Pay UK income tax on their worldwide income.
1 UK RESIDENT PERSON:
STEP 1: Automatic Overseas Resident:
A person will automatically be treated as overseas resident (not resident in UK) if he is present in UK for:
• Maximum 15 days in a tax year.
• Maximum 45 days in a tax year and who has not been UK resident in previous three tax years.
• Maximum 90 days in a tax year, and who works full-time overseas.
STEP 2: Automatic UK resident person: Remember:
• A person who is in the UK for 183 days or more during a tax year.
• If a person meets both step 1 &step 2 then
• A person whose only home is in the UK.
step 1 will be preferred and he will be
• A person who carries out full time work in the UK.
considered non UK resident.
STEP 3: Sufficient ties test: • Individual is in UK if he is in UK at midnight
If a person is not treated UK resident as per automatic tests, then his status will be based on no of ties with the UK
and no of days they stay in the UK during a tax year.
UK Ties:
• Having close family (a spouse/civil partner or minor child) in the UK. (family)
• Having a house in the UK which is made use of during the tax year. (accommodation)
• Doing substantive work in the UK where 40 days or more is regarded as substantive. (work)
• Being in UK for more than 90 days during either of the two previous tax years. (Days in UK)
• Spending more time in the UK than in any other country in the tax year. (Country)
Days in UK Not UK Resident in any of previous 3 tax years UK Resident in any of previous 3 tax years
Upto 15 Automatically non resident Automatically non resident
16 to 45 Automatically non resident Resident if ≥4 UK ties
46 to 90 Resident if ≥4 UK ties Resident if ≥3 UK ties
91 to 120 Resident if ≥3 UK ties Resident if ≥2 UK ties
121 to 182 Resident if ≥2 UK ties Resident if ≥1 UK ties
2 TYPES OF INCOME
Exempt Income:
• Interest from national savings and investments certificates • Income received from individual saving account (ISA)
• Gaming winning, Batting, lottery and premium bonds winnings • State benefits paid in the event of accident, sickness or
• Scholarship paid to taxpayer is exempt while scholarship paid disability.
to taxpayer’s family member is taxable. • Interest on repayment of tax
Chargeable Income:
• Employment income (salary, bonus & Benefits.) • Trading income
• Property income (e.g. Rental income) • Pension income: Income received after retirement.
• Dividend Income • Saving income

Individual Saving account

ISA can be opened by individual aged ≥18 (16 for cash ISA) and resident in UK.
Income received is exempt from income tax and gain on disposal of investment is exempt from CGT.
➢ Types of Investment: a) Cash and cash like equity Products: b) Stocks and Shares:
➢ Subscription limits: For the tax year 2020/21 a person can invest up to £20,000 in ISA. The £20,000 limit is
completely flexible, so a person can invest £20,000 in a cash ISA, or they can invest £20,000 in a stocks and shares
ISA, or in any combination of the two – for example £10,000 in a cash ISA and £10,000 in a stocks and shares ISA.
➢ Additional Allowance: ISA limit of £20,000 will be extended by ISA deposit balance of the deceased person.

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3 INCOME TAX PRO FORMA
Mr. A Income Tax computation 2020/21
Other Income Saving Income Dividend Income
Trading income XX
Employment income XX
Property income XX
Interest income XX
Dividend income XX
Income from discretionary trust Gross income= Net X 100/55 XX
Income from interest in possession trust.
Paid from other income Gross income= Net X 100/80 XX
Paid from saving income Gross income= Net X 100/80 XX
Paid from dividend income Gross income= Net X 100/92.5 XX
Total Income XX XX XX
Less: Reliefs (See Note 1) (1) (2) (3)
Net Income XX XX XX
Less: Personal Allowance (See Note 2) (1) (2) (3)
Taxable Income XX XX XX
Calculation of income tax liability: (See Note 3 & 4)
Other Income X Tax rate of other income XX
Saving income X tax rate of saving income XX
Dividend income X tax rate of dividend income XX Remember:
Income Tax XX All incomes are included
Less: Marriage Allowance (See later in this chapter) (XX) GROSS in the pro-forma.
Less: Tax Reducer (See later in this chapter) (XX)
Less: Double Taxation Relief (XX)
Income Tax Liability XX
Less: Tax Deducted at Source
PAYE (XX)
Trust (7.5%, 20%, 45%) (XX)

Income Tax Payable XX

NOTE 1: Reliefs against Total Income:
Trading losses (covered in next chapters)
Qualifying interest: interest paid on qualifying loan is qualifying interest. Loan is qualifying if taken:
• To purchase plant or machinery used in business, by a partner • To purchase plant or machinery by an employee
• To invest in partnership by a partner. for use in job.
• To purchase shares in close trading company. (company • To purchase shares in an employee-controlled
controlled by ≤ 5 shareholders) trading company by a full time employee.
NOTE 2: Personal Allowance: Tax free income of a person is called personal allowance. It is deducted in the following
order: (i) other income (ii) saving income (iii) dividend income. Any unused personal allowance will be wasted.
Personal Allowance £12,500
Adjusted net Income £100,000
Adjusted net income (ANI):
Total Net income XX
Less: Gross Gift aid donation (100/80) (XX)
Less: Gross Personal Pension Contribution (100/80) (XX)
Adjusted net income (ANI): XX
• If ANI less than or equal to £100,000 personal allowance is £125,000.
• If ANI £125,000 or more then personal allowance is Nil.
• If ANI is between 100,000 and 125,000 P.A would be reduced by 50% of the amount which is above £100,000
Transferable amount of personal allowance or Marriage Allowance:
• If both parties in spouse are basic rate tax payer, then they can transfer personal allowance 1,250 to each other
called marriage allowance.
• Spouse/civil partner receiving the marriage allowance do not have to increased personal allowance instead income
tax reduced by £1,250 × 20% = £250. If income tax liability is less than £250 than it cannot create repayment.

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 SMART STUDY ACCA ACCA P6 (ATX)
NOTE 3: Calculation of Income Tax Liability:
Effective Amount Other In Saving In Dividend In
Starting Band Rate: £1 ------------ £5,000 £5,000 20% 0% 7.5%
Basic Rate Band: £5,001 ------------ £37,500 £32,500 20% 20% 7.5%
Higher Rate Band: £37,501 ------------ £150,000 £112,500 40% 40% 32.5%
Additional Rate Band: £150,000 ------------ Above 45% 45% 38.1%
Note: First £2,000 of the dividend income will always be taxed @ 0% for all taxpayers (Basic, higher, additional)
Special Relaxation on Saving income for Basic and Higher rate tax Payer:
Interest income will be taxed at 0% on amount of £1,000 for Basic Rate Tax Payer and £500 for Higher Rate tax payer.
These relaxations are applied after utilization of starting rate band.
NOTE 4: Extension of Basic and Higher Rate Band:
Effective amount of Basic rate band (32,500) will be extended by the gross amount of gift aid donations and personal
pension contribution. Gross amount = Net amount X (100/80)
• Relief: Basic rate tax payer 20%, higher rate tax payer 40% and Additional rate taxpayer 45%.
4 DONATIONS
Donation under payroll deduction scheme: (Paid gross & deducted from employment income), don’t extend bands.
Donation under gift aid scheme:
Individuals contribute net donation of 80% while remaining 20% will be contributed by HMRC. However basic & higher rate
bands will be extended by gross amount. Gross amount = Net amount X (100/80)
5 Taxation of Spouses Family:
Spouse: Normally Income received on jointly owned assets will be taxable on both partners on equal basis (50:50).
However, election is available for actual proportion of income to be assessed on each partner by declaring to HMRC.
Children: All children are taxable persons and required to pay income tax if their income is above personal allowance.
Income of £100 (gross) or less, which is directly transferred by a parent to minor child, will be treated as child’s
income. Income of more than £100 (gross), which is directly transferred from a parent to minor a child, will be treated
as parent’s income. This applies only to parents and not to any other relatives.
6 TAXATION OF TRUSTS
Trust: “A trust (also known as a settlement) is an arrangement in which a property is transferred to a group of persons
(known as the trustees) by a person (known as the settlor) for the benefit of other persons (known as the
beneficiaries).” The powers and duties of the trustees and the wishes of the settlor are laid out in the trust deed.
A trust may be created during the lifetime of the settlor, in which case the terms of the trust will be contained in the
trust deed. Alternatively, a trust may arise on the death of the settlor, in which case the terms of the trust will be laid
down in the will, or by the statutory provisions which apply on intestacy.
Discretionary trusts: Interest in possession trusts (or life interest trust):
“A discretionary trust is a flexible “An interest in possession (IIP trust) exists where a beneficiary has an interest
settlement where the beneficiaries have in the assets of the trust.”
no legal right to benefit from the income “An IIP can be the legal right to receive income generated by the trust assets,
or capital of the trust; any distribution of and/or to use a trust asset or live in a property owned by the trust.”
income or capital out of the trust is at the ➢ Life tenant of Trust: Beneficiary who receives the right to income or use of
complete discretion of the trustees.” an asset under an IIP.
➢ Remainder man: Beneficiary who receives the capital assets in the trust
when the life interest comes to an end.
6.1 Income tax implication of Trusts:
Income from discretionary trust Income from interest in possession trust:
Gross income= Net income X 100/55 If paid from non-saving Gross income= Net income X 100/80
If paid from saving income Gross income= Net income X 100/80
If paid from dividend income Gross income= Net income X 100/92.5
6.2 IHT charge on discretionary trust
The principal charge IHT is changed on the value of the property in the trust at each tenth anniversary of trust. The
IHT principal charge rate is 6% (30% of the lifetime rate of 20%) of the value of property in the trust at the tenth
anniversary.
Exit charge before first principal charge: If relevant property leaves the trust before ten years of creating a trust then
the exit charge IHT is 6% (30%) of the lifetime rate of 20%) of value of property at the time relevant property leaves
the trust.
Exit charge after a principal charge: If a property leaves the trust after principal charge then IHT charge is 6% (30% of
the lifetime rate of 20%) of the value of property reduced by a fraction that reflects the time elapsed since the tenth
anniversary. The fraction is x/40, where x is the number of complete quarters since the last tenth anniversary.

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 SMART STUDY ACCA ACCA P6 (ATX)
8 TAX REDUCERS
Enterprise Investment Scheme (EIS) Seed Enterprise Investment Scheme (SEIS) Venture Capital Trust (VCT)
Objective Designed to encourage investors to purchase shares of Designed to encourage investors to purchase shares Designed to provide funds to unquoted
unquoted trading companies. of unquoted trading companies. companies through a quoted company.
Investor • Subscribe new ordinary shares for cash • Subscribe new ordinary shares for cash Anyone can invest.
• Not employee or director of company • Not employee but can be director of company
• Owns 30% or less ordinary shares • Owns 30% or less ordinary shares
Annual Limit Max investment is £1,000,000 in a tax year. Max investment is £100,000 in a tax year. Max investment is £200,000 in a tax year.
Carry back If an individual wants to invest more than annual limit If an individual wants to invest more than annual Not available
facility then he can utilize unused annual limit of previous year limit then he can utilize unused annual limit of
& claim tax reducer in previous year previous year & claim tax reducer in previous year
IHT BPR Available if conditions are satisfied (see IHT). BPR Available if conditions are satisfied (see IHT). Not Available
Income Tax IT Reducer: Income tax reducer of 30% of investment. IT Reducer: Income tax reducer of 50% of IT Reducer: Income tax reducer of 30% of
Implication Can’t create tax repayment investment. Can’t create tax repayment investment. Can’t create tax repayment
As max annual investment is £1million so max IT reducer As max annual investment is £100,000 so max IT As max annual investment is £200,000 so
is = £300,000. reducer is = £50,000. max IT reducer is = £60,000.
Shares sold after 3 years: Shares sold after 3 years: Shares sold after 5 years:
No Income tax or NIC Implication. No Income tax or NIC Implication. No Income tax or NIC Implication.
Shares sold before 3 years: Shares sold before 3 years: Shares sold before 5 years:
• Repay full IT reducer If not sold at MV • Repay full IT reducer If not sold at MV • Repay full IT reducer If not sold at MV
• If sold at MV then repay lower of: • If sold at MV then repay lower of: • If sold at MV then repay lower of:
a) Full income tax reducer & a) Full income tax reducer & a) Full income tax reducer &
b) 30% of selling price b) 50% of selling price b) 30% of selling price
Dividend: Whenever received is taxable Dividend: Whenever received is taxable Dividend: Whenever received is exempt.
Capital gain: Capital gains exempt if shares are sold after Capital gain: Capital gains exempt if shares are sold Capital gain on disposal of shares is
CGT 3 years and taxable if sold before 3 years. after 3 years and taxable if sold before 3 years. exempt whether sold before or after 5
Implication Capital Loss: Capital Loss: years.
• Relief is available for capital loss if shares are sold • Relief is available for capital loss if shares are sold
within or after three years: within or after three years:
– Deduct capital loss from capital gains or – Deduct capital loss from capital gains or
– Deduct capital loss from total income of the – Deduct capital loss from total income of the
current and previous tax years. current and previous tax years.
Note: If loss then cost of shares is calculated as follows: Note: If loss then cost of shares is calculated as
Proceeds − cost = Loss − EIS Reducer = Capital loss follows:
Proceeds − cost = Loss − EIS Reducer = Capital loss

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 SMART STUDY ACCA ACCA P6 (ATX)

CHAPTER 2
PROPERTY INCOME & INVESTMENT INCOME
1 Premium Received on Grant of Short Lease (lease for a period of ≤50 years)
Taxable Premium = Total Premium X (51 - Number of complete years of lease)/50
Grant of Sub Lease: In case of sublease premium received by tenant is taxable and calculated as follows:
Amount assessable on sub lease XX Relief = Taxable premium for head lease × Duration of sub lease
Less: Relief * (XX) Duration of head lease
XX
2 Rental income
Cash basis: The cash basis is now the default basis for calculating property income for individuals and partnerships.
However, it is still possible to opt to use the accruals basis, and the accruals basis must be used if property income
receipts exceed £150,000.
In many cases, there will be no difference between the cash basis and the accruals basis. The following are treated the
same under both the cash basis and the accruals basis:
• Security deposits (these are returned to the tenant on the cessation of a letting so not treated as income).
• Replacement furniture relief.
• Relief for property income losses.
• Premiums received.
£
Rent XX
Less: Allowable Expenses (only revenue expenditure)
- Repairs, Redecoration, or replacements (not capital expenses) (XX)
- Interest on loan to acquire or improve property (Not for companies) (XX)
- Insurance, Agents fees, Advertisement, Management expenses (XX)
- Water rates (if paid by landlord) (XX)
- Council tax (if paid by landlord) (XX)
- Bad Debts (actual bad debts not provisions) (XX)
- Other expenses incurred for earning the above rent (XX)
- Replacement furniture & furnishing allowance (XX)
Property Business Profit/Loss XX
• Depreciation is not an allowable expense.
• Individuals can now use HM Revenue and Customs’ (HMRC) approved mileage allowances when calculating
property income. This is as an alternative to using the actual motor expenses incurred.
Replacement furniture relief
Individuals and companies can now deduct the actual cost of replacing furniture and furnishings when calculating the
property income from renting out a residential property. Furnishings include items such as beds, televisions, fridges
and freezers, carpets and floor coverings, curtains, and crockery and cutlery.
There is no relief for the initial cost of furniture and furnishings. There is only relief when assets are replaced.
The amount of relief is reduced by any proceeds from selling the old asset which has been replaced.
Also, relief is not given for any cost which represents an improvement. For example, if a washing machine is replaced
with a washer & dryer, only the cost of an equivalent washing machine qualifies for relief.
Replacement furniture relief does not apply to furnished holiday lettings because the cost of furniture and
furnishings in such properties qualifies for capital allowances.
3 Property Business Loss
a) If there are more than one properties which are let out then profit or loss of each property will be calculated in
the same way and then profits or losses are aggregated together to find Net property income or loss.
b) Remaining loss will be carry forward indefinitely and set off against first available future property business profit.
4 Rent a Room Relief
• If an individual lets furnished room in his main residence then rental income will be lower of:
1 2
Rent XX Rent XX
Less: allowable deductions (XX) Less: £7,500 (rent a room relief) (XX)
Profit XX Profit XX/Nil
NOTE: Rent received from room/rooms is shared within spouses; the lower value will be shared between them in 50:50.

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 SMART STUDY ACCA ACCA P6 (ATX)
5 Property income finance cost
Loan taken for FHL or Non-residential property: Interest expense is 100% deductible from property income.
Loan taken for residential property:
• Interest expense is not deductible from property income instead 20% of interest expense will be deducted from
income tax liability.
6 Furnished Holiday Letting (FHL)
FHL income is calculated on cash basis unless gross rental income exceeds £150,000.
Conditions to qualify as FHL: Benefits of FHL:
• Property must be situated in UK or EEA (European • Capital allowances will be available in respect of furniture
Economic Area) may qualify as FHL. & equipment instead furniture replacement allowance.
• Must be furnished and let commercially to earn profit. • FHL profits are considered as relevant earnings for
• Available for letting to general public for ≥210 days in a personal pension contributions.
tax year. • On gift of FHL property BPR @100% is available in IHT.
• Actually, let for ≥105 days in a tax year (Excluding long • CGT Rollover relief is available if the owner invests in
term letting) (≥105 days on average if more than one another furnished holiday letting.
FHL acc.) • CGT Gift relief is available on the gift of a furnished
• Not Available for long term letting. If let on long-term holiday letting.
then total of such letting should not exceed 155 days. • CGT Business asset disposal relief is available on the
disposal of a furnished holiday letting.
NOTE: Letting of more than 31 consecutive days to same NOTE: Loss of FHL can only be set off against future income
person is called long term letting. of same FHL
7 Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT)
It is a trust which is quoted/ listed in stock exchange and it holds diversified portfolio of investment property to earn
rentals and capital appreciation. Dividend received from REIT is net of 20% tax and not treated as dividend income
instead it will be treated as property income and grossed up by 100/80.
8 Accrued Income Scheme
It is applicable upon Govt. securities & debentures having value more than £5,000 at any time during tax year. In this
scheme interest is deemed to be accrued on daily basis (calculate on monthly basis in exams) so the price of
debenture is apportioned between interest & capital element.
CHAPTER 3
EMPLOYMENT INCOME
1 Determination of Employment
The following factors are considered in order to determine whether a person is employee or not.
• Contract of Service • Equipment: Provided by employer.
• Obligation of Work: • Insurance: Provided by employer.
• Place of work: Decided by employer • Financial risk: Employees have No financial risk.
• Payment: Fix Monthly/ weekly payment. • Control: Employer decides work and time of work.
2 Calculation of Employment Income:
Earnings: It includes salary, bonus, commission, statutory sick pay, statutory maternity pay, golden hellos, third party
payments, golden handshake and restrictive covenant payments.
Earnings (Receipt basis rule) X
Add: Benefits X
X
Less: allowable deductions (X)
Employment income X
Receipt Basis Rule:
Earnings are calculated for a tax year (6April—5April) on receipt basis rule.
Receipt basis rule for all employees Receipt basis rule for all Directors
Earning are deemed to be received on Earning are deemed to be received on earlier of:
earlier of: a) Payment date
a) Payment date b) Entitlement date
b) Entitlement date c) When amount is received as liability in company accounts.
d) Later of year end date of employer or determination date of earnings.

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 SMART STUDY ACCA ACCA P6 (ATX)
3 ALLOWABLE DEDUCIONS
• Qualifying travel expenses.
Normal workplace

X √
Home
√ Temporary workplace = ≤24 months

• Fee and subscriptions to professional bodies • Contribution to occupational pension scheme.

• Gift aid donations under payroll deduction scheme. • Capital Allowances in respect of equipment
• Payment to charity under payroll deduction scheme. which is being used in employment.
• Cost of any shares acquired in an approved Share incentive plan (SIP)
Approved Millage Allowance (AMA): Millage allowance is paid by employer to employee if employee used his own
vehicle. Amount up to AMA is exempt, excess is taxable and less is allowable deduction.
Car/Van 10,000 miles £0.45 per mile
Above 10,000 miles £0.25 per mile
Motor Cycle £0.24 per mile
Cycle £0.20 per mile
Passenger Allowance 5 pence per mile
(For passenger allowance, allowable deduction is not allowed in case of less than 5 pence /mile. If above 5 pence
/mile, there will be taxable benefit in kind on the amount above 5 pence)
4 EXEMPT BENEFITS
• Free or subsidized meals at on-site canteen or restaurant if • Christmas parties, annual dinner dances, etc for staff are
available to all employees. exempt, if employer incurs up to £150 p.a. per head.
• Provision of parking space at or near place of work • The provision of a security asset or security service by
including reimbursement of cost of such parking place. reason of employment.
• Workplace childcare, sports or recreation facilities. • Welfare counseling service if available to all employees
• Payment to approved child career is exempt per week upto • Relocation and removal expenses are exempt up to
£55 for basic, £28 for higher and £25 for additional rate £8000; excess is taxable.
taxpayer.
• The provision of one mobile phone including balance. • Premium paid by employer for employee’s Permanent
• Employer's contribution to an approved pension scheme Health Insurance and death in service benefits.
(both occupational and personal). Private health insurance is taxable.
• Entertainment to employee by reason of his employment, • Reimbursement of expenses by employer when
by a third party, e.g. a ticket at sporting or cultural event. employee is away from home.
• Gifts, received, by a reason of his employment, from – £5/night in UK and £10/night if overseas. If exceeds
genuine third parties, provided the cost from any one whole amount is taxable.
source doesn't exceed £250 in a tax year. • Pension advice of upto £150 per employee per tax year
• Long service awards in kind (e.g. gold watches) are exempt is exempt if available to all employees.
up to £50 for each year of service of 20 years or more. • Awards for upto £25 under staff suggestion scheme,
• Home workers additional household expenses of up to £6 which is available to all employees for suggestions
per week can be paid tax-free without any evidence. outside their duties.
• Work buses, subsidized public bus service, and the • Some beneficial loans (see later)
provision of bicycles and cycling safety equipment. • An annual £500 exemption per employee has been
• Trivial benefits which don’t cost more than £50/ employee introduced where an employer pays for medical
provided these benefits are not cash or cash voucher. treatment due to ill-health or injury.
• The cost of work-related training course. • Scholarship paid to taxpayer is exempt while scholarship
paid to taxpayer’s family member is taxable.
Dispensation: It is an arrangement between employer and HMRC not to report certain benefits provided to employee
to reduce administration burden.
5 TAXABLE BENIFITS
GENERAL RULE: As a general rule cost of providing Benefits (mean Marginal or Additional cost) is taxable to
employees unless they are specific statutory rules.
Remember that:
• Where a benefit is only available for part of the year; the assessable amount is time apportioned.
• Where an employee contributes towards the benefit, the employee contribution is an allowable deduction
(exception = the provision of private fuel).
5.1 Vouchers: All kinds of vouchers (e.g. cash vouchers, goods vouchers, lunch vouchers) provided to employees
are taxable on the cost to employer.

