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CONCRETE

Concrete is a hard building material formed when a mixture of cement, sand, gravel and water undergo hydration. It is strong in compression but weak in tension, requiring steel reinforcement. Concrete mixtures are classified based on their cement, sand, gravel and water ratios which determine the strength. Common uses include footings, columns, beams and slabs. The water-cement ratio controls the strength and durability of hardened concrete, with too much or too little water weakening the concrete. Proper storage of cement and aggregates and controlling the consistency and strength of concrete mixtures are important for construction.

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Angelika Lei Garao
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63 views

CONCRETE

Concrete is a hard building material formed when a mixture of cement, sand, gravel and water undergo hydration. It is strong in compression but weak in tension, requiring steel reinforcement. Concrete mixtures are classified based on their cement, sand, gravel and water ratios which determine the strength. Common uses include footings, columns, beams and slabs. The water-cement ratio controls the strength and durability of hardened concrete, with too much or too little water weakening the concrete. Proper storage of cement and aggregates and controlling the consistency and strength of concrete mixtures are important for construction.

Uploaded by

Angelika Lei Garao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CONCRETE

A HARD COMPACT BUILDING MATERIAL FORMED WHEN A MIXTURE OF CEMENT, SAND, GRAVEL AND
WATER UNDERGOES HYDRATION.

CONCRETE MIXTURE:

CLASS CEMENT SAND GRAVEL WATER RATIO STRENGTH


(per bag) (per m³) (per m³) (per gal.) (psi)
AA 12 1.5 3 6 1 : 1.5 : 3 4000
A 9 2.0 4 6 1 : 2.0 : 4 3500
B 7 2.5 5 6 1 : 2.5 : 5 3000
C 6.5 3.0 6 6 1 : 3.0 : 6 2500

CLASS USES
AA UNDERWATER RETAINING WALL, SHEAR WALL AND ELEVATOR CORE WALLS
A FOOTINGS, PIER, COLUMN, GIRDERS, BEAMS, JOISTS AND SLABS
B SLABS ON FILL AND NON-LOAD BEARING WALL OR 4” CHB
C CONCRETE PLANT BOXES AND PARAPET WALLS

GENERAL CATEGORIES OF CONCRETE BASED ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:

CATEGORY COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH


LOW – STRENGTH CONCRETE < 20 MPa (<3000 psi)
MODERATE – STRENGTH CONCRETE 20 - 40 MPa (3000 - 6000psi)
HIGH – STRENGTH CONCRETE > 40 MPa (> 6000 psi)

CONCRETE CHARACTERISTICS

 INHERENTLY STRONG IN COMPRESSION BUT WEAK IN TENSION (STEEL REINFORCEMENT IS


REQUIRED TO HANDLE TENSILE AND SHEAR STRESSES)
 CAPABLE OF BEIG FORMED INTO ANY SHAPE WITH VARIETY OF SURFACE FINISHES,
TEXTURES AND PATTERNS
 RELATIVELY LOW-COST AND INHERENTLY FIRE-RESISTANT
 LIABILITY IS ITS OWN WEIGHT (150 lbs/cu.ft)

WATER - CEMENT RATIO

 WATER CEMENT RATIO CONTROLS THE STRENGTH, DURABILITY AND WATER TIGHTNESS OF
HARDENED CONCRETE.
 TOO MUCH WATER WILL WEAKEN CONCRETE AFTER CURING
 LITTLE WATER IS DENSE BUT CAUSES DIFFICULTY IN PLACEMENT AND WORKABILITY OF
CONCRETE.
 THE AVERAGE WATER-CEMENT RATIO IS GALLONS PER 40 kg OF CEMENT BAG
 EXCESSIVE WATER CAUSES BLEEDING AND ACCUMULATION OF FINE PARTICLES ON THE
SURFACE OF FRESH CONCRETE DUE TO AN UPWARD MOVEMENT OF WATER (AS WHEN
EXCESSIVE MIXING WATER IS USED)
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

