DESIGN OF BEAMS

Design Procedure

Step Task Standard

EN1990 Table 2.1
1 Determine design life, Exposure class & Fireresistance EN1992-1-1: Table 4.1
EN1992-1-2: Sec. 5.6
BS8500-1: Table A.3
2 Determine material strength
EN206-1: Table F1
EN1992-1-1: Table 7.4N
3 Select size of beam
EN1992-1-2: Table 5.5

4 Calculate min. cover for durability , fire and bond requirements EN1992-1-1: Sec. 4.4.1

5 Estimate actions onbeam EN1990 Table A1.1 and A1.2

6 Analyze structure to obtain critical moments and shearforces EN1992-1-1: Sec. 5

7 Design flexural reinforcement EN1992-1-1: Sec. 6.1

8 Design shearreinforcement EN1992-1-1: Sec. 6.2
9 Check deflection EN1992-1-1: Sec. 7.4
10 Check cracking EN1992-1-1: Sec. 7.3
11 Detailing EN1992-1-1: Sec. 8 &9.2

1
EN 1990: Table 2.1
Designworking Indicative design Examples
life category working life(years)

1 10 Temporary structures
2 10 to 25 Replaceable structural parts, e.g. gantry
girders, bearing
3 15 to 30 Agricultural and similar structures
4 50 Buildings structures and other common
structures
5 100 Monumental building structures, bridges, and
other civil engineering structures

Exposure classes

EN 1992-1-1: Table 4.1

2
 Fire Resistance

EN 1992-1-2: Sec. 5.6

Material Strength

BS 8500- 1

Concrete :
In EC2 the design
of reinforced
concrete is based
on the
characteristic
cylinder strength
rather than cube
strength and
should be
specified
according to EN
206-1. or BS
8500: 2006

3
 EN 206-1

Reinforcing Steel:
EC2 can be used with reinforcement of characteristic strength ranging
from 400 to 600 Mpa. A characteristic yield strength of 500 MPa has been
adopted by the UK reinforcement industry.

4
 Beam Size

The selection of beams sizes from structural

viewpoint is often dictated by deflection control
criteria. In practice, the overall depths of beams are
often fixed in relation to their spans.

Span to overall depth ratios of 13 to 18 are generally

found to be economical in the case of simply
supported and continuous beams.

The recommended ratio of width to overall depth in

rectangular beam section is in the range of 0.3 to 0.6.

(3.1)

EC 2 Part 1-2, gives a method for determining the minimum

dimension of beams for fire resistance requirements.

5
 EN 1992-1-2

Concrete Cover

The nominal cover can be assessed as follows:

Cnom = Cmin + Cdev
Where Cmin shall be provided in order to ensure:
• The safe transmission of bond forces

• The protection of steel against corrosion (Durability)

• An adequate fire resistance

And Cdev is and allowance which should be made in the design for
deviation from the minimum cover. It should be taken as 10 mm. It
is permitted to reduce to 5 mm if the fabrication subjected to a
quality assurance system.

6
Table 5.1: Minimum cover, c min,b requirements with regard tobond

Minimum cover for bond EN 1992-1-1

Arrangement of Minimum cover cmin,b*
bars
Separated Diameter of bar
Bundle Equivalent diameter
n =  nb ≤ 55 mm
Where nb is the number of bars in the bundle, which is
limited to
nb ≤ 4 for vertical bars in compression
nb ≤ 3 for all other cases
* If the nominal maximum aggregate size is > 32 mm, cmin,b should be
increased by 5 mm

Table 5.2: Minimum cover, c min,dur requirements with regard to durability

Minimum cover for durability EN 1992-1-1

Exposure Class according to Table 4.1 EC2

Structural
Class X0 XC1 XC2/XC3 XC4 XD1/XS1 XD2/XS2 XD3/XS3

S1 10 10 10 15 20 25 30

S2 10 10 15 20 25 30 35

S3 10 10 20 25 30 35 40

S4 10 15 25 30 35 40 45

S5 15 20 30 35 40 45 50

S6 20 25 35 40 45 50 55

7
 0.513VEd

f yk d

Minimum cover for fire resistance

Rather than giving a minimum cover, the tubular method based on
nominal axis distance is used. This is the distance from the centre
of the main reinforcement bar to the top or bottom surface of the
member.

a > Cnom + ink + bar/2

asd = a + 10 mm

8
 Actions

Actions that applied on a beam may consist of beams self-

weight, dead and imposed loads from slabs, actions from
secondary beams and other structural or non-structural members
supported by the beam.

The distribution of slab actions on beams depends on the slab

dimension, supporting system and boundary condition.

There are alternatives methods which consider various support

conditions and slab continuity. The methods are, (i). Slab shear
coefficient from Table 3.15 BS 8110, (ii). Yield line analysis and (iii).
Table 63 Reinforced Concrete Designer’s Handbook by Reynold.

Analysis

The primary purpose of structural analysis is to establish the

distribution of internal forces and moments over the whole part of a
structure and to identify the critical design conditions at all
sections.

The type of analysis should be appropriate to the problem being

considered. The following may be used: linear elastic analysis,
linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution, and plastic
analysis.

Linear elastic analysis may be carried out assuming cross

sections are uncracked (i.e. concrete section properties), using
linear stress-strain relationships, and assuming means values of
elastic modulus.

9
The design procedure for flexural design in
Figure 2. The derived formula is based on the
following simplified stress block.

-1: Sec. 9.2.1

10
EC 2 introduces the strut inclination method for shear capacity checks. In
this method the shear is resisted by concrete struts acting in compression
and shear reinforcement acting in tension.

11
EC 2 has two alternative methods for checking deflection, either a
limiting span-to-depth ratio or the theoretical deflection calculation. The
span-to- depth ratio should ensure that deflection is limited to span/250.

Crack widths should be

limited to ensure appearance
and durability are
satisfactory. In the absence
of specific requirements (e.g.
water tightness), it may be
limited to the values given in
Table 7.1N.

The theoretical size of the

crack can be calculated
using expressions given in
Section 7.3.4 EN 1992 or from
“deemed to satisfy”
requirements that can be
obtained from Table 11,
which is based on tables
7.2N and Table 7.3 N of
Eurocode

12
 The limits apply to either the bar size or the bar spacing, not both.

Table 7.3N Maximum bar spacing for crack Table 7.2N Maximum bar diameter for crack
control control

Steel stress Maximum bar spacing (mm) Steel stress Maximum bar size (mm)
(N/mm2) wk = 0.4mm wk = 0.3mm (N/mm2) wk = 0.4mm wk = 0.3mm
160 300 300
160 40 32
200 300 250 200 32 25
240 250 200 240 20 16
280 200 150 280 16 12
320 150 100 320 12 10
360 10 8
360 100 50 400 8 6
450 6 5

Tutorial 5

13
Load cases & combinations
Variables actions can usually cover all or any
span of a continuous beam. Therefore a
continuous beam should be analyzed for the
loading arrangements which give the
maximum stresses at each section.

14
EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 5.1.3
Load set 1: Alternate or adjacent spans loaded

alternate span carrying the design variable and

permanent load (1.35Qk + 1.5Gk), other spans carrying
only the design permanent loads (1.35Gk)

any two adjacent spans carrying the design variable

and permanent loads (1.35Qk + 1.5Gk), all other spans
carrying only the design permanent load (1.35Gk)

Alternate spans loaded Adjacent span loaded

15
UK NATIONAL ANNEX

Load set 2: All or alternate spans loaded

all span carrying the design variable and permanent

loads (1.35Qk + 1.5Gk)

alternate span carrying the design variable and

permanent load (1.35Qk + 1.5Gk), other spans carrying
only the design permanent loads (1.35Gk)

All spans loaded

Alternate spans loaded

16
 TUTORIAL

Moment redistribution is the transfer of moments to

the less stressed sections as sections of peak moment
yield on their ultimate capacity being reached.

From a design viewpoint, this behavior can be taken

advantage of by attempting to effect a redistribute
bending moment diagram which achieves a reduction
in the maximum moment levels (and a corresponding
increase in the lower moments at other locations)

17
Such an adjustment in the moment diagram often leads to the
design of a more economical structure with better balanced
proportion, and less congestion of reinforcement at critical
sections. EC2: Section 5.5 permit the moment redistribution,
provided that;

- The resulting distribution remains in equilibrium

with the loads.

- The continuous beams are predominantly

subject to flexure.

- The ratio of adjacent spans be in the range of 0.5 to 2

18
TUTORIAL

19
End of Lecture 5

20
 DESIGN OF SLABS

Step Task Standard

EN1990 Table 2.1
1 Determine design life, Exposure class & Fireresistance EN1992-1-1: Table 4.1
EN1992-1-2: Sec. 5.6
BS8500-1: Table A.3
2 Determine material strength
EN206-1: Table F1
EN1992-1-1: Table 7.4N
3 Determine thickness ofslab
EN1992-1-2: Table 5.8

4 Calculate min. cover for durability , fire and bond requirements EN1992-1-1: Sec. 4.4.1

5 Estimate actions on slabs EN1991-1-1

Analyze structure to obtain critical moments and
6 EN1992-1-1: Sec. 5
shear forces
7 Design flexural reinforcement EN1992-1-1: Sec. 6.1
8 Check shear EN1992-1-1: Sec. 6.2
9 Check deflection EN1992-1-1: Sec. 7.4
10 Check cracking EN1992-1-1: Sec. 9.3
11 Detailing EN1992-1-1: Sec.8 &9.3

1
 Slab thickness

The selection of slab thickness from structural

viewpoint is often dictated by deflection control
criteria. In practice, the overall depths of slabs are
often fixed in relation to their spans.

Span to overall depth ratios of 20 to 30 are generally

found to be economical in the case of simply
supported and continuous beams.

EN 1992-1-2: Table 5.8

2
 Concrete Cover

The nominal cover can be assessed as follows:

Cnom = Cmin + Cdev
Where Cmin shall be provided in order to ensure:
• The safe transmission of bond forces

• The protection of steel against corrosion (Durability)

• An adequate fire resistance

And Cdev is and allowance which should be made in the design for
deviation from the minimum cover. It should be taken as 10 mm. It
is permitted to reduce to 5 mm if the fabrication subjected to a
quality assurance system.

Minimum cover for bond EN 1992-1-1

Arrangement of Minimum cover cmin,b*
bars
Separated Diameter of bar
Bundle Equivalent diameter
n =  nb ≤ 55 mm
Where nb is the number of bars in the bundle, which is
limited to
nb ≤ 4 for vertical bars in compression
nb ≤ 3 for all other cases
* If the nominal maximum aggregate size is > 32 mm, cmin,b should be
increased by 5 mm

3
Minimum cover for durability EN 1992-1-1

Exposure Class according to Table 4.1 EC2

Structural
Class X0 XC1 XC2/XC3 XC4 XD1/XS1 XD2/XS2 XD3/XS3

S1 10 10 10 15 20 25 30

S2 10 10 15 20 25 30 35

S3 10 10 20 25 30 35 40

S4 10 15 25 30 35 40 45

S5 15 20 30 35 40 45 50

S6 20 25 35 40 45 50 55

4
 0.513VEd

f yk d

Minimum cover for fire resistance

Rather than giving a minimum cover, the tubular method based on
nominal axis distance is used. This is the distance from the centre
of the main reinforcement bar to the top or bottom surface of the
member.

a > Cnom + ink + bar/2

Analysis

The analysis of reinforced concrete slab to determine

bending moment and shear force may be done either
by using elastic analysis or by considering plastic
collapse methods. Hence one of the following methods
can be use.

 Elastic analysis
 Yield line method
 Hillerborg strip method
 Moment and shear coefficient from Code of practice
or handbook

5
The design procedure for flexural design in
Figure 2. The derived formula is based on the
following simplified stress block.

Thecalculationsfor flexural reinforcement followa similar procedure to that use in

beamdesign.
M
1. Calculate K =
bd 2 f ck
2. If K≤Kbal(= 0.167), compression reinforcement is not required,and


i. z d 0.5 0.25K1.134
M
ii. As
0.87f ykz

6
7
EC 2 has two alternative
methods for checking
deflection, either a limiting
span-to-depth ratio or the
theoretical deflection
calculation. The span-to-
depth ratio should ensure
that deflection is limited to
span/250.

To resist cracking of the concrete slabs, EC2 specify

details such as minimum area of reinforcement required
in a section and limits to the maximum and minimum
spacing of bar.

The minimum area of principal reinforcement is As,min =

0.26fctmbtd/fyk but not less than 0.0013btd, where bt is the
mean width of the tension zone.

8
The minimum area of secondary reinforcement is 20%
As,min. In areas near support, transverse reinforcement is
not necessary where there is no transverse bending
moment.

The spacing of principal reinforcement bars should not

exceed three times the overall depth of slab (3h) or 400
mm whichever is the lesser. For secondary reinforcement
the spacing should not exceed 3.5h or 450 mm whichever
the lesser. These rules apply for slabs not exceeding 200
mm thick.

9
See:
Example 7.4

Tutorial 6

10
End of Lecture 6

11
 DESIGN OF
COLUMNS

Introduction

EC2 Section 5.3.1(7) defines column

as a compression members where the
greater cross-sectional dimension
does not exceed 4 times the smaller
dimension (h  4b) and the height is at
least 3 times the section depth.

1
 Major axis
(x-x)

Minor axis Plane of

(y-y) bending

Clear height Actual height

l

Design procedure

Step Task Standard

EN1990 Table 2.1

1 Determine design life, exposure class, fire resistance EN1992-1-1: Table 4.1
EN1992-1-2: Sec. 5.6
BS8500-1: Table A.3
2 Determine material strength
EN206-1: Table F1

3 Select size of column EN1992-1-2: Table 5.5

4 Calculate min. cover for durability , fire and bond requirements EN1992-1-1: Sec. 4.4.1

5 Analyze structure to obtain critical moments and axial forces EN1992-1-1: Sec. 5

6 Check slenderness EN1992-1-1: Sec. 5.8.3

7 Determine final design moment EN1992-1-1: Sec. 5.8.8
8 Determine area of reinforcement required EN1992-1-1: Sec. 6.1
9 Detailing EN1992-1-1: Sec. 8 &9

2
 Design working life

EN 1990: Table 2.1

Design working Indicative design Examples
life category working life(years)

1 10 Temporary structures
2 10 to 25 Replaceable structural parts, e.g. gantry
girders, bearing
3 15 to 30 Agricultural and similar structures
4 50 Buildings structures and other common
structures
5 100 Monumental building structures, bridges, and
other civil engineering structures

Exposure Class
EN 1992-1-1: Table 4.1

3
 Column size

EC 2 Part 1-2, Section 5.3 gives two methods for determining the
minimum dimension of column for fire resistance requirements.

EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 4.4.1

The nominal cover can be assessed as follows:
Cnom = Cmin + Cdev
Where Cmin shall be provided in order to ensure:
• The safe transmission of bond forces

• The protection of steel against corrosion (Durability)

• An adequate fire resistance

And Cdev is and allowance which should be made in the
design for deviation from the minimum cover. It should be
taken as 10 mm. It is permitted to reduce to 5 mm if the
fabrication subjected to a quality assurance system.

4
Minimum cover for bond EN 1992-1-1

Arrangement of Minimum cover cmin,b*

bars
Separated Diameter of bar
Bundle Equivalent diameter
n =  nb ≤ 55 mm
Where nb is the number of bars in the bundle, which is
limited to
nb ≤ 4 for vertical bars in compression
nb ≤ 3 for all other cases
* If the nominal maximum aggregate size is > 32 mm, cmin,b should be
increased by 5 mm

Minimum cover for durability EN 1992-1-1

Exposure Class according to Table 4.1 EC2

Structural
Class X0 XC1 XC2/XC3 XC4 XD1/XS1 XD2/XS2 XD3/XS3

S1 10 10 10 15 20 25 30

S2 10 10 15 20 25 30 35

S3 10 10 20 25 30 35 40

S4 10 15 25 30 35 40 45

S5 15 20 30 35 40 45 50

S6 20 25 35 40 45 50 55

5
Minimum cover for fire resistance
Rather than giving a minimum cover, the tubular method based
on nominal axis distance is used. This is the distance from the
centre of the main reinforcement bar to the top or bottom
surface of the member.

a > Cnom + ink + bar/2

asd = a + 10 mm

Analysis

In situ reinforced concrete structures behave as a rigid

frames, and should be analyzed as such. They can be
analyzed as a complete space frame or divided into a
series of plane frame.

Columns and main beams are considered as a series

of rigid plane frame which can be divided into two types:
(i) Braced frames supporting axial vertical loads only, (ii)
Unbraced frames supporting vertical and lateral loads

6
 For the purpose or simplified design calculations the
axial force in a column in monolithic braced frame may
be calculated on the assumption that the beams are
simply supported.

The bending moments may be calculated using the

simplified sub-frame shown in Figure 8.4.

The arrangement of the design ultimate imposed

load should be such as to cause the maximum moment
in the column.

where,
Kct Wmax Wmax
Wmin
Wmak = 1.35Gk+ 1.5Qk
Kb Kb Kb
Kcb Wmin = 1.35Gk
2 2 2
K= Stiffness = EI/L

Simplified sub-frame

7
EXAMPLE 8.2 Axial force on Column B/2
- Level II-III
52.00 kN/m

6m 8m
A B C

38.40 kN/m

4m 4m
1 2 3

Action from beam 2/A-C = 52.00(6 + 8)/2 = 364 kN

Action from beam B/1-4 = 38.40(4 + 4)/2 = 154 kN
Column selfweight = 25(0.25x0.3)(4) x 1.35 = 10 kN
Column axial force, N II-III = 528 kN

Fixed end moment,

Kct
M 1 = wL 2/12 = 27.0(62)/12
27.0 kN/m 52.0 kN/m = 81.0 kNm 53.1

Kb/2 KR/2
M 2 = wL 2/12 = 52.0(82)/12
Kcb
= 277.3 kNm
6m 8m
43.6
M = M 2 -M 1 = 196.3 kNm 34.9

Moment in upper column,

M = M x K ct /(K ct + K cb + K b/2 + K b/2)
= 196.3x 1.41 / (1.41 + 1.13 + 2.17 + 1.63)
= 43.6 kNm 17.4
Moment in lower column,
M = M x K ct /(K ct + K cb + K b/2 + K b/2) Mx-x (kNm)
= 196.3x 1.13 / (1.41 + 1.13 + 2.17 + 1.63)
= 34.9 kNm

8
 Braced & Unbraced

EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 5.8.1

Bracing members are members that

contribute to the overall stability of the
structure, whereas braced members do
not contribute to the overall stability of
the structure.

Slender & Non-slender

EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 5.8.2 and 5.8.3.1(1)

Column may be classified into slender or non-
slender depending on its sensitivity to second-order
effects (P-Δ effect).

Column can be deemed to be non-slender when

design actions are not significantly affected by their
deformation (P-Δ effect is deemed to be small).

9
Second order effect may be ignored provided
the slenderness ratio of column does not
exceed a particular limiting value.

Second order effect also can be ignored if

they are less than 10% of the corresponding
first order bending moments.

Slenderness ratio

EN 1992-1-1: Sec.5.8.3.2

The slenderness ratio is defined as;

  lo
i
Where;

lo is the effective length

i is the radius of gyration of the cross
section

10
 Effective Length,
lo

Figure 5.7 below gives guidance on the effective length of

column.

Effective length is a length used to account for the shape of the

deflection curve or it can also be defined as buckling length. An
effective length can be determined in the following way

 k1 .1 k2 
lo  0,5l. 1   Braced members
 0,45 k 1 0,45 k 2

  k ..k   k   k 
l o  l .max 110. 1 2  ; 1 1 1k .  1 2 1 k  Unbraced members
 k1 k 2   1   2 

11
where:
k1, k2 are the relative flexibilities of rotational restraints at
ends 1 and 2 respectively

θ is the rotation of restraining members for bending moment M

EI is the bending stiffness of compression member

l is the clear height of compression member between end
restraints
If an adjacent column in a node is likely to contribute to the
rotation at buckling, then (EI/l ) in the definition of k should be
replaced by [(EI/l)a + (EI/l)b], a and b representing the column
above and below the node.

5.8.3.1 : The slenderness ratio limit is defined as;

lim  20. A. B.C n

Where;
A = 1/(1 + 0.2eff) : eff = effective creep ratio
B = (1 + 2)0.5 :  = Asfyd/(Acfcd)
C = 1.7 – rm : rm = Mo1 /Mo2

• If eff, , and rm are not known, A = 0.7,

B = 1.1 and C = 0.7 may be used.

12
 Tutorial 7

• EC2 gives two alternative method of analysis as follows

7. : Nominal Stiffness Method
8. : Nominal Curvature Method
• The “curvature” method is similar in approach to current
practice
• Some of the terminology in EC2 relating to column
design may be slightly unfamiliar, with minimum
eccentricity being described under “imperfection” and
buckling falling within “second order effects”.

13
 5.8.8.2(1)
The Final Design Moment :

M ED  MOEd  M 2
where,
MOEd is the 1st order moment includingimperfection
M2 is 2nd order moment

Braced Column
M O2 M O2
0 .5 M 2
M N Ee
d i

M OE =
+ M 2 = NEd e2 MOE + M 2

M O1 0 .5 M 2
M O 1 + 0.5M2

First o r d e r Ad d i t i oAd
n adl isecond order
t i o n a l second Total m o m e n t d i a g r a m f o r
moment m o m e notrsdfeorr mo sl eme
n d enrt scof ol ur mn s sl e n d e r co l u mn s
sl e n d e r co l u mn s

M Ed  MaxM O2 , M OE  M 2 , M O1  0.5M 2 , N Ed .eo 

14
Where,
M OE  0.6MO2  0.4MO1  0.4MO2

M O1  Min M top , M bot  e N i Ed

M O2  MaxM top , M bot  e N i Ed

N Ed  The ultimate axialload

eo = Max{h/30, 20 mm}
ei = lo/400

Unbraced Column
M O2 MO2 +M 2
M M 2 =NEd e2
NEde i

+ =

M O1 M2 MO1 + M 2

First order Additional second order Total moment diagram for

moment moments for slender columns slender columns

MEd = Max{M01 + M2, M02 + M2, NEd.eo}

15
 The Second Order Moment :

M2  0 : Non-slender column

M 2  N ED e2 : Slender column

where,
NEd is the design value of axial load
e2 is the deflection = (1/r)lo/c
1/r is the curvature

lo is the effective length

c is a factor depending on the curvature
distribution, normally  unless constant MOE

16
 5.8.8.3 : Curvature, 1/r = Kr . K . 1/ro

where, Kr = axial load correction factor = (nu- n)/(nu-nbal) < 1

where, n = NEd/(Acfcd), nu = 1 +  nbal = 0.4
 = Asfyd /(Acfcd)
K = creep correction factor = 1 + ef > 1
where, ef = effective creep ratio = MoEqp /MoEd
= 0 if (  < 2, M/N > h,  < 75 )
 = 0.35 + fck/200 - /150 ( = slenderness ratio)
1/ro = fyd/dEs = fyk/ 103500d

For practical purpose as with BS8110, the rectangular stress block

used for design of beam may also be used for the design of
columns

17
• However unlike with BS8110 the maximum
compressive strain when designing to EC2 will be
less than 0.0035 if the whole section is in
compression.

• This compressive strain will further fall to 0.00175

(fck < 50 N/mm2) if the section is subject to pure
compression.

• This will affect the steel strains and hence forces

which the reinforcement can carry

18
EQUILIBRIUMEQUATIONS
• When a section subject to axial load N
and a bending moment M the following
equalities should be satisfied for
equilibrium between the applied
actions and the internal action effects.

Equilibrium of load

N  Fcc  Fsc  Fst

Equilibrium of moment

MFcc.(0.5h 0.5x) Fsc(0.5h d2 )  Fst(0.5d1)

Where,

Fcc  (fck /  c )(x)b ; Fsc  Asc f yk /  s ; Fst  Ast f y k /  s

19
 The equations can be rearrange in the following form

N  f ;; f ;  ; ( x / h); ( A / bh); ( A / bh); f ; 

ck c sc st yk s

bh

M  f ;; f ;  ;(x / h); ( A / bh); ( A / bh); f ;  ;(d1/ h); (d 2 / h)

ck c sc st yk s
bh 2

These equations form the basis for the N-M interaction

charts used for the design of columns

20
9.5.2 Longitudinal reinforcement

0.1N Ed
As ,min  or 0.002Ac whichever is the greater
f yd
where:
fyd is the design yield strength of the reinforcement
NEd is the design axial force

As,max = 0.04Ac outside lap locations

= 0.08Ac at laps.

3. Transverse reinforcement

The diameter of links should not be less than 6 mm or

one-quarter of the diameter of the longitudinal bar.

The maximum spacing should not be less than;

1.12 times the minimum diameter of longitudinal bars

2.the lesser dimension of the column
3. 240 mm

* At a distance greater than the larger dimension of the

column above or below a beam these spacing can
increased by a factor of 1.67

21
 Tutorial 7

• EC2 gives conditions in which bi-axial bending

may be dispensed with and the design carried
out in each principal direction disregarding the
bending in the other direction

• If these conditions are not satisfied a rigorous

method is suggested

22
Conditions to be satisfied for disregarding bi-axial
bending

(a). (y /  z )  2 or (z /  y )  2 and

(b). (ey / h) (ez / b) 0.2 or (ez / b) (ey / h)  0.2

where;
y, z are the slenderness ratios with respect to y and z
axis
b, h are the width and depth of the section parallel
to z and y axis respectively
ez = MEdy/NEd; eccentricity along z-axis
ey = MEdz/NEd; eccentricity along y-axis
MEdy is the design moment about y-axis,

MEdz is the design moment about z-axis

NEd is the design value of axial load

23
 z
ey

NEd
ez
b y

If the above conditions are not fulfilled, biaxial

bending should be taken account including the 2nd
order effects in each direction. The following
inequality should be satisfied;

M 
a
MEdz 
a

    Edy   1.0
 M Rdy 
 MRdz   

24
Where;
MEdz/y is the design moment around the respective axis,
including a 2nd order moment
MRdz/y is the moment resistance in the respective direction
a is the exponent;
for circular and elliptical cross section: a = 2
for rectangular cross sections :

NEd/NRd 0.1 0.7 1.0

a 1.0 1.5 2.0
NRd = Acfcd + Asfyd, NEd = the design value of axial
force

See:
Example 8.4 & 8.5

Tutorial 7b

25
End of Lecture 7

26
 DESIGN OF
FOUNDATION

Design Procedure

Step Task Standard

EN1990 Table 2.1

1 Determine design life, Exposure class
EN1992-1-1: Table 4.1

BS8500-1: Table A.3

2 Determine material strength
EN206-1: Table F1

3 Select size of thickness of footing EN1992-1-1: Table 7.4N

Calculate min. cover for durability , fire and

4 EN1992-1-1: Sec. 4.4.1
bond requirements

5 Estimate actions on footing EN1991-1-1

Analyze structure to obtain critical moments and

6 EN1992-1-1: Sec. 5
shear forces

7 Design flexural reinforcement EN1992-1-1: Sec. 6.1

8 Design shearreinforcement EN1992-1-1: Sec. 6.2

9 Check cracking EN1992-1-1: Sec. 9.3

1
 Introduction

The two essential requirements in the design of

foundation are;

the total settlement of the structures shall be

limited to a tolerably small amount, and

the differential settlement of various parts the

structure shall be eliminated as nearly as possible.

2
 Pressure distribution under footing

(a). Uniform distribution (b). Cohesivesoil (c). Cohesionless soil

Size

•Thickness and size of footing

(Gk  Qk  W )
A re a 
Soil bearing capacity

NEd
d 
vRd maxuo
where, NEd = Ultimate vertical load = 1.35Gk +1.5Qk
vRdmax = 0.5vfcd = 0.5[0.6(1- fck/250)](fck/1.5)
uo = Column perimeter

3
 Ultimate
columnload,
N

Ultimate
Design for flexure column load,
NEd
The critical section of bending is
at the face of the column. The
moment is taken on a section
passing completely across the
footing and is due to the ultimate
loads on one side of the section. Soilpressure
The moment and shear forces
should be assessed using STR
combination:

N = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk STR combination 1 (Exp. 6.10)

Check for shear

Footing may fail in shear as
vertical shear or punching shear at
the location shown in Figure 9.3.
VEd < VRd,c
no shear reinforcement is required.