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 SMART STUDY ACCA ACCA P6 (ATX)
5.2 Living Accommodation: Taxable benefit will be
Annual value X
Plus: Additional Benefit if cost of accommodation is > 75000 X
X
Reduction for unavailability (X)
Contribution by employee for use of house. (X)
Taxable benefit X
Additional Benefit
Duration between Purchase date and provision Date
Less than 6 Years More than 6 years
Purchase Price XX Market Value @ Provision Date XX
Plus: Capital Improvements before 6 April 20 XX Plus: Capital Improvements after provision XX
Less: (Fix Amount 75,000) (75,000) date but before 6 April 20
. XX . Less: (Fix Amount 75,000) (75,000)
Additional Benefit @2.25% XX . XX .
Additional Benefit @2.25% XX
➢ Accommodation Provided is Rented By Employer: ➢ Job Related Accommodation: It is Exempt.
Taxable benefit will be higher of: Accommodation is job related if provided for:
a) Rent actually paid by employer a) Proper performance of the employee’s duties
b) Annual value/Ratable value. b) Better performance of the employee’s duties
No Additional Benefit in this case. c) Security arrangement for threat to employees’ life.
* Directors can claim exemption under first two points.
5.3 Expenses Connected with Living Accommodation: Expenses such as lighting and heating are taxable on the
employee if they are paid by employer. If accommodation is job related, taxable limit is 10% of employment income.
5.4 Car Benefit:
Pool cars: No taxable benefit will arise if car provided is a pool car. Car is considered pool car if:
a) It is used by more than one employee. b) Any private use is incidental.
c) It is not normally kept overnight at or near the residence of an employee.
Not Pool Car: if car is not pool car then Taxable benefit will be.
Adjusted List price (Note 1) x CO2 emission % X
Less: Non availability (if car not available whole year) (X)
Less: Employee contribution for private use (X)
Taxable benefit X
Appropriate Percentage for Petrol- & Diesel-Powered Motor Cars:
CO2 Emission Petrol Car Diesel Car (Meet RDE-2 Diesel Car (Not Meet
Standard) RDE-2 Standard)
51g/km ----------- 54g/km 13% 13% 17%
55g/km 14% 14% 18%
Above 55g/km If CO2 emission >55g/km then 1% increase for each complete additional
5 grams of CO2 emission. Maximum percentage is 37%
Appropriate Percentage for Electric Powered Motor Cars:
A 0% percentage applies to electric-powered motor cars with zero CO2 emissions means these are exempt.
Appropriate Percentage for Hybrid Electric Motor Cars: For hybrid-electric motor cars with CO2 emissions between 1
and 50 grams per kilometre, the electric range of a motor car is relevant:
Electric range %
130 miles or more 0%
70 to 129 miles 3%
40 to 69 miles 6%
30 to 39 miles 10%
Less than 30 miles 12%
No extra benefit will arise for cost of insurance, repair & maintenance and running cost because it is included in car benefit.
An additional separate benefit (cost to employer) will arise if chauffeur (driver) is also provided for private use of car.
5.5 Fuel Benefit: If Employer provide fuel for private use of motor car, then fuel benefit will be calculated as:
Fuel benefit = £24,500 x CO2% (calculated for car benefit)
If employee reimburses the full fuel cost to employer, then no fuel benefit will arise however full fuel benefit will arise
if employee reimburses partial fuel cost to employer. Fuel benefit will be reduced if not available for whole year.

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5.6 Van Benefit:
If van is provided to employee for private use then taxable benefit of £3,490 p.a. will arise. If employer also provides
fuel for the van then additional taxable benefit of £666 p.a. will arise. Both Van benefit & fuel benefit will be divided
equally if van is used by more than 1 employee. Both benefits will be reduced if van is not available for whole year.
5.7 Use Of Asset:
If employer provides asset (except those which have special rules e.g. car, vans etc.) to an employee for private use
Then Taxable Amount is the higher of:
a) 20% × market value of the asset when first provided (reduce if not available whole year)
b) Rent paid by employer (if asset is rented)
5.8 Gift Of Asset:
➢ Gifted New Asset to Employee: Taxable benefit will be equal to cost to employer.
➢ Gifted Used/2nd hand Asset to Employee: Market value at time of transfer is taxable.
➢ 1st Asset was Provided for Use Then Subsequently Gifted to Employee: Taxable benefit will be higher of:
1 2
Market value when gifted to employee X Market value of Asset when 1st provided X
Less: benefits already taxed for use of Asset (X)
Less: Price paid by employee (X)
Less: Price paid by employee (X)
Benefit X Benefit X
5.9 Beneficial Loans:
A beneficial loan is one made to an employee below the official rate of interest of 2.25%.
Taxable benefit will be calculated as follows:
Interest expense as per HMRC X
Interest expense actually paid (X)
Taxable benefit X
➢ Interest Expense as per HMRC: Interest as per HMRC is lower of:
1) Average Method: 2) Strict Method/Precise Method
{(Loan outstanding at start of tax year + Loan outstanding Balance of Loan outstanding in months X months X 2.25%
at end of tax year)/2} x 2.25% (official rate %) 12
• If amount of loan is <£10,000 then this will be treated as small loan and is exempt.
• Qualifying loan (see ch. 1) is not taxable.
• Amount of Loan written off is taxable.
7 Redundancy payment/ Termination Benefits
Fully Exempt Fully Taxable Partially Exempt
• Payment for injury, disability or death. • Payment in lieu of notices • Genuine ex gratia termination payment
• Lump sum payment from an approved • Payment which is contractual – First £30,000 is exempt. (Limit reduced
pension scheme. or usual employer practice. by statutory redundancy payment)
• Statutory redundancy payment. • Restrictive covenants.
Genuine ex gratia termination payments include Compensation for loss of office, Damages for breach of contract of
wrongful dismissal, compensation for impact on employee’s goodwill.
Payment in lieu of notices: If it is neither contractual nor the usual custom of the employer need to be thought of as
having two parts:
(i) An amount equal to the pay which the employee would have received if he/she had been allowed to work their
notice period. This is subject to income tax and class 1 NIC.
(ii) Any amount remaining. This qualifies to be exempt from both income tax and NIC under the £30,000 rule.
Note: Termination payments are received Net of PAYE if paid before the employer issues the employee’s P45, or Net of
20% tax if received after the cessation of employment (i.e. after the P45 has been issued). Taxed as top slice means
taxed after dividend income.
If a person is receiving ex-gratia payments and he is approaching his retirement age then £30,000 exemption will be
withdrawn and it will become fully taxable. It is called unapproved retirement benefit.
8 Approved and Unapproved Share option Schemes:
Grant of option Exercise of option Disposal of Shares
Approved No tax No tax (may arise in EMI only) Capital gain arises.
Sale proceed X
Cost of option (X)
Exercise price (X)
Capital Gain/Loss (Note:1) X

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Unapproved No tax Income tax charge: Capital gain arises.
MV @ exercise date X Sale proceed X
Cost of option (X) MV @ exercise date (X)
Exercise price (X) Capital Gain/Loss X
Employment income X
Class 1 employee & employer NIC
arise if quoted and Class 1A NIC if
unquoted.
Cost of operating all approved schemes is an allowable trading expense for the company.
Approved Share Option Scheme
Saving Related Share option scheme (SAYE):
• Under this scheme companies provides small no of share options to their employees.
• Employees pay maximum £500/month for a period of 3, or 5 years.
• Amount in fund is reinvested and related interest is added into funds on tax free basis. At the withdrawal date
accumulated amount in fund will be used to take up Share options free of income tax & CGT. Alternatively he can
withdraw his cash on tax free basis.
Conditions to set up scheme:
• Participation in scheme should be available to all employees on similar terms;
• It is acceptable to exclude employees who have worked less than 5 years for the company.
• Exercise price of the option must be fixed at grant date of option and should greater than 80% of the market value
of shares at grant date.
Tax implication: Same as for approved scheme. (see above table)
Company share option plan (CSOP): Company allocates share options to selected employees (on its own discretion)
and no contribution from employees is required.
Conditions to set up scheme:
• Company can allocate share option to any employee (part time or full time) or full time working director or director
working ≥25 hours per week.
• Participation need not to be opened to all employees nor on equal terms.
• Share options must be exercised between a period of 3 ̶ 10 years from grant date.
• Market value of shares held under options could be ≤£30,000/employee at grant date.
• Exercise price must be fixed at grant date will be equal to market value at grant date.
• Employees already having ≥ 30% shares of CO. are not eligible.
Tax implication: Same as for approved scheme. (see above table)
Enterprise Management Incentive (EMI): Company allocates share options to selected employees (on its own
discretion) and no contribution from employees is required.
Conditions to set up scheme:
• An employee is granted share options having value ≤£250,000. However total value of share options granted under
this scheme should not exceed £3 million.
• Company must be a trading company, ≤250 full time employees, Gross assets of ≤£30 million.
• The options must be exercised within 10 years from grant date.
• Business asset disposal relief will be available even if employee owns less than 5% shares.
• Share options can be granted at any price (at discount or at premium).
• Employee must be working for at least 25 hours per week or if less than at least 75% of his working time should be
engaged with the company. (for e.g. if an employee works 20 hours in a week then at least 15 hours (i.e. 75%) are
with that company in order to qualify for the scheme)
Tax implication:
Exercise Price ≥ Market Value at grant date Normal Approved scheme Tax Implication
Exercise Price < Market Value at grant date Grant Date: No Tax Implication
Exercise Date: Income tax & NIC will are arise on:
= MV @ grant date – Exercise price
Disposal Date: Sale proceed X
MV @ grant date (X)
Capital Gain/Loss X

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9 Share Incentive
Unapproved Share incentives:
Grant Date: Disposal Date:
MV of shares @ grant date XX Disposal Proceeds XX
Less: price paid (if any) (XX) Less: MV of shares @ grant date (XX)
Taxable benefit for income tax. XX Capital gain/loss. XX/(XX)
NIC: Class 1 employee & Class 1 employer NIC will arise if
quoted shares and Class 1A if unquoted.
Approved Share incentives:
Share Incentive Plan (SIP)
• Under this scheme employer can grant shares having value up to £3,600/ employee free of cost.
• On the basis of free shares employee can purchase further share up to £1,800 these are called partnership shares. The
cost of partnership shares incurred by employee is an allowable deduction under employment income but up to
maximum of 10% of salary.
• On the basis of partnership shares employer can further grant free shares as 2 for 1 matching shares.
• Dividend upon shares in plan can be invested into purchase of further shares in tax free environment.
Conditions to set up scheme and Tax implication:
• All the employees can participate in the scheme.
• Plan should not have any arrangement for loan to employees.
Income tax • Shares in plan are retained for ≥5 years then No income tax or NIC arise.
• Shares are withdrawn after 3 years but before 5 years, income tax and NIC arise on lower of:
a) Value of shares when assigned and b) Value at date of withdrawal.
• Shares are withdrawn before 3 years; income tax and NIC arise on market value of the shares at
the date of withdrawal.
CGT • Capital gain arises on disposal of shares and calculated as:
Capital gain = Disposal proceeds less value of shares at withdrawal date.
10 Personal Service Company (IR35):
If an individual incorporates a company The deemed salary will be calculated as follows:
independently and starts providing services in his Total receipt of the company XX
personal capacity this is called personal service Less: statutory deduction (5% of total receipt) (XX)
company. If HMRC identifies that in the absence of Less: Actual salary paid by company (XX)
incorporation individual is being providing services Less: Class 1 employer NIC paid by company (XX)
as an employee does, then whole receipts of the Less: Allowable expenses incurred for employee (XX)
company will be treated as deemed salary for the Deemed salary including NIC XX (B)
individual from the related client. Less: Class 1 employer NIC upon deemed Salary:
Note: Dividend received from personal service (B x 13.8%)/113.8% (XX)
company will be ignored. Net Deemed Salary liable to income tax XX .

CHAPTER 4
PENSION
OCCUPATIONAL PENSION SCHEME (OPC) PERSONAL PENSION SCHEME (PPC):
• Employee Contribution is deducted from his employment • PPC is managed by private institutions. ( eg banks)
income and employer contribution (exempt benefits for • Contribution in PPC is gross up by 100/80 and basic &
employee) is deducted from his trading profit. higher rate bands will be extended by this gross amount
• Contribution made to OPC is gross.
Relief:
Only available if individual is UK resident, aged less than 75 years and member of a registered pension scheme.
Maximum Relief is available on higher of
a) £3,600
b) Relevant earning. (Trading Profit + Employment income + Furnished holiday letting Profit)
Annual Allowance (AA): Annual limit is only available if a person is a member of a pension scheme in that tax year.
Annual Limits available
2017/18 (£40,000) (£40,000 – Employee & Employer pension contribution) XX/Nil if negative
2018/19 (£40,000) (£40,000 – Employee & Employer pension contribution) XX/Nil if negative
2019/20 (£40,000) (£40,000 – Employee & Employer pension contribution) XX/Nil if negative

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2020/21 ➢ Threshold Income ≤ £200,000 = A.A £40,000
➢ Threshold Income > £200,000 then calculate adjusted income
a) Adjusted Income ≤ £240,000 = A.A £40,000 XX
b) Adjusted Income ≥ £312,000 = A.A £4,000
c) Adjusted Income £240,000 to £312,000
A.A =£40,000 less (Adjusted income − £240,000)/2
Total Annual Limit Available XXX
Threshold Income = Total Net Income Less Individual personal pension contribution
Adjusted Income = Total Net Income plus individual occupational pension contribution plus any employer contributions to
either occupational or personal pension schemes
Annual allowance charge: If actual contribution (employee plus employer) exceeds total available annual limit than
excessive contribution will be added in main Performa (other income) by name of annual allowance charge.
Pension Benefit:
Received when an individual is aged 55 years or more. Pension can be claimed before this age if the individual is
incapacitated due to ill health.
At eligible age Individual can take tax free lump sum payment 25% of lower of:
a) Amount in fund b) Life time allowance
Remainder 75% amount in the fund will be taxable when withdrawn as other income and taxed at 20%/40%/45%.
Life Time Allowance:
An individual can contribute £1,073,100 during his life time.
Note: If the fund exceeds £1,073,100 and the excess is to be used to fund a larger annuity the tax charge will be 25% of the
excess. Where the taxpayer chooses to take the excess in cash the tax charge will be 55% of the excess.
Benefits of Pension contribution: The following benefits are available if pension is registered with HMRC.
(i) Tax relief
(ii) Employer contribution into pension is exempt benefit for employee.
(iii) On retirement some pension benefit can be obtained as tax free lump-sum payment.

NATIONAL INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS

All types of NIC are payable if an individual is aged 16 or over until he reaches state pension age.
Class 1 NIC
Class 1 employee and class 1 employer NIC are exempt after state pension age however class 1A NIC is still payable by
employer
Cash Employment income of Employee/Cash Earnings Non-Cash Employment Income of
(Wages, salary, overtime pay, Commission, Bonus, tips and gratuities from employee
employer, quoted shares, vouchers, payment of travel between home and (e.g. living accommodation benefit,
work, Approved millage allowance of above45p/mile) car benefit, fuel benefit, beneficial
loan, use of asset, gift of asset etc.)
Class 1 Employee NIC (Paid by Employee) Class 1A NIC (Paid by Employer)
Cash Earnings Rates • It is payable by employer on
£1 – £9,500 per year Nil taxable non-cash benefits @ 13.8%
£9,500 – £50,000 per year 12% • Employer can deduct this NIC from
Above £50,000 per year 2% trading profit.
• Contribution is not allowable deductions for employee. It is paid by 19th July following the
• Contributions are payable by 19th of each month while 22nd of each month end of the tax year. 19 July 2021 for
in case of electronic return. 2020/21.
Class 1 Employer NIC (Paid by Employer)
Cash Earnings Rates
£1 – £8,788/Annum Nil
Above £8,788 13.8%
• Employment Allowance: It is relaxation of £4,000/annum for employer.
NIC payable to HMRC = Total class 1 employer NIC of all employees less £4,000
• The employment allowance is not available if director is sole employee
• Employer can deduct this NIC from trading profit.
Paid by 19th of each month while 22nd of each month for electronic return.

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NIC Paid by Self Employed
Class 4 NIC Class 2 NIC
It is calculated on taxable trading profits after deducting brought forward • Payable by self-employed @
trading losses if any follows: £3.05/week if trading profit of tax
Trading Profit Rates year exceeds £6,475.
£1 – £8,632 per year Nil • It is not allowable deduction from
£8,633 – £50,000 per year 9% trading profit.
Above £50,000 per year 2% • It is paid by 31 January after the
• It is not allowable deduction from trading profit. end of tax year. 31/01/22 for
• Payable with income tax under self-assessment system. 2020/21.

CHAPTER 5
INCOME FROM SELF EMPLOYMENT
BADGES OF TRADE: These are the factors which indicates that an individual is trading.
• Subject matter of transaction (S). - are the goods of a type normally used for trading?
• Ownership Duration (O). – short period of ownership is more likely to indicate trading.
• Frequency of similar transactions by the same person (F). – frequent transactions indicate trading.
• Improvements and marketing (I). – work performed on goods to make them more marketable indicates trading.
• Circumstances/reason for the sale (R). – forced sale to raise cash indicates not trading.
• Motive (M). – intention to profit may indicate trading
➢ TRADING PROFIT ADJUSTMENTS
Net profit per accounts X
ADD BACK: Disallowed expenses which has been deducted X
LESS: Allowable expenses which has not been deducted (X)
LESS: Non-trading income and gains which has been added in trading profit (X)
Tax adjusted trading profit X
➢ Income included but NOT taxable under trading profit: Capital Gains, Property Income, Interest Income and
Dividend received.
➢ ALLOWED AND DISALLOWED EXPENSES
• Qualifying (eligible) interest is disallowed.
• Interest paid on borrowings for trading purposes is allowable.
• Interest paid to HMRC on overdue tax is not deductible and interest received from HMRC on overpaid tax is not
taxable.
• Payment for infringement of Law (e.g. Fines) is disallowed unless car parking fine paid on behalf of an employee.
• Damages are allowable if related to trade and not a fine for breaking the law.
• Provisions for future costs as per IAS are allowable.
• Pre-trading expenditure is allowable if it is incurred in the seven years before a business start to trade and follows
the above rules.
• Expenditure relating to proprietor’s car, telephone ------ etc is disallowed.
• Salaries accrued at year end, Redundancy, loss of office, Removal expenses and counseling service for redundant
employees is allowable
• Insurance expense and Patent Royalties are allowable.
• Loss due to theft or fraud by employee (not owner or not director) is allowable if not covered by insurance.
• Payment of class 1 (employee) NIC, Class 2 NIC, Class 4 NIC are disallowed.
• Payment of class 1 (employer) NIC, and Class 1A NIC is allowable.
• Employer contribution to pension scheme for employee is allowable.
• Business portion of owner’s private expenses is allowable (e.g telephone).
• Capital allowances are allowable.

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Capital Expenditure is disallowed and Revenue Expenditure is Allowable. Legal and Professional Charges
• Initial purchase price and improvement is capital expenditure and is disallowed. • Legal and professional charges are allowable if for trade and not capital.
• Replacement of an asset with extended capacity is disallowed. • Cost incurred for new issue of shares is disallowed.
• Repair to an asset is revenue expenditure and is allowable while initial repair to • Cost incurred for purchase of new assets is disallowed.
bring an asset in useable condition is disallowed. • Costs of; obtaining loan finance for trade, renewing a short lease (50 years or
• Depreciation, amortisation and profit or loss on sale of non-current asset is less) or issuing debt finance, registering patents is specifically allowed by statute
disallowed. Subscriptions and Donations
Entertaining and Gifts • Subscriptions related to trade are allowable
• entertaining is disallowed, unless entertaining employees • Donation to a local charity is allowable and to National charity & political parties
• gifts to employees are allowable is disallowed.
• gifts to customers are only allowable if • Donations to other parties are allowable only if
– They cost less than £50 per person per year, and – It must be wholly and exclusively for trading purposes.
– Gift is not food, drink, tobacco or vouchers exchangeable for goods and services – It must be reasonable in size in relation to the business.
– Gift carries a conspicuous advertisement for the business. – Charity must be working for educational, religious, cultural etc. purpose.
If cost exceeds £50 per year then whole amount of gift is disallowed. Drawings
• Gift of samples of goods for advertisement purpose is allowable. • Drawing by the owner in the form of salary, cash or goods, Interest on capital are
disallowed.
• Excessive salary paid to owner’s family member is disallowed.
Rental/Lease Expense Bad Debts/Allowance For Receivables
• Any rent paid for the purpose of trade is allowable. • Bad debts are allowable and Recovery of bad debts is taxable income.
• Leasing charge of car emitting 110 g/km Co2 or less is allowable. • Doubtful debts or allowance for receivable are allowable as per IAS and reduction
• If CO2 emission of car exceeds 110g/km then 15% of Rental/leased charges are in allowance is taxable income.
disallowed. • Non-trade bad debts are disallowed. ( E.g. bad debt on loan given to employees,
• Premium received is considered as property income. customers and suppliers.)
• Premium paid on grant of short lease is allowable and is calculated as follows:
51 – n X Premium = Answer/n = Allowable n = no of years of
50 Expense lease.
General Rule:
• The general rule is that expenditure not wholly and exclusively for the purpose of the trade is not allowable.
Remoteness test (expense has no link with trade) and the duality principle (expense has more than one purpose) are considered for this purpose.