 CREEP – LONG DURATION STRESS PRODUCES STRESS OVER TIME AND CONSEQUENTLY
CAUSES PERMANENT DEFORMATION.
 FIRE- RESISTANCE – CONCRETE IS INCOMBUSTIBLE AND SOMEWHAT INSULATIVE, BUT LONG
EXPOSURE TO FIRE CAN BE DAMAGING.
 SHRINKAGE - ORDINARY CONCRETE SHRINKS AMOUNT DURING PROCESSES, THIS MUST BE
CONTROLLED BY PROVIDING EXPANSION JOINTS AND STEEL REINFORCEMENTS.
 HARDNESS – RELATIVE TO DURABILITY AND APPEARANCE, ACCOMPLISHED THRU TROWELED
OR FLOATED FINISH TO DRAW MORE PASTE TO THE SURFACE.
 POROSITY – SIZES OF PORE LEFT DURING HYDRATION PROCESS OR CREATED BY EXCESSIVE
EVAPORATION AND SHRINKAGE CRACKS AFFECTING THE WATER – TIGHTNESS OF CONCRETE.
APPLY COMPACTION TECHNIQUES.
 DURABILITY – CONCRETE DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS ARE SPECIFIED ON MOST MAJOR
BRIDGE AND PAVEMENTS PROJECTS.
 WORKABILITY – WORKABILITY OF FRESH CONCRETE DEPENDS ON ITS RHEOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES. THIS RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR IS DEFINED BY TWO CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
CONCRETE.

THINGS TO REMEMBER IN USING CONCRETE TO BE USED IN CONSTRUCTION:

1. PORTLAND CEMENT

A. ONLY TYPE 1 PORTLAND CEMENT SHALL BE USED UNLESS OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR IN
THE SPECIAL PROVISIONS.

B. DIFFERENT BRANDS OR THE SAME BRANDS FROM DIFFERENT MILLS SHALL NOT BE MIXED
NOR SHALL THEY BE USED ALTERNATELY.

C. CEMENT WHICH FOR ANY REASON HAS BECOME PARTIALLY SET OR WHICH CONTAINS
LUMPS OF CAKED CEMENT WILL BE REJECTED.

D. CEMENT SALVAGED FROM DISCARDED OR USED BAGS SHALL NOT BE USED.

TWO MAJOR KINDS OF CEMENT

A.POZZOLAN CEMENT

 THE ANCIENT ROMANS HAVE DISCOVERED THAT THE ADDITION OF SOME


VOLCANIC EARTH(POZZOLENAS) TO LIME GAVE A PRODUCT, WHICH HARDENED
UNDER WATER (HYDRAULIC)
 DERIVED FROM POZZOULI, A VILLA NEAR NAPLES, ROME – FAMOUS FOR A
PARTICULARLY EFFECTIVE VOLCANIC EARTH
 CHALKS CONTAINING SILICEOUS CLAYS WHEN BURNT CAN BE USED FOR
CONCRETING
B. PORTLAND CEMENT
 THROUGH EXPERIMENT, EXPERIENCE AND PRACTICE, MAN HAS MADE PORTLAND
CEMENT BY BLENDING MATERIALS, CALCIUM, ALUMINA, IRON AND SILICA.
 MADE BY MIXING SUBSTANCES CONTAINING CALCIUM CARBONATE SUCH AS
CHALK OR LIMESTONE, WITH SUBSTANCES CONTAINING SILICA, ALUMINA AND
IRON OXIDE SUCH AS CLAY OR SHALE.
 AN IMPORTANT PRINCIPLE TO REMEMBER ABOUT THE CEMENT MAKING PROCESS
IS THE DEHYDRATION (DRAINING OUT) OF THE MATERIALS BY USING THE INTENSE
HEAT.
 WHEN THE CEMENT IS LATER MIXED WITH WATER, THE PROCESS REVERSES TO
HYDRATION (COMBINING THE WATER) AND THE WATER CEMENT- WATER PASTE
WILL BECOME AS HARD AS ROCK.
 ON A 20° C DAY, THE FIRST PHASE OF THE HYDRATION PROCESS (CALLED THE
INITIAL SET) WILL OCCUR IN ONE OR MORE HOURS
 IF THE TEMPERATURE IS MORE THAN 20° C, IT WILL OCCUR AT A SLOWER RATE.
MOST ENGINEERS WILL CALL FOR TIME LIMITS FROM 1 TO 1-1/2 HOURS FROM
THE START OF MIXING TO THE PLACING OF THE CONCRETE.

2. FINE AGGREGATES

A. IT SHALL CONSIST OF NATURAL SAND STONE SCREENINGS OR OTHER INERT MATERIALS


WITH SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS, OR COMBINATIONS THEREOF, HAVING HARD, STRONG
AND DURABLE PARTICLES.

B. FINE AGGREGATE FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES OF SUPPLY SHALL NOT BE MIXED OR


STORED IN THE SAME PILE NOR USE ALTERNATELY IN THE SAME CLASS OF CONCRETE
WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE ENGINEER.