The maximum punching shear at

the column face must not exceed
maximum shear resistance VRdmax. Figure 9.3: Location of critical
shear section and perimeter

4
Cracking and detailing requirements

Use the rules for slabs in clause 9.3 of EC2.

Tutorial 8

5
 Design of pile cap

Size and thickness

Size of pile cap depends on the number of piles used,
the arrangement of piles and the shape of pile cap
The thickness of the cap should be sufficient to provide
adequate bond length for the bars projecting from the
piles as well as for the dowel bars of columns.

If hp  550 mm : h = 2hp + 100

1 (8h  600)
If hp > 550 mm : h = p
3

Main reinforcement

Pile caps are design either using bending theory or using

the truss analogy. In the truss analogy the force from the
supported column is assumed to be transmitted by a
triangular truss action with concrete providing the
compressive members of the truss and steel reinforcement
providing the tensile tie force.

6
 Design for shear

The shear capacity of a

pile cap should be checked
at the critical section taken
to be 20 % of the pile
diameter inside the face of
the pile. The whole of the
force from the piles with
centers lying outside this
line should be considered.

Shear enhancement may be considered such that the shear

capacity of the concrete may be increase to vc x 2d/a where av is the
distance from the face of the column to the critical section if the
spacing of the piles is less than or equal to three times the pile
diameter.

Where the spacing of the piles exceeds three times the pile
diameter then the pile cap should be checked for punching shear

7
Detailing of reinforcement
The main tension
reinforcement should continue
past each pile and should be
bent up vertically to provide a
full anchorage length beyond
the centre line of each pile. It is
normal to provide fully lapped
horizontal link of size not less
than 12 mm and at spacing of
no greater than 250 mm.

Tutorial 8

8
End of Lecture 8

9
 Design Examples 1

DESIGN EXAMPLES
2 Design for Flexure

Contents: Page

Example 2.4: Moment resistance of doubly reinforced rectangular section 3

Example 2.5: Design of rectangular section using design formula 4
Example 2.6: Design of flanged section 5
Example 2.7: Moment resistance of flange section 6
Example 3.1: Design of shear reinforcement for rectangular section 8
Example 3.2: Design of shear reinforcement for flanged section 10
Example 3.3: Verification of shear for section not requiring shear reinforcement 13
Example 4.1: Verification of deflection of a beam 14
Example 6.1: Design of simply supported rectangular beam 15
Example 7.4: Design of restrained two-way slab 21
Example 8.1b: Stair spanning longitudinally with landing and continuous at one end. 27
Example 10.1: Determination of slender or non-slender column. 31
Example 10.3: Design of non-slender column bent about major axis 34
Example 10.4: Design of slender column bent about minor axis 36
Example 10.5: Design of short column bent about both axes 39
Example 11.1: Design of pad footing - Axial load only 43
Example 12.1: Design of cantilever retaining wall 47
 Design Examples 3

Ex ample 2.4 page 1/1

R e f. C alc ulatio ns O utput

Specification
d' = 50 mm
Size, b x d = 250 x 500 mm

d
Chac. strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm 2
Chac. strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm 2
Reinforcement,
b Compresion: 2 H12 A s' = 226 mm 2
Tension: 6 H20 A s= 1885 mm 2
Determine the moment of resistance

Solution
Assuming initially that the steel stresses f st and f sc are the
design yield values 0.87f yk
d'
Fsc
0 .8 x Fc c
x
d

z1 z

Fst

bw

Section Stre ss
Forc e s
F cc = 0.454f ck b x = 0.454 x 25 x 250 (x)
= 2838 x N
F sc = 0.87 f yk A s = 0.87 x 500 x 226
= 98407 N
F st = 0.87 f yk A s = 0.87 x 500 x 1885
= 820062 N

Equilibrium of forces
F st = F cc + F sc
820062 = 2838 x + 98407
x = (820062 - 98407) / 2838
= 254 m m < 0.617d = 309 mm
Tension teel has yielded as assumed
d '/x = 50 / 254 = 0.20 < 0.38
Compression teel has yielded as assumed
Lever a r m
z = d - 0.4x = 398 mm
z1 = d -d ' = 450 mm

Moment of resistance
M = F cc . z + F sc . z 1
= [( 2838 x 254 x 398) + (98407 x 450) ] x 10 -6
= 332 kN m
4 Design for Flexure

Example 2.5 page 1/1

Ref. Calculations Output

Specification
d' = 45 mm
Size, b x d = 225 x 600 mm
d Chac. strength of concrete, f ck = 30 N/mm2
Chac. strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Bending Moment, M = 350 kN m
b
Determine the area of reinforcement required

Solution
K = M / f ck bd 2
2
= 350 x 10 6 ( 30 x 225 x 600 )
= 0.144

Redistribution 20 % Redistribution ratio,  = 0.8 Using : EC2

=
K bal = 0.454(  - k 1 )/k 2 - 0.182[(  - k 1 )/k 2 ] 2 k 1= 0.44
= 0.363 (  - k - 0.116 (  - k 1 ) 2 k 2= 1.25
1)
= 0.116

K > K bal
Compression reinforcement is required

z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K bal/1.134) ]

= 0.88 d = 0.88 x 600 = 530.8 mm
x = (d - z ) / 0.4 = 172.9 mm
d '/x = 45 / 172.9 = 0.26 < 0.38
==> The compression steel will have yielded
f sc = 0.87f yk

Area of compression steel

A s' = (K - K bal) f ck bd 2 / 0.87f yk (d - d ')
= ( 0.144 - 0.12) x (30 x 225 x 600 2 )
0.87 x 500 x (600 - 45 )
= 286 mm 2 Use : 3H 12
( 339 mm 2 )
Area of tension steel
As = K bal f ck bd 2 / 0.87f yk z bal + A s'
= 0.116 x (30 x 225 x 600 2 )
+ 286
0.87 x 500 x 531
= 1503 mm 2
Use : 5H 20
( 1571 mm 2 )
 Design Examples 5

Ex ample 2.6 page 1/1

R e f. C alc ulatio ns O utput

Specification
b
b = 600 mm
hf
h f= 100 mm
d d = 350 mm
bw = 200 mm

bw

Chac. strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm 2

Chac. strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm 2
Bending Moment, M = 260 kN m

Determine the area of reinforcement required

Solution

M f = 0.567 f ck bh f (d - 0 . 5 h f)
= 0.567 x 25 x 600 x 100 ( 350 - 50)
= 255 kN m

M > M f Neutral axis below the flange

f = 0.156(b w /b ) + 0.567(h f/d )(1- b w /b )(1 - h f/2d ) * b w /b = 0.33

= ( 0.156x 0.33)+ (0.567 x 0.29) x 0.67 x 0.86 * h f /d = 0.29

= 0.145

M bal =  f f ck bd 2
2
= 0.145 ( 25 x 600 x 350 )
= 266 kN m

M < M bal
Compresion reinforcement is not required

Ar e a of tension reinforcement
As = M + 0.1f ck b w d (0.36d - h f) * (0.36d - h f ) = 26

0.87 f yk (d - 0.5h f)
= 260 x 10 6 + 0 ( 25 x 200 x 350 x 26)
0.87 x 500 x (350 - 50)
= 2027 mm 2

Use : 5H 25
( 2455 mm 2 )
6 Design for Flexure

Example 2.7 page 1/2

R e f. C alc ulatio ns O utput

Specification
b
d' = 50 mm
hf
b = 800 mm
d 100 mm
h f =
d = 550 mm
b w = 250 mm
bw

Compression bar: 2 H12 A s= 226 mm 2

Tension bar 5 H25 A s= 2952 mm 2
Chac. strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm 2
Chac. strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm 2
Determine the moment of resistance

Solution
Assuming initially that the steel stres f st is the design
yield value 0.87f yk and neutral axis in the we b
b
F sc
hf x 0 .8 x Fcc2
Fc c 1
d z2 z1 z

F st

bw

Section Stre ss

Forc e s
F cc1 = 0.454 f ck b w x = 0.454 x 25 x 250 (x)
= 2838 x N
F cc2 = 0.567f ck (b-b w )h f = 0.567 x 25 x 550 x 100
= 779625 N
F sc = 0.87 f yk A s = 0.87 x 500 x 226
= 98407 N
F st = 0.87 f yk A s = 0.87 x 500 x 2952
= 1284120 N

Equilibrium of forces
F st = F cc1 + F cc2 + F sc
1284120 = 2838 x + 779625 + 98407
x = (1284120 - 779625 - 98407) 2838
= 143 m m > hf = 100 mm
Neurtal axis in the we b as assumed
 Design Examples 7

Example 2.7 page 2/2

Ref. Calculations Output

Lever a r m
z = d - 0.4x = (550 - 57.2) = 493 mm
z1 = d -d ' = (550 - 50.0) = 500 mm
z2 = d - 0.5h f = (550 - 50.0) = 500 mm

Moment of resistance
M = F cc1 . z + F sc . z 1 + F cc2 . z 2

= (406088 x 493) + ( 98407 x 500)

-6
+ (779625 x 500) ] x 10
= 639 kN m
8 Design for Flexure

Example 3.1 p a ge 1/2

R e f. Ca l c ul a t i ons Output

SPECIFICATION
w kN/m
d

L
b
Span, L = 8.0 m
Size, b x d = 225 x 5 0 0 m m
Des i gn load, w = 100 k N / m
Characteristic strength of c onc r et e, f ck = 30 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of steel, f y k = 500 N/mm2
Tension s t eel : 3H 25
Comp r es s ion s t eel : 2H 16
Des i gn s h e a r reinforcement

Solution
Des i gn s h e a r f or c e,
V Ed = w L / 2 = 100 x 8.0 / 2 = 400 k N

6.2.3 C o n c r e t e strut c a p acity

V R d, ma x = 0.36b w d f c k (1 - f ck /250) / (cot  + t a n  )
= (0.36 x 2 2 5 x 5 0 0 x 3 0 (1- 30/250 )
(cot  + t a n  )
= 371 k N  = 22 deg c ot  = 2 . 5
= 535 k N  = 45 deg c ot  = 1 . 0

V Ed > V R d, ma x c ot  = 2 . 5
V Ed < V R d, ma x c ot  = 1 . 0

Ther ef or e angle  > 22 o

θ = 0.5sin -1 [ V E d / 0.18b w d f ck (1- f ck /250)]

= 0.5sin -1 400 x 10 3
0.18 x 2 2 5 x 5 0 0 x 30(1 - 30/250 )
= 0.5sin -1 {0.75} = 24.2 o
Use : θ = 24.2 o t a n  = 0.45 c ot  = 2.22

S h e a r links
A sw / s = V Ed / 0.78f y k d c ot 
= 400 x 10 3 / (0.78 x 500 x 5 0 0 x 2.22)
= 0.923
T r y link : H10 A sw = 1 5 7 m m 2
Spacing, s = 1 5 7 / 0.92
= 170 m m
Use :
9.2.2 (6) M a x . spacing, s ma x = 0.75d = 0.75 x 5 0 0 = 375 mm H 1 0 - 150
 Design Examples 9

Example 3.1 p a ge 2/2

R e f. Ca l c ul a t i ons Output

9.2.2(5) M i n i m u m l i nk s
A sw / s = 0.08f ck 1/ 2 b w / f yk
= 0 . 0 8 x (30) 1/2 x 2 2 5 / 5 0 0
= 0.197
T r y link : H10 A sw = 1 5 7 mm 2
Spacing, s = 157 / 0.20 Use :
= 797 m m > 0.75d = 375 m m H 1 0 - 350

S h e a r r es i st ance of minimum links

Vmin = ( A sw /s ) ( 0 . 7 8df yk c ot  )
= ( 1 5 7 / 350) x (0.78 x 500 x 500 x 2.5)
= 217 k N

L i n k s a r r ange m e nt

400kN x = ( 4 0 0 - 217) / 100.0

2 1 7 kN = 1.83 m

x
217kN
4 0 0 kN
H 1 0 - 150 H 1 0 - 350 H 1 0 - 150
1.83 m 4.33 m 1.83 m

6.2.3(7) A d d i t i o n a l l ong i t udi na l re inf orce m e nt

Additional tensile f or c e,
 F td = 0 . 5 V E d c ot 
= 0.5 x 4 0 0 x 2 . 2 2
= 445 k N

Additional tension reinforcement,

As = F t d / 0.87f yk
= 445 x 10 3 / 0 . 8 7 x 500 Use :
= 1022 mm 2 3H 25
1473 mm 2
10 Design for Flexure

Example 3.2 page 1/3

Ref. Calculations Output

SPECIFICATION b
w kN/ m
hf

d
L

bw
Span, L = 9.0 m
Design load, w = 90 kN/m
Dimension: b w x d x b x h f = 250 x 530 x 600 x 110 mm
Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Tension steel : 3H 20
Compression steel : 2H 12
Design shear reinforcement

Solution
Design shear force,
V Ed = w L / 2 = 90 x 9.0 / 2 = 405 kN

6.2.3 Concrete strut capacity

V Rd, max = 0.36b w df ck (1 - f ck /250) / (cot  + tan  )
= (0.36 x 250 x 530 x 25 (1- 25/250 )
(cot  + tan )
= 373 kN  = 22 deg cot  = 2.5
= 537 kN  = 45 deg cot  = 1.0

V Ed > V Rd, max cot  = 2.5

V Ed < V Rd, max cot  = 1.0

Therefore angle  > 22 o

θ = 0.5sin -1 [V E d / 0.18b w df ck (1- f ck /250)]

= 0.5sin -1 405 x 10 3
0.18 x 250 x 530 x 25(1 - 25/250 )
= 0.5sin -1 {0.75} = 24.5 o
Use : θ = 24.5 o tan  = 0.46 cot  = 2.19