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CHAPTER 6
CAPITAL ALLOWANCES
Capital allowances are available on plant and machinery, calculated for a trader’s period of account and deducted from trading profit. If Period of account exceeds 18 months
then it must be split in two periods of account 1st of 12 moths and 2nd of remaining months. Capital allowances are calculated for each period of account separately.
• Plant and machinery is something with which a trade is carried on except doors, walls, windows, ceiling, floors and water wiring, electrical wiring, gas wiring.
• If a business is VAT registered all additions of plant and machinery are recorded at the VAT exclusive price except cars which are included at the VAT inclusive price.
• If a business is not VAT registered all additions are included at the VAT inclusive amounts.
• Pre-trading capital purchases (if incurred in the seven years before trade commenced) are treated as acquired on the first day of trade at its market value on that day.
• Capital allowances are given on original cost and any subsequent capital expenditure. Cost of alterations to the building needed for installation of plant and computer
software cost will also become part of plant & machinery.
• Replacement expenditure also qualifies for capital allowance where more than 50% of an asset is replaced in a 12-month period. This prevents substantial repairs being
treated as revenue expenditure for tax purposes.
• Hire Purchase (finance lease) assets are recorded as plant & machinery at date of contract at market value exclusive interest. Interest paid is allowable trading expense.
• Partial claim for capital allowances are allowed so an individual claim full, partial or no capital allowance if he considers it advantageous.
• Examples of P&M: • computers and software • machinery • cars and lorries • office furniture • movable partitions • air-conditioning •
alterations of buildings needed to install plant and machinery
Categories of Plant and machinery
Special Rate Pool Short-Life Assets (SLA)
Following P&M will become part of special rate pool • P&M which individual wishes to sell or scrap within 8 years of the end of period of
• Long-life assets: it includes P&M with a working life of 25 years or more (when account in which asset is purchased are called short-life assets. Every short life
asset is brought into use for the first time) and annual running cost of ≥£100,000. asset is kept in separate pool.
• ‘Integral features’ of a building: it includes Electrical & general lighting systems, • Cars can never be classified as short life asset.
Cold water systems, Space or water heating systems, Powered systems of • AIA and WDA are available on net value as normal.
ventilation, cooling or air purification and Lifts and escalators • Balancing allowance or charge arises on disposal within 8 years after the
• Motor cars (both new & second hand) with co2 emissions > 110g/km accounting period of purchase.
• Thermal insulation of building. • If no disposal takes place within eight years after the accounting period of
General Pool Or Main Pool purchase the remaining balance is transferred to the general pool immediately.
• The cost of most of the plant and machinery purchased by a business becomes Private Use Assets
part of a pool called main pool on which capital allowances may be claimed. • If owner uses an asset for private purposes, capital allowances are given only on
• New or second hand Cars having co2 emission between 51g/km ̶ 110g/km are business proportion. Every private use asset is kept in separate pool.
included in main pool. • On disposal of asset, balancing charge (if profit) or a balancing allowance (if loss)
• Second hand cars with co2 emissions of 50g/km or below will arise which is then reduced to business proportion.
• Addition increases the amount of pool and disposal reduces the amount of pool. • Private use of an asset by an employee has no effect on capital allowances.
Sale Of Plant And Machinery
On disposal of P&M deduct the lower of the sale proceeds and the original cost from the total of; TWDV brought forward on the pool plus Additions to the pool.

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Categories of Capital Allowance.

ANNUAL INVESTMENT ALLOWANCE (AIA) WRITTEN DOWN ALLOWANCE (WDA)
• It is allowance of £1,000,000 p.a. on new purchased P&M other than cars. • WDA is available on net value (WDV plus addition less disposal).
• Value of new purchased P&M which exceeds £1,000,000 p.a. will be transferred • WDA of 18 % on reducing balance method is given each year on “Main Pool".
to relevant pool. • WDA of 6% on reducing balance method is given each year on “Special Rate Pool"
• £1,000,000 limit is prorated for short and long period of accounts. net value is positive.
• No AIA is available in the year of cessation of trade. • If net value in special rate pool or main pool is negative then Balancing charge will
• It is most beneficial to claim the AIA in the following order: arise and deducted from capital allowance column.
a) Special rate pool b) General pool c) Short life assets d) Private use assets • Full WDA is given in year of purchase and no WDA is given in the year of disposal.
Related Businesses • WDA of 6% or 18% is prorated where a period of account is ≤ 12 months.
• Only one AIA is available to related businesses. • If Net Value in the main pool or special rate pool remains less than £1000 then
• Businesses owned by the same individual are regarded as related where they WDA @ 100% called small pool WDA (£1000 limit is for 12 month period so it
engage in the same activities or share the same premises. must be prorated for short and long period of accounts)
In such circumstances the owner of the businesses can choose how to allocate a
single AIA between them.
FIRST YEAR ALLOWANCE (FYA)
• FYA of 100% is available in the year of purchase on Purchase of new low emission cars (50 g/Km co2 or less) and energy saving equipment.
• FYA is not time apportioned.
• No FYA is available in year of cessation of trade.
CARS
• Cars emitting ≤ 50 g/km co2 (low emission Cars) are eligible for FYA of 100%.
• Second hand motor cars emitting 50 g/km co2 or less are included in main pool.
• Both new and second hand Cars emitting CO2 between 50 g/km to 110 g/km are included in
• main pool.
• Both new and second hand Cars emitting CO2 over 110 g/km are included in special rate pool.
• If there is private usage of car by proprietor (Not employee) than only business proportion of the capital Allowance can be claimed.
Cessation of trade
• Not FYA, AIA and WDA is available in last year of trade.
• Add addition and deduct disposals made in last period of account from the relevant pool.
• Calculate balancing allowance (if loss) or balancing charge (if profit) as appropriate.
• If business is sold to a connected person or to his own controlling company as a going concern; an election can be made to HMRC to transfer the asset TWDV (instead
of market value) and avoid Balancing Charge or Balancing Allowance.

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Balancing Allowance (BA)/Balancing Charge (BC)
Net Value (WDV plus addition less disposal).
Main Pool (MP) and Special Rate Pool (SRP) Private Use Asset and Short Life Asset
NET value Positive NET value Negative NET value Positive NET value Negative
Regular years = WDA (6% /18%) Regular years = BC Regular years = WDA Regular years = BC
Cessation Year = BA Cessation year = BC (6% /18%) Disposal Year = BC
Disposal Year = BA Cessation year = BC
Cessation year = BA

Proforma capital allowances computation:

Main Pool Special Short Life Short Life Private Use Private Use Allowance
Rate Pool asset 1 asset 2 Assets 1 Assets 2
(Business %) (Business %)
£ £ £ £ £ £
WDV b/f X X X X
Purchase of CAR which Qualify for FYA
Motors Cars CO2 ≤ 50 g/Km X
FYA @ 100% (X) X
Purchase of CAR which don’t Qualify AIA
Cars CO2 emission 51 – 110 g/km X
Cars CO2 emission of > 110 g/km X
Additions qualify for AIA (£ 1,000,000)
a) Special Rate Pool Additions X
Less: AIA (X) X X
b) Main Pool Additions X
Less: AIA (Remaining Amount) (X) X X
c) Short Life Assets X
Less: AIA (Remaining Amount) (X) X X
d) Private Use Assets X
Less: AIA (Remaining Amount) (X) X X
Disposals:
Lower of cost and Selling Price (X) (X) (X) (X)
X X X/(X) X X/(X) X
WDA @ 18% (X) X
WDA @ 6% (X) X
WDA @ 18%/6% (X) (X) X
Balancing Allowance/Balancing Charge X/(X) X/(X) X/(X)
X X X X X X X
Structures and buildings allowance (SBA)
This relief is given as an annual straight-line allowance of 3% over a 33⅓ year period (33 years and four months).
The SBA is only available where a building (or structure) has been constructed after 29 October 2018. However, a
question will only be set where construction is on or after 6 April 2020 (1 April 2020 for limited companies).
• Offices, retail and wholesale premises, factories and warehouses can all qualify for SBA (as can walls, bridges and tunnels)
• The value of land is excluded, as is any part of a building used as a dwelling house.
• Expenditure which qualifies as plant and machinery cannot also qualify for the SBA. Similarly, expenditure which
qualifies for the SBA cannot also qualify for the plant and machinery annual investment allowance.
• Where an unused building is purchased from a builder or developer, then the qualifying expenditure will be the price
paid less the value of the land.
• The building (or structure) must be used for a qualifying activity such as a trade or property letting.
• The SBA can only be claimed from when the building (or structure) is brought into qualifying use. This means that the
SBA will be time apportioned for the period when first brought into use, unlike plant and machinery allowances which
are always given in full for the period of purchase.
• A separate SBA is given for each building (or structure) qualifying for relief.
• Relief is also given for the cost of subsequent improvements, or where a building is renovated or converted.
• Disposal: Unlike plant and machinery, there is no balancing charge or balancing allowance when a building (or
structure) that has qualified for the SBA is sold. Instead, the purchaser simply continues to claim the 3% allowance for
the remainder of the 33⅓ year period based on original cost. However, on a disposal, the allowances that have been
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claimed are effectively clawed back by adding them to the sales proceeds in order to determine the chargeable gain or
allowable loss arising.
Note: You should assume that for any question involving the purchase (as opposed to a new construction) of a building,
the SBA is not available unless stated otherwise
CHAPTER 7
BASIS PERIOD
Rules for matching tax adjusted profits of business with tax years are called basis period rules.
1st Year Rule 1st Basis period will be from start of trade to following 5th April.
Closing date of 1st period of account falls in 2nd tax year.
Yes No
Check length of 1st period of account
2nd Year Rule
≥ 12 Months < 12 Months B.P = 2nd Tax
B.P will be 12 month back from B.P will be next 12 month Year
closing date of 1st period of account. from start of trade.
3rd & subsequent year Rule B.P will be 12 months back from closing date of POA that falls in that tax year.
NOTE: Some profits may fall into more than one basis period in the opening years and are known as overlap profits. An
‘overlap’, relief will be available on cessation, or sometimes, on change of accounting date.
Closing Year Rule 1) Identify the last tax year
2) Make B.P by using subsequent year rule except last tax year.
3) Last B.P will be addition of all period of accounts whose closing dates fall in last tax year

Change of An unincorporated business is allowed to change its accounting date if certain conditions are met.
accounting Conditions to be met:
Date. • Must be notified to HMRC by 31 January following the tax year of change.
• The first new period of account must not exceed 18 months in length,
• Accounting date has not been changed in previous five tax years. (This condition may be ignored if HMRC
accept that present change is for genuine commercial reasons.)
Basis Period for the tax year in which accounting date changes
Short period of Short period of account Long period of account Long period of account and no closing date
account and one and two closing dates and closing date end in a end in a tax year.
closing date end end in a tax year. tax year.
in a tax year.
B.P will be 12 month B.P will be from start of B.P for that year will be 1. Take new accounting date. e.g. 30 June 04
back from new previous period of acc. same as new accounting 2. Deduct 12 month from this date. 30 June 03
accounting date. till new accounting date. period. 3. B.P will be 12 month back from this date.
This will create Overlap profit relief will Overlap profit relief will This will create further overlap profit
further overlap be given upto months be given upto months
profit exceeding 12 months. exceeding 12 months.
Choice of accounting date
➢ Just after 5 April. ➢ Just before 5April
• Maximum time to pay tax. • Less time to pay tax.
• Increased overlap profit. • No overlap profit
• Maximum time for planning • Less time for planning

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CHAPTER 8
TRADING LOSSES
*Remember trading loss can never be overlapped and Current Year means year of loss.
Loss relief against total net income:
a) Trading Losses may be deducted from total net income of Current year but upto CAP limit of Current Year and/or
b) Trading Losses may be deducted from total net income of previous year but upto CAP limit of Previous Year
CAP limit for Current Year: Higher of: CAP limit for Previous Year: Trading Profit Plus Higher of:
• £50,000 • £50,000
• 25% of (Total net income − gross personal pension • 25% of (Total net income − gross personal pension
contribution) contribution)
• Partial deduction is not allowed.
Relief of trading losses against capital gains
a) Trading loss may be deducted from Net Chargeable Gains of current year but after deduction of trading loss from
total net income of current year. And/or
b) Trading loss may be deducted from Net Chargeable Gains of previous year but after deduction of trading loss
from total net income of previous year.
Net chargeable gain = Current year capital gain less current year capital loss less brought forward capital loss
• Partial deduction is not allowed.
Carry forward of trading losses `
Trading loss may be carry forward and set-off from first available future trading profits from same trade. Losses may
carry forward for indefinite number of years until all the loss is relieved.
• Partial deduction is not allowed.
• This option is considered after considering all other options because:
– It delays loss relief - time value of money, - uncertainty about future profit
Opening years loss relief
Trading loss of any of first Four Tax years of trade may be deducted from total net income of previous 3 tax years on
FIFO basis. Partial deduction is not allowed.
Terminal loss relief:
Terminal loss may be deducted from trading profit of previous 3 tax years on LIFO basis.
Loss from 6 April (before cessation) till date of cessation. (XX) nil if profit
Loss for period starting 12 months before cessation till coming 5th April (XX) nil if profit
Overlap Profits (XX)
Terminal loss (XX)
Incorporation Relief:
• If an unincorporated trade is transferred into a company and there were trading losses in the year of conversion
into company, against such losse, incorporation relief will be available but only if ≥ 80% consideration is received in
the form of shares.
• Trading loss is carried forward indefinitely and deducted against first available incomes coming from the company,
losses should be carried forward indefinitely unless loss is consumed or company ceases to trade or individual sells
its shareholding in the company.
Summary of Loss Reliefs:
Opening year Ongoing years Cessation year
Relief against total income √ √ √
Relief against chargeable gains √ √ √
Carry forward of trading losses √ √ x
Opening years loss relief √ x x
Terminal loss relief x x √
Incorporation relief x x √
Choice between loss reliefs:
a) Quick loss Relief b) maximum tax saving c) personal allowance do not waste
Claim of trading loss:
– Time limit for making a claim for Current year trading loss relief, carry back trading loss relief, early year trading
loss relief, trading loss relief against capital gain is by 2nd 31 January after end of tax year (by 2nd 31 January after
the end of tax year of loss. 31/01/23 for loss in 2020/21).
– Time limit for making a claim for carry forward trading loss and terminal loss is 4 years after end of tax year of loss
(05/04/25 for loss in 2020/21).
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CHAPTER 9
PARTNERSHIP
A partnership is a single trading entity. Each individual partner is effectively treated as trading in his own right and is
assessed on his/her share of the adjusted trading profit of the partnership.
➢ Trading income: Partnership’s tax adjusted profits or loss for an accounting period is computed in the same way
as for a sole trader and Partners’ salaries & interest on capital are not deductible: these are an allocation of profit.
➢ Allocations of trading profit/trading loss: Trading profit/trading loss for the accounting period is divided between
partners according to their profit-sharing ratio but after deduction of Partner’s salaries and interest on capital.
➢ A change in the profit-sharing agreement: If the profit-sharing agreement is changed during a period of account,
the profit must be time apportioned before allocation to partners.
➢ Partnership capital allowances: Capital allowances are deducted as an expense in calculating trading profit. If
assets are used privately, the business proportion is included in the partnership’s capital allowances computation.
➢ Commencement and cessation:
• Rules for commencement and cessation are same as for sole trader. Profit is allocated between the partners for
accounting period; then the assessment rules are applied and each partner is effectively taxed as a sole trader.
• When a partner joins a partnership, he is treated as commencing and when a partner leaves a partnership he is
treated as ceasing. Each partner has his own overlap profit available for relief.
➢ Change in members of partnership: Until there is at least one partner common to business before and after the
change, partnership continues. Commencement or cessation rules apply to individual joining or leaving partnership.
➢ Partnership Losses: Losses are allocated between partners in same way as profits & Loss relief claims available
are same as for sole traders. A partner joining the partnership may claim opening year loss relief, for losses in the
first four years of his membership of partnership. A partner leaving a partnership may claim terminal loss relief.
➢ Partnership investment income: Interest and dividend income is kept separate from trading profit but are shared
among partners according to their profit-sharing ratio. After sharing income each partner is taxed independently.
➢ Limited Liability Partnership: If partnership is limited liability partnership then the partners share the trading loss
among themselves up to maximum of capital they have contributed in the partnership.
PARTNERSHIP CAPITAL GAINS
• Each partner Deemed to own a fractional share (as per profit sharing ratio) of every asset of partnership.
• Each partner Taxed in his own right on his share of partnership gains along with his own personal gains.
• Each partner Annual exemption and CGT relief is available in normal way.
Disposal of partnership Assets to third Distribution to partners
party: Chargeable gain arises on a partner selling his partnership share
• Calculate gains as normal Partner purchasing partnership share is also liable to gain as per
• Allocate the gain between partners partnership share but It can be deferred against base cost of asset.
➢ Change in partnership agreement after Revaluation:
• No charge to CGT unless occurs after a revaluation in the accounts.
• If revaluation, Normal gain computation Using statement of financial position value of asset as consideration.
CASH BASIS FOR SMALL BUSINESSES
Cash basis means profit will be calculated on the basis of cash received and expenses paid in the period of account.
Unincorporated businesses (i.e. sole traders and partnerships) having revenue less or equal to £150,000) can choose
to calculate profits / losses on cash basis rather than the normal accruals basis.
• The cash basis option is not available to companies, and limited liability partnerships (LLPs)
• If annual turnover exceeds £300,000 then business will not be allowed to use this scheme.
➢ Under the cash Basis:
• A business can prepare its accounts to any date in the year on the basis of cash receipts and payments.
• there is no difference between capital and revenue expenditure on plant & machinery for tax purposes:
– Purchases are allowable deductions when paid for, (cost of motor cars & land and buildings is not deductible
– Proceeds are treated as taxable cash receipts when an asset is sold.
• A flat rate expense deduction for motor car expenses is claimed instead of capital allowances.
➢ Advantages of cash basis:
• Simpler accounting requirements as there is no need to account for receivables, payables and inventory
• Profit is not accounted for and taxed until it is realised so cash is available to pay the associated tax liability.
➢ Disadvantages of cash basis:
• Losses can only be carried forward to set against future trading profits, whereas under the accrual’s basis many
more options for loss relief are available.

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➢ Flat rate expense deduction option for any unincorporated business
The flat rate expense adjustments replace the calculation of actual cost incurred in the following cases:
Type of expense Flat rate expense adjustment
Motoring expenses Allowable deduction = Approved millage allowance of 45p and 25p as in employment
Private use of part of a Private use adjustment re household goods and services, food and utilities
commercial building = fixed amount based on the number of occupants (will be given in exam question)
CHAPTER 10
CAPITAL GAIN TAX - INDIVIDUALS
CGT is charged on gains arising on chargeable disposals of chargeable assets by chargeable persons.
1 Chargeable Disposal
An asset is regarded as disposed, if its ownership changes. E.g. Sale of whole or part of an asset, Gift of an asset, Loss
or total destruction of an asset.
Date of disposal:
Event Date of disposal
Normal Date of contract or agreement for disposal of asset.
Conditional contract Date when all the conditions are satisfied and contract become legally binding.
Death transfer or No CGT implication
transfer to charity
Disposal Proceeds:
Sold at Arm’s length: Actual Selling Price will become disposal proceeds.
Not Sold at Arm’s Length: Market Value will become disposal proceeds.
Transaction between Spouse/Civil Partner: Disposal proceeds will be equal to cost, so no gain/no loss transaction.
Disposal to a Connected Person other than spouse:
An individual is connected to the following persons: Tax Implication:
• Spouse • Disposal Proceeds = Market Value (always)
• Direct relatives and their spouses • If a disposal results in an allowable loss, it can only be
• Spouse’s direct relatives and their spouses set against gains from disposals in the current or
• Business partners and their spouses and direct future years to the same connected person.
relatives.
Chargeable Assets:
All assets are chargeable unless specifically exempt. E.g. land & building, goodwill, short lease, long lease, unquoted
shares, quoted shares, unit trusts, some chattels.
Exempt assets include:
• Motor vehicles (including vintage cars) • Works of art given for national use
• National Savings & Investment certificates • Gilt edged securities
• Cash, Debtors and trading inventory • Qualifying Corporate Bonds
• Decorations awarded for bravery • Company loan notes
• Damages for personal injury • Some Chattels
• Shares in VCT • Investments held in an NISA
• Endowment policy proceeds • Prizes and betting winning
• Foreign currency for private use
Chargeable Person:
An individual who is resident in the UK is liable to pay UK CGT on his worldwide gains and non-resident person in UK
will pay CGT on UK assets used in a trade based in the UK, and residential property situated in the UK.
Pro Forma to Calculate Capital Gain/Loss on Individual Assets
Disposal proceeds X
Less: Incidental cost of disposal (X)
Net proceeds X
Less: Purchase price (X)
Less: Incidental cost for purchase (X)
Less: Capital improvements (X)
Capital Gain / (Capital loss) X/(X)
Purchase Price: Normally actual purchase price or market value in case the asset is received as a gift or probate value
for inherited assets.)
Incidental costs: Fee & commission of agent, legal fee, advertising cost, auctioneers fee, agency fee

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2 Pro Forma to Calculate Capital Gain Tax (CGT)
Capital Gain on disposal of asset X
Less: Capital loss on disposal of asset (X)
Net Chargeable gain X
Less Annual exempt Amount (X)
Net Capital Gains X
Less: Capital losses brought forward (12,300)
Taxable Gains X
➢ Annual exemption: Every individual has an exempt amount for each tax year. For 2020/21 it is £12,300. Annual
exemption is deducted from capital gains of residential property first.
➢ Rates of CGT: Calculate unused basic rate band from income tax.
Falling in basic rate band In excess of basic rate band
Normal rates 10% 20%
Residential property rates 18% 28%
➢ Payment of CGT
Normally: CGT is due in one amount with income tax under self-assessment on 31 January following the tax year
(2020/21 by 31 January 2022)
Payment by installments:
a) If consideration or proceeds received from the sale of an asset will be received in installments of more than
18 months, in this case relevant CGT will be paid in shorter of:
– Eight years.
– Period during which installments would be received.
b) CGT upon gifts of:
– Land and share in land
– Shares of unquoted companies regardless of percentage of holding of donor.
– Shares of such a quoted company in which individual has control
In this case relevant CGT would be paid in ten equal installments starting from normal due date.
Payments on account for disposals of residential property
A payment on account must now be made within 30 days where capital gains tax is payable in respect of a disposal of
residential property. A return must be submitted to HMRC at the same time.
The calculation of the payment on account takes into account the annual exempt amount, any capital losses incurred
in the same tax year prior to the disposal of the residential property, plus any brought forward capital losses. Any
other chargeable gains and capital losses incurred subsequent to the disposal of the residential property are ignored.
It is necessary to make an estimate as to how much of the taxpayer’s basic rate tax band will be available for the tax
year.
The residential property gain is still included in the taxpayer’s self-assessment capital gains tax computation following
the end of the tax year, with the payment on account being deducted from the total capital gains tax liability. Any
additional tax is payable on 31 January following the tax year. If a repayment is due, then this will be claimed when
the self-assessment tax return for the tax year is submitted.
A payment on account of capital gains tax has nothing to do with the normal self-assessment payments on account
due on 31 January in the tax year, and 31 July following the tax year.
3 Capital Losses
Capital losses are deducted from capital gains of same tax year; the unrelieved capital losses may be carried forward
and deducted from future capital gains but up to the level that the annual exemption of future years do not waste.
Death year capital loss: Deducted from net capital gain of last 3 years on LIFO basis but upto the extent that annual
exempt amount of previous years does not waste.
Negligible Value Claim:
If an asset’s value becomes negligible, a claim may be made to treat the asset as sold and immediately purchased it at
its current market value. This claim will usually give rise to an allowable loss.
4 Capital Gains: Special Rules
4.1 Lease Assignment of lease means complete disposal of the leasehold interest in property.
Assignment of short lease (≤ 50 years) Assignment of long lease (> 50 years)
Allowable cost = original cost X % of remaining life of lease Treat as normal disposal
% of total life of lease
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4.2 Part Disposal if there is a part disposal of an asset then gain or loss on that asset can be calculated as follows.
Disposal Proceed X A= market value of part disposed off
Less: Allowable cost [ Cost x A/A+B] (X) B= market value of remaining part
X
Small Part Disposal of Land and Buildings:
• It is applicable on land and buildings only. Proceeds are considered small if proceed from part disposal:
a) ≤ 20% of M.V of land & buildings before part disposal
b) Proceeds are ≤ £20,000 from all land sales in whole tax year
If elected as small: there is no disposal so no gain/loss calculation. Deduct Disposal proceed from original cost of land
and building.
4.3 Asset Lost or Destroyed
No Insurance Proceed Insurance Proceed Received
Disposal Proceed Nil No Replacement Replacement of Asset within 12 Months
Allowable cost (X) of Asset Full Reinvestment: No gain/no Loss Partial Reinvestment:
Capital Loss ...X…. Insurance Proceed X Some gain is chargeable
Normal CGT Less: Allowable cost (X) immediately which is lower of:
calculation. Capital Gain X a) Total gain
Roll-Over Relief (X) b) Proceed not reinvested
Nil
Base Cost of New Asset. Gain Deferred will be = total gain
Cost of new Asset X less gain chargeable immediately
Gain Roll Over (X)
Base cost of new asset ...X…
4.4 Asset Damaged
No Insurance Proceed Insurance Proceed Received
No Disposal Not Used to Restore the Asset: USED TO RESTORE ASSET WITHIN 12 MONTHS
Treat as Part Disposal. Option 1: Normal Part Disposal
Disposal Proceed X Other Options:
Allowable cost: Used ≥ 95% of insurance proceed to restore asset:
Original cost X A .(X) Cost of restored asset (original + restore cost) X
A+B . Less: Insurance Proceed (X)
Gain/ Loss X . Revised base cost (X)
A= insurance proceed Used < 95% of insurance proceed to restore asset:
B= M.V of damaged asset Still it will be part disposal but using after restoration value as:
DP (insurance proceed – restoration cost) X
Allowable cost:
Original cost X A . (X)
A+B .
Gain/ Loss X
A= insurance proceed – restoration cost
B= M.V of asset after restoration
4.5 Chattels:
A chattel is a tangible moveable asset.