C. THE USE OF BEACH SAND WILL NOT BE ALLOWED WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE
ENGINEER.

D. FINE AGGREGATE SHALL BE WELL – GRADED FROM COURSE TO FINE AND SHALL
CONFORM TO THIS TABLE.

SIEVE DESIGNATION MASS PERCENT PASSING


9.5 mm 3/8 in 100 %
4.75 mm No. 4 95 - 100 %
2.36 mm No. 8 -
1.18 mm No. 16 45 - 80 %
0.60 mm No. 30 -
0.30 mm No. 50 5 - 30 %
0.15 mm No. 100 0 - 10 %
3. COARSE AGGREGATES

A. IT SHALL CONSIST OF CRUSHED STONE, GRAVEL OR OTHER APPROVED INERT MATERIALS


OF SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS, OR COMBINATIONS THEREOF, HAVING HARD, STRONG,
DURABLE PIECES AND FREE FROM ANY ADHERENT COATINGS.

B. ONLY ONE GRADING SPECIFICATION SHALL BE USED FROM ANY ONE SOURCE.

C. THE GRADATION OF THE COARSE AGGREGATE SHALL CONFORM TO THE TABLE:

GRADATION - means grading of aggregates by sieving.


MASS PERCENT PASSING
SIEVE DESIGNATION
GRADING A GRADING B GRADING C
75.0 mm 3.0 in 100 %
63.0 mm 2.5 in 95 - 100 % 100 % 100 %
50.0 mm 2.0 in - 90 - 100 % 95 - 100 %
37.5 mm 1.5 in 25 - 60 % 35 - 70 % -
25.0 mm 1.0 in - 0 - 15 % 35 – 70 %
19.0 mm 3/4 in 0 - 10 % - -
12.5 mm 1/2 in 0-5% 0-5% 10 – 30 %
4.75 mm No. 4 35 – 65 % 50 - 85 % 55 – 100 %

4. WATER

A. USED IN MIXING, CURING, OR OTHER DESIGNATED APPLICATION SHALL BE REASONABLY


CLEAN AND FREE FROM OIL, SALT, ACID, ALKALI, GRASS, OR OTHER SUBSTANCES
INJURIOUS TO THE FINISHED PRODUCT.

B. WATER WHICH IS DRINKABLE MAY BE USED WITHOUT TEST.

C. WHERE THE SOURCE OF WATER IS SHALLOW, THE INTAKE SHALL BE SO ENCLOSED AS TO


EXCLUDE SILT, MUD, GRASS, OR OTHER FOREIGN MATERIALS.

SHALLOW or having a little depth.

STORAGE OF CEMENT AND AGGREGATE

A. ALL CEMENT SHALL BE STORED IMMEDIATELY UPON DELIVERY AT THE SITE, IN


WEATHERPROOF BUILDING WHICH WILL PROTECT THE CEMENT FROM DAMPNESS.
B. THE FLOOR SHALL BE RAISED FROM THE GROUND or ELEVATED.
C. STORAGE BULDINGS SHALL HAVE CAPACITY FOR STORAGE OF A SUFFICIENT QUANTITY OF
CEMENT TO ALLOW SAMPLING ATLEAST 12 DAYS BEFORE THE CEMENT IS TO BE USED.
D. THE HANDLING AND STORING OF CONCRETE AGGREGATES SHALL BE SUCH AS TO PREVENT
SEGREGATION OR THE INCLUSION OF FOREIGN MATERIALS.
SEGREGATION – or isolation, separating something from others
E. DIFFERENT SIZES OF AGGREGATE SHALL BE STORED IN SEPARATE BINS OR IN SEPARATE
STOCKPILES SUFFICIENTLY REMOVED FROM EACH OTHER TO PREVENT THE MATERIAL AT THE
EDGES OF THE PILES FROM BECOMING INTERMIXED.

PROPORTIONING, CONSISTENCY AND STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

 CEMENT CONTENT AND THE PROPORTIONS OF AGGREGATE AND WATER THAT WILL PRODUCE
WORKABLE CONCRETE HAVING A SLUMP BETWEEN 40 – 75 mm (1 ½ and 3in) IF NOT
VIBRATED OR BETWEEN 10 – 40 ( ½ -1 ½ in) IF VIBRATED.
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF NOT LESS THAN 3.8 MPa(550 psi) WHEN TESTED BY THIRD POINT-
METHOD OR 4.5 MPa (650 psi) WHEN TESTED BY MIDPOINT METHOD AT 14 DAYS.
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF 24.1 MPa(3500 psi) FOR CORES TAKEN AT 14 DAYS.

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