Shear links
A sw / s = V E d / 0.78f yk d cot 
= 405 x 10 3 / (0.78 x 500 x 530 x 2.19)
= 0.893
Try link : H10 A sw = 157 mm 2
Spacing, s = 157 / 0.89
= 176 mm
Use :
9.2.2 (6) Max. spacing, s max = 0.75d = 0.75 x 530 = 398 mm H10 - 175
 Design Examples 11

Example 3.2 p a ge 2/3

R e f. Ca l c ul a t i ons Output

9.2.2(5) Minimum links

A sw / s = 0.08f c k 1 / 2 b w / f y k
= 0.08 x (25) 1 / 2 x 2 5 0 / 5 0 0
= 0.200
T r y link : H10 A sw = 1 5 7 mm 2
Spacing, s = 1 5 7 / 0.20 Use :
= 786 m m > 0.75d = 398 m m H 1 0 - 375

S h e a r resistance of minimum links

Vmin = ( A s w /s )(0.78df y k c ot  )
= (157 / 375) x (0.78 x 5 0 0 x 530 x 2.5)
= 214 k N

L i n k s arrange m e nt

405kN x = (405 - 214) / 90.0

214kN = 2.12 m

x
214kN
405kN
H 1 0 - 175 H 1 0 - 375 H 1 0 - 175
2.12 m 4.76 m 2.12 m

6.2.4 T r a n s v e r s e s t e e l i n t he f lange
T h e longitudinal s h e a r s t r es s es a r e the gr ea t es t over a distance
 x me a s u r e d f r o m the point of z er o moment .
 x = 0.5(L /2) = ( L /4) = 9000 / 4 = 2250 m m
T h e c ha nge in mo me n t over distance  x f r o m z er o moment ,
 M = ( w L /2)(L /4) - ( w L /4)(L /8) = 3 w L 2 /32
= 3 x 90 x 9.0 / 32 = 2 683.4 k N m
T h e c ha nge in longitudinal f or c e,
F d = [  M / ( d - 0.5h f )]x[(b - b w )/2b ]
= 683.44 x 10 3 (600 - 250)
(530 - 55) ( 2 x 600)
x
= 420 k N
Longitudinal s h e a r s t r ess
v Ed = F d / (h f x )
= 420 x10 3 / (110 x 2250)
= 1.70 N / mm 2

6.2.4(6) v Ed > 0.27f ct k = 0.27 x 1.80 = 0.49 N / mm 2

= = > T r a n s ve r s e s t eel reinforcement is required
12 Design for Flexure

Example 3.2 p a ge 3/3

R e f. Ca l c ul a t i ons Output

Conc r et e strut c a p acit y in the flange

v Rd. max = 0.4f ck (1 - f ck /250) / (cot  + t a n  )
= (0.40 x 2 5 (1- 25/250 )
(cot  + t a n  )
= 3.59 N / mm 2  = 2 7 d e g c ot  = 2.0
= 4.50 N / mm 2  = 4 5 d e g c ot  = 1.0

v Ed < v Ed, max c ot  = 2 . 0

v Ed < v Ed, max c ot  = 1 . 0

Ther ef or e angle  < 27 o

θ = 0.5sin -1 [ v Ed / 0.2f ck (1- f ck /250)]

= 0.5sin -1 1.70
0.20 x 25(1 - 25/250 )
= 0.5sin -1 {0.38} = 11.07 o
t a n  = 0.50 c ot  = 2 . 0
o
Use : θ = 26.5

T r a n s ve r s e s h e a r reinforcement
A sf / s f = v Ed h f / 0.87f yk cot 
= 1.70 x 1 1 0 / (0.87 x 5 0 0 x 2.0)
= 0.214
Try: H10 A sf = 78.55 mm 2
Spacing, s f = 78.6 / 0.214 = 367 m m

9.2.1.1 Minimum t r a ns ver se s t eel a r e a ,

A s, min = 0.26(f ct m /f yk ) b h f
= 0.26 (2.56 / 500) b h f Use :
= 0.0013 b h f U s e = 0.0013 bh f H10 - 300
= 0.0013 x 1000 x110.0 = 147 mm 2 (262 mm 2 / m )

6.2.3(7) Addi t i ona l l ong i t udi na l re inf orce m e nt

Additional tensile f or c e,
F td = 0 . 5 V Ed c ot 
= 0.5 x 4 0 5 x 2.19
= 444 k N

Additional tension reinforcement,

As = F t d / 0.87f yk
= 444 x 10 3 / 0.87 x 500 Use :
= 1021 mm 2 3H 25
1473 mm 2
 Design Examples 13

Example 3.3 p a ge 1/1

R e f. Ca l c ul at ions Output

SPECIFICATION
w kN/m

d
L
b
Span, L = 4.0 m
Size, b x d = 1000 x 150 m m
Des i gn load, w = 15 k N / m p er m width
Characteristic strength of c onc r et e, f ck = 25 N / mm 2
Characteristic strength of steel, f y k = 500 N / mm 2
2
Tension s t eel : H 1 0 - 200 A s= 393 mm /m

Ver i f y s h e a r

Solution
Des i gn s h e a r f or c e,
V Ed = w L / 2 = 15 x 4.0 / 2 = 30 k N

Conc r et e s h e a r resistance
6.2.2 V Rd,c = [ 0.12k (100ρ 1 f ck ) 1 / 3 ] b w d

k = 1 + (200/d ) 1 / 2 ≤ 2 . 0
= 1 + (200 / 150) 1/2 = 2.15 > 2.0
ρ 1 = ( A s 1 /b w d ) ≤ 0.02
= 393 / 1000 x 150 = 0.0026 < 0.02

1 /3
= 0.12 x 2.00 (100 x 0.0026 x 25) x 1000 x 150
= 67301 N = 67 k N

V Rd,c = [ 0.035k 3 / 2 f ck 1 / 2 ] b w d
= 0.035x 2.15 3/2 x 2 5 1 / 2 x 1000 x 150
= 43802 N = 44 k N

So, V Rd,c = 67 k N > V Ed Ok !

14 Design for Flexure

Example 4.1 page 1/1

R e f. C alc ulatio ns O utput

SPE C IFIC A T IO N
w kN/m 2H 12
d

L 6H 20
b
Span, L = 8.0 m
Size, b x d = 250 x 550 mm
Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm 2
Characteristic strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm 2
Tension steel : A s, req = 1663 mm 2 A s , prov= 1885 mm 2
Comp. steel : A s ', req = 200 mm 2 A s ', prov = 226 mm 2

Check the b e a m for deflection

Solution
7.4 Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
 = A s,req / b d
= 1663 / 250 x 550 = 0.012
Reference reinforcement ratio,
  = (f ck ) 1/2 x 10 -3 = (25) 1/2 x10 -3 = 0.005
Percentage of required compression reinforcement,
 ' = A s ' ,req / b d
= 200 / 250 x 550 = 0.001
Table 7.4N Factor for structural system, K = 1.0
 > 
l  K   1.5 o 1 ' 
11 f ck  f ck 
d    ' 12 o 
= 1.0 [11 + 1.5 (25 1/2 ) 0.005 / (0.012- 0.001)
+ (1/12) (25 1/2 ) (0.001/ 0.005) 1/2

= 1.0 (11 + 3.52 + 0.22) = 14.75

Modification factor for span greater than 7 m

= 7/span = 7 / 8 = 0.88
Modification factor for steel area provided,
= A s,prov /A s,req = 1885 / 1663 = 1.13 <1.5

Therefore allowable span-effective depth ratio,

l /d = 14.75 x 0.88 x 1.13 = 14.63

Actual span-effective depth

= 8000 / 550 = 14.5 < 14.63 Ok !
 Design Examples 15

Example 6.1 Design of a simply supporte d rectangular beam page 1/6

Ref. Calculations Output

SPECIFICATION

w kN/m
h

L
b

Effective span, L = 8.25 m

Characteristic Actions:
Permanent, g k = 15 kN/m (Excluding selfweight)
Variable, q k = 9 kN/m
Design life = 50 Years (Table 2.1 EN 1990)
Fire resistance = R60 (Sec. 5 EN 1992-1-2)
Table 4.1 Exposure classes = XC1

MATERIALS
3.1.2(3) Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 20 N/mm2 (Table F.1 EN 206)
3.2.2(2) Characteristic strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of link, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 25 kN/m3 (Table A.1 EN 1991-1)
Assumed:  bar 1 = 20 mm
 bar 2 = 16 mm
 link = 6 mm

SIZE
Overall depth, h = L / 13 = 8250 / 13 = 635 mm Use : b x h
Width, b = 0.4 h = 0.4 x 635 = 254 mm = 250 x 650 mm

DURABILITY, FIRE & BOND REQUIREMENTS

Table 4.2 Min. cover with regard to bond, C min,b = 20 mm
Table 4.4N Min. cover with regard to durability, C min,dur = 15 mm
4.4.1.2 Min. required axis distance for R60 fire resistance, Table 5.5 EN 1992-1-2
a sd = 30 + 10 = 40 mm
Min. cover with regard to fire,
C min = a sd -  link -  bar/2
= 40 - 6 - 0.5(20) = 24 mm
4.4.1.3 Allowance in design for deviation,  C dev = 10 mm
4.4.1.1(2) Nominal cover, Use:
C nom = C min + Cdev = 24 + 10 = 34 mm C nom = 35 mm
16 Design for Flexure

Example 6.1 Design of a simply supporte d rectangular beam page 2/6

Ref. Calculations Output

LOADING & ANALYSIS

Beam selfweight = (0.25 x 0.65) x 25 = 4.06 kN/m
Permanent load (Excluding selfweight) = 15.00 kN/m
Characteristic permanent action, g k = 19.06 kN/m
Characteristic variable action, q k = 9.00 kN/m
Design action,
Table A1.2B w d = 1.35g k + 1.5q k = 1.35 (19.06) + 1.5 (9.00)
: EN 1990 = 39.23 kN/m
w d = 39.23 kN/m

L= 8.25 m

Shear Force,
V = w d L /2
= 161.8 kN
Bending Moment,
M = w d L 2/8
M = 333.8 kNm

6.1 MAIN REINFORCEMENT

Effective depth, d'

d = h - C nom -  link -  bar - 0.5 bar = 579 mm d

d' = C nom +  link +  bar/2
h
= 49 mm

Design bending moment, M Ed = 334 kNm b

2
K = M / bd f ck
2
= 334 x 106 / (250 x 579 x 20)
= 0.199
Redistribution = 0% Redistribution ratio,  = 1.0 Using : EC2
K bal = 0.454( - k 1)/k 2 - 0.182[( - k 1)/k2]2 k 1= 0.44
= 0.363 ( - k 1) - 0.116 ( - k 1)2 k 2= 1.25
= 0.167
K > K bal
Compression reinforcement is required
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K bal/1.134) ]
= 0.82 d = 0.82 x 579 = 475 mm
x = (d - z ) / 0.4 = 259.5 mm
d '/x = 49 / 259.5 = 0.19 < 0.38
==> The compression steel will have yielded
f sc = 0.87f yk
 Design Examples 17

Example 6.1 Design of a simply supporte d rectangular beam page 3/6

Ref. Calculations Output

Area of compression steel

A s' = (K - K bal) f ckbd 2 / 0.87f yk(d - d ')
= ( 0.199 -0.167) x (20 x 250 x 579 2 )
0.87 x 500 x (579 - 49 )
= 235 mm2 Use : 2H 16
( 402 mm2)
Area of tension steel
As = K bal f ckbd 2 / 0.87f yk z bal + A s'
= 0.167 x (20 x 250 x 579 2 )
+ 235
0.87 x 500 x 475.2
= 1588 mm2
Use : 6H 20
9.2.1.1 Minimum and maximum reinforcement area, ( 1885 mm2)
A s,min = 0.26(f ctm/f yk) bd
= 0.26 (2.21 / 500) bd
= 0.0011 bd ≥ 0.0013 bd
= 0.0013 x 250 x 579 = 188 mm2
As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04 bh
= 0.04 x 250 x 650 = 6500 mm2

6.2 SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

Design shear force, V Ed = 161.8 kN

6.2.3 Concrete strut capacity

V Rd, max = 0.36b w df ck(1 - f ck/250) / (cot  + tan  )
= (0.36 x 250 x 579 x 20 (1- 20/250 )
(cot  + tan  )
= 333 kN  = 22 o cot  = 2.5
= 479 kN  = 45 o
cot  = 1.0

V Ed < V Rd, max  =22o

V Ed < V Rd, max  = 45o
Therefore angle  < 22o

θ = 0.5sin -1 [V Ed / 0.18b w df ck(1- f ck/250)]

= 0.5sin -1 161.8 x 103
0.18 x 250 x 579 x 20(1 - 20/250 )
-1
= 0.5sin {0.34} = 9.9 o

Use : θ= 22.0 o tan  = 0.40 cot  = 2.5

18 Design for Flexure

Example 6.1 Design of a simply supporte d rectangular beam page 4/6

Ref. Calculations Output

Shear links
A sw / s = V Ed / 0.78f ykd cot 
= 161.8 x 103 / (0.78 x 500 x 579 x 2.48)
= 0.290
Try link : H6 A sw = 57 mm2
Spacing, s = 57 / 0.29
= 195 mm
Use :
9.2.2 (6) Max. spacing, s max = 0.75d = 0.75 x 579 = 434 mm H6 - 175

9.2.2(5) Minimum links

A sw / s = 0.08f ck1/2b w / f yk
= 0.08 x (20) 1/2 x 250 / 500
= 0.179
Try link : H6 A sw = 57 mm2
Spacing, s = 57 / 0.18 Use :
= 316 mm ≤ 0.75d = 434 mm H6 - 300

Shear resistance of minimum links

Vmin = (A sw/s )(0.78df yk cot  )
= (57 / 300) x (0.78 x 579 x 500 x 2.5)
= 105 kN

Links arrangement

162kN x = (162 - 105) / 39.2

105kN = 1.44 m

x
105kN
162kN
H6 - 175 H6 - 300 H6 - 175
1.44 m 5.37 m 1.44 m

6.2.3(7) Additional longitudinal reinforcement

Additional tensile force,
F td = 0.5V Ed cot  ≤ M E d,max /z
= 0.5 x 162 x 2.48 = 200 kN
M E d,max /z = 6
334 x 10 / 475.2
= 702 kN
 Design Examples 19

Example 6.1 Design of a simply supporte d rectangular beam page 5/6

Ref. Calculations Output

Additional longitudinal reinforcement,

As = F td / 0.87f yk To be added to the
= 200 x 103 / 0.87 x 500 A s near support (after
= 460 mm2 curtailment)

7.4 DEFLECTION
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
 = A s,req / bd = 1588 / 250 x 579 = 0.011
Reference reinforcement ratio,
  = (f ck) 1/2 x 10-3 = (20) 1/2x10-3 = 0.0045
Percentage of required compression reinforcement,
 ' = A s ' ,req / bd = 235 / 250 x 579 = 0.002
Table 7.4N Factor for structural system, K = 1.0
 >  Use equation (2)
l  o  1 ' 
 K 11  1.5 f ck f ck  (2)
d     ' 12 o 
= 1.0 (11 + 3.21 + 0.22) = 14.4
Modification factor for span greater than 7 m
= 7/span = 7 / 8.25 = 0.85
Modification factor for steel area provided,
= A s,prov/A s,req = 1885 / 1588 = 1.19 ≤ 1.5
Therefore allowable span-effective depth ratio,
(l /d )allowble = 14.4 x 0.85 x 1.19 = 14.5
Actual span-effective depth
(l /d )actual = 8250 / 579 = 14.2 < (l /d )allowble Ok !