➢ Non-Wasting Chattels: ➢ Wasting Chattels:

Chattels with remaining life of >50 years are called Non- Chattels with remaining life of ≤50 years are called
wasting chattels. E.g. Antiques and paintings. wasting chattels. These are exempt from CGT. E.g.
chargeable gain or capital loss is calculated as follows: racehorses, boats, and greyhounds.
Cost Proceeds Treatment
≤ £6,000 ≤ £6,000 Exempt
> £6,000 > £6,000 Normal calculation
➢ Plant & Machinery: If P&M is sold at a gain then gain is taxable, however if asset is sold at loss it will be ignored
for CGT purpose.
➢ Other Wasting Assets not Chattels:
It includes those wasting assets that are not tangible and/or not moveable. E.g. Immovable plant & machinery,
patent right, copy right.

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Disposal Proceed X
Remaining life at disposal
Less: Allowable cost = (Cost – Scrap Value) X (X)
Total useful life
Less: Scrap Value (X)
Chargeable Gain/Loss X
5 DISPOSAL OF SHARES (individuals)
5.1 Valuation rule for shares
➢ Unquoted shares: Market value will be given in exam. ❖ Matching Rules on Sale of Shares (Individuals)
➢ Quoted shares: Shares sold will be matched in the following order:
(Highest quoted price + Lowest quoted price)/2 a) Shares purchased on the same day
Note: Valuation of quoted shares on death b) Shares purchased on the following 30 days of sale
➢ Market value of shares will be lower of: c) Shares from Share Pool
a) Lowest quoted price + 1/4 (highest quoted price Share Pool: Contains all shares purchased before date of
─ lowest quoted price) disposal and consist of two columns; 1st of Number of
b) (Highest marked bargain + Lowest marked shares and 2nd of Cost of shares.
bargain)/2
5.2 RIGHT SHARES: The right shares are added in previous shareholding as normal acquisition in the share pool
5.3 BONUS SHARES: Treated in the same way as right shares except that the Bonus Shares do not have cost.
5.4 Sale of right nil paid: If shareholder who is offered right issue does not wish to purchase further shares
instead sell right to buy shares to another person this is known as sale of right nil paid.
Selling Price received is: ≤5% of the value of shares on which right offered or Amount is ≤£3,000
NO YES
Deemed part disposal of original shares held. • No disposal at time of sale of right nil paid
• SP is deducted from original cost of shares
5.5 REORGANISATION AND TAKEOVER
REORGANISATION: Exchange of existing shares in a company for other shares of another class in the same company.
TAKE-OVER: When a company acquires shares in another CO. either in exchange for shares, cash or mixture of both.
➢ Consideration in Shares only ➢ Consideration in cash and shares
• No CGT at the time of takeover or reorganisation. ● Value of cash element is small: If cash received is ≤5% of
• Cost of original shares becomes cost of new shares Market value of total consideration received or ≤ £3,000.
• Where more than one type of shares is received, No CGT implications deduct cash from original cost of shares
then cost of original shares is allocated to new ● Value of cash element is not small: It is treated as part
shares by reference to market value of new disposal and gain or loss is calculated is follows:
shares. Disposal Proceed (cash) X
Less: Allowable cost
Cost of original shares X Cash Received (X)
Cash Received + M.V of new shares .
X
➢ Mixed consideration including QCBs:
Capital gain is calculated at the time of takeover as QCB were cash but gain is not taxable at that time instead it is
frozen until the disposal of QCBs at later date.
At subsequent disposal gain arise on QCBs is exempt but gain frozen previously will be taxable at that date.
5.6 Transfer of assets into trust:
Lifetime gift to trust: considered as chargeable disposal for CGT and disposal proceeds will be the market value at
date of gift. Gift relief may be available as there is an immediate charge to IHT (see later in the chapter)
Death Gift to Trust: Exempt from CGT. Trustees acquire the asset at probate value (market value at death date)
5.7 Liquidation of a company: Assets & liabilities of business are settled and surplus assets are distributed among
shareholders. Shareholders are deemed to dispose their shares for receipt from liquidator resulting capital gain/loss
CAPITAL GAIN CAPITAL LOSS (we have two choices)
Normal treatment Normal Treat it as trading loss and deduct it from total income of current year and/or
treatment. previous year if following conditions are satisfied:
Conditions:
• Loss has arisen at liquidation of the company.
• Loss has arisen from ordinary shares of unquoted company.
• Company must be a trading company not involved in excluded trading activities.
• Shares must have been subscribed for not purchased.

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6 CGT Reliefs for Individuals
6.1 Private Residence Relief (PR relief): It applies when an individual dispose off his only or main private
residence or dwelling house which he owned. If an individual has more than one residence, he can nominate one
residence as his principal residence by notifying HMRC in written. Married Couple/Civil Partners are entitled to only
one residence between them for the purpose of Private Residence exemption.
➢ Calculating the Relief: If a person lives in PR during the whole period of ownership the whole gain is exempt.
Where there has been a period of absence from PR the procedure is as follows.
Capital gain on disposal X
Period of occupation
Less: PR Relief = Gain X (X)
Period of ownership
Chargeable gain after relief X
➢ Periods of occupation: Period of occupation includes periods of both Actual occupation and Deemed occupation
Deemed occupation: Periods of deemed occupations are:
a) Last 09 months of ownership b) Up to 3 years of absence for any reason
c) Any period spent working abroad d) Up to 4 years of absence while working in the UK.
• Point’s b-d will only apply if at some time both before & after period of absence there is a period of actual
occupation by the owner. Reoccupying is not necessary for point c and d if prevented by terms of his employment.
➢ Business use: Where part of a residence is used for business purposes throughout period of ownership, relief is
not available on gain related to that part.
➢ Letting relief: Letting relief is available to cover any gain not covered by PR if Owner is absent (not covered by
deemed occupation rules) and Part of the property is rented out, the remaining part being occupied by the
taxpayer. Letting relief is the lower of:
a) PR relief given b) £40,000
c) Gain related to letting period {Total gain x (letting period/ownership period)}
However, letting relief is now only available where a property is let out and the property owner is in shared
occupancy with the tenant. This means that there is no longer any relief where the whole property is let out.
6.2 Business asset disposal relief: Relief covers the first £1m of qualifying gains that an individual makes during
their lifetime. This gain qualifying is taxed at a lower capital gains tax rate of 10% regardless of a person’s taxable
income. Relief must be claimed by 2nd 31th January after the end of tax year of disposal. For 2020/21 by 31 January
2023.
➢ Qualifying Business Disposals:
• Disposal of the whole or part of a business (which can operate independently) runs as an unincorporated business
(both sole trader & partnership.)
• Disposal of assets of sole trader or partnership trading business within 3 years from cessation.
• Disposal of shares if:
– Shares are in individual’s personal trading company and he is also an employee (full time or part time) of CO.
(CO. in which individual owns ≥5% of ordinary shares & ≥5% voting right is called personal trading company.)
➢ Qualifying Ownership Period: The assets must have been owned for two years prior to the date of disposal
➢ Further points
• Relief is not available on gains arising from disposal of individual assets or assets held for investment purpose.
• The annual exemption and any capital losses should however be deducted from gains that do not qualify for
Business asset disposal relief as they are taxed at a higher capital tax gains rate (28% and/or 20%)
• Easy way is to keep the gains, qualifying for Business asset disposal's relief and not qualifying in separate column.
➢ Restriction of ER in respect of goodwill: gains in respect of goodwill will not qualify for ER if the goodwill is
transferred to a close company and individual and company are related (individual is shareholder in company or
an associate of a shareholder.)
ER is available on the disposal of goodwill to a close company where either:
• the individual holds less than 5% of the company’s ordinary share capital or voting rights, or
• the individual holds 5% or more of the company’s ordinary share capital or voting rights, but sells the whole
shareholding to another company (company A) within 28 days. The individual must hold less than 5% of company
A’s ordinary share capital or voting rights
➢ Associated disposals: Business asset disposal relief is also available in respect of associated disposals.
Associated disposals are disposals of assets:
• owned by an individual but used by his personal trading company or a partnership in which he is a partner and
• Disposal takes place at the same time as the sale of the partnership/company.
For full relief the individual must not have charged rent from business for use of these assets.

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Investor Relief: This relief is introduced from 6 April 2016. Capital gain on disposal of shares of unquoted trading
companies will be taxed @ 10% if:
a) Shares are subscribed (newly issued shares) on/after 17 march 2016.
b) Owned for 3 years after 6 April 2016.
c) the investor must not be an employee or a director of the company whilst owning the shares
Investor relief is available on capital gains of 10 million in whole life.
6.3 Roll-Over Relief: Roll-over relief means postponed or deferred gain. The gain is not taxed immediately but is
postponed until the individual makes a disposal of the replacement asset.
• This relief is available if a qualifying business asset is sold and another qualifying business asset is purchased
within the qualifying time period.
• Base cost of new asset is calculated by deducting the gain on old asset against the cost of new/ reinvested asset.
• An individual must claim the relief within 4 years from the end of the tax year of later of:
a) When the disposal is made or
b) Replacement asset is acquired
➢ Qualifying Business Asset: Rollover relief is available on assets which are used in business. Qualifying assets
include Land and buildings, Fixed plant & machinery (unmovable) and Goodwill.
➢ Qualifying Time Period: New asset must be purchased within 1 year before and 3 years after disposal of old asset.
➢ Partial Reinvestment of Proceeds: If there is full reinvestment of net sale proceeds roll-over relief is available on
full gain. If there is partial reinvestment of net proceeds, then part of the gain is taxable at the time of disposal.
Gain Chargeable at the time of disposal is lower of: a) Amount of proceed not reinvested. b) Full gain
➢ Non-business use Full rollover relief is only available if asset being disposed was used entirely for business during
whole period of ownership. If there is private use of asset rollover relief is only available on business portion.
➢ Reinvestment in depreciating assets “An asset with an expected life of ≤60 years (e.g. Fixed plant & machinery) is
called depreciating asset.” If replacement asset is a depreciating asset, then gain deferred is not deducted from
cost of new asset (no calculation of base cost) Instead gain is postponed and will be taxable on earlier of:
(i) disposal of new asset (ii) Date the new asset ceases to be used in trade
(iii) 10 years after new asset was acquired
➢ Tax planning
• Unused annual exemption of current year & b/f capital losses is also available then do not claim roll over relief.
• If individual wants to retain some amount of cash out of disposal proceeds before reinvestment, then it should be
equal to the b/f capital loss plus annual exemption.
• If on disposal of whole of business, individual decide to reinvest the disposal proceeds then rollover relief and
Business asset disposal relief both will be available. However individual has to claim 1st rollover & then Business
asset disposal relief.
6.4 RELIEF FOR THE GIFT OF BUSINESS ASSETS
A gift relief is only available on gift of qualifying business assets gifted or sold at under value by an individual. Donor
(person making the gift) is treated as making a disposal at market value and donee (person receiving the gift) is
treated as if he had acquired a gift at market value. When gift relief is claimed, the donor has no gain. The gain is
deducted from the donee’s cost (market value) In order to claim gift relief Donee must be Uk resident. This can be
illustrated as follows:
DONOR DONEE
Proceed MV Cost MV
Less: Cost (X) Less: gain deferred (X)
Gain X X
Less: Gain held over (X)
Nil
➢ Availability of the relief: Claim must be made by both donor & donee and must be made 4 years from the end of
the tax year in which the disposal occurred. For a gift made in 2020/21 the claim must be made by 5 April 2025.
NOTE: Gift relief is optional, if not claimed the donor has a capital gain so he can utilize his annual exemption,
Business asset disposal relief, and may have to pay tax @ 0%, 10%, 20%.
➢ Qualifying assets: Gift relief may be claimed on the gift of the following assets:
a) Assets used in the trade of Donor (Sole trader or partner in partnership) or Donor’s personal trading company
b) Unquoted shares and securities of any trading company.
c) Quoted shares or securities of the individual donor’s personal trading company. (CO. in which individual owns
≥5% of ordinary shares & ≥5% voting right is called personal trading company.)
d) Agricultural property provided agricultural property relief is available in IHT.

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e) Chargeable Life time transfer (CLT, means gift to trust during life)
➢ Non-business use: if an asset has some private use then only the business portion of the gain is eligible for relief.
➢ Sale at undervalue: (Gift relief is also available for sales made below market value and above cost.)
Proceeds received above original cost are chargeable to CGT immediately and the remaining gain can be deferred.
➢ Gift of Shares:
Gift of shares

Unquoted shares of any CO. Quoted shares

Personal trading company Not Personal Trading Company

Chargeable business assets No Gift relief is Available

Gift relief = Gain X
Chargeable assets
• Chargeable assets (CA): Any asset, if sold would give rise to capital gain or loss is called chargeable asset.
• Chargeable business assets (CBA): Any chargeable asset that is used by business in his trade is called chargeable
business asset. Shares, securities and other assets held as investments are not chargeable business assets.
➢ The emigration of Donee: Gift relief is available if Donee is UK resident at gift date. If donee emigrates from UK
within 6 years from end of tax year of gift, then amount of gift relief will be taxable for Donee the day before
emigration. However, gift relief will not become taxable if: done goes overseas for full time job; don’t dispose of
the asset whilst abroad and resume his status as UK resident within next 3 years.
6.5 Incorporation relief:
Incorporation relief is available when an individual transfer his business into company. On transfer into company,
assets of the business are deemed to be disposed of at market value to the company.
➢ Conditions for the relief: ➢ Operation of the relief:
• All the assets of the business (other than • Capital gain on business assets transferred to company is deferred by
cash) must be transferred deducting it from the market value of the company’s shares acquired.
• The transfer must be of a business as a going • If some consideration given by company for the assets is not shares
concern (e.g. in cash) the capital gain eligible for incorporation relief is:
• Consideration must be wholly or partly in Value of share consideration
Capital Gain X
shares. Total consideration
➢ Election to disapply incorporation relief:
• An individual can elect not to receive incorporation relief. Election must be made by 31 January, 34 months after the
end of tax year of disposal. This election might be made if the taxpayer has losses and/or annual exemption which
would otherwise be deferred under incorporation relief.
• Incorporation involves disposal of whole or part of business so Business asset disposal relief can also be claimed. If
election is made to disapply incorporation relief, Business asset disposal relief can then be claimed. This may be
beneficial if only a very small amount of gains is left in charge and are taxable at the advantageous rate of 10%.
6.6 EIS deferral relief:
• An individual may defer a gain arising on disposal of any chargeable asset if he reinvests the disposal proceed into
Enterprise Investment Scheme (EIS) shares.
• Reinvestment must be in the form of subscription of new shares for cash; in an unquoted UK trading company.
• Reinvestment must be made within four years which runs one year before and three years after disposal.
• The investor must be UK resident at time of disposal and at the time the reinvestment.
• Relief should be claimed by 5th April 2027 for disposal in 2020/21.
The operation of the relief:
• Deferred gain is not deducted from EIS shares but frozen and become chargeable on:
a) Disposal of EIS shares or b) investor becomes non-UK resident within 3 years of issue of share.
• The amount of the gain that can be deferred is the lower of:
A) Total gain B) The amount subscribed by the investor for his shares, and
C) Any smaller amount than (a) and (b).

6.7 SEIS reinvestment relief:

• This relief is available if an individual sold any chargeable asset which results a gain; and Reinvests the proceeds in
qualifying SEIS shares:
• Reinvestment must be made within four years which runs one year before and three years after disposal.
• Relief should be claimed by 5th April 2027 for disposal in 2020/21.
➢ The operation of the relief:
Some of the gain arising on old asset will be exempt and calculated as follows:

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Maximum SEIS exemption = 50% of the lower of:
a) The amount of the gain
b) The amount reinvested in qualifying SEIS shares.
• Maximum investment can be made in SEIS shares is £100,000/annum; so maximum CGT exemption is £50,000
➢ Withdrawal of SEIS relief: Relief will be withdrawn if shares of SEIS are sold within 3 years.
Not Sold at arm’s length: Full Capital gain exempted will become taxable.
Sold at arm’s length: A proportion of the gain previously exempted will become taxable and calculated as follows:
SEIS Relief Withdrawn = Gain exempted X (Amount of IT relief withdrawn/original IT relief given)
7 Capital gains tax for non-UK residents
UK resident: Both UK and overseas assets are taxable.
Non-UK resident: Both UK and overseas assets are exempt except the following:
a) UK assets used in a trade based in the UK
b) UK residential properties (since 6 April 2015) (Property purchased before 5 April 2015 is not examinable in P6)
c) All UK land and buildings, not just residential properties (since 6 April 2019)
Calculation of gain/loss on Land and Building acquired prior 6 April 2019:
a) the gain/loss arrived at by deducting the market value of the property as at 5 April 2019 from the sale proceeds, or
b) the whole of the gain calculated in the normal way. This alternative method requires an election.
Rollover relief:
Where the UK land/building is used for business purposes, rollover relief may be available. However, the replacement
asset would have to be UK land/buildings (and not, for example, fixed plant and machinery).
Gift relief:
Normally, gift relief is not available if donee is not UK resident. However, where the asset disposed of is subject to
CGT despite the owner being non-UK resident, gift relief will be available regardless of the resident status of donee.
PR relief:
Non-UK resident individuals will only qualify for PR relief on UK residential property if:
• Were resident in the UK for that tax year
• Stayed in the property for a total of at least 90 nights in the tax year.
Note: Period of actual and deemed occupation is calculated in the normal way.
7 STAMP DUTY & STAMP DUTY LAND TAX
➢ STAMP DUTY
Stamp duty is charged on the transfer of shares and securities. It only applies to transfers made using a stock transfer
form (i.e. paper transactions). Stamp duty is paid by the purchaser at the rate of 0.5% of the consideration. The duty
is rounded up to the nearest £5.
➢ STAMP DUTY RESERVE TAX: As seen above, stamp duty only applies to the paper transfer of shares and
securities. Where transfers are made electronically, stamp duty reserve tax applies. SDRT is charged at the same
rate as stamp duty.
➢ STAMP DUTY LAND TAX: SDLT is payable by purchaser on transactions of UK property. The value on which SDLT is
charged includes any VAT payable on the transaction. SDLT is payable with the return which should be submitted
within 30 days of completion date (date when contract become legally enforceable).
Rates of duty (The following table will be provided in the exam)
Residential Property Non-Residential Property
£125,000 or less Nil £150,000 or less Nil
£125,001– £250,000 2% £150,001– £250,000 2%
£250,001 – £925,000 5% Above £250,000 5%
£925,001 - £1,500,000 10%
Above £1,500,001 12%
➢ EXEMPTIONS: The following exemptions apply to all three forms of stamp duty: stamp duty, SDRT and SDLT.
However, for simplicity, the text only refers to stamp duty.
a) Gifts: If the transfer is a gift, there is no consideration and hence no stamp duty is payable. This is in contrast
to the treatment of gifts for CGT purposes, where market value is used if there are no sale proceeds.
b) Transfers within groups: Transfers of assets between 75% group companies are exempt from stamp duty
provided that, at the time of the transfer, no arrangements exist for the transferee company to leave the
group. However, stamp duty becomes payable if the transferee company does leave the group within three
years of the transfer whilst still holding the asset.
Stamp duty is also not chargeable on company reconstructions where there is no change in ownership.
c) Miscellaneous: The following transfers are also exempt from stamp duty:
– Assets transferred as part of divorce arrangements
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– Property passing to a beneficiary under a will or intestacy
– Variation of a will within two years of the date of death
– Reorganization and takeover
– Unit trust and Changes in trustees.
– Government stock
– Securities traded on AIM (Alternative Investment Market)
– Most company loan notes except convertible loan notes
Note: To qualify for an exemption, the transfer document must state which exemption is being claimed.

