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Dumaguin Lab Activity 1 Bisection Method

The document discusses the bisection method for finding the roots of nonlinear equations, which works by repeatedly bisecting an interval and narrowing in on the root, and provides an example of using the bisection method in Excel to find the root of a function by halving the interval until a close approximation is reached. The bisection method is a simple numerical approach that can find roots when algebraic techniques are not applicable.

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angelo dedicatoria
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198 views

Dumaguin Lab Activity 1 Bisection Method

The document discusses the bisection method for finding the roots of nonlinear equations, which works by repeatedly bisecting an interval and narrowing in on the root, and provides an example of using the bisection method in Excel to find the root of a function by halving the interval until a close approximation is reached. The bisection method is a simple numerical approach that can find roots when algebraic techniques are not applicable.

Uploaded by

angelo dedicatoria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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National University-Manila

College of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department

NUMERICAL METHODS WITH COMPUTER


APPLICATIONS LABORATORY
FNUMENL ELEP12
3rd Term SY 2020-21

BISECTION METHOD
( Title )

Laboratory Activity No. 1

Submitted by
Mike Dexter G. Dumaguin
BSEE
SN: 2019-101289

Submitted to
Dr. Rogelio B. Aniez, Jr., PEE
Professor

Date Submitted : April 6, 2021


BISECTION METHOD

Laboratory Activity 1

Objectives:

1. To follow the algorithm of the bisection method of solving a nonlinear


equation.
2. To use the bisection method to solve examples of finding roots of a nonlinear
equation.
3. To enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of the bisection method.

Introduction:

History

The History of the Bisection Method starts with a little concrete knowledge of
its origin, but we can infer that it was developed a short while after the Intermediate
Value Theorem was first proven by Bernard Bolzano in 1817 (Edwards 1979). It
appears that it was used as a proof of an intermediate theorem to the general proof
Bolzano was developing for the Intermediate Value Theorem.

One of the first numerical methods developed to find the root of a nonlinear
equation f (x )=0 was the bisection method (also called Binary-Search method).
The method is based on the following theorem:

Theorem

An equation f (x )=0 , wheref (x ) is a real continuous function, has at


x
least one root between x ℓ and u if f (x ℓ )f ( x u )<0

Note that if f (x ℓ )f ( x u )>0 , there may or may not be any root between x ℓ and
xu If f (x ℓ )f ( x u )<0 , then there may be more than one root between x ℓ and
x u So the theorem only guarantees one root between x ℓ and x u .

Since the method is based on finding the root between two points, the method falls
under the category of bracketing methods.
f(x)

xl
x
xu

At least one root exists between two points if the function is real, continuous, and
changes sign.
f(x)

x
x xu

If function f (x ) does not change sign between two points, roots of f (x )=0 may
still exist between the two points.

f(x)
f(x)

x xu
x
x
x xu
f (x ) does not change sign between two points, there may not be any roots
f (x )=0 between the two points.

f(x)

xu
x
x

If the function f (x ) changes sign between two points, more than one root for
f (x )=0 may exist between the two points.
A general rule is:

- If the f(xl) and f(xu) have the same sign ( f (x ℓ )f ( x u )>0 ):


- There is no root between xl and xu.
- There is an even number of roots between xl and xu.

- If the f(xl) and f(xu) have different signs ( f (x ℓ )f ( x u )<0 ):


- The is an odd number of roots.
Exceptions:
- Multiple roots
10

0
Y=f(x)

-5

-10

-15

-20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
X
3 2 2
Example: f (x )=x +x −5 x +3 ⇔ f ( x )=(x +3 )( x−1)
- Discontinuous functions
4

2
Y=f(X)

-1

-2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
X

Discontinuous function.

Since the root is bracketed between two points, x ℓ and x u , one can find the mid-

point,
x m between x ℓ and x u This gives us two new intervals.
.

1. x ℓ and x m , and

2.
x m and x u

Is the root now between x ℓ and x m , or between x m and x u One can find the

sign of f (x ℓ )f ( x m ) , and if f (x ℓ )f ( x m )<0 then the new bracket is between x ℓ


x
and m , otherwise, it is between
x m and x u . So, you can see that you are
literally halving the interval. As one repeats this process, the width of the interval
[ x ℓ , x u ] becomes smaller and smaller, and you can “zero” into the root of the
equation.

Formula

(a+ b)
Let: c =
2

If b – c ≤ ε, then accept c as the root and stop.

If sign [f(b)]. sign[f(c)] ≤ 0, then set a = c


otherwise, set b = c. return to step 1

Procedures:

Bisection Method in Excel Program:

1. Make a 7 column and named it n, a, b, c, b-c, f(c) and f(b).


 Find two points, say a and b such that a < b and f(a)* f(b) < 0
(a+ b)
2. For median just input the c = or =Median () formula to the c column.
2
 Find the midpoint of a and b, say” t”
3. Then for column b-c “t” is the root of the given function if f(t) = 0; else follow
the next step
4. Now for the f(c) and f(b) Divide the interval [a, b]
 If f(t)*f(b) <0, let a = t
 Else if f(t) *f(a), let b = t
5. To continue the iteration, just drag down all the values and stop when f(X n) will
be equal to 0.

Data:
Lab Activity 1 – Bisection Method

Observation/Discussion:

Based on my observations the bisection method is used to find the roots of a


polynomial equation. It separates the interval and subdivides the interval in which the
root of the equation lies. The principle behind this method is the intermediate
theorem for continuous functions. It works by narrowing the gap between the positive
and negative intervals until it closes in on the correct answer. This method narrows
the gap by taking the average of the positive and negative intervals. It is a simple
method, and it is relatively slow. The bisection method is also known as interval
halving method, root-finding method, binary search method or dichotomy method.

Conclusion:

I found out that equations obtained in real life by people such as scientists
and engineers often are not easy to solve. algebraic techniques such as transposing
terms, factorizing and using the quadratic formula are not suitable. another method is
to use numerical methods which are available to approximate an answer or root of
the equation to a certain level of accuracy.

Reference/s:

 “Http://Mathforcollege.com/Nm/Mws/Gen/03nle/mws_gen_nle_txt_bisection.P
df.” Bisection Method of Solving Nonlinear Equations: General Engineering.

 Bisection Method. byjus.com/maths/bisection-method/.

 Know Your Roots.


sites.google.com/site/knowyourrootsmaxima/introduction/bisectionmethod#:~:t
ext=The%20History%20of%20the%20Bisection,in%201817%20(Edwards
%201979).

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