7.3 CRACKING
Table 7.1N Limiting crack width, w max = 0.3 mm
Steel stress,
f yk Gk 0.3Qk Asreq 1
fs  x
1.15 (1.35Gk  1.5Qk ) As p rov 

= (500 / 1.15) x [(19.1 + (0.3x 9.0)) / 39.2]

x ( 1588 / 1885) x 1.0
= 203 N/mm2
Table 7.3N Max. allowable bar spacing = 200 mm
Bar spacing,
s s
s = [ 250 - 2(35) - 2(6) - (20) ] / 2
= 74 mm < 200 mm Ok !
20 Design for Flexure

Example 6.1 Design of a simply supporte d rectangular beam page 5/6

Ref. Calculations Output

Additional longitudinal reinforcement,

As = F td / 0.87f yk To be added to the
= 200 x 103 / 0.87 x 500 A s near support (after
= 460 mm2 curtailment)

7.4 DEFLECTION
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
 = A s,req / bd = 1588 / 250 x 579 = 0.011
Reference reinforcement ratio,
  = (f ck) 1/2 x 10-3 = (20) 1/2x10-3 = 0.0045
Percentage of required compression reinforcement,
 ' = A s ' ,req / bd = 235 / 250 x 579 = 0.002
Table 7.4N Factor for structural system, K = 1.0
 >  Use equation (2)
l  o  1 ' 
 K 11  1.5 f ck f ck  (2)
d     ' 12 o 
= 1.0 (11 + 3.21 + 0.22) = 14.4
Modification factor for span greater than 7 m
= 7/span = 7 / 8.25 = 0.85
Modification factor for steel area provided,
= A s,prov/A s,req = 1885 / 1588 = 1.19 ≤ 1.5
Therefore allowable span-effective depth ratio,
(l /d )allowble = 14.4 x 0.85 x 1.19 = 14.5
Actual span-effective depth
(l /d )actual = 8250 / 579 = 14.2 < (l /d )allowble Ok !

7.3 CRACKING
Table 7.1N Limiting crack width, w max = 0.3 mm
Steel stress,
f yk Gk 0.3Qk Asreq 1
fs  x
1.15 (1.35Gk  1.5Qk ) As p rov 

= (500 / 1.15) x [(19.1 + (0.3x 9.0)) / 39.2]

x ( 1588 / 1885) x 1.0
= 203 N/mm2
Table 7.3N Max. allowable bar spacing = 200 mm
Bar spacing,
s s
s = [ 250 - 2(35) - 2(6) - (20) ] / 2
= 74 mm < 200 mm Ok !
 Design Examples 21

Example 6.1 Design of a simply supporte d rectangular beam page

6/6

Ref. Calculations Output

DETAILING

Note :
A s req. near support is 25 % A s req at midspan
= 0.25 x 1588 = 397 mm2
Add. A s for longitudinal shear 460 mm2
=
Total A s req. near support = 857 mm2

Use : 3H 20
( 943 mm2)
22 Design for Flexure

Example 7.4 : Two-way Restrained Slab page 1/6

Ref. Calculations Output

SPECIFICATION

A B C D
7000 7000 7000

4000

4000

Plan view

Characteristic Actions:
Permanent, g k = 1.5 kN/m2 (Excluding selfweight)
Variable, q k = 4.0 kN/m2
Design life = 50 Years (Table 2.1 EN 1990)
Fire resistance = R60 (Sec. 5.7 EN 1992-1-2)
Table 4.1 Exposure classes = XC1
Materials :
Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm2 (Table F.1 EN 206)
3.1.2(3) Characteristic strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 25 kN/m3 (Table A.1 EN 1991-1)
Assumed:  bar = 10 mm

Design slab panel B-C / 1-2

Long span, ly = 7000 mm l y/l x = 1.75 < 2.0

Short span, lx = 4000 mm Two-way slab

SLAB THICKNESS
Minimum thickness for fire resistance = 80 mm Table 5.8 EN 1992-1-2
Table 7.4N Estimated thickness considering deflection control, Try,
h = 4000 / 35 = 114 mm h = 125 mm
 Design Examples 23

Example 7.4 : Two-way Restrained Slab page 2/6

Ref. Calculations Output

DURABILITY, FIRE & BOND REQUIREMENTS

Table 4.2 Min. cover with regard to bond, C min,b = 10 mm
Table 4.4N Min. cover with regard to durability, C min,dur = 15 mm
4.4.1.2 Min. required axis distance for R60 fire resistance Table 5.8 EN 1992-1-2
a = 15 mm
Min. cover with regard to fire,
C min = a -  bar/2 = 15 - 0.5 (10) = 10 mm

4.4.1.3 Allowance in design for deviation,  C dev = 10 mm

4.4.1.1(2) Nominal cover, Use:

C nom = C min + Cdev = 15 + 10 = 25 mm C nom = 25 mm

ACTIONS
Slab selfweight = 0.125 x 25 = 3.13 kN/m2
Permanent load (Excluding selfweight) = 1.50 kN/m2
Characteristic permanent action, g k = 4.63 kN/m2
Characteristic variable action, q k = 4.00 kN/m2
Design action, n d = 1.35g k + 1.5q k = 12.24 kN/m2 Table A1.2B : EN 1990

ANALYSIS
ly /lx = 7000 / 4000 = 1.75 < 2.0 Two way slab
Case 4 : Two adjacent edges discontinuous Table 3.14 : BS 8110
Bending moments,

M sx1
M sy1
M s y2

M sx2

Short span: 2
M sx1 =  sx1 n d x l 2 = 0.065 x12.24 x 4.0 = 12.7 kNm/m
2
M sx2 =  sx2 n d lx 2 = 0.087 x12.24 x 4.0 = 17.0 kNm/m

Long span:
2
M sy1 =  sy1 dn xl 2 = 0.034 x12.24 x 4.0 = 6.66 kNm/m
2
M sy2 =  sy2 dn xl 2 = 0.045 x12.24 x 4.0 = 8.82 kNm/m
24 Design for Flexure

Example 7.4 : Two-way Restrained Slab page 3/6

Ref. Calculations Output

MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Effective depth,
d x = h -C nom -0.5 bar = 125 - 25 - 10/2 =95.0 mm
d y = h -C nom -1.5 bar = 125 - 25 - 10(1.5) =85.0 mm

9.2.1.1 Minimum and maximum reinforcement area, Secondary bar :

A s,min = 0.26(f ctm/f yk) bd = 0.26 x (2.56 / 500) x bd H10 - 425
= 0.0013 bd = 0.0013 x1000 x 95 = 127 mm2/m (185 mm2/m)
A s,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04 x1000 x 125 = 5000 mm2/m

Short span :
- Midspan , M sx = 12.7 kNm/m
2
6.1 K = M / bd f ck
2
= 12.7 x 106 / (1000 x 95 x 25)
= 0.056 < K bal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement is not required
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ] = 0.95 d ≤ 0.95d
A s = M / 0.87 f yk z Use:
= 12.7 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 95 ) H10 - 200 bot.
= 325 mm2/m (393 mm2/m)

- Support , M sx = 17.0 kNm/m

6.1 K = M / bd 2f ck
2
= 17.0 x 106 / (1000 x 95 x 25)
= 0.076 < K bal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement is not required
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ] = 0.93 d ≤ 0.95d
A s = M / 0.87 f yk z Use:
= 17.0 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.93 x 95 ) H10 - 175 top.
= 444 mm2/m (449 mm2/m)

Long span :
- Midspan , M sy = 6.7 kNm/m
2
6.1 K = M / bd f ck
2
= 6.7 x 106 / (1000 x 85 x 25)
= 0.037 < K bal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement is not required
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ] = 0.97 d ≤ 0.95d
A s = M / 0.87 f yk z Use:
= 6.7 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 85 ) H10 - 350 bot.
= 190 mm2/m (224 mm2/m)
 Design Examples 25

Example 7.4 : Two-way Restrained Slab page 4/6

Ref. Calculations Output

- Support , M sy = 8.8 kNm/m

6.1 K = M / bd 2 f ck
2
= 8.8 x 10 6 / (1000 x 95 x 25)
= 0.039 < K bal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement is not required
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ] = 0.96 d ≤ 0.95d
A s = M / 0.87 f yk z Use:
= 8.8 x 10 6 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 95 ) H10 - 325 top.
= 225 mm2/m (242 mm 2 /m)

SHEAR
Shear force, Table 3.15 : BS 8110

Vsx 2
V sy1 V sy2
Vsx
1

Short span:
V sx1 =  vx1 n d lx= 0.57 x12.24 x 4.0 = 27.9 kN/m
V sx2 =  vx2 n d l x = 0.38 x12.24 x 4.0 = 18.6 kN/m
Long span:
V sy1 =  vy1 n d l x = 0.40 x12.24 x 4.0 = 19.6 kN/m
V sy2 =  vy2 n d l x = 0.26 x12.24 x 4.0 = 12.7 kN/m

Design shear force, V E d = 27.9 kN

6.2.2 Design shear resistance,
V Rd, c = [ 0.12 k (100  1 f ck ) 1/3 ] bd

k = 1 + (200/d ) 1/2 ≤ 2.0

1/2
= 1+(200 / 95) = 2.45 ≤ 2.0
 1 = A sl/bd ≤ 0.02
= 449 / (1000 x 95) = 0.0047 ≤ 0.02
1 /3
V Rd, c = 0.12 x 2.0 x (100 x 0.0047 x 25) x 1000 x 95
= 51925 N = 51.9 kN
V min = [ 0.035k 3/2 f ck 1/2 ] bd
3/2 1/2
= 0.035 x 2.0 x 25 x 1000 x 95
= 47023 N = 47.0 kN

So, V Rd, c = 51.9 kN > V Ed Ok !

26 Design for Flexure

Example 7.4 : Two-way Restrained Slab page 5/6

Ref. Calculations Output

7.4 DEFLECTION
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
 = A s,req / bd
= 325 / 1000 x 95 = 0.0034
Reference reinforcement ratio,
  = (f ck) 1/2 x 10-3 = (25) 1/2x10-3 = 0.0050

Table 7.4N Factor for structural system, K = 1.3

 <  Use equation (1)

l  o  
3/2

 K 11  1.5 f ck  3.2 f ck  o  1  (1)
d     

= 1.3 (11 + 11.0 + 5.00) = 35.0

Modification factor for span less than 7 m
= 1.00
Modification factor for steel area provided,
= A s,prov/A s,req = 393 / 325 = 1.21 ≤ 1.5
Therefore allowable span-effective depth ratio,
(l /d )allowble = 35.0 x 1.00 x 1.21 = 42.3
Actual span-effective depth
(l /d )actual = 4000 / 95 = 42.1 < (l /d )allowble Ok !