CHAPTER 11
OVERSEAS ASPECTS OF INCOME TAX & CGT
1 UK Resident:
Rules for UK resident and NON-UK resident have already been discussed in chapter 1.
Availability of Personal Allowances Personal allowances are available to UK resident individuals. However, Citizen
of EEA, Island of man & the Channel Islands may also claim personal allowance.
Splitting a tax year:
If and individual becomes UK-residence or non-UK resident during the tax year then split year rule is applicable. This
applies to both income tax and capital gains tax.

Remember: split year rules are not applicable on individuals who are considered non-UK resident under
automatic non UK resident or sufficient ties tests.
➢ Non-UK Resident Individual arriving in the UK
A non-UK resident Date when UK part begins
a) Comes to UK, acquires his only home in the UK. Acquires UK home.
b) Comes to UK to work full-time for ≥ 1 year Starts the UK work.
c) The individual ceases working full-time overseas and returns to the UK. Stops working overseas.
d) Accompanies or later joins his spouse in UK who has ceased working Later of date:
overseas & comes to UK (Point c) • Spouse stops overseas work
• Joins spouse in the UK.
➢ UK Resident Individual is Leaving The UK
A UK resident Date when Overseas Part begins
a) Individual starts full-time work in overseas. Start overseas work.
b) Accompanies or later joins his spouse in Overseas who Later of date:
has started working overseas & left UK (Point a) • Spouse starts overseas work
• Joins spouse in overseas.
c) Sold his UK home, spends a minimal amount of time in Ceases to have a home in the UK.
the UK (≤15 days) and establishes ties with the
overseas country; (e.g. becoming resident in overseas)
2 Domicile
A person is domiciled in the country in which they have their permanent home.
Domicile of origin: A person acquires a domicile of origin at birth; this is normally the domicile of their father
Domicile of Until the age of 16 the domicile dependent of father, if father changes domicile the children
Dependency: also changes domicile.
Domicile of Choice: Individual aged ≥16 can change his domicile by his choice but must sever his ties with former
domicile country and settle in other country with clear intention permanent residence.
Deemed UK Domicile
Long term residents: An individual is deemed to be UK domiciled in a tax year if they have been UK resident for 15 of
the previous 20 tax years, however long-term residents will not be deemed domiciled if they have not been UK
resident in any tax year after 6 April 2017.
Formerly domiciled residents: An individual is deemed domiciled in a tax year if: he was born in the UK, and have
their domicile of origin in the UK in the past, and is UK resident in that tax year.

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3.1 Taxation Of UK Income
As a general rule, all income arising in the UK is subject to UK income tax regardless of the status of the individual.
Status UK income Overseas income (must be gross up for overseas tax suffered)
R and D in the UK All taxable All taxable
R but ND in UK All taxable All taxable but remittance basis can be used.
NR in UK All taxable Exempt
R= Resident; D=Domicile
3.2 Remittance Basis for overseas income:
The term remittance includes
• Bringing overseas income into UK,
• Using overseas income to settle debts in UK,
• Using overseas income to purchase goods or services which are subsequently brought into the UK;
Resident but Not Domiciled in UK
Overseas income Unremitted Overseas income and gains totaling
Remitted to UK ≤ £2000 > £2000
Arising Basis Automatic Remittance Basis Automatically Arising Basis
➢ Personal allowance Available ➢ Personal allowance available
➢ Unremitted overseas income will be exempt OR
Remittance basis can be claimed
If claimed:
➢ Personal allowance is not available
➢ Remittance Basis charge can arise
If remittance applies all overseas incomes (including interest, Dividend) are treated as other
income and taxed at 20%, 40% or 45%.
Double tax Relief (DTR) is available in all cases
DTR is lower of:
(i) Overseas income tax on overseas income (ii) UK income tax on overseas income.
➢ Remittance Basis Charge (RBC):
It is fix tax on unremitted overseas incomes & gains it will arise if individual:
• Aged 18 or over
• Claim remittance basis
• Unremitted income & gains >£2,000
• UK resident for at least 7 years out of previous 9 years but not UK domiciled
• Amount of RBC
– £30,000 if UK resident for ≥7 of previous 9 tax years
– £60,000 if UK resident for ≥12 of previous 14 tax years
3.3 Overseas Travel and Subsistence Expenses
Where an employee works under a contract of employment for a non-UK resident employer:
Travel costs between individual’s UK home and place of work abroad, at the beginning and end of the employment
Paid by the employee Paid by the employer
Allowable deduction from employment income Exempt benefit for employee.
➢ Additional travel costs incurred for the employee to make any number of return visits to the UK and overseas
subsistence costs (for example, board and lodgings whilst abroad) are treated as a tax-exempt benefit where:
• The employment duties can only be performed abroad, and the costs are incurred by the employer.
➢ Additional travel costs (from UK home) incurred for the spouse (or civil partner) and/or the employee’s children
(under 18 at the start of outward journey) to visit the employee are also treated as a tax-exempt benefit where:
• The individual has worked overseas for at least 60 consecutive days, and costs are incurred by the employer.
Note: Up to two return trips per tax year per person are allowable.
3.4 Overseas Saving Income: Overseas saving income is taxable in the normal way as UK saving income. unless
remittance basis is applied. Interest on all gilt-edged securities (UK government securities) is exempt from UK income.
3.5 Overseas Dividend Income: Taxable as UK Dividend income unless remittance basis is applied.
3.6 Overseas Property Income:
• Overseas Property income is taxable in normal way as UK Property income unless remittance basis is applied.
• Overseas property cannot be treated as furnished holiday letting unless in European Economic area.
• Overseas property loss can be carry forward and can only deducted from future overseas Property income.
3.7 Foreign Pensions: Foreign pension is taxable to UK income tax unless remittance basis is applied.

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3.8 Overseas Trading Income:
• Overseas Trading income is taxable as UK Trading income unless remittance basis is applied.
• Following travel and subsistence expenses will be allowable deduction unless remittance basis is applied:
– Travel to and from any place in the UK to the place where the trade is carried on overseas
– Board and lodging at that overseas place
– Cost for spouse and children (under age 18) visiting the overseas place of work up to two return trips in any
year of assessment, once the individual has been absent from the UK for 60 or more continuous days.
Overseas losses: Overseas trading loss can be relieved in the same way as UK trade losses maximum loss which is
relieved is restricted to total overseas income.
Overseas Aspects of CGT
CGT implication of UK Resident
UK resident persons will pay UK CGT on both UK capital gains and overseas capital gains. While non UK resident will
not pay any CGT on both UK and overseas gains except on UK residential property.
Resident but Not Domiciled in UK
Overseas gains Unremitted Overseas income and gains totaling
Remitted to UK ≤ £2000 > £2000
Arising Basis Automatic Remittance Basis Automatically Arising Basis
➢ Annual Exemption Available ➢ Annual Exemption available
➢ No tax on unremitted overseas gains OR
➢ Overseas losses allowable Remittance basis can be claimed
If claimed:
➢ Annual Exemption is not available
➢ Remittance Basis charge can arise
If remittance applies all overseas gains are taxed @ 20%
Double tax Relief (DTR) is available in all cases
DTR is lower of:
(i) Overseas tax on overseas gains (ii) UK tax on overseas gains.
Note: only 1 remittance Basis Charge for unremitted incomes and unremitted gains.
Temporary Non-Resident in UK:
A temporary non-resident is an individual who is:
a) UK resident for ≥4 tax years out of last 7 tax years preceding the tax year of departure and
b) Absence period is ≤5 years.
If absence period is ≥5 years then no CGT on disposals in absence period while gain on disposals after return will be
liable to CGT.
Tax Implication: Capital gain on disposal of assets which are:
a) Purchased and sold before leaving UK will be taxed before leaving UK.
b) Purchased before leaving UK and sold in absence period will be taxed in the year of return.
c) Purchased and sold in the absence period will be exempt.
d) Purchase in absence period and sold after tern will be taxed after return.

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CHAPTER 12
INHERITANCE TAX
1 INTRODUCTION:
IHT is charged on transfer of value of chargeable property by a chargeable person.
➢ Chargeable property: Every asset to which the individual is beneficially entitled is called chargeable asset.
➢ Chargeable person: An individual who is domiciled in UK will liable to IHT on transfer of their worldwide assets
and individual who is not domiciled in UK will liable to IHT on transfer of their UK assets only.
➢ Transfer of value: It is calculated by applying diminution in value rule also called loss to donor as follows:
Value of estate before transfer X
Value of estate after transfer (X) Remember:
Diminution in value/ transfer of value X • Gratuitous disposition means gift
2 VALUATION RULES (For Specific Assets)
2.1 Valuation rule for shares:
➢ UNQUOTED SHARES & SECURITIES: Market value will always be given in exams.
➢ Quoted shares: When quoted shares are gifted, Market value of shares will be lower of:
c) Lowest quoted price + 1/4 (Highest quoted price ─ lowest quoted price)
d) (Highest marked bargain + Lowest marked bargain)/2
• For quoted shares and securities always use cum-dividend and cum-interest value. If value of quoted shares and
securities is given as ex-dividend or ex-interest then, Cum-dividend and cum-interest value is calculated as follows:
Shares Securities
Value using “Lower of Rule” XX XX
Add: Next Dividend to be received XX
Add: Next Interest to be received XX
XX XX
➢ UNIT TRUST: Unit trusts are only valued at lowest quoted price at gift date.
2.2 Related Property Rule:
• The property is related property if the some kind of property is held by Donor’s spouse (or civil partner) or Exempt
party (charity, Housing society, National body as a result of gift.) as a result of gift from that person or their
spouse (or civil partner)
• This rule is applicable upon transfer of unquoted shares, antiques & chattels and adjacent plots of land.
• Transfer of Value:
Value of combined property before transfer X [A/ A + B] XX
Value of combined property after transfer X [A/ A + B] (XX)
XX .
A = Market value of Donor’s Property (No of shares for shares)
B = Market Value of related party’s Property (spouse or exempt party) (No of shares for shares)
TYPES OF IHT:
a) Life time IHT on life time gift
b) Death IHT on life time gifts
c) Death IHT on Death estate.
3 LIFE TIME IHT ON LIFE TIME GISTS:
POTENTIALLY EXEMPT TRANSFER (PET) CHARGEABLE LIFETIME TRANSFER
➢ It includes transfer between individuals ➢ It includes transfers to trust.
other than spouse
Transfer of value XX Transfer of value XX
Less: Reliefs (X) Less: Reliefs (XX)
Less: Exemptions (X) Less: Exemptions (XX)
Chargeable Amount X 1) Chargeable Amount XX
2) Calculate unused Nil Rate Band (NRB)
NRB (tax year of gift) X
Less: GCA of CLT’s in previous 7 years from gift date (X) (XX)
Taxable Amount XX
3) Calculate IHT @ 25% if paid by donor and @20% if paid by XX
donee.

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4) Calculate Gross Chargeable Amount as:
• If donor paid IHT Gross chargeable Amount =
chargeable amount + IHT
XX
• If donee paid IHT Gross chargeable Amount =
chargeable amount
EXEMPTIONS
➢ Gifts on marriage: ➢ Normal expenditure out of income
➢ £5,000 by parent. A transfer of value is exempt if:
➢ £2,500 if from a remoter ancestor or grandparents. ➢ Made as part of a person’s normal expenditure out of
➢ £2,500 if from a party to marriage or civil partnership. income and
➢ £1,000 if from any other person. ➢ Does not affect the donor’s standard of living.
➢ Gifts between spouses: ➢ Small gifts exemption:
Any transfers of value between spouses are exempt. Transfer of assets having value ≤£250/recipient per tax year
However if the spouse receiving the gift is non-UK domiciled are exempt if exceeds then whole amount is taxable
a limit of £325,000 is applied and any excess amount is ➢ Transfers to charities
chargeable to IHT. ➢ Transfers to Qualifying Political Party
However non-UK domiciled individuals whose spouse is UK Gift to qualifying political party is exempt. Political party
domiciled can elect to be treated as UK domiciled through qualifies if, at general election prior the gift, either:
an election to HMRC. ➢ ≥ 2 members were elected to the House of Commons, or
➢ The annual exemption (AE): ➢ One member elected & party polled at least 150,000 votes.
➢ A.E of £3,000 is available for lifetime transfers and available
on both PET and CLT in chronological order.
➢ Unused A.E can be carry forward for one year only. But A.E
of current year must be used first & then any b/f A.E.
➢ It is beneficial to make CLT before PET.
Due Date of Payment of IHT
For life time tax on CLTs, the due date depends upon date of the gift:
Date of CLT Due Date of tax payment
6 April --------------- 30 September 30 April of next calendar year
1 October -------------- 5 April Six months after the end of the month of the transfer
3 DEATH IHT ON LIFE TIME GIFTS:
1) B/F Gross Chargeable amount XX Taper Relief:
2) Fall in value Relief (XX) Years between Transfer & death Reduction
3) Unused NRB in IHT
NRB (Death Tax Year) XX 3 years or less 0%
Less: GCA of CLT’s in previous 7 years from gift date (XX) More than 3 but less than 4 20%
Less: GCA of PET’s More than 4 but less than 5 40%
(from 7years before death till gift date) (XX) More than 5 but less than 6 60%
Unused NRB (XX) More than 6 but less than 7 80%
Taxable Amount XXX
4) Calculate IHT on remaining amount@ 40%. XX
5) Deduct Taper Relief from IHT liability. (X)
6) Deduct Tax paid in lifetime. (X)
7) Remaining amount is IHT Payable. XX
Note: Death IHT on lifetime gifts is always paid by recipient of gift, (trustees of trust if CLT and Donee if PET)
4 FALL IN VALUE RELIEF:
• It is available for both PET and CLT if they become chargeable at death but has no effect on lifetime IHT already paid.
• It is deducted from Gross Chargeable Amount
• Amount of Fall in Value relief:
– It is decrease in market value of an asset between gift date and Death date.
– If donee sold the asset before death of donor, then FIV relief will be reduction in market value of an asset between
gift date and disposal date by donee.
• Any increase in value of asset transfer between the date of transfer and death is ignored
• This rule is not applicable on assets whose value is expected to decrease over time e.g. plant & machinery and wasting
chattels.
5 Business Property Relief
It is available on Worldwide Relevant Business Property.
It is available on both lifetime & death transfer but deducted before any other Exemptions and reliefs.

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Relevant Business Property:
a) Un-incorporated business or interest in partnership.
b) Unquoted securities of controlling company before gift (control may be achieved by taking into account related
property)
c) Unquoted shares of any company
d) Quoted shares and securities of controlling company before gift (control may be achieved by taking into account
related property)
e) Any land or building, machinery or plant which, immediately before the transfer, was used wholly or mainly for
Controlling company or partnership in which transferor is a partner.
BPR is available @ 100% for assets within (a), (b) or (c) above, and 50% for assets within Paragraph (d) or (e) above.
➢ Point to Note:
• BPR is not available on gift of investment business (Business dealing in securities, stocks and shares OR Dealing in
land or buildings) or investment asset.
• BPR on shares is calculated as follows:
BPR = Transfer of value X Trading Assets X BPR %
Total assets
Trading Asset = total asset less investment asset
Minimum Period of Ownership:
• Asset being transferred must be retained for a period of 2 years.
• If the asset was inherited on the death of a spouse (or civil partner), the couple's combined ownership period
should be ≥2 years.
• If the existing business property is replaced by relevant business property then combined period of ownership
should be at least 2 year out of last 5 years. BPR is given on lower of two property value.
• Successive Transfer: No need to consider ownership period for BPR if following conditions are fulfilled
a) The property being transferred was inherited and first donor qualified for BPR. and
b) Any of two:
o Either the property was transferred due to death of first donor or;
o Property is now chargeable due to death of second donor or;
Withdraw of BPR
GCA will be recalculated at gift date by ignoring BPR if:
a) The relevant business property is not used for business purposes at the date of death of donor.
b) Business property has been sold by donee before the date of death of donor and replacement business
property was not purchased.
6 Agricultural Property Relief:
• It is automatic relief on Property situated in the UK, EEA, channel islands or the isle of Man can reduce transfer of value
of property by 50% or 100%
• It is available on both lifetime & death transfer but deducted before any other Exemptions and reliefs.
• It is available upon agricultural value of agricultural property if it is held for minimum period of ownership.
– Agricultural Property: It includes Farmland, farm building/farm houses, milking parlours / pastures, cottages.
– Agricultural Value: The value of the property because of the agricultural capacity is called agricultural value.
– Minimum Period of Ownership:
Agricultural property relief

Owner managed If under tenant ship

Minimum ownership Minimum ownership period = 7 years

period = 2 years
Let Before 1/09/1995 AND Let After 1/09/1995
Still 2 year left in lease agreement at gift date.

APR = 100% APR = 50% APR = 100%

• If donor has inherited the Property on the death of spouse the combined period of ownership of both spouses
should be greater than minimum ownership period.

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• If the existing agricultural property has replaced the previous agricultural property, then APR will be available if
period of ownership of both the properties is at least 2 years out of last 5 year if property is owner managed and
7 years out of 10 years if property is under tenant ship.
• Successive Transfer: No need to consider ownership period and APR will be available if following conditions are
fulfilled.
a) The property being transferred was inherited and first donor qualified for BPR. and
b) Any of two:
o Either the property was transferred due to death of first donor or;
o Property is now chargeable due to death of second donor or;
➢ Shares in a farming Company: ➢ Withdraw of APR
If individual has shares in farming company APR will be GCA will be recalculated at gift date by ignoring APR if:
available if: a) Agricultural property is not used for agricultural
– Individual has controlling interest in the company purposes anymore.
– The minimum period of ownership is satisfied b) Agricultural property has been sold by donee by the
APR = Agricultural Value of C0. X % shareholding gifted X date of death of donor and has not purchased any
APR % replacement agricultural property.
Note: if both APR & BPR are available then APR should be deducted first and then BPR should be available on
remaining value.
8 Death Estate Computation
Pro forma Death Estate Computation
Freehold Property less any Repayment mortgage & interest only mortgages (Endowment mortgages is not XX
deductible)
Foreign Property (translated @ lowest rate on death date If given in foreign currency.) XX
Less: valuation expenses (max 5% of property value) (XX) XX
Other Assets: Leasehold property, Unincorporated business, Shares & Securities (cum dividend and
interest), Personal chattels and Motor cars, All receivables, Insurance policy proceeds, Cash at bank & ISAs, XX
Less: Allowable deductions:
Funeral expenses, legally enforceable debts, Outstanding taxes (e.g. income tax, CGT, NICs) (XX)
Less: Exempt legacies (e.g. to spouse or civil partner, charity, political party) (XX)
Net free estate XX
Gift with reservation (GWR) XX
Settled Property (will be dealt with in trusts) XX
Gross chargeable estate XX
Less: Death unused NRB (Note 1)
Nil Rate Band (Tax year of death) XX
Less: GCA of PET & CLT in previous 7 year from death date (XX) (XX)
Taxable Estate XX
IHT @ 40% or 36% Reduced Rate XX
Less: Quick succession Relief (QSR) (XX)
XA
Less: Double Tax Relief: Lower of:
a) Foreign tax suffered
b) AER x foreign property value in estate (XX)
Average estate Rate (AER) = (IHT after QSR (XA) /Gross chargeable estate) X 100
IHT payable XX
• No annual exemption available on death transfers but APR and BPR may be available if conditions are satisfied.
• Cost of administrating the estate by executor is not an allowable expense as it is incurred after the death.
(Note 1) Residence nil rate band
It is an additional £175,000 NRB is available if death estate of a deceased person includes main residence which is
inherited by direct descendants (children and grandchildren).
Value of residence is calculated after deduction of repayment mortgage or interest only mortgage. However, if value
of residence is below £175,000 then residence nil rate band is reduced to value of residence. E.g. value of residence is
£80,000 residence nil rate band will be £80,000 as well.
Any other type of property, such as a property which has been let out, does not qualify for the residence nil rate band.
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Tapered withdrawal of the RNRB: The RNRB will be withdrawn If net value of estate (before deducting APR, BPR and
exemptions) exceeding £2 million at a rate of £1 for every £2 exceeding the threshold. The RNRB will therefore be
reduced to nil when the net estate is £2,350,000 or more (£2 million + (£175,000 × 2)).
➢ Life insurance Policies payment:
Life insurance Policies payment will be included in death estate by proceeds received if for deceased individual.
If life insurance policy proceeds are received by a beneficiary (spouse or children) instead of deceased person
then it will not be added in death estate computation of deceased person.
➢ Joint Property
If a property is owned jointly by two or more persons then it will be apportioned between owners at the death of
any one owner as per agreed ratio. A fix deduction for valuation is 10% of value of property.
➢ Settled Property:
If the deceased person is a beneficiary of a trust then any amount received from the trust on his death is called
settled property. Death IHT of beneficiary which relates to settled property will be paid by trust.
➢ Reduced IHT Rate (36%) on death estate:
Reduced IHT Rate (36%) on death estate is applied instead of 40% if 10% or more of the baseline amount is left to
charity. Baseline amount = Taxable amount + Payment to charity + Residence Nil rate band
➢ Single Gross up:
• ‘Single grossing up’ (SGU) is required if in the will of a deceased person; specific gift(s) of UK assets are left to a
chargeable person(s), and the residue of the estate is left to an exempt person.
IHT payable = (Net chargeable estate – NRB available) × 40/60
Gross chargeable estate = (Net chargeable estate plus IHT payable)
• If the UK death estate is transferred to exempt recipient (e.g spouse or charity) and residue is left to chargeable
persons then no grossing up is required. Foreign property need not to be gross up.
➢ Quick Succession Relief:
It arises when two death IHT arise within five years and available to 2nd deceased person. It is deducted from IHT
liability and calculated as follows: QSR = IHT paid on first death X % age
IHT paid on first death = (Total IHT paid on 1st death / Gross chargeable estate on 1st death) X value of gift
Years between Transfer and death of transferee
1 year or less 100 % Remember:
More than 1 but less than 2 80 % • %ages are not given in exams.
More than 2 but less than 3 60 % • QSR is given before DTR.
More than 3 but less than 4 40%
More than 4 but less than 5 20%
➢ Allocation of IHT payable:
• The IHT payable on the estate is apportioned between different elements of the estate at the AER (after QSR).
• The tax on settled property is payable by the trustees.
• The tax on a GWR is payable by the beneficiary receiving the GWR.
• The remaining tax on death is initially paid by the executors. The remainder of the tax relating to the UK assets is
paid from the estate, and so is effectively borne by the person who inherits the residue of the assets after the
specific legacies have been paid (known as the residuary legatee).
➢ Due Dates of Payment of Death IHT: IHT arising on death is payable by the Personal Representatives (PRs). The
time limit for this is 6 months from the end of the month in which the death occurred.
➢ The installment option
• IHT on certain property can be paid by ten equal annual installments on CLTs where tax is borne by the donee, or
on the transfer of a person's death estate. The first installment is due for payment on normal due date.
• Installment option may be used for IHT payable due to death of donor within seven years of making a PET. In this
case, donee must have kept the property (or replacement property) until donor's death (or his own, if earlier),
• The installment option applies to:
a) Land and buildings
b) Shares or securities in a company controlled by the transferor immediately before the transfer
c) Other holdings in unquoted companies where the tax on them together with that on other installment property
represents at least 20% of the total liability on the estate on a death, or where the tax cannot all be paid at once
without undue hardship
d) Shares in an unquoted company (including an AIM listed company) representing at least 10% of the nominal value
of the issued share capital and valued for IHT purposes at not less than £20,000
e) A business or an interest in a business
If the property is sold by Donee, all outstanding tax must then be paid.