CRACKING
7.3.3 h = 125 mm < 200 mm Ok!
9.3.1 Main bar :
S max,slabs = 3h ≤ 400 mm = 375 mm
Max. bar spacing = 350 mm < S max,slabs Ok !
Secondary bar :
S max,slabs = 3.5h ≤ 450 mm = 437.5 mm Ok !
Max. bar spacing = 425 mm < S max,slabs
 Design Examples 27

Example 7.4 : Two-way Restrained Slab page 6/6

Re f. Calculations Output

DETAILING

Dimension:
Short span, l x = 4000 mm Thickness, h = 125 mm
Long span, l y = 7000 mm Concrete cover = 25 mm

Reinforcement:
01 H10 - 200 bot.
02 H10 - 175 top.
03 H10 - 350 bot.
04 H10 - 325 top.
05 H10 - 425 top.
06 H10 - 425 top.
07 H10 - 425 top.
08 H10 - 425 top.
09 H10 - 425 top.
10 H10 - 425 top.
28 Design for Flexure

Example 8.1(b) : Stair with landing and continuous at one end. page 1/4

Ref. Calculations Output

SPECIFICATION

Dimension:
R = 170 mm
R
G 10@ 170 G = 260 mm
= 1700 h = 160 mm

200 10@ 260 = 2600 1500 200

2700 1600

Characteristic Actions:
Permanent, g k = 1.2 kN/m2 (Excluding selfweight)
Variable, q k = 3.0 kN/m2
Materials:
Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 25 kN/m3
Assumed: Cover, C = 25 mm  bar = 10 mm

AVERAGE THICKNESS
y = h . [ (G 2 + R 2)1/2/G]
1/2
= 160 [ (260 2 + 170 2 ) / 260] = 191 mm y R
Average thickness t
t = y + (R/ 2) y
= 191 + (170 / 2) = 276 mm

ACTIONS
Landing
Slab selfweight = 0.160 x 25 = 4.00 kN/m2
Permanent load (Excluding selfweight) = 1.20 kN/m2
Characteristic permanent action, g k = 5.20 kN/m2
Characteristic variable action, q k = 3.00 kN/m2
Design action, n d = 1.35g k + 1.5q k = 11.52 kN/m2 Table A1.2B : EN 1990
 Design Examples 29

Example 8.1(b) : Stair with landing and continuous at one end. page 2/4

Ref. Calculations Output

Flight
Slab selfweight = 0.276 x 25 = 6.90 kN/m2
Permanent load (Excluding selfweight) = 1.20 kN/m2
Characteristic permanent action, g k = 8.10 kN/m2
Characteristic variable action, q k = 3.00 kN/m2
Design action, n d = 1.35g k + 1.5q k = 15.44 kN/m2 Table A1.2B : EN 1990

ANALYSIS
Consider 1m width,
15.44 kN/m 11.52 kN/m
Total action,
2.70 1.60 F = (15.44 x 2.70)
L = 4.30 + (11.52 x 1.60)
= 60.1 kN/m
M Moment,
M = FL /10
= 60.1 x 4.30 / 10
M = 25.9 kNm/m

6.1 MAIN REINFORCEMENT

Effective depth,
d = h - C - 0.5 bar
= 160 - 25 - (0.5 x 10) = 130 mm
Design moment, M Ed = 25.9 kNm/m
K = M / bd 2f ck
2
= 25.9 x 106 / (1000 x 130 x 25)
= 0.061 < K bal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement is not required
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ] = 0.94 d ≤ 0.95d
A s = M / 0.87 f yk z Main bar :
6
= 25.9 x 10 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.94 x 130 ) H10 - 150
2
= 485 mm /m (524 mm2/m)
169
9.2.1.1 Minimum and maximum reinforcement area,
A s,min = 0.26(f ctm/f yk) bd = 0.26 x (2.56 / 500) x bd
= 0.0013 bd = 0.0013 x1000 x 130 = 173 mm2/m
A s,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04 x1000 x 160 = 6400 mm2/m
9.3.1.1(2) Secondary reinforcement Secondary bar :
A s = 20% of the main reinforcement H10 - 400
2
= 0.20 x 485 = 97 mm /m (196 mm2/m)
30 Design for Flexure

Example 8.1(b) : Stair with landing and continuous at one end. page 3/4

Ref. Calculations Output

SHEAR
25.9 kNm
15.44 kN/m 11.52 kN/m

2.70 1.60
VA VB
M @ B = 0
4.30 V A - 25.9 - (15.44 x 2.70 x 2.95)
- (11.52 x 1.60 x 0.80) = 0
VA = 163.6 / 4.30 = 38.0 kN/m
VB = (15.44 x 2.70) +(11.5 x 1.60) - 38.0
= 22.1 kN/m

Design shear force, V Ed = 38.0 kN

6.2.2 Design shear resistance,
V Rd,c = [ 0.12 k (100 1 f ck)1/3 ] bd
k = 1 + (200/d)1/2 ≤ 2.0
1 /2
= 1+(200 / 130) = 2.24 Use : 2.0
 1 = A sl /bd ≤ 0.02
= 524 / (1000 x 130) = 0.0040 Use : 0.0040
1 /3
V Rd,c = 0.12 x 2.0 x (100 x 0.0040 x 25) x 1000 x 130
= 67376 N/m = 67.4 kN/m
3/2 1/2
V min = [ 0.035k f ck ] bd
3/2 1/2
= 0.035 x 2.0 x 25 x 1000 x 130
= 64347 N/m = 64.3 kN/m

So, V Rd,c = 67.4 kN/m > V Ed Ok !

7.4 DEFLECTION
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
 = A s,req / bd
= 485 / 1000 x 130 = 0.0037
Reference reinforcement ratio,
  = (f ck) 1/2 x 10-3 = (25) 1/2x10-3 = 0.0050
Table 7.4N Factor for structural system, K = 1.3
 < 
l  o  
3/2

Eqn. 7.16a  K 11  1.5 f ck  3.2 f ck  o  1  
d      

= 1.3 (11 + 10.1 + 3.18) = 31.5

 Design Examples 31

Example 8.1(b) : Stair with landing and continuous at one end. page 4/4

Ref. Calculations Output

Modification factor for span less than 7 m

= 1.00
Modification factor for steel area provided,
= A s,prov/A s,req = 524 / 485 = 1.08 < 1.5
Therefore allowable span-effective depth ratio,
(l /d )allowble = 31.5 x 1.00 x 1.08 = 34.0
Actual span-effective depth
(l /d )actual = 4300 / 130 = 33.1 < (l /d )allowble Ok !

CRACKING
7.3.3 h = 160 mm < 200 mm
9.3.1 Main bar :
S max,slabs = 3h ≤ 400mm = 400 mm
Max. bar spacing = 150 mm < S max,slabs Ok !
Secondary bar :
S max,slabs = 3.5h ≤ 450mm = 450 mm
Max. bar spacing = 400 mm < S max,slabs Ok !

DETAILING
0.3L = 1290

10@ 170
= 1700
0.2L = 860
160

10@ 260 = 2600 1500

4300

Reinforcement:
01 : H10 - 150 Concrete cover = 25 mm
02 : H10 - 150
03 : H10 - 400
04 : H10 - 400 All units in mm
32 Design for Flexure

Example 10.1 : Determination of non-slender or slender column page 1/3

Ref. Calculations Output

SPECIFICATION
Consider Column B/2 : Le vel I - Le vel II

Sec. bea m Material

250x400 f ck = 25 N/mm2
z l = 4000
Ma in bea m f yk = 500 N/mm2
250x500
l = 6000 y y
Ma in bea m Moment & Axial Force
z 250x600
Mz
l = 8000
My
Sec. bea m
250x400 275
l = 4000 5000
350
N Ed = 1050 kN
55 kNm 15 kNm

-6 kNm -10 kNm

Mz My

Dimension and size

Column :
b xh = 275 x 350 mm
l z = 5000 - 500 l y = 5000 - 400 * Clear height
= 4500 mm = 4600 mm
Beam :
Main beam bxh= 250 x 500 mm
l 1 = 6000 mm l 2 = 8000 mm
Sec. beam b x h= 250 x 400 mm
l 1 = 4000 mm l 2 = 4000 mm

Moment of inertia, I = bh 3/12

Column :
3
I zz = 275 x 350 /12 = 0.98 x 109 mm4
3
I yy = 350 x 275 /12 = 0.61 x 109 mm4
Beam :
3
Main beam, I = 250 x 500 /12 = 2.60 x 109 mm4
3
Sec. beam, I = 250 x 400 /12 = 1.33 x 109 mm4
 Design Examples 33

Example 10.1 : Dete rmination of short or slender column page 2/3

Ref. Calculations Output

Stiffness, K = EI / l
Column :
K zz = 0.98 x 109/ 4500= 2.18 x 105 mm4
K yy = 0.61 x 109/ 4600= 1.32 x 105 mm4
Beam :
Main K mb1 = 2.60 x 109/ 6000= 4.34 x 105 mm4
K mb2 = 2.60 x 109/ 8000= 3.26 x 105 mm4
Sec. K sb1 = 1.33 x 109/ 4000= 3.33 x 105 mm4
K sb2 = 1.33 x 109/ 4000= 3.33 x 105 mm4

Relative column stiffnes, k = K col / 2( K beam)

z -axis:
Top end : k 2 = 2.18 / 2 ( 4.34 + 3.26)
= 0.14 > 0.1 use : 0.14
Bot. end : k 1 = 2.18 / 2 ( 4.34 + 3.26)
= 0.14 > 0.1 use : 0.14
y-axis:
Top end : k 2 = 1.32 / 2 ( 3.33 + 3.33)
= 0.10 < 0.1 use : 0.10
Bot. end : k 1 = 1.32 / 2 ( 3.33 + 3.33)
= 0.10 < 0.1 use : 0.10

5.8.3.2(2) Effective length of column,

1 k1 .1
 k2 
l o  0.5l. 
 0.45  k 1   0.45  k 2 
l oz = 0.5l x [ (1.24) (1.24) ]1/2
= 0.621 l z = 0.621 (4500) = 2795 mm
l oy = 0.5l y [ (1.18) (1.18) ]1/2
= 0.591 l y = 0.591 (4600) = 2718 mm

Radius of gyration, i = (I /A )1/2

i z = (0.98 x 109 / 96250 )1/2 = 101.0 mm
i y = (0.61 x 109 / 96250 )1/2 = 79.4 mm

5.8.3.2(1) Slenderness Ratio, l = l o/i

 z = 2795 / 101.0 = 27.7
 y = 2718 / 79.4 = 34.2
34 Design for Flexure

Example 10.1 : Determination of short or slender column page 3/3

Ref. Calculations Output

5.8.3.1(1) Slenderness limit,  lim = 20.A .B .C /(n 1/2)

A = 1/(1 + 0.2 ef) = 0.7 ( ef not known)
1/2
B = (1 + 2) = 1.1 ( not known)
C = 1.7 - r m
where r m = (M o1/M o2)
z axis: r m = -6.0 / 55.0 = -0.11
C z = 1.70 - -0.109 = 1.59
y axis : r m = -10.0 / 15.0 = -0.67
C y = 1.70 - -0.667 = 1.03

n = N Ed / (A cf cd)
where A c = 275 x 350 = 0.96 x 105 mm4
f cd = 0.85f ck/c
= 0.85 x 25 / 1.5 = 14.17 N/mm2
n = 1050 x 103
0.96 x 105 x 14.17
= 0.77

z- axis:  lim = 20 x 0.7 x 1.1 x 1.59 / (0.77)

1/2
Column is non-slender
= 27.9 >  z = 27.7 about z-axis

y -axis :  lim =
1/2
20 x 0.7 x 1.1 x 1.03 / (0.77) Column is slender
= 18.1 <  y = 34.2 about y-axis

EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMN

- Using simplified method
Effective length l o = factor x clear height

Table 10.1 x-axis: End condition Top = 1 Factor Beam at both sides
Module Bot. = 1 = 0.75 h beam > h column
l oz = 0.75 x 4500 = 3375 mm 600 350

y-axis: End condition Top = 1 Factor Beam at both sides

Bot. = 1 = 0.75 h beam > h column
l oz = 0.75 x 4600 = 3450 mm 500 275

Slenderness Ratio,  = l o/i

 z= 3375 / 101.0 = 33.4 >  lim,z = 27.9 Column is slender
about z-axis
y= 3450 / 79.4 = 43.5 >  lim,y = 18.1 Column is slender
about y-axis
 Design Examples 35

Example 10.3 : Design of non-slender column bent about major axis page 1/2

Ref. Calculations Output

SPECIFICATION
Classification: Braced non-slender column
Material: Axial force, N Ed = 1200 kN
Concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm2 z
Reinforcement, f yk = 500 N/mm2 M 35 kNm
Exposure class XC1
Fire resistance 1.0 hours y y

Design life 50 years 250

Size, b x h = 250 x 300 mm
Effective length, l o = 4.2 m z 300
Assumed :  link = 6 mm 25 kNm
 bar = 20 mm Mz

DURABILITY, BOND & FIRE RESISTANCE

Table 4.2 Min. cover with regard to bond, C min,b = 20 mm
Table 4.4 Min. cover with regard to durability, C min,dur = 15 mm
Min. required axis distance for R60 fire resistance EN 1992-1-2
Table 5.2a. a sd = 36 mm
Min. concrete cover with regard to fire,
C min = a sd- link- bar/2 = 36 - 6 - 20/2= 20.0 mm
Allowance in design for deviation, C dev = 10 mm
4.4.1.1(2) Nominal cover, Use:
C nom = C min + Cdev = 20 + 10 = 30 mm C nom = 30 mm

5.8.8.2 DESIGN MOMENT

For non-slender column the design moment,
M Ed = Max {M o2 , M min }
where
M o2 = M + N Ed. e i
M = Max{M bot, M top} = 35.0 kNm
5.2(7) e i = (l o/400) = 4200 / 400 = 10.5 mm
M o2 = 35.0 + (1200x 0.0105 ) = 47.6 kNm

6.1(4) M = N Ed.e o
min

e o = h /30 ≥ 20
= 300 / 30 = 10 mm ≥ 20 mm
M min = 1200 x 0.020 = 24.0 kNm

==> M Ed = 47.6 kNm

36 Design for Flexure

Example 10.3 : Column design- Slender column bent about major axis page 2/2

Ref. Calculations Output

REINFORCEMENT
d 2 = C + link +  bar/2 = 30 + 6+ 20/2 = 46 mm
d 2/h = 46 / 300 = 0.15

N /bhf ck = 1200 x 103 / (250 x 300 x 25)

= 0.64
2
M /bh 2f ck = 47.6 x 106 / (250 x 300 x 25)
= 0.08

Design A sf yk / bhf ck = 0.35

Chart
As= 0.35 bhf ck / f yk Use : 4H 20
= 0.35 (250 x 300 x 25) / 500 2H 12
= 1313 mm2 (1483 mm2)

z
9.5.2(2) A s,min = 0.1N Ed/f yd = 0.1N Ed / (0.87f yk)
= 0.1 x 1200 x 103 / (0.87 x 500)
= 276 mm2 or 0.002A c = 150 mm2

9.5.2(3) A s,max = 0.04A c = 0.04 (250 x 300) = 3000 mm2

z

9.5.3 Links,  min = the larger of

= 0.25 x (20) = 5.0 mm
or 6 mm
S v max = the lesser of
= 20 x (12) = 240 mm
or 250 mm
or 400 mm Use : H6 - 240

At section 300 mm below and above beam and

at lapped joints, S v max = 0.6 x 240 = 144 mm

Use : H6 - 140
 Design Examples 37

Example 10.4 : Design of slender column bent about minor axis page 1/3

Ref. Calculations Output

SPECIFICATION

Classification: Braced slender column

Material: Axial force, N Ed = 1200 kN
Concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm2 z
Reinforcement, f yk = 500 N/mm2 35 kNm
Exposure class XC1
Fire resistance 1.0 hours y y

Design life 50 years My 250

Size, b x h = 250 x 300 mm
Effective length, l o = 4.13 m z 300
Slenderness ratio,  = 52 25 kNm
Assumed :  link = 6 mm My
 bar = 20 mm * Single (1) or Double (2)
curvature ? 2
DURABILITY, BOND & FIRE RESISTANCE
Table 4.2 Min. cover with regard to bond, C min,b = 20 mm
Table 4.4 Min. cover with regard to durability, C min,dur = 15 mm
Min. required axis distance for R60 fire resistance EN 1992-1-2
Table 5.2a. a sd = 36 mm
Min. concrete cover with regard to fire,
C min = a sd- link- bar/2 = 36 - 6 - 20/2= 20.0 mm
Allowance in design for deviation, C dev = 10 mm
4.4.1.1(2) Nominal cover, Use:
C nom = C min + Cdev = 20 + 10 = 30 mm C nom = 30 mm

5.8.8.2 DESIGN M OM ENT

First Order Moment
5.2(7) The imperfection moment,
= N Ed.e i = N Ed. (l o/400)
= 1200 x (4.13 / 400) = 12.4 kNm

The first order moment including the effect of imperfection,

M o1 = 25.0 + 12.4 = 37.4 kNm
M o2 = 35.0 + 12.4 = 47.4 kNm
M oE = 0.6M o2 + 0.4M o1 ≥ 0.4M o2
= 0.6 ( 47.4) + 0.4( -37.4) ≥ 0.4 (47.4)
= 13.5 ≥ 19.0
= 19.0 kNm
38 Design for Flexure

Example 10.4 : Design of slender column bent about minor axis page 2/3

Ref. Calculations Output

5.8.8.2(3) Second Order Moment

M 2 = N Ed e 2
N Ed = 1200 kN
e 2 = the deflection = (1/r )l o2/c
l o = effective length = 4130 mm
5.8.8.2(4) c = 10
5.8.8.3(1) (1/r ) = the curvature = K r.K. 1/ro
K r = (n u - n )/(n u - n bal) ≤ 1
= 1.00 (assumed)
K  = 1 +  ef ≥ 1.0 See Fig. 3.1EN 1992.1.1 for
 ef = effective creep ratio RH = 80%  (  ,t0)
5.8.8.3(3) =  ( ,t0). M oEqp/M oEd Age = 30 days 2.3
= 2.3 x 0.67 Class = R
5.8.8.3(4) = 1.54 M oEqp /M oEd = 0.67
5.8.4(2)  = 0.35 + f ck/200 -  /150 (assumed)
= 0.35+ 25 /200 - (52.0 /150)
= 0.128
= 1.0 + (0.128 x 1.54) = 1.20
1/ro = (f yd/E s)/(0.45d ) d = h -C -link-0.5bar
= (0.87f yk/E s)/(0.45d ) = 204 mm
= (0.87 x 500 / 200000 )/(0.45x 204)
= 2.37 x 10-5
(1/r ) = 1.00 x 1.20 x 2.37 x 10-5 = 2.84 x 10-5
2
e 2 = 2.84 x 10-5 x 4130 / 10 = 48.4 mm
The nominal second order moment,
M 2 = 1200 x 0.0484 = 58.1 kNm

6.1(4) M min = N Ed.e o e o = h /30 ≥ 20 mm

= 1200 x 0.020 = 250 / 30 = 8 mm
= 24.0 kNm

5.8.8.2(1) The Design Moment

M Ed = Max {M o2, M oE + M 2, M o1 + 0.5M 2, M min }

M o2 = 47.4 kNm
M oE + M 2 = 19.0 + 58.1 = 77.0 kNm
M o1 + 0.5M 2 = 37.4 + 0.5 (58.1) = 66.4 kNm

The design bending moment, M Ed = 77.0 kNm

 Design Examples 39

Example 10.4 : Design of slender column bent about minor axis page 3/3

Ref. Calculations Output

REINFORCEMENT DESIGN
d 2 = C + link +  bar/2 = 30 + 6 + 20/2 = 46 mm
d 2/h = 46 / 250 = 0.18
N /bhf ck = 1200 x 103 / (300 x 250 x 25) = 0.64
2
M /bh 2f ck = 77.0 x 106 / (300 x 250 x 25) = 0.16
Design A sf yk / bhf ck = 0.79 Kr= 0.58
Chart
M oE +M2= 19.0+ (58.1 x 0.58) = 52.6 kNm
M o1 + 0.5M 2 = 37.4+ (0.5 x 58.1 x 0.58) = 54.2 kNm
2
M /bh 2f ck = 54.2 x 106 / (300 x 250 x 25) = 0.12
A sf yk / bhf ck = 0.45 Kr= 0.48

M oE +M2= 19.0+ (58.1 x 0.48) = 46.8 kNm

M o1 + 0.5M 2 = 37.4+ (0.5 x 58.1 x 0.48) = 51.3 kNm
2
M /bh 2f ck = 51.3 x 106 / (300 x 250 x 25) = 0.11
A sf yk / bhf ck = 0.40 Kr= 0.45

As= 0.40 bhf ck / f yk Use : 4H 20

= 0.40 (300 x 250 x 25) / 500 2H 16
= 1500 mm2 (1659 mm2)

9.5.2(2) A = 0.1N Ed/f yd = 0.1N Ed / (0.87f yk)

s,min

= 0.1 x 1200 x 103 / (0.87 x 500)

= 276 mm2 or 0.002A c = 150 mm2
9.5.2(3) A s,max = 0.04A c = 0.04 (300 x 250) = 3000 mm2

9.5.3 Links,  min = the larger of

= 0.25 x (16) = 4.0 mm
or 6 mm
S v max = the lesser of
= 20 x (16) = 320 mm
or 250 mm
or 400 mm Use : H6 - 250

At section 300 mm below and above beam and

at lapped joints, S v max = 0.6 x 250 = 150 mm

Use : H6 - 150
40 Design for Flexure

Example 10.5 : Design of non-slender column bent about both axes page 1/4

Ref. Calculations Output

SPECIFICATION

Classification: Short braced column

Material: Axial force, N Ed = 1800 kN
Concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm2
z
Reinforcement, f yk = 500 N/mm2 Mz
Size, b x h = 300 x 350 mm
Effective length, l oz = 3.70 m 300 My
l oy = 3.00 m y y
Slenderness ratio, z = 27.7
y = 34.2 350 z
Assumed :  link = 6 mm Bending moment:
 bar = 25 mm Mz = 55 kNm
Nominal cover, C nom = 30 mm My = 32 kNm

5.8.8.2 DESIGN MOMENT

5.2(7) The imperfection moment,
M imp = N Ed.e i = N Ed. (l o/400)
M imp,z = 1800 x (3.70 / 400) = 16.7 kNm
M imp,y = 1800 x (3.00 / 400) = 13.5 kNm

The design moment including the effect of imperfection,

M Edz = 55 + 16.7 = 71.7 kNm
M Edy = 32 + 13.5 = 45.5 kNm

5.8.9 CHECK BIAXIAL BENDING

e z = M edy / N Ed = 71.7 x 106 / 1800 x 103 = 40 mm
e y = M edz / N Ed = 45.5 x 106 / 1800 x 103 = 25 mm

(e y/h )/(e z/b ) = (25 / 350) / (40 / 300) = 0.54 > 0.2
(e z/b )/(e y/h ) = (40 / 300) / (25 / 350) = 1.84 > 0.2
==> Check biaxialbending 5.8.9(4)
y/z = 34.2 / 27.7 = 1.2 < 2 ==> Check
z/y = 27.7 / 34.2 = 0.8 < 2 biaxial bending
==> Ignore biaxial bending

REINFORCEMENT DESIGN
Effective depth, d = h -C nom- link - 0.5 bar
h ' = 350 - 30 - 6 -(0.5 x 25) = 301.5 mm
b ' = 300 - 30 - 6 -(0.5 x 25) = 251.5 mm
 Design Examples 41

Example 10.4 : Column design - Slender column bent about minor axis page 2/4

Ref. Calculations Output

M z /h ' = 71.7 x106 / 301.5 = 238 kN

M y /b ' = 45.5 x106 / 251.5 = 181 kN
M z /h ' > M y /b'
Use ==> M 'z = M z +  (h '/b ') M y
M 'y = M y +  (b '/h ') M z
N/bhf ck = 1800 x103 / (300 x 350 x 25) = 0.69
 = 1- N /bhf ck = 1 - 0.69 = 0.31 ≥ 0.3

M'z = 71.7 + 0.31 ( 302 / 252) x 45.5

= 88.8 kNm

d 2 = C + link + 0.5 bar = 30 + 6+ 25/2 = 49 mm

d 2/h = 49 / 350 = 0.14

N /bhf ck = 1800 x 103 / (300 x 350 x 25) = 0.69

2
M /bh 2f ck = 88.8 x 106 / (300 x 350 x 25) = 0.10

Design A sf yk / bhf ck = 0.48

Chart Use : 4H 25
As = 0.48 bhf ck / f yk 2H 20
= 0.48 (300 x 350 x 25) / 500 (2592 mm2)
= 2520 mm2 z

9.5.2(2) A = 0.1N Ed/f yd = 0.1N Ed / (0.87f yk)

s,min
= 0.1 x 1800 x 103 / (0.87 x 500)
= 414 mm2 or 0.002A c = 210 mm2
9.5.2(3) A s,max = 0.04A c = 0.04 (300 x 350) = 4200 mm2 z

9.5.3 Links,  min = 0.25 x (25) = 6.3 mm ≥ 6 mm

S v max = the lesser of
= 20 x (20) = 400 mm
or 300 mm
or 400 mm Use : H8 - 300

At section 350 mm below and above beam and

at lapped joints, S v max = 0.6 x 300 = 180 mm

Use : H8 - 175
42 Design for Flexure

Example 10.4 : Column design - Slender column bent about minor axis page 3/4

Ref. Calculations Output

5.8.9(4) CHECK BIAXIAL BENDING

Steel area,
All: 4H 25 + 2H 20 As= 2592 mm2
z-z : 4H 25 + 2H 20 A sz = 2592 mm2
y-y : 4H 25 + 0H 20 A sy = 1964 mm2

d 2z/h = 49 / 350 = 0.14

d 2y/b = 49 / 300 = 0.16

N /bhf ck = 1800 x 103 / (300 x 350 x 25)

= 0.69

A szf yk/bhf ck = 2592 x 500 / (300 x 350 x 25) = 0.49

M /bh 2f ck = 0.10
2
M Rdz = 0.10 x 300 x 350 x 25
= 91.9 kNm

A syf yk/bhf ck = 1964 x 500 / (350 x 300 x 25) = 0.37

2
M /bh f ck = 0.07
2
M Rdy = 0.07 x 350 x 300 x 25
= 55.1 kNm

N Rd = 0.567f ck A c + 0.87f ykA s

= (0.567 x 25 x 300 x 350) + (0.87 x 500 x 2592)
= 2616 kN

N Ed /N = 1800 /
Rd 2616 = 0.69
a = 1.49

5.8.9(2) Imperfections need only be taken in one direction - where

they have the most unfavourable effect.
M Edz = 71.7 kNm
M Edy = 32.0 kNm

(M Edz /M Rdz )
a
+ (M Edy /M RDy ) ≤ 1.0
a

1.49 1.49
(71.7 / 91.9) + (32.0 / 55.1)
= 0.69 + 0.44
= 1.14 > 1.0 Fail
 Design Examples 43

Example 10.4 : Column design - Slender column bent about minor axis page 4/4

Ref. Calculations Output

New arrangement of reinforcement Use : 4H 25

Steel area, 4H 20
2
All: 4H 25 + 4H 20 As = 3221 mm (3221 mm2)
2
z-z : 4H 25 + 2H 20 A sz = 2592 mm z
y-y : 4H 25 + 2H 20 A sy = 2592 mm2

d 2z/h = 49 / 350 = 0.14

d 2y/b = 49 / 300 = 0.16
z
N /bhf ck = 1800 x 103 / (300 x 350 x 25)
= 0.69

A szf yk/bhf ck = 2592 x 500 / (300 x 350 x 25) = 0.49

2
M /bh f ck = 0.10
2
M Rdz = 0.10 x 300 x 350 x 25
= 91.9 kNm

A syf yk/bhf ck = 2592 x 500 / (350 x 300 x 25) = 0.49

M /bh 2f ck = 0.10
2
M Rdy = 0.10 x 350 x 300 x 25
= 78.8 kNm

N Rd = 0.567f ck A c + 0.87f ykA s

= (0.567 x 25 x 300 x 350) + (0.87 x 500 x 3221)
= 2889 kN

N Ed / N Rd = 1800 / 2889 = 0.62

a = 1.44

5.8.9(2) Imperfections need only be taken in one direction - where

they have the most unfavourable effect.
M Edz = 71.7 kNm
M Edy = 32.0 kNm

(M Edz/M Rdz)a + (M Edy/M RDy ) a ≤ 1.0

(71.7 / 91.9) 1.44 + (32.0 / 78.8) 1.44
= 0.70 + 0.27
= 0.97 < 1.0 Ok
44 Design for Flexure

Example 11.1 : Design of pad footing - Axial load only page 1/4

Ref. Calculations Output

SPECIFICATION
Axial Force, N
N Permanent, G k = 600 kN
Variable, Q k = 450 kN
Design life 50 Years (Table 2.1 EN 1990)
Exposure classes = XC2
Materials :
Concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm2
Reinforcement, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Column size : Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
300 x 300 mm Soil bearing capacity = 200 kN/m2
Assumed:  bar 16 mm

DURABILITY & BOND REQUIREMENTS

Table 4.2 Min. cover with regard to bond, c min,b = 16 mm
Table 4.4N Min. cover with regard to durability, c min,dur = 25 mm
4.4.1.3 Allowance in design for deviation,  c dev = 10 mm
4.4.1.1(2) Nominal cover, Use:
c nom = c min + c dev = 25 + 10 = 35 mm c nom = 35 mm

SIZE
Service load, N = 1050.0 kN
Assume footing selfweight 10% of
service load, W = 105.0 kN

h
Area of footing required,
= (N + W)/Soil bearing capacity
B
= (1050 + 105) / 200
= 5.78 m2

H Try square footing,

B x H x h = 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.45m
Area = 6.25 > 5.78 Ok !
Selfweight = 6.25 x 0.45 x 25
= 70 kN < 105kN Ok !