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Gift with Reservation: A ‘gift with reservation of benefit’ (GWR) is a lifetime gift in which the legal ownership of an asset
is transferred, but the donor retains some benefit in the asset gifted.
Exception: If Donor pay commercial rent or circumstances of the donor have changed in a way that was not foreseen at the
time of the gift (fell ill) then it can be treated as normal transfer.
• Examples of a GWR include:
– the gift of a house, but the donor continues to live in it
– the gift of shares, but the donor retains the right to future dividends
– the gift of assets into a discretionary trust, but the donor is a potential beneficiary of the trust fund.
• The treatment of GWR
Reservation still in place when donor dies Reservation lifted before donor's death
Asset included in donor's death estate as GWR @ MV on Deemed Lifetime gift @ MV of asset on date
date of death reservation lifted (but annual exemptions are not
deducted)
Associated operations: “Two or more transactions affecting the same property (directly or indirectly)”
All associated operations are treated as one disposition made at the time of the last one of associated operations.
9 Transfer of Unused Nil Rate Band
If any partner in the spouse dies with unused nil rate band then the other partner may claim to increase his/her nil rate
band by the percentage of unused nil rate band of deceased partner.
10 Will Planning
• Leave chargeable estate for exempt legacies
• Leave exempt estate for chargeable legacies
• If Nil Rate Band available, transfer to chargeable legacies up to amount of NRB available
• Skipping a generation: Rather than leaving property directly to children, it may be more advantageous to miss out a
generation and to leave the property to grandchildren instead.
Deed of Variation: The will of a person could be changed even after death of that person by entering into deed of variation.
Following conditions must be fulfilled;
1. It must be in written form & signed by all beneficiaries of previous & new will
2. It should not be for any consideration in return for change in will
3. Should be submitted within two years of death
4. It should state that change was for tax efficiency
11 Overseas Aspects
Deemed UK Domicile
a) An individual who has been domiciled in the UK, moves abroad and makes another country their permanent
home, retains their UK domicile for three years.
b) Long term residents: An individual is deemed to be UK domiciled in a tax year if they have been UK resident for
15 of the previous 20 tax years, however long term residents will not be deemed domiciled if they have not been
UK resident in any tax year after 6 April 2017.
c) Formerly domiciled residents: An individual is deemed domiciled in a tax year if: he was born in the UK, and have
their domicile of origin in the UK in the past, and is UK resident in that tax year.
The location of assets: For someone not domiciled in the UK, the location of assets is clearly important:
➢ Land and buildings, freehold or leasehold, are in ➢ Bearer securities are where the certificate of title is located at
country in which they are physically situated. the time of transfer.
➢ A debt is in the country of residence of debtor ➢ Bank accounts are at the branch where the account is kept.
➢ Life policies are in the country where the ➢ An interest in a partnership is where the partnership business
proceeds are payable. is carried on.
➢ Registered shares and securities are in country ➢ Goodwill is where business to which it is attached is carried on.
where they are registered. ➢ Tangible property is at its physical location.
12 Advantages of making life time transfers
• It a donor makes a PET, then it will be exempt from IHT and will remain exempt is the donor dies after 7 years of making the PET.
• If a donor makes CLT and survives for 7 years after making the CLT. Then the overall IHT will have been reduced as there will be no
additional IHT on death.
• The availability of annual exemptions, small gift exemptions and marriage exemptions are available to reduce the value of life time
transfers for IHT purpose.
• If the value of the property is increasing then it is advisable to make life time gift of that property, because if it becomes chargeable
to IHT due to death within 7 years of making the transfer then any increase between gift date and death date will be ignored.
• If the donor does not survive for 7 years after making life time transfer and the lifetime transfer are taxed on death then taper relief
(provided the donor survives for at least 3 years) will be available to reduce the tax.

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CHAPTER 13
CORPORATION TAX
Companies resident in the UK pay corporation tax on worldwide income and gains.
UK Resident Company:
a) If it is incorporated in UK OR b) Not Incorporated in UK but centrally managed and controlled from UK.
Centrally controlled and managed means meetings of board if directors.
Period of Account and Chargeable accounting period:
Period of Account: Duration for which company prepares it accounts. It is generally 12 months long, but can be longer or shorter.
Chargeable Accounting Period: Period according to which corporation tax is paid. It can be ≤12 months but never >12 months
➢ When accounting period start? ➢ When accounting period end? It ends on earlier of:
– When a company starts to trade – 12 months after its start
– When the previous accounting – The end of the company's periods of account
period ends. – The company's ceasing to be resident in the UK
– When a co. ceases to trade, or when its profits being liable to corporation tax are ceased
Calculation of Corporation Tax Liability:
X LTD; Corporation Tax Computation For P/E ended XX/XX/XX ➢ Financial Years (FY):
£ The tax rates to be used for corporation tax are set for
Trading Profits XX Financial Years (FY). Financial starts on 1st April and ends
Interest Income XX on 31 march.
Income From Foreign Sources XX FY 2020 = 1 April 2020 to 31 March 2021
Rental Income XX
Chargeable Gains (profit on disposal of assets) XX
Total profit XX
Less: Qualifying Charitable Donations (XX)
Total Taxable Profit (TTP) XX
Corporation tax Liability = Taxable Total Profits X 19%
Qualifying Charitable Donations:
Donations are made gross by companies and deducted from main proforma.
Exceptions: Donation allowable from trading profit and donation to political party are not deducted as QCD in proforma.
If donations exceed total profit then unrelieved donations are wasted except 75% group relief is claimed (see later).
Long Periods of Accounts:
➢ If period of account >12 month, it will split into two Acc. periods, 1st of 12 months and 2nd of remaining months.
➢ The following rule applies in the allocation of profits and charges between the two chargeable accounting periods:
Income / Charges Method Of Allocation
Trading Profit (before capital allowances) Time apportioned
Capital allowances and balancing charges Calculated for each period
Rental Income Accruals Basis
Interest Receivable Accruals Basis
Chargeable Gains Allocated to accounting period
Qualifying charitable donation Deducted in period in which paid
Interest Income:
➢ Interest received or paid is dealt with on accruals basis.
➢ Loan Relationship Rule: Interest payable on loan taken for trade is deducted from trading profit while Interest on a
loan taken for any other purpose will be deducted from interest income.
➢ Interest received from HMRC is taxable and interest paid to HMRC is allowable trading expense.
Loan Relationship Deficits:
Non trading interest income XX
Non trading interest expense (XX)
XX/(XX) .

Net Interest Income Non trading interest Expense

Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4
Put in Performa as Set off against total Carry back against interest Carry forward and Group
interest income profit before QCD of income of previous 12 months (or deducted from relief
current accounting 36 months if current year is total profits of
period cessation year.) future periods.

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➢ Partial claim is allowed so company has the option to relieve loss as it wants.
➢ Claim for current period & carry back must be made within 2 years from end of Acc. period of loss
Thin capitalization:
Interest expense on loan which is in excess of companies borrowing limit is disallowed. Gearing ratio and interest
cover ratios are used to determine financial stability and borrowing limit.
Dividend Income:
➢ Dividend received from any company is totally exempt
➢ Dividend received from non-associated companies is considered to determine payment date of corporation tax.
Property Income:
➢ Property income is calculated on accrual basis for chargeable accounting period.
➢ Interest expense on a loan to buy a rental property is deductible from interest income not property income
➢ There is no rent a room relief for companies.
Property loss must be deducted from total profits before QCD of current period and any remaining loss will be
deducted from future total profits before QCD.
Trading Profit:
Calculation of Taxable Trading Profit
For the year ended xx/xx/xx • Private use by owner and
Profit from Financial Accounts XX employee both allowable
Add: Disallowable Expenses XX • Dividend payable by company
Taxable Income (not included in the profit figure) XX is not an allowable trading
Less: Allowable Expenses (XX) expense.
Disallowable Income (included but not taxable under trading profit) (XX)
Taxable Trading Profit XX
CAPITAL ALLOWANCES:
➢ No private use asset column (Because private by owner is allowed.)
➢ If POA is >12 months there will be two CAP and capital allowances will be calculated separately for each CAP.
➢ Only one AIA is available to Group of CO’s however, AIA can be shared between group CO. s in any way.
Related Companies:
➢ Only one AIA (of £1,000,000) is available to Related companies (companies involved in same activities or share same
premises) which are owned by the same individual and owner of companies can allocate it as he wants to.
➢ Unrelated companies owned by the same individual(s) will each be entitled to the full AIA.
Trading Losses

Carry forward relief: Set Off Trading Loss Against Total Profit:
Carry forward and deducted from 1st available total profit of ➢ Deduct trading loss from total profits before QCD of
future years. the current year and only then deduct remaining loss
If a company’s trade becomes small or negligible in an from total profits before QCD of previous 12 months.
accounting period in which a trading loss arose or from ➢ No CAP Limit
which a loss is carried forward, trading losses carried Terminal Loss Relief:
forward to future periods can only be offset against future If trading loss arises in last 12 months of trade, then
profits of the same trade as opposed to total profits. this loss can be set off against the total profit of
previous three years on LIFO basis. Partial claim is not
allowed.
Restriction on Trading Loss: If there is change in more than 50% of ordinary share capital of the company and within 3
years of change in ownership, there is change in nature or conduct of business then:
– Losses before change in ownership cannot be deducted from profits which arise after change in ownership.
– Losses after change in ownership cannot be deducted from profits which arise before change in ownership.
• Change in nature or conduct means major change in services provided, customers, product, management, outlets
or markets,
Foreign Income:
Any foreign income must be included in TTP. Foreign income is gross up by foreign tax suffered.
Chargeable Gains:
Indexation allowance: Indexation allowance gives a company some allowance for the effect of inflation in calculating
a gain. It is given from the date of expenditure to the date of disposal. IA cannot create nor increase a capital loss.
Indexation Allowance = Cost X Indexation Factor
Indexation Factor = (RPI of Later Date – RPI of Previous date)
RPI of previous date
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• When an asset is purchased prior to December 2017 and subsequently sold, then the indexation allowance will be
given from the month of acquisition up to December 2017.
• When an asset is purchased from January 2018 onwards and subsequently sold, then no indexation allowance will
be available.
Calculation of gains and losses for companies Calculating net chargeable gains of a company
Disposal proceeds (or market value) X Capital gains arising on disposals in CAP X
Less incidental costs of disposal (X)
Less: Allowable losses arising on disposals in CAP (X)
Net proceeds X
Less allowable costs (X) Less: b/f capital losses (X)
Un-indexed gain X
Less indexation allowance (X) Net chargeable gains X
Chargeable gain X

DISPOSAL OF SHARES AND SECURITIES : ROLLOVER RELIEF :

All rules are same as individuals except Rollover relief is the only capital gains
Matching Rule: relief available to companies. It allows the
a) Shares acquired on same day deferral of the indexed gains arising on
b) Shares acquired on previous 9 days the disposal of qualifying business assets.
c) Shares in share pool.
All rules for rollover relief are same as
On disposal or acquisition of shares indexation allowance is added in cost.
individuals except that the qualifying
Bonus Issues:
assets for companies are:
• Bonus shares are added in share pool with no increase in cost.
➢ Land and buildings used in business
• Not index the cost of original shares to the date of bonus
➢ Fixed plant and machinery (unmovable)
Rights Issues
Goodwill is not a qualifying asset for
• It increases the number of shares and cost of share pool. rollover relief for CO.
• Pool is indexed to the date of the rights issue.
Capital losses:
Capital losses are relieved against Current year capital gains, then Capital gains of future CAPs
Transfer Pricing Legislation:
• It is applicable upon transactions between connected companies. Companies are connected if:
– On company directly or indirectly participate in the management, control or capital of the other company, or
– A third party directly or indirectly participates in the management, control or capital of both companies.
Large Company Small OR Medium Company

Transaction with any Transaction with overseas company Transaction with UK SME or overseas
company resident in non-qualifying territory company resident in qualifying territory

Transfer pricing rules apply Transfer pricing rules not apply.

• If transfer pricing rules apply then the transaction between related parties are recorded at an arm’s length price.
• Non-qualifying territory is one which is not in UK and has no DTR agreement with UK.
Goodwill and intangible non-current assets
Expenditure relating to Intangible Assets other than goodwill
(e.g patents, copyright, trademark, brands, intellectual property and know-how)

Use deduction made under accounting Rules Elect to disapply accounting deductions
Research Expense = Initial Claim tax allowance @ 4%/annum on straight line basis
Amortisation & Impairment Expense = Subsequent
• Election for choice of treatment is irrevocable and should be made within 2 years from year of acquisition of asset
If a company disposes off intangible assets then profit or loss (difference between the disposal proceeds and carrying
value) will be treated as trading profit or trading loss. Company has the option to elect to rollover the trading profit
upon disposal of intangible assets if disposal proceeds are reinvested within 1 year before or 3 year after disposal.
Tax treatment of goodwill No amortisation or impairment on goodwill are allowable for tax purposes except on
disposal. On a disposal of goodwill profit is taxable as trading income but a loss is a non-trading loss which can be:
– Set off against total profits of the current period

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– Carry forward and deducted from non trading profit of next period.
– Transferred to a 75% group member as group relief.
PATENT ROYALTIES:
• Patent royalties are received gross from another company and net of basic rate tax from individuals.
• They are chargeable on an accrual basis, under trading profits calculation, if patents are held for trading purposes
and are treated under the category of Other Income, if held for non-trading purposes.
• Patent royalties paid are treated as trading expense deductible (if related to trade).
• Patent royalties are paid net to an individual and gross to another company.
Substantial Shareholding Exemption (SSE)
Substantial shareholding is, holding of ≥10% shares in another CO. which are owned for ≥12 months out of 6 years
before date of disposal.
• For substantial shareholding exemption investee company should be trading companies.
• It is not necessary for company selling the shares to be either a trading company or a member of a trading group
• Gain on disposal of shares out of substantial shareholding is exempt and loss is not allowable.
• If disposal of shares qualifies for SSE and remaining shareholding falls below 10% then remaining shares will also
qualify for SSE if sold with in next 5 years.
• In order to determine substantial shareholding, the shares held by connected companies will also be considered.
• If there is a share for share exchange, then the combined period of ownership of both the holdings will be
considered to determine minimum period of ownership.
• SSE will be available even if the shares are not owned for 12 months if:
a) the shares being disposed of are in a new company, and
b) the new company received assets from another 75% group company, and
c) the assets transferred were held and used in trade of another group company for 12 months before transfer.
Research and development expenditure
R&D expenditure incurred by a company may be 100% allowable expenditure if it relates to company’s trade.
R&D relief: SMEs (Question in exam will state whether or not the company is a SME.)
In case of SME all of the revenue expenses incurred upon R&D (including cost of developing or buying software for
purpose of R&D only) would be allowed to be deducted from trading profits.
➢ Enhanced Relief:
If any expenses qualify for “enhanced relief” than extra 130% of these expenses will be allowed to be deducted from
trading profits.
Expenses which will qualify for enhanced relief are as follow:
a) All direct costs; material, fuel, power, water & staff cost including employee NIC of that staff (but excluding cost
of benefits in kind)
b) Software either purchased or developed to be used for R&D only
c) 65% of the payment made to subcontractors if any (i.e. 130% of 65%)
Notes:
• If payments made to independent party, e.g. Research body, amount paid would be allowable to be deducted
from trading profits but would not qualify for Enhanced relief.
• Expenses which are covered under grant or subsidies will be allowed trading expenses but would not qualify for
enhanced relief.
• If loss arises due to enhanced relief and it is relieved in such a manner that it creates refund (if loss is carried
back). In this case only 14.5% of amount surrendered would be paid to the company as a refund regardless of
actual applicable corporation tax rate.
R&D relief: Large Companies
Where a large company incurs qualifying expenditure on R&D, it can claim a tax credit equal to 13% of the R&D
expenditure. It has two effects:
a) 13% of R&D expenditure is included as taxable income and taxed at 19%.
b) 13% of R&D expenditure is deducted from corporation tax liability.
Note: Any remaining credit balance can be carried forward and offset against the company’s corporation tax liability
for the next accounting period or any other accounting period or, in the case of a group company, surrendered to
another member of the group.
BUSINESS FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
➢ Sources of Finance:
Equity Finance Debt Finance
Amount Company can issue shares up to maximum There is no limit of debt finance which a company
of authorized share capital. can raise through debt instruments and banks
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loan until investor is ready to invest.
Return Company is required to pay dividend which Entity is required to pay mandatory interest which
is based on profits and this will not be is regardless of profit and it is treated as allowable
treated as allowable expense. expense.
Investor • If investor is a company any dividend • If investor is an individual interest will be liable
received by company is exempt. to income tax.
• If investor is an individual dividend will be • If investor is a company then interest will be
liable to income tax. received gross and it will liable to CT.
➢ Differences between sole trader and company:
Sole Trader Company
Trading profits are liable to income tax on tax Trading profits are liable to corporation tax for
year basis. accounting period.
Application of basis period. No application of basis period.
Capital allowances are available but with Private Capital allowances are available but No Private use
use adjustment. adjustment is required.
Personal Allowance is available No personal allowance is available.
Class 2 and Class 4 NIC will become payable. No payment of NIC is required for trade.
3 loss relief options are available
Six Loss relief options are available.
Group relief is also available.
No tax implication at the time of withdrawal of Profit after tax from company can be withdrawn in form
profit after tax from business. of dividend or employment income.
Business may have VAT registered. Company may have VAT registered.
Upon disposal of business it will be treated as Upon disposal of shares it will be treated as chargeable
chargeable disposal however Business asset disposal however rollover relief is available.
disposal relief, gift relief, and rollover relief is
available.
If an individual has expected losses in initial If an individual has profit in initial years of trade and has
years of trade then individual should preferably no intention to withdraw funds in initial years then it is
start business as sole trader to take advantage of better to operate in form of company to take advantage
tax saving at high rate. of low corporation tax rates.
➢ Extraction of Funds from a Company:
Salary Dividend
Income tax payable @ 20%, 40% or 45% by individual. Income tax payable @ 7.5%, 32.5% or 38.1%.
Class 1 employee NIC payable by individual @ 12% or 2% NO NIC is payable by individual.
Company is liable to pay class 1 Employer NO NIC is payable by company.
Salary and NIC paid to individual is treated as allowable Dividend is not an allowable for company.
expense for company.
Individual can make personal pension contribution in Don’t qualify as relevant earning for personal
respect of salary received from the company. pension cont. because it is not a earned income.
➢ Rental Income from company
• Individual should try to own the assets of the company instead of owning assets through the company in this
way individual will be able to withdraw profits after tax from the company in the form of rental income
although this will be liable to income tax as a property income but company will be able to claim allowable
deduction in respect of rent paid for the property from trading profits.
• If asset is being used in trade in such a manner as mentioned above individual can avoid double taxation at
the time of disposal of asset. However, BPR would be reduced to 50% for the IHT purpose.
➢ Interest income from the company
• If an individual makes a loan to the company then any interest income received by individual will be taxed in
the year of receipt of interest @20%, 40% or 45%.
• Interest paid by company is an allowable expense from company trading profit on accrual basis.
➢ Personal pension contribution
• Individual can withdraw funds from the company by making persona pension contribution for himself as an
employee through other company however pension funds are not withdrawn up to the age of 55 years.
➢ Purchase of Non-Current Assets
• If an asset is purchased capital allowances are available in normal way. (AIA, WDA)
• If individual is VAT registered, then Capita allowance will be claimed upon VAT exclusive amount.

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➢ Hire Purchase Agreement/Finance Lease. Assets acquired under hire purchase agreement will be treated as
outright purchase of the asset and capital allowance will be claimed in normal way upon cash equivalent value of
asset. Any interest paid along with installment amount will be treated as allowable expense.
➢ Operating Lease Any rent paid for asset acquired under operating lease for trading purpose is allowable trading
expense with the exception of high emission car (CO2 >110 gram/km) for which 15% of rent paid is disallowed.
Close Company
Company controlled by 5 or less than 5 shareholders or if there are more than 5, all shareholders should be directors.
Control means holding >50% of: ‘’share capital or voting rights, or distributable profits or net assets on winding up”
Note: Husband and wife are considered as one shareholder for the purpose of close company only.
Provision of benefits from Close Company to an individual who is shareholder and director:
➢ For directors it will be a taxable benefit liable to income tax calculated using the rules of employment income.
➢ For company cost of providing benefit will be allowable expense from company’s trading profit.
Provision of benefits from Close Company to an individual who is just a shareholder:
➢ For individual it is dividend income equal to taxable value of benefit calculated using employment income rules.
➢ For company it will be assumed that company has pay dividend equal to value of taxable benefit.
Loan taken by shareholder to make a loan or purchase shares of a Close Company:
Loan will be called qualifying loan and any interest paid is deductible expense from his total income provided the
company is personal trading company (owns ≥ 5% shares).
Benefit in respect of interest: If company provides loan to employee at less than 2.25% then:
➢ If individual is a shareholder it will deemed to have been received net of dividend equal to value of taxable benefit
which will be calculated using employment income rules and
➢ If individual is shareholder & director, then it will be taxable benefit for related individual.
Loan from close company to its shareholders only or shareholder plus employee:
Tax Charge: If a close company lends a loan to its shareholders then company has to pay a tax charge @32.5% upon
the amount of loan.
Due date to pay tax charge is same as due date to pay corporation tax (9 month& 1 day or quarterly basis).
No tax charge will be due by company if individual repays loan before due date of payment of tax by company.
➢ Exemption from tax charge: No tax charge will arise if following three conditions are satisfied:
a) Amount of loan is ≤ £15,000. b) Individual is full time employee of CO. c) Individual owns ≤5% shares in CO.
➢ This tax charge is refundable into a situation:
a) When shareholder repay the loan to company.
b) When the company writes off the loan into its own books.
Note: Amount of loan written off by company will be treated as dividend income of shareholder. Loan written off
will not be an allowable expense for company.
Companies with investment Business:
• Companies holding investments are called companies with investment business.
• Management expenses of company is allowed to be deducted from total profit before QCDs of current year and
any unrelieved management expenses will carry forward against the total profit of future years OR Company can
choose to transfer the unrelieved management expenses to 75% group member.
• Management expense includes remuneration of the employees, audit fee, bank interest, head office overheads,
commissions, office rent and rates.
75% Loss Relief Group:
75% Loss Relief Group is formed when at-least 75% main holding at every level and effective holding of at-least 75%.
• Group can be formed without ultimate parent company and one company can be part of more than one group.
• Overseas Companies can become part of this group but relief is only available to UK resident companies unless
overseas company is EEA and loss can’t be utilized in any other way.
Tax Implications:
Surrendering company can transfer current year: Surrendering company can transfer brought
– Trading losses (no need to claim against its own profit first) forward:
– Non trading interest expense (no need to claim against its – trading losses
own profit first). – Non trading interest expense
– Unused QCD. – management expenses of an investment
– Unused Property business loss. company
– Unused management expense (if investment CO.) – property losses
• Only corresponding period losses are eligible for relief.

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Surrendering CO:
(CO. that surrenders its loss) may surrender as much of loss as it wants to (partial claim is allowed) & it is not necessary
to relieve loss against its own income & gains 1st
Claimant CO:
(CO. to which loss is surrendered) can offsets loss against Taxable Total Profits of its corresponding Accounting Period
but after offsetting its own b/f trading loss.
• Claimant CO. may make payments to surrendering CO. for group relief. Any payment up to the amount of loss
surrendered is ignored for corporation tax purposes.
• Losses which arise before joining the group or after leaving the group are not eligible for group relief.
• Group relief restriction applies where there has been a change of ownership of a company, A Ltd. A Ltd’s pre-
acquisition losses carried forward cannot be surrendered to companies in its new group for a period of five years
from the date of the change in ownership. This restriction operates in one direction only, i.e new group
companies can transfer losses to new entrant in the group.
Consortium
When two or more companies (UK or overseas) mutually owns ≥75% shareholding in another company provided each
company own at least 5% but up to maximum of 74%. This is called consortium arrangement.
• Investor Company is called consortium member and Investee Company is called Consortium Company.
• A consortium company can transfer its loss upward to consortium member but up to maximum of the %age holding
of a consortium member but for this purpose consortium company has to offset loss against its own total profit 1st.
• Consortium Member CO. can also transfer its loss downward to consortium CO. but up to maximum of its %age
holding. There is no need to consortium member to offset the loss against its own total profit 1st.
• Losses cannot be transferred between consortium members. Overseas company can become part of consortium
arrangement but it cannot take advantage of consortium features.
75% Capital gains Group
75% Capital gain Group is formed when at-least 75% main holding at every level and effective holding of at-least 50%.
• Group cannot be formed without ultimate parent CO. and one CO. cannot be part of more than one group.
• Overseas Companies can become part of this group but relief is only available to UK resident companies.
Tax Implications:
• Group CO.s can transfer assets between themselves at no gain / no loss & deemed to take place at indexed cost.
• Group companies can transfer only Current year capital gains or capital losses to other group members. While b/f
capital loss is not allowed to transfer. Election must be made in 2 years from end of accounting period of disposal
• Rollover relief is available on a group wide basis Where:
– one company sells qualifying asset, and
– Another company buys a qualifying asset within the rollover relief qualifying time period.
Gain can be rolled over against purchased asset of other CO.
De-grouping charge:
It can arise if a 75% gain group member leaves the group, and still holds an asset which it had received from another
75% group member via no gain no loss transfer in previous 6 years. It will be calculated as:
M.V at date of original intra group transfer XX
Less: original cost plus indexation allowance (XX)
De-grouping Charge XX .
• Charge is taxable to Transferor CO. however it will be exempt in case of substantial shareholding exemption.
• Transferor Company can choose to transfer de-grouping charge to the other 75% gain group members.
Stamp Duty:
SDLT is exempt on transfer between 75% gain group companies but exemption will be withdrawn if recipient
company leaves the group within 3 years from date of intra-group transfer.
Pre Entry Capital Loss:
Capital losses of a company before joining 75% gain group can be offset against gains:
a) From disposal of assets before joining the group
b) From disposal of assets which were owned before joining the group and sold after joining group.
c) From disposal of assets which were acquired after joining the group and sold to third party.

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Transfer of trade within a group

A Ltd. Mr. A
75% 75% 75% 75%

B Ltd. C Ltd. B Ltd. C Ltd.

Transfer of assets from B Ltd. to C Ltd. Transfer of assets from B Ltd. to C Ltd.
Special rules apply and this is a gain group Special rules apply but this is not a gain group (Same person must
own ≥75% of trade at some time; within 1 year before transfer & at
any time within two years after transfer.)

Transfer of trade and Assets without change in ownership

Special Rules Capital Gain
Trade Losses Capital Allowances If gains group If no gains group
Transferred with trade & • P&M will be transferred at WDV. Assets transferred at Capital gain/loss arises
deducted from future trading • No BC/BA for transferor no gain no loss on chargeable assets
profits of C Ltd. • No AIA or FYA for transferee co. sold.
Overseas Aspects
UK Resident Company: Companies incorporated in the UK, or incorporated overseas but centrally managed and
controlled in the UK are called UK resident companies.
All UK resident Companies are chargeable to corporation tax on their worldwide income and chargeable gains.
Permanent establishment:
Means having a place of management or a branch or an office or a factory or any work related area.
Overseas Subsidiary
• Will be classed as an associated company (reduces the limits) if ownership is > 50%
• Profits will be subject to overseas Corporate Tax but are not charged to UK corporation tax
• UK capital allowances are not available
• Intra-group transactions between overseas subsidiary and a UK resident group member will be subject to the
Transfer Pricing rules.
• No group relief is available for trading losses of an overseas subsidiary
• Dividend received from overseas subsidiary will be exempt and ignored in computing augmented profits.
CONTROLLED FOREIGN COMPANY (CFC):
An overseas resident company will be CFC if:
a) controlled by UK resident companies and/or individuals, and
b) has incorporated or acquired to artificially divert profits from UK
CFC Charge:
Individuals control (E.g. Mr A, & Mr. B)

UK Resident companies CFC

UK Resident company control Owns CFC

(can be controlled by more than 1 UK resident co. in which case
each co. must own at least 25% interest in CFC)
CFC Charge will arise on UK Resident Companies No CFC Charge
CFC Charge:
£
(Amount of CFC chargeable profit caught by CFC Legislation X
% shareholding of UK company X main rate of corporation tax) X
Less: DTR (X)
CFC charge X
Chargeable Profits
• Income of CFC (but not chargeable gains) that are artificially diverted from the UK, calculated as per UK tax rules
is called chargeable profit
• CFCs will have no chargeable profits (so no CFC charge) if any of the following conditions are satisfied:
– the CFC does not hold any assets or bear any risks intended to reduce UK tax
– the CFC does not hold any assets or bear any risks that are managed in the UK

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– the CFC would continue in business if the UK management of its assets and risks were to cease
Exemptions to CFC charge
The CFC charge is not applied if any one of the following exemptions applies (even if CFC has chargeable profit):
Exempt period exemption No CFC charge will arise in first year (first 12 months) if it will be CFC in the second
accounting period and no CFC charge in second year.
Excluded territories CFC is resident in an excluded territory (Territory approved by HMRC where rate of
corporation tax is higher than UK) than no CFC charge arises.
Low profits The CFC’s TTP ≤£500,000 of which non trading profits is ≤£50,000.
Low profit margin CFC’s accounting profit is ≤10% of relevant operating expenditure.
Tax exemption The tax paid in the overseas country is at least 75% of the UK corporation tax which
would be due if the CFC were a UK resident company
Overseas Branch
• An overseas branch of a UK company is effectively an extension of the UK trade, and 100% of the branch profits will
be assessed to UK corporation tax.
• Trading profits are treated as UK profits and will be calculated in same way.
• UK capital allowances are available on oversees plant and machinery purchased.
• Trading losses of an overseas branch are available for set off, against the profits of other companies in the group.
• All implications of capital gains of overseas companies are same as UK capital gains.
• Corporation tax limits are not divided.
Double Tax Relief (DTR) DTR is lower of:
(i) Overseas tax on overseas income.
(ii) UK corporation tax on overseas income.
Exemption of overseas Branch:
• An irrevocable election can be made for exemption of profits of overseas branch. In this case branch profits
(trading, interest, rent, capital gains) are exempt from UK tax.
• No loss relief available, no capital allowance is available.
• If election is made it will be irrevocable and will be applicable to all overseas branches.
Re-Construction & Re-Organization
Share for share exchange: • If substantial shareholding exemption is not available
• Claim substantial shareholding exemption if available. – Claim share for share exchange rule.
• Transfer the gain to 75% Group Company. – No Gain NO loss arise
– Cost of old shares will become cost of new shares.
Consequences of Disposal of Shares:
• Substantial shareholding exemption can be available.
• Stamp duty @ 0.5% will be payable.
• The company being disposed of will be treated associated company for whole accounting period
• There may be de-grouping charge.
• Transfer of trade special rules might be applicable.
Purchase of its own shares by company (Buy Back)
Proceeds received by individual may be taken as income distribution (dividend) or a capital payment.
Capital Repayment:
Conditions:
a) Company must be an unquoted trading CO. and Buy back of shares by CO. must be for benefit of trade.
b) Shares must have been owned for at least five years if purchased and it will be 3 years if inherited.
c) The shareholder is resident in UK
d) Shareholding after buy back should be ≤75% of the shareholding before buy back
e) After buy back individual must not be able to exercise more than 30% control of the company.
Capital gain/loss = Disposal Proceeds – purchase price
Note: If Co. buy back its shares from another CO. HMRC will always treat the event as capital disposal (substantial
shareholding exemption may apply.
Income Distribution: If any of the above conditions is not satisfied then dividend income:
Dividend = Proceeds received less Original subscription price (issue price)
Liquidation
At the time of liquidation, liquidator is appointed, assets of the company are realized, any obligations of the company
are paid and finally the surplus amount is distributed to shareholders.

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Payment received by shareholder before appointment of liquidator is treated as dividend while proceeds received
after appointment of liquidator will be treated as capital receipt and gain (DP – cost) will be liable to capital gain tax.
Winding Up (closure of company without appointment of liquidator):
In this case consideration received will be considered as capital proceeds, if all of the following conditions are fulfilled:
a) Shareholder was paid, when company has been wound up.
b) All of the liabilities have been agreed and paid.
c) Total payment is not more than £25,000.
If any of the above condition is not fulfilled amount received would be considered as Dividend Income.
CHAPTER 14
VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT)
INTRODUCTION:
• VAT is an indirect tax which is borne by final consumer and VAT non-registered business.
• VAT is collected by VAT registered business and paid to HMRC.
• Output VAT: VAT received on sales. Only VAT registered business can charge output VAT.
• Input VAT: VAT paid on purchases is called input VAT. Everybody pays input vat whether registered for vat or not.
1 Types of supply.
Taxable Sales Exempt Sales
Zero Rated (VAT @ %) Low Rated (VAT @ 5%) Standard Rated (VAT @ 20%)
• Non-luxury food Fuel for domestic purpose, On most goods and Services • Insurance
• Books and newspapers energy saving materials supplied • Financial services
• Public transport (not taxis) • Postal services
• Children’s clothing • Land including rents
• Medicines
• Exports outside the EU
➢ Basic Computation
OUT PUT VAT (VAT Charged to customers on sales) XX
INPUT VAT (VAT paid an purchases) (XX)
Net VAT Payable / (Recoverable) XX/(XX)
➢ Tax Point: Tax point or time of supply determines when output VAT will be due.
• The basic tax point is the date goods are made available to the customer or service completed.
• If an invoice is issued or payment received before the basic tax point, then this becomes the actual tax point.
• If an invoice is issued within 14 days of the basic tax point, the invoice date will becomes the actual tax point.
Exception:
Goods supplied on sale or return are treated as supplied on the earlier of adoption by the customer or
12 months after dispatch.
Continuous supplies of services paid for periodically normally have tax points on the earlier of the receipt of each
payment and the issue of each VAT invoice, unless one invoice covering several payments is issued in advance for
up to a year. The tax point is then the earlier of each due date or date of actual payment. However, for connected
businesses the tax point will be created periodically, in most cases based on 12 month periods.
➢ VAT Periods: VAT period (also known as Tax Period) is the period covered by a VAT return. It is usually three
months (quarterly returns). VAT return must be submitted and VAT must be paid within one month after the
period. A registered person can elect for monthly VAT returns if his input tax regularly exceeds his output tax.
2 REGISTRATION
Compulsory Registration (Historical Test)
• Taxable supplies (VAT exclusive) in last 12 months (or since business commenced if shorter) exceed £85,000.
• HMRC must be informed within 30 days after the end of the month in which taxable supplies exceed £85,000 by
completing form VAT1 or using HMRC’s online services.
• The trader will be registered for VAT from next day of 30 days notification period.
• VAT registration is not required if taxable supplies in the following 12 months will not exceed £83,000.
Compulsory Registration (Future Test)
• Taxable supplies in next 30 days expected to exceed £85,000.
• Notify HMRC – before end of 30 day period.
• Registration effective from – start of 30 day period.

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Voluntary Registration
• A person making taxable supplies may apply for VAT registration on voluntary basis by writing an application to
HMRC even if taxable supplies are below £85,000.
• It will be considered VAT registered from date of application.
• It is beneficial if beneficial is making zero-rated supplies or supplies to VAT registered customer.
Advantages Disadvantages
• Avoids penalties for late registration. • Must follow VAT administration rules
• Can recover input VAT • Administrative Burden
• Can disguise the small size of business • Makes product prices more expensive (vat inclusive prices)
VAT Group registration: Companies under common control may apply for group registration. Group appoints a
representative member who calculates all input VAT and output VAT for the group.
Advantages of group registration:
• No VAT implication on intra-group transactions between members of VAT group.
• Group members will file single VAT return on group basis which will save administration costs.
• An application to create, terminate, add or remove a CO. from a VAT group may be made at any time and there is no
compulsion to include every member into VAT group.
Disadvantages of group registration:
• All VAT group members are jointly and severely responsible for group VAT liability.
• Administrative difficulties for making single VAT return.
Output VAT: Normally based on price charged by supplier. Must deduct maximum discount, except for Early
Settlement or Cash discount, as it would only be deducted if availed by the Customer.
• Output VAT at Replacement Cost:
– Goods for own use (Drawings)
– Gifts of inventory or non-current assets.
• No output VAT on:
– goods to the same person which cost the trader £50 or less in a 12-month period
– Business samples, regardless of the number of same samples given to the recipient
– Gifts of services, whether to employees or customers, are not taxable supplies.
Recovery of Input VAT:
Input VAT is recoverable by taxable persons on goods and services which are supplied to them for business purposes.
A VAT invoice is needed to support the claim.
➢ Recovery of Pre-Registration Input VAT on Goods: It will be recoverable if Goods were acquired in previous 4
years from date of registration for business purpose and are still on hand upon the date of registration.
➢ Recovery of Pre-Registration Input VAT on Services: It will be recoverable if Services were acquired in previous 6
months from date of registration for business purpose.
➢ Recovery of Normal Input VAT:
• Capital vs revenue expenditure: There is no distinction between capital and revenue expenditure for VAT. Output
VAT and input VAT is calculated as normal if these expenditures are incurred for trade.
• Business entertaining: Input VAT on entertainment expenses incurred for employees and overseas customers is
recoverable. However Input VAT on entertainment expenses incurred for suppliers and UK customers is irrecoverable.
• Private Use: input VAT cannot be claimed for goods or services that are not used for business purpose.
• Motor cars: Input VAT upon purchase of car is irrecoverable unless there is 100% business use (Pool Car)
in which case 100% recovery available. In case of leased car 50% of input VAT is recoverable where the car has
some private use.
Note that if input VAT cannot be recovered on purchase of a motor car, no output VAT will be due on its disposal.
• Motor Expenses: Input VAT upon fuel cost and repair & maintenance incurred for employees is recoverable even if
there is private use of car by employee. If employee reimburses full fuel cost then output VAT will be payable upon
reimbursed expenses. However If employee reimburses partial fuel cost or don’t reimburse then output VAT will
be payable but as per HMRC scale charge. Note that VAT is not charged on the insurance and road fund licence
• Relief for Bad Debts: Input VAT on bad debts is recoverable if:
a) ≥6 months elapsed from due date of payment and
b) Amount written off as bad debts in the seller's books.
Relief is obtained by adding the VAT element of the impaired debt to the input tax claimed.
Claims for relief for impaired debts must be made within four years and six months of the payment being due.
• Business and non-business expenses: Input VAT on business expenses is recoverable. VAT on non- business items
passed through the business accounts is irrecoverable.
Important Note: For propose of Income Tax, Capital Gain Tax, Corporation Tax, If VAT is recoverable than the cost
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must be VAT exclusive (e.g. Plant & machinery cost for capital allowances) and If the VAT is irrecoverable than the
cost must be VAT inclusive (e.g. Car with private use for capital allowances).
3 Deregistration
Compulsory Deregistration: Deregistration is compulsory if: Consequences of Deregistration:
• Business is ceased or Output VAT must be accounted for
• Business is Sold or on replacement cost of inventory and
• Taxable sales are ceased capital assets on hand at date of
Individual should inform HMRC within 30 days and individual would be deregistration.
considered as VAT deregistered right from date of cessation or sale. If it has less than £1000 it will be
Voluntary Deregistration: waived off.
If individual identifies that his taxable supplies will not exceed £83,000 in the
following 12 month then individual can apply for VAT deregistration on
voluntary basis by writing an application to HMRC. Individual will be
considered VAT deregistered from date of application.
4 Transfer of business as a going concern:
➢ Conditions:
• The business is transferred as a going concern.
• There is no significant break in the trading.
• The same type of trade is carried on after the transfer.
• The new owner is or is liable to be registered for VAT, immediately after the transfer.
Note that all these conditions must be met.
➢ Tax Implication: If all conditions are satisfied, then the sale/transfer will not be treated as a taxable supply
• No output tax will be charged on assets transferred by seller, and No input tax is recoverable by the purchaser.
➢ Transfer of registration:
On the sale of a business it is normally compulsory to deregister. However, instead of doing so, both the transferor
and the transferee may make a joint election, for the transferor’s registration to be transferred to the transferee.
Where this is done, the transferee assumes all rights and obligations in respect of the registration, including the
liability to pay any outstanding VAT. Therefore, this may not be a good commercial decision.
5 SPECIAL SCHEMES
5.1 Cash Accounting Scheme: VAT is accounted for on the basis of cash receipts and payments, rather than on
the basis of invoices issued and received (therefore automatic relief for bad debts).
Conditions to be satisfied to join the scheme:
• Taxable turnover (exclusive of VAT) not exceeding £1,350,000 per annum.
• VAT returns must be up-to-date and no convictions for VAT offences or penalties in past.
• If taxable turnover exceeds £1,600,000 trader will have to exit the scheme.
Advantages: Disadvantages:
• Businesses selling on credit do not have to pay • Input tax cannot be claimed until the invoice is paid.
output VAT to HMRC until they receive it from This delays recovery of input VAT.
customers. • Not suitable for businesses with a lot of cash sales or
• This gives automatic relief for impaired debts. zero-rated supplies which would simply suffer a delay
in the recovery of input VAT.
5.2 ANNUAL ACCOUNTING SCHEME
A single VAT return for a 12 month period (Normally accounting period of the business) is filed within two months
from end of the period.
VAT is paid in nine equal installments each will be 10% of previous year’s VAT liability and one balancing payment.
Installments are payable at the end of month 4 to 12 of accounting period. Balancing payment (or repayment) is made
when the return is filed. Due date for balancing payment is 2 months after the end of 12 month period.
Conditions to join the scheme are same as cash accounting scheme.
Advantage: Only one VAT return each year so less occasions for VAT penalty and batter management of Cash flows.
Disadvantage: Have to ensure that supplies does not exceed turnover limit and Timings of VAT payments may create
problem for business.
5.3 FLAT RATE SCHEME
VAT = Sale (VAT inclusive) X Flat rate 16.5%
• This scheme is available to small businesses. Under this scheme VAT liability is calculated by simply applying a flat
rate percentage (16.5%) to total turnover including zero rate & exempt supplies.
• No input VAT is recoverable with the exception of non-current assets having cost more than £2,000.