ANALYSIS
Ultimate axial force,
N Ed = 1.35G k + 1.5Q k
= (1.35 x 600) + (1.5 x 450) = 1485 kN
 Design Examples 45

Example 11.1 : Design of pad footing - Axial load only page 2/4

Ref. Calculations Output

Soil pressure at ulimate load,

P = N Ed /A = 1485 / 6.25 = 238 kN/m 2
Soil pressure per m length, w = 238 x 2.5 = 594 kN/m

1.10 1.10 Maximum momet at

column face,
M = wl 2 /2
= 594 x 1.10 2 / 2
= 359 kNm
w = 594 kN/m

6.1 M A I N R E I N FOR C E M E NT
Effective depth,
d = h - c no m - 1.5  bar
= 450 - 35 - (1.5 x 16) = 391 mm
Bending, Moment, M = 359.4 kNm
K = M / bd 2 f ck
2
= 359.4 x 10 6 / (2500 x 391 x 25)
= 0.038 < K bal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement is not required
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ] = 0.97 d ≤ 0.95d
A s = M / 0.87 f yk z
= 359 x 10 6 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 391 )
= 2224 mm 2
Main bar :
9.2.1.1 Minimum and maximum reinforcement area, 13 H16
A s, min = 0.26(f ctm/f yk ) bd = 0.26 x (2.56 / 500) x b d (2614 mm 2 )
= 0.0013 bd = 0.0013 x2500 x 391 =1304 mm 2
A s, max = 0.04A c = 0.04 2500 x 450 = 45000 mm 2

SHEAR
(i). Vertical Shear : Critical at 1.0d from column face.
0.709
391 709
2.5 m

594 kN/m Design shear force,

V E d = 594 x 0.709
= 421 kN
46 Design for Flexure

Example 11.1 : Design of pad footing - Axial load only page 3/4

Ref. Calculations O utput

6.2.2 Design shear resistance,

V Rd,c = [ 0.12 k (100  1 f ck)
1/3
] bd

k = 1 + (200/d )1/2 ≤ 2.0

1 /2
= 1+(200 / 391) = 1.72 ≤ 2.0
 1 = A sl /bd ≤ 0.02
= 2614 / (2500 x 391) = 0.0067 ≤ 0.02
1 /3
V Rd,c = 0.12 x 1.72 x (100 x 0.0067 x 25) x 2500 x 391
= 514411 N = 514 kN
V min = [ 0.035k 3/2f ck1/2 ] bd
3/2 1/2
= 0.035 x 1.72 x 25 x 2500 x 391
= 384261 N = 384 kN

So, V Rd,c = 514.4 kN > V Ed Ok !

6.4 (ii). Punching shear at perimeter 2d from column face

Average d = 450 - 35 - 16 = 399 mm
2d = 2x399 = 798 mm

Control perimeter,
u = (4 x 300)
+ (2 x  x 798)
798 300 798 = 6215 mm
300
Area within perimeter
A = (0.30)2
+ (4 x 0.30 x 0.798)
+ ( x 0.798 2)
= 3.05 m 2

Punching shear force,

2
V 3.05) = 761 kN
Ed = 238 ( 2.5 -

Punching shear stress,

v Ed = V Ed / ud
= 761 x 10 3 / (6215 x 399) = 0.31 N/mm 2

Shear resistance,
v Rd,c = 384 x 10 3 / (2500 x 399)
= 0.39 N/mm 2 > vEd Ok !
 Design Examples 47

Example 11.1 : Design of pad footing - Axial load only page 4/4

Ref. Calculations Output

(iii). Maximum punching shear at column perimeter.

Maximum shear resistance,
V =
Rd,max 0.5ud [ 0.6(1 - f ck/250)] f ck/1.5
= 0.5(4 x 300) x 399 [ 0.6 ( 1 - 25 / 250)] ( 25/1.5)
= 2155 kN > V Ed,max = 1485 kN Ok !

CRACKING
7.3.3 h = 450 mm > 200 mm Need spesific measure !
Steel stress under the action of quasi-permanent loading
f s = [(G k + 0.3Q k)/(1.35G k + 1.5Q k)](A s.req/A s.prov)(f yk/1.15)
G k + 0.3Q k = 600 + (0.30 x 450) = 735 kN
(1.35G k + 1.5Q k) = 1485 kN
f s = (735 / 1485) (2224 /2614) (500 / 1.15)
= 0.49 x 0.85 x 435
= 183 N/mm2
Table 7.3N For design crack width = 0.3 mm
Max. allowable bar spacing = 250 mm Max.
bar spacing = [ 2500 - 2(43) - 16 ] / 12
= 200 mm < 250 mm Ok !

DETAILING

50 mm blinding

Dimension:
H B= 2500 mm
02

H= 2500 mm
h= 450 mm
01 Cover,C nom = 35 mm
Reinforcement:
01 : 13H 16 equally space
02 : 13H 16 equally space
48 Design for Flexure

Example 12.1 : Design of cantilever wall page 1/6

Ref. Calculations Output

SPECIFICATION
Surchage

(a). Height of slope, h 1 = 4.0 m

(b). Surchage, w = 10 kN/m2
h1 (c). Soil properties:
Density,  s = 19 kN/m3
Internal friction angle,  = 35 o
Friction coeficient,  = 0.5
Cohesion, C = 0
Ultimate bearing capacity, q Rd = 200 kN/m2
(d). Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 30 N/mm2
(e). Characteristic strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
(f). Unit weight of reinforced concrete,  c = 25 kN/m3
(g). Concrete cover, c = 45 mm
(h). Bar diameter,  bar = 12 mm (Assumed)

DIMENSION & SOIL PRESSURE

w kN/m
tc
2.7

Data :
H
h1 = 4000 mm
h2 = 500 mm
h1 h3= 4500 m
h3 h = 400 mm
t = 400 mm
tc = 250 mm
a1 = 800 mm
h2
a2 = 2000 mm
h 25.9 B = 3200 mm

A a1 t a2
27.9
B

Active soil pressure

P = ( H + w ) K a H P
where K a = (1 - sin  )/(1+ sin  ) (m) kN/m2
= (1 - sin 35) /(1 + sin 35) = 0.27 0.00 2.7
P = (19 H + 10) x 0.27 4.50 25.9
= 5.15 H + 2.71 4.90 27.9
 Design Examples 49

Example 12.1 : Design of cantilever wall page 2/6

Ref. Calculations Output

STABILITY ANALYSIS

Element Load Lever Moment(kNm)

(kN) arm
Wall (t -t c) x h 3 x  c /2
0.15 x 4.50 x 25 / 2 = 8.4 0.90 7.6
tc x h 3 x  c
0.25 x 4.50 x 25 = 28.1 1.075 30.2
h x B x 25
0.40 x 3.20 x 25 = 32.0 1.6 51.2

Soil x h 3x a 2
19 x 4.50 x 2.00 = 171.0 2.2 376.2

Surchage w x a 2 = 10 x 2.00 = 20.0 2.2 44.0

Active pressure
- Surchage 2.71 x 4.9 = 13.3 2.45 32.5
- Soil (27.9 - 2.71) x 4.9 / 2 = 61.8 1.63 100.9

Permanent = 465.2 100.9

Moment, M
Variable = 44.0 32.5
Vertical Permanent = 239.6
Total
Load, V k Variable = 20.0
Horizontal Permanent = 61.8
Load, H k Variable = 13.3

(i). Stability against overturning (@ pointA)

Overturning moment = (1.10 x 100.9) + (1.50 x 32.5)
= 160 kNm
Restraining moment = (0.90 x 465.2) + (0.0 x 44.0)
= 419 kNm
==> Overturning moment < Restraining moment Ok !

(ii). Stability against sliding

Sliding force = (1.35 x 61.8) + (1.50 x 13.3)
= 103 kN
Friction force = Vk
= 0.45 [(1.0 x 239.6) + (0 x 20.0)]
= 108 kN
==> Sliding force < Friction force Ok !
50 Design for Flexure

Example 12.1 : Design of cantilever wall page 3/6

Ref. Calculations O utput

(iii). Stability againts settlement

V k = 239.6+ 20.0 = 259.6 kN

M = 465.2 + 44.0 - 100.9 - 32.5 A = B x 1.0
= 375.8 kNm = 3.20 x 1.0
x = M / V k = 3.2 m 2
Vk = 375.8 / 259.6 y = 1.6 m
= 1.45 m I = 1.0 x 3.23/12
Eccentricity, = 2.73 mm 4
x e e = B /2 - x
B /2 = y = 1.60 - 1.45 = 0.15 m
< B /6 = 0.53 m No negative pressure

Bearing pressure, q = N /A  My /I
q Ed = (259.6 / 3.2)  (259.6 x 0.15 x 1.6 / 2.73)
= 81.1  23.2
q Ed min = 57.9 kN/m 2
q Ed max = 104.3 kN/m 2 < Soil bearing capacity Ok !
q Rd = 200 kN/m 2

ELEMENT DESIGN
2.7

a b

c d 25.9

57.9
104.3
92.7 86.9

(0.40 x 25) = 10.0

(4.50 x 19) + 10 =
95.5

18.6
94.3 82.7 47.6
 Design Examples 51

Example 12.1 : Design of cantilever wall page 4/6

Ref. Calculations Output

Main reinforcement
h = 400 mm b = 1000 mm
f ck = 30 N/mm2 f yk = 500 N/mm2
 bar = 12 mm c= 45 mm
d = h - c -  bar/2 = 349 mm

(i). Wall :
M ab = 1.50 [ 2.7 x 4.50 x 4.50 / 2 ]
+ 1.35 [ (25.9 - 2.7) x (4.50 / 2) x (4.50 / 3)]
= 41.1 + 105.5 = 146.7 kNm/m
K = M /bd 2f ck
2
= 146.7 x 106 / (1000 x 349 x 30)
= 0.040 < 0.167
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ] = 0.96 d
As = M / 0.87fyk z
= 146.7 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 349) Use : H12- 100
= 1017 mm2/m 1131 mm2/m

(ii). Toe :
M ac = 1.35 [ 82.7 x 0.80 2 / 2 ] +
1.35 [(94.3 - 82.7) x (0.80 / 2) x (0.80 x 2/3)]
= 35.7 + 3.3 = 39.1 kNm/m
K = M /bd 2f ck
2
= 39.1 x 106 / (1000 x 349 x 30)
= 0.011 < 0.167
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ] = 0.99 d
As = M / 0.87f yk z
= 39.1 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 349) Use : H12- 150
= 271 mm2/m 754 mm2/m

(iii). Heel :
M bd = 1.35 [ 18.6 x 2.00 2 / 2 ] +
1.35 [(47.6 -18.6) x (2.00 / 2) x (2.00 x 2/3)]
= 50.2 + 52.1 = 102.3 kNm/m
K = M /bd 2f ck
2
= 102.3 x 106 / (1000 x 349 x 30)
= 0.028 < 0.167
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ] = 0.97 d
As = M / 0.87f yk z
= 102.3 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 349) Use : H12- 150
= 710 mm2/m 754 mm2/m
52 Design for Flexure

Example 12.1 : Design of cantilever wall page 5/6

Ref. Calculations Output

9.2.1.1 Minimum and maximum reinforcement area, Secondary bar :

A s,min = 0.26(f ctm/f yk) bd = 0.26 x (2.90 500) x bd H12 - 200
= 0.0013 bd = 0.0013 x1000 x 349 = 454 mm2/m (566 mm2/m)
A s,max = 0.04A c = 0.04 x 1000 x 400 = 16000 mm2/m

Shear
(i). Wall :
V ab = 1.50 [ 2.7 x 4.50] +
1.35 [ (25.9 - 2.7) x (4.50 / 2)] = 88.7 kN/m
V ac = 1.35 x (94.3 + 82.7) x 0.80 / 2
= 95.6 kN/m
V bd = 1.35 x (18.6 + 47.6) x 2.00 / 2
= 89.3 kN/m
Max. design shear force, V Ed = 95.6 kN/m
6.2.2 Design shear resistance,
V Rd,c = [ 0.12 k (100 1 f ck)1/3 ] bd
k = 1 + (200/d ) 1/2
1/2
≤ 2.0
= 1+(200/ 349) = 1.76 Use : 1.76
 1 = A sl /bd ≤ 0.02
= 754 (1000 x 349) = 0.0022 Use : 0.0022
1 /3
V Rd,c 0.12 x 1.8 x (100 x 0.0022 x 30) x 1000 x 349
=
= 137199 N = 137.2 kN
3/2 1/2
V min = [ 0.035k f ck ] bd
3/2 1/2
= 0.035 x 1.8 x 30 x 1000 x 349
= 155817 N = 155.8 kN

So, V Rd,c = 155.8 kN > V Ed Ok !

Cracking
7.3.3 h = 400 mm > 200 mm Need spesific measure !
Steel stress under the action of quasi-permanent loading
f s = (f yk / 1.15)(N quasi-permanent / N ultimate)(A s,req/A s,prov)
= (500 / 1.15) x (246 / 353.4) (1017 / 1131)
= 435 x 0.7 x 0.9 = 272 N/mm2
Table 7.3N For design crack width = 0.3 mm
Max. allowable bar spacing = 150 mm
Bar spacing
Wall : 100 mm < 150 mm Ok !
Toe : 150 mm < 150 mm Ok !
Heel : 150 mm < 150 mm Ok !
 Design Examples 53

Example 12.1 : Design of cantilever wall page 6/6

Ref. Calculations Output

DETAILING
250
Bar No.
1 H12- 100
2 H12- 150
3 H12- 150
4 H12- 100
5 H12- 200
6 H12- 200
7 H12- 200
4

Cover = 45 mm
7

1
6
480 4500

2250

500
5 3

400

2 50 m m blinding

800 400 2000