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Conditions to join the scheme:
• Taxable turnover (exclusive of VAT) not exceeding £150,000 per annum.
• VAT returns must be up-to-date and no convictions for VAT offences or penalties in past.
• If the taxable turnover exceeds £230,000 the trader will have to exit the scheme.
DISAGGREGATION
If HMRC finds that a person split its business into parts to avoid vat registration then HMRC will issue a direction and
sales revenue from all parts will be taken into account to determine VAT registration limit. However direction cannot
have retrospective effect.
6 Land and Buildings
Type of supply:
• Sale of new commercial building is standard rated. ('New' means < 3 years old)
• Sale (or lease for > 21 years) of residential or charitable property is zero-rated.
• All other supplies of land and building are exempt, unless opted to tax.
Opting to Tax: A VAT registered seller can opt to waive exemption and elect to opt for VAT.
➢ Conditions: An election must be made within 30 days from date of contract. However it could be withdrawn
within 1st 6 months or after 20 years otherwise it is irrevocable. A separate election should be made for each
building (election can’t be made for part of building).
➢ Tax Implication:
• Supply of Land & Building will become taxable for VAT.
• Rent received from that building (if rented) will become liable to VAT @ standard rate (20%).
• Landlord can recover any input tax on the purchase and running costs of the building
• The new owner (purchaser) has once again has both options exempt and option to tax.
7 Partially Exempt Business
Businesses which are engaged in both taxable and exempt supplies are called partially exempt business.
a) Input VAT for making taxable supplies is fully recoverable.
b) Input VAT for making exempt supplies is not recoverable.
c) Input VAT, Non-attributable or related to overheads is Recoverable in “proportion of taxable supplies”

Recoverable VAT = Non-attributed input VAT X Taxable supplies

Total Supplies
Taxable & total supplies will be excluding VAT. Supplies of capital goods are excluded when calculating this proportion.
De Minimis limits
Whole irrecoverable input VAT will become recoverable if business is below the following De Minimis limits:
a) Total input VAT ≤ £625/month and exempt supplies are less than 50% of total supplies.
b) Total input VAT less input VAT directly related to taxable supplies is ≤ £625/month and exempt supplies are less
than 50% of total supplies.
c) Input VAT related to exempt supplies ≤ £625/month and input VAT relating to exempt supplies is ≤50% of total
input VAT.
Annual test: The business can apply the de minimis tests once a year rather than every return period if:
– the business was de minimis in the previous year, and
– the annual test is applied consistently throughout the current year, and
– the input VAT for the current year is not expected to exceed £1 million.
At the end of the accounting period, the de minimis status must be reviewed based on the year as a whole and an
annual adjustment made if necessary
8 Capital Goods Scheme
This scheme is available to partially exempt businesses only and applicable upon:
(i) Purchase of land and building having value £250,000 or more. The related adjustment period is 10 years however
it will be 5 years if the land and building is acquired under lease agreement.
(ii) Purchase of computers equipment’s having value £50,000 or more and the related adjustment period is 5 years.
If the scheme applies, the initial deduction of input VAT is made in ordinary way and then reviewed over the
adjustment period. Adjustments are made over the adjustment period if proportion of the exempt supplies changes
and is calculated as follows:
Total input VAT
Annual adjustment = X (% of taxable supplies now – % of taxable supplies in year of purchase)
Adjustment period
➢ Adjustments for sale
On the disposal of an asset under the capital goods scheme during the adjustment period:
• The annual adjustment is made as normal in the year of disposal (as if the asset had been used for the full year).

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• If the disposal was taxable (e.g. option to tax exists):
Total input VAT
Adjustment for sale = X (100% – % of taxable supplies in year of purchase) X Remaining Adjustment period
Adjustment period
• If the disposal was exempt:
Total input VAT
Adjustment for sale = X (0% – % of taxable supplies in year of purchase) X Remaining Adjustment period
Adjustment period
9 IMPORTS, EXPORTS, ACQUISITIONS, DESPATCHES (EU rules apply in 2020/21 for exam purpose only)
Trading with Non-European Countries: Trading with European Countries:
➢ EXPORTS (sales to countries outside the EU.) ➢ Exports (Dispatches) (Sales to countries in the EU.)
Export of goods will be treated as zero rated while supply • The supply will be treated as zero rated if purchaser is
of services outside EU is outside the scope of VAT. registered for VAT and standard rate if the purchaser is
➢ IMPORTS (Purchases from countries outside the EU.) not VAT registered.
• Goods: VAT is charges on goods imported outside ➢ Imports (Acquisitions) (Purchases from countries in EU)
EU at place of importation and added in output • These are taxed at Standard Rate or Zero Rate as it
VAT. VAT paid on importation can then be would have been taxed as UK supplies.
reclaimed as input VAT on the VAT return for the
period during which the goods were imported.
• Services: Supply of services from non-European
countries is treated as above. BUT input VAT is not
paid to HMRC at point of entry into the UK, the UK
customer will account for UK VAT when the
services will be complete.

10 ADMINISTRATION OF VAT
VAT return and payment procedures
Normal VAT accounting
• VAT return periods are normally three months long, but traders who regularly receive repayments, can opt to have
monthly return periods to receive their repayments earlier.
• VAT returns show total output VAT and total input VAT for the period.
• All businesses must file their VAT return and pay VAT electronically.
• The deadline for filing and payment online is One month and seven days after the end of the quarter.
VAT refunds
• VAT refunds are normally made within 21 days.
• Where it is discovered that VAT has been overpaid in the past, the time limit for claiming a refund is four years from
the date by which the return for the accounting period was due
VAT Surcharge:
If a taxable person submits a late VAT return, or submits a return on time but makes late payment of VAT due, then
the HMRC may issue a 'surcharge Notice' which would specify the 'surcharge period' - which lasts for next 12 months
and no penalty arise. If within 'surcharge period' the taxable person concerned makes a further default, a default
surcharge is also levied which is calculated as 'a percentage' of tax paid late.
Default in the surcharge period Surcharge as a % of outstanding VAT @ due date
1st default 2%
2nd default 5%
3rd default 10%
4lh or more default 15%
Note: Surcharges at 2% and 5% rates are not normally demanded unless the amount due would be at least £400 BUT
for surcharges calculated using the 10% or 15% rates there is a minimum amount £30 payable.
Surcharge period can only be eliminated if individual has 4 consecutive VAT returns on time.
Normal VAT invoices: VAT invoice should be issued within 30 days of the date of taxable supply.
• A VAT invoice must be issued when a standard rated supply is made to a VAT registered business.
• No invoice is required if the supply is exempt, zero-rated or to a non--VAT registered customer
• No invoice is required for payments of up to £25 including VAT which are for telephone calls, or car park fees, or
made through cash operated machines. In such cases, input tax can be claimed without a VAT invoice.
VAT invoice must include following detail:
a) The supplier's name, address and registration number
b) The date of issue, the tax point and an invoice number
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c) The name and address of the customer
d) A description of the goods or services supplied, giving for each description the quantity, the unit price, the rate of
VAT and the VAT exclusive amount
e) The rate of any cash discount
f) The total invoice price excluding VAT (with separate totals for zero-rated and exempt supplies)
g) Each VAT rate applicable and the total amount of VAT
If an invoice is issued, and a change in price then alters the VAT due, a credit note or debit note to adjust the VAT must
be issued. The invoice can be sent electronically provided the customer agrees.
Less Detailed VAT invoices
A less detailed VAT invoice may be issued by a taxable person where the invoice is for a total including VAT of up to
£250. Such an invoice must show:
a) The supplier's name, address and registration number
b) The date of the supply
c) A description of the goods or services supplied
d) The rate of VAT chargeable
e) The total amount chargeable including VAT
Zero-rated and exempt supplies must not be included in less detailed invoices.
VAT Records: The business should retain all record for 6 years. Record should include record of all outputs, inputs,
invoices, vat account and any supporting documents for claim of recovery of input VAT.
PENALTIES AND INTEREST
➢ Failure To Notify HMRC About Registration:
If a person who is exempted from registration, fails to notify liability for registration or change in nature of supplies
there will be a standard penalty based on a percentage of the VAT lost during the period from when the notification
should have been made until it is actually made. Actual penalty payable is linked to the taxpayer’s behaviour.
• No penalty if reasonable excuse for failure to notify
• 30% unpaid tax if non-deliberate failure to notify
• 70% unpaid tax if deliberate failure to notify
• 100% unpaid tax if deliberate failure to notify with concealment.
Note: Penalty will be reduced where a taxpayer make a disclosure, especially when this is unprompted by HMRC.
Errors in a VAT return: De-minimis level is the greater of: £10,000 and 1% × turnover (maximum limit £50,000)
Error Disclosure Correction Penalty Interest charged
< De-minimis Voluntarily entering Errors in next VAT return Possible No
> De-minimis By application Voluntarily by application Possible @ 2.75%
Discovered by control visit Apply @ 2.75%
➢ Interest on Unpaid VAT: Interest @ 2.75% is charged on VAT paid after due date & runs from due date till payment
date
➢ Penalties for Errors in VAT Return: Amount of the penalty for error is based on the Potential Lost Revenue (PLR)
to HMRC as a result of the error. The maximum amount of the penalty for error depends on the type of error:
Maximum Penalty: Minimum Penalties: Unprompted disclosure is one made at a time
Types of error Maximum penalty payable when HMRC has not discovered, or is not about to discover error.
(% of PLR) Types of error Unprompted (% of PLR) Prompted (% of PLR)
Careless 30% Careless 0% 15%
Deliberate not 70% Deliberate not 20% 35%
concealed concealed
Deliberate and 100% Deliberate and 30% 50%
concealed concealed

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CHAPTER 15
SELF ASSESSMENT FOR INDIVIDUALS
1 NOTIFICATION OF LIABILITY TO INCOME TAX AND CGT
Individuals who are chargeable to income tax or CGT shall receive a notice to file a return from HMRC. An individual
who does not received a notice to file a return are required to give notice of chargeability to an Officer of the Revenue
and Customs within six months from the end of the tax year i.e. by 5 October 2021 for 2020/21. However notification
is not necessary if there is no actual tax liability.
Electronic Return Non-Electronic Return
Later of: Later of:
(a) 31 January after end of tax year (a) 31 October after end of tax year
(b) 3 months after the issue of notice to file a return (b) 3 months after the issue of notice to file a return
NOTE: In case of electronic return income tax liability is NOTE: In case of paper return HMRC will calculate income
calculated automatically through online process. tax liability on taxpayer’s behalf if return is submitted by
the 31 October deadline which is called self-assessment.
2 PENALTIES FOR LATE FILING OF TAX RETURN
➢ Tax return Late upto 3 Months: Penalty is £ 100
➢ Tax return Late by more than 3 Months but upto 6: £100 + (£ 10 per day between 3 months to 6 months)
➢ Tax return late by more than 6 months but upto 12 months: Penalty is greater of: 5% of Tax Liability and £300
➢ Tax return late by more than 12 months
Type of conduct Careless Deliberate not concealed Deliberate and Concealed
PENALTY Greater of: Greater of: Greater of:
• 5% of Tax Liability • 70% of Tax Liability • 100% of Tax Liability
• £300 • £300 • £300
3 AMMENDMENTS IN TAX RETURN:
A return may be amended by HMRC to correct any obvious error or omission within 9 months after the day on which
the return was actually filed.
The taxpayer may amend his return (including the tax calculation) until 2nd 31st January after the end of the tax year.
E.g. 31 January 2023 for 2020/21.
4 DETERMINATIONS OF TAX DUE IF NO RETURN IS FILED:
if tax return is not submitted by due filings date even If notice has received from HMRC. An officer of HMRC may make
a determination of the amounts liable to income tax and CGT tax and there is no appeal against it. Such a
determination can be made within 3 years of filling date and can be replaced with actual self-assessment.
5 PAYMENT OF INCOME TAX AND CAPITAL GAINS TAX
Normal due Date: the due date to pay tax liabilities (income tax, class 4 NIC and CGT) are 31 January after the end of
the tax year. E.g 31 January 2022 for 2020/21.
Payment on Account: Payment on account is required if income tax payable in previous year.
DATE PAYMENT
31 January in the tax year and 31 July after the tax year 1st payment on account 2nd payment on account
31 January after the tax year Final Balancing payment
Payment on Account = Relevant Amount X 50%
Relevant Amount = Previous year Income Tax payable + Previous year Class 4 NIC
Final Balancing Amount: Current year Income Tax payable + Current year Class 4 NIC + Current year CGT - Both
Payment on Accounts.
POA is not required:
• If relevant amount of previous year is less than £1000 or
• Tax deducted at source of previous year is ≥80% of previous year income tax liability or
• Expected income tax liability of current year is nil.
6 PENALTIES ON LATE BALANCING PAYMENT OF TAX
PAID Penalty
More than 30 days but Within 6 months after the due date 5%
More than 6 months but not more than 12 months after the due date 10%
More than 12 months after the due date 15%

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7 INTEREST ON LATE PAID TAX: Interest is chargeable on late payment @2.75% of both payments on account
and balancing payments. Interest runs from due date till actual date of payment. (Interest Rate will be given in exam)
8 REPAYMENT INTEREST: 9 KEEPING OF RECORDS:
Interest may be paid by HMRC @ 0.5% p.a All records must be retained until 5 years after the 31 January following
on any overpayment of tax: the tax year where taxpayer is in business (eg. a sole trader or partner
(i) It runs from due date of tax or the date or letting property).
HMRC actually received the tax till For all other taxpayers (e.g. employees) records must be retained until
(ii) The date of repayment. later of:
a) 1 year after the 31 January following tax year.
b) Date of completion of compliance check
c) The date on which start of compliance check becomes impossible.
Maximum penalty to each failure to retain records is £3,000 per tax year.
10 CLAIMS: All claims and elections must be made in a tax return. Time limit for making a claim for Current year
trading loss relief, carry back trading loss relief, early year trading loss relief and rent a room relief is by 2nd 31st
January after the end of tax year. For all other claims time limit is 4 years after end of tax year.
11 TAX EVASION and TAX AVOIDANCE: Tax evasion is illegal and Tax avoidance is legal way to reduce tax liability
12 DISCOVERY ASSESSMENTS: If an officer of HMRC discovers an error an assessment may be raised to recover
the tax lost. The normal time limit for discovery assessment is 4 years after the end of the tax year, but it may be
extended to 6 years in case of careless error and 20 years where tax is lost due to deliberate understatement.
Discovery assessment may be appealed against.
13 PENALTIES FOR ERRORS:
Maximum Penalty: Minimum Penalties: Unprompted disclosure is one made at a time
Types of error Penalty (% of PLR) when HMRC has not discovered, or is not about to discover error.
Careless 30% Types of error Unprompted Prompted
Deliberate not concealed 70% Careless 0% 15%
Deliberate & concealed 100% Deliberate not concealed 20% 35%
Deliberate and concealed 30% 50%
14 PENALTIES FOR LATE NOTIFICATION: There is a common penalty regime for submission of incorrect returns
(of any tax) late notifications of chargeability of tax or register for tax, including income tax, NICs, CGT, corporation tax
and VAT. Penalties may be reduced if a taxpayer makes unprompted or prompted disclosure.
Maximum Penalty Minimum Penalties:
Types of error (% of PLR) Unprompted (% of PLR) Prompted (% of PLR)
Careless 30% 0% 10% or 20%
Deliberate not concealed 70% 20% 35%
Deliberate and concealed 100% 30% 50%
15 Compliance check enquiries Unprompted disclosure is one made at a time when HMRC
➢ Starting compliance check enquiry: has not discovered, or is not about to discover error.
HMRC have the right to enquire into the completeness and accuracy of any self-assessment tax return under their
compliance check powers. HMRC do not have to state a reason for the enquiry and an enquiry can be made even if
HMRC calculated the taxpayer’s tax liability.
• HMRC must give written notice before commencing an enquiry.
• The written notice must be issued within 12 months of the date the return is filed with HMRC.
Compliance check can be started as a result of any of the following.
• A suspicion that income is undeclared
• Deductions being incorrectly claimed
• Other information in HMRC’s possession
• Being part of a random review process.
➢ During the compliance check enquiry:
HMRC can demand taxpayer to produce Documents, Accounts or any other information required.
The information requested by HMRC should be limited to that connected with the return.
An appeal can be made against the request.
➢ Completion of compliance check enquiry:
The enquiry ends when HMRC gives written notice that it has been completed. The notice will state the outcome of
the enquiry. The closure notice must include either:
• Confirmation that no amendments are required
• HMRC’s amendments to the self­assessment.
The taxpayer has 30 days to appeal against any amendments by HMRC. The appeal must be in writing.
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16 Disputes and appeals
Disputes between taxpayers and HMRC can be dealt with by an HMRC internal review or by a Tribunal hearing.
➢ Internal reviews
For direct taxes, appeals must first be made to HMRC, which will assign a ‘caseworker’.
For indirect taxes, appeals must be sent directly to the Tax Tribunal, although the taxpayer can continue to
correspond with his caseworker where, for example, there is new information.
At this stage the taxpayer may be offered, or may ask for, an ‘internal review’, which will be made by an objective
HMRC review officer not previously connected with the case. This is a less costly & effective way to resolve disputes
informally, without need for Tribunal hearing. An appeal to Tax Tribunal cannot be made until any review has ended.
The taxpayer must either accept the review offer, or notify an appeal to the Tax Tribunal within 30 days of being
offered the review; otherwise the appeal will be treated as settled.
HMRC must usually carry out the review within 45 days, or any longer time as agreed with the taxpayer.
The review officer may decide to uphold, vary or withdraw decisions.
After the review conclusion is notified, the taxpayer has 30 days to appeal to the Tax Tribunal.
➢ Tribunal hearings:
If there is no internal review, or the taxpayer is unhappy with the result of an internal review, the case may be
heard by the Tax Tribunal. The person wishing to make an appeal (the appellant) must send a notice of appeal to the
Tax Tribunal. The Tax Tribunal must then give notice of the appeal to the respondent (normally HMRC).
The Tax Tribunal is made up of two ‘tiers’:
a) A First Tier Tribunal b) An Upper Tribunal
The case will be allocated to one of four case ‘tracks’:
(a) Complex cases, which the Tribunal considers will require lengthy or complex evidence or a lengthy hearing, or
involve a complex or important principle or issue, or involves a large amount of money.
Such cases will usually be heard by the Upper Tribunal
(b) Standard cases, heard by the First Tier Tribunal, which have detailed case management and are subject to a more
formal procedure than basic cases
(c) Basic cases, also heard by the First Tier Tribunal, which will usually be disposed of after a hearing, with minimal
exchange of documents before the hearing
(d) Paper cases, dealt with by the First Tier Tribunal, which applies to straightforward matters such as fixed filing
penalties and will usually be dealt with in writing, without a hearing
A decision of the First Tier Tribunal may be appealed to the Upper Tribunal.
Decisions of the Upper Tribunal are binding on the Tribunals and any affected public authorities. A decision of the
Upper Tribunal may be appealed to the Court of Appeal.
17 Dishonest conduct of tax agents:
a) There is a civil penalty of up to £50,000 for dishonest conduct by a tax agent.
b) If the amount of penalty being imposed is exceeding £5,000 HMRC have a right to publish details of penalised
dishonest tax agent.
c) With agreement of tax tribunal HMRC could also access working papers of dishonest agent.

SELF ASSESSMENT FOR COMPANIES

1 Notification of chargeability:
A company falling within the scope of corporation tax for the first time must notify HMRC within 3 months of start of
the accounting period. Failure to notify chargeability to tax within 12 months of the end of the accounting period will
lead to a standard penalty based on a percentage of the tax unpaid 12 months after end of the accounting period.
2 Corporation tax return:
➢ Notification of chargeability: Company receives a notice of chargeability to corporation tax after end of Acc.
Period and must notify HMRC within 12months from end of accounting period if does not receive a notice.
➢ Return: Company’s tax return is filed electronically and must include self-assessment of tax with their accounts.
The return is due for filling on/or before the later of:
• 12 months after the end of the period to which return relates
• 3 months after the date on which the notice to file the return is received
Failure to submit the return on time will result in penalty as follows:
Return late by Penalty (1st & 2nd consecutive failure) Penalty (3nd & consecutive failure)
Upto 3 months £100 £500
More than 3 upto 6 months £200 £1000
More than 6 upto 12 months £200 + 10% of tax £1000 + 10% of tax
More than 12 months £200 + 20% of tax £1000 + 20% of tax

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Associated/Connected company
Companies are associated with each other if:
● One controls the other or ● Both are under control of a same person/company
Control means holding >50% of: ‘’share capital or voting rights, or distributable profits or net assets on winding up”
➢ Tax Implications: Overseas CO’s are included but Dormant CO’s are excluded. Dividend received from
associated CO’s is not included in FII. Threshold limit is divided by number of associated CO’s. Only one AIA is available
to a group of companies and group members can allocate it in any way across the group.
Companies joining or leaving the group in current CAP will be included or eliminated from next CAP.
3 Payment of tax:
Normal: corporation tax is payable 9 months and one day after the end of each accounting period.
Quarterly Installments: If augmented profit of company exceed corporation threshold of £1500,000.
➢ Augmented Profit: Taxable total Profit + Dividend from non-Associated companies
➢ corporation threshold of £1500,000:
£1500,000 X Months (if short POA)
Reduction of Corporation threshold of £1500,000=
No of Associated co. 12
• Short POA: If POA is less than 12 months corporation tax Threshold (i.e £1,500,000) will be reduced.
• Company Acquired During Accounting Period: If a company Acquires ≥51% in any accounting period. Such a
company would not affect CT threshold limit in that accounting period in which it’s acquired, rather it would
from the next accounting period in which acquired.
• Company Sold During Accounting Period: If a company becomes non-associated during any accounting
period it would still be included in connected companies and will effect CT threshold limit in the accounting
period in which its been sold. But it won’t from next accounting period.
➢ Installments Date: In 4 equal quarterly installments from start of accounting period:
1. By 14th of 7th month 3 Months tax (Corporation tax X 3/CAP months)
2. By 14th of 10th month 3 Months tax (Corporation tax X 3/CAP months)
3. By 14th of 13th month 3 Months tax (Corporation tax X 3/CAP months)
4. By 14th of 16th month Remaining corporation tax
➢ Exceptions:
a) Quarterly payments are not required if current profits ≤£10 million and company was not large in previous year.
b) Quarterly payments are not required if company is large in current year but corporation tax is ≤£10,000
4 Claims:
If a company believes it has made an error in a return, an error or mistake claim may be made within four years from
the end of the accounting period. Other claims must be made within four years of the end of the accounting period
unless a different time limit specified.
5 Records:
Companies must keep records until the latest of:
• Six years from the end of accounting period
• Date any enquiries are completed
• Date after which enquiries may not be commenced
Failure to keep records can lead to a penalty or up to £3,000 for each accounting period.
6 Determinations and Discovery assessments:
If a return is not delivered by the filing date, HMRC may issue a determination of the tax payable within 3 years of the
filing date. There is no appeal against it.
Discovery assessment: HMRC can raise an assessment within 4 years from the end of the accounting period; this is
extended to 6 years if there is a careless error or 20 years if there is a deliberate error or failure to notify chargeability
to tax.
7 Appeals and Disputes
The company can appeal against amendments to the corporation tax return. The appeal must be normally be made
within 30 days of the amendment and must state the grounds for appeal. The appeals procedure is as per VAT.
8 Penalties for incorrect returns
• No penalty where a taxpayer simply makes a mistake
• 30% unpaid tax where a tax payer fails to take reasonable care.
• 70% unpaid tax if error is deliberate.
• 100% unpaid tax if deliberate failure with concealment.
Note: Penalty will be reduced where a taxpayer makes a disclosure, especially when this is unprompted by HMRC.

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Mr. Aziz
Ur Rehman is an ACCA and well-known educationalist having more than
11 years of teaching experience in subjects of F3, F6, F7, P3 & P6 of ACCA along
with subjects of Business Strategy, Business analysis & Advanced Taxation of ICAEW.
Apart from the aforesaid, Mr. Aziz-Ur-Rehman is also involved in preparation of books,
notes and other helping material for different subjects of professional qualifications.
He invites feedback from students, visitors and teachers to help make this publication
and others even better.

Please feel free to contact at:

[email protected]

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