Nota Design Using Ec2 2
Nota Design Using Ec2 2
Design Procedure
4 Calculate min. cover for durability , fire and bond requirements EN1992-1-1: Sec. 4.4.1
1
EN 1990: Table 2.1
Designworking Indicative design Examples
life category working life(years)
1 10 Temporary structures
2 10 to 25 Replaceable structural parts, e.g. gantry
girders, bearing
3 15 to 30 Agricultural and similar structures
4 50 Buildings structures and other common
structures
5 100 Monumental building structures, bridges, and
other civil engineering structures
Exposure classes
2
Fire Resistance
Material Strength
BS 8500- 1
Concrete :
In EC2 the design
of reinforced
concrete is based
on the
characteristic
cylinder strength
rather than cube
strength and
should be
specified
according to EN
206-1. or BS
8500: 2006
3
EN 206-1
Reinforcing Steel:
EC2 can be used with reinforcement of characteristic strength ranging
from 400 to 600 Mpa. A characteristic yield strength of 500 MPa has been
adopted by the UK reinforcement industry.
4
Beam Size
(3.1)
5
EN 1992-1-2
Concrete Cover
And Cdev is and allowance which should be made in the design for
deviation from the minimum cover. It should be taken as 10 mm. It
is permitted to reduce to 5 mm if the fabrication subjected to a
quality assurance system.
6
Table 5.1: Minimum cover, c min,b requirements with regard tobond
S1 10 10 10 15 20 25 30
S2 10 10 15 20 25 30 35
S3 10 10 20 25 30 35 40
S4 10 15 25 30 35 40 45
S5 15 20 30 35 40 45 50
S6 20 25 35 40 45 50 55
7
0.513VEd
f yk d
asd = a + 10 mm
8
Actions
Analysis
9
The design procedure for flexural design in
Figure 2. The derived formula is based on the
following simplified stress block.
10
EC 2 introduces the strut inclination method for shear capacity checks. In
this method the shear is resisted by concrete struts acting in compression
and shear reinforcement acting in tension.
11
EC 2 has two alternative methods for checking deflection, either a
limiting span-to-depth ratio or the theoretical deflection calculation. The
span-to- depth ratio should ensure that deflection is limited to span/250.
12
The limits apply to either the bar size or the bar spacing, not both.
Table 7.3N Maximum bar spacing for crack Table 7.2N Maximum bar diameter for crack
control control
Steel stress Maximum bar spacing (mm) Steel stress Maximum bar size (mm)
(N/mm2) wk = 0.4mm wk = 0.3mm (N/mm2) wk = 0.4mm wk = 0.3mm
160 300 300
160 40 32
200 300 250 200 32 25
240 250 200 240 20 16
280 200 150 280 16 12
320 150 100 320 12 10
360 10 8
360 100 50 400 8 6
450 6 5
Tutorial 5
13
Load cases & combinations
Variables actions can usually cover all or any
span of a continuous beam. Therefore a
continuous beam should be analyzed for the
loading arrangements which give the
maximum stresses at each section.
14
EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 5.1.3
Load set 1: Alternate or adjacent spans loaded
15
UK NATIONAL ANNEX
16
TUTORIAL
17
Such an adjustment in the moment diagram often leads to the
design of a more economical structure with better balanced
proportion, and less congestion of reinforcement at critical
sections. EC2: Section 5.5 permit the moment redistribution,
provided that;
18
TUTORIAL
19
End of Lecture 5
20
DESIGN OF SLABS
4 Calculate min. cover for durability , fire and bond requirements EN1992-1-1: Sec. 4.4.1
1
Slab thickness
2
Concrete Cover
And Cdev is and allowance which should be made in the design for
deviation from the minimum cover. It should be taken as 10 mm. It
is permitted to reduce to 5 mm if the fabrication subjected to a
quality assurance system.
3
Minimum cover for durability EN 1992-1-1
S1 10 10 10 15 20 25 30
S2 10 10 15 20 25 30 35
S3 10 10 20 25 30 35 40
S4 10 15 25 30 35 40 45
S5 15 20 30 35 40 45 50
S6 20 25 35 40 45 50 55
4
0.513VEd
f yk d
Analysis
Elastic analysis
Yield line method
Hillerborg strip method
Moment and shear coefficient from Code of practice
or handbook
5
The design procedure for flexural design in
Figure 2. The derived formula is based on the
following simplified stress block.
i. z d 0.5 0.25K1.134
M
ii. As
0.87f ykz
6
7
EC 2 has two alternative
methods for checking
deflection, either a limiting
span-to-depth ratio or the
theoretical deflection
calculation. The span-to-
depth ratio should ensure
that deflection is limited to
span/250.
8
The minimum area of secondary reinforcement is 20%
As,min. In areas near support, transverse reinforcement is
not necessary where there is no transverse bending
moment.
9
See:
Example 7.4
Tutorial 6
10
End of Lecture 6
11
DESIGN OF
COLUMNS
Introduction
1
Major axis
(x-x)
Design procedure
4 Calculate min. cover for durability , fire and bond requirements EN1992-1-1: Sec. 4.4.1
5 Analyze structure to obtain critical moments and axial forces EN1992-1-1: Sec. 5
2
Design working life
1 10 Temporary structures
2 10 to 25 Replaceable structural parts, e.g. gantry
girders, bearing
3 15 to 30 Agricultural and similar structures
4 50 Buildings structures and other common
structures
5 100 Monumental building structures, bridges, and
other civil engineering structures
Exposure Class
EN 1992-1-1: Table 4.1
3
Column size
EC 2 Part 1-2, Section 5.3 gives two methods for determining the
minimum dimension of column for fire resistance requirements.
4
Minimum cover for bond EN 1992-1-1
S1 10 10 10 15 20 25 30
S2 10 10 15 20 25 30 35
S3 10 10 20 25 30 35 40
S4 10 15 25 30 35 40 45
S5 15 20 30 35 40 45 50
S6 20 25 35 40 45 50 55
5
Minimum cover for fire resistance
Rather than giving a minimum cover, the tubular method based
on nominal axis distance is used. This is the distance from the
centre of the main reinforcement bar to the top or bottom
surface of the member.
asd = a + 10 mm
Analysis
6
For the purpose or simplified design calculations the
axial force in a column in monolithic braced frame may
be calculated on the assumption that the beams are
simply supported.
where,
Kct Wmax Wmax
Wmin
Wmak = 1.35Gk+ 1.5Qk
Kb Kb Kb
Kcb Wmin = 1.35Gk
2 2 2
K= Stiffness = EI/L
Simplified sub-frame
7
EXAMPLE 8.2 Axial force on Column B/2
- Level II-III
52.00 kN/m
6m 8m
A B C
38.40 kN/m
4m 4m
1 2 3
Kb/2 KR/2
M 2 = wL 2/12 = 52.0(82)/12
Kcb
= 277.3 kNm
6m 8m
43.6
M = M 2 -M 1 = 196.3 kNm 34.9
8
Braced & Unbraced
9
Second order effect may be ignored provided
the slenderness ratio of column does not
exceed a particular limiting value.
Slenderness ratio
EN 1992-1-1: Sec.5.8.3.2
lo
i
Where;
10
Effective Length,
lo
k1 .1 k2
lo 0,5l. 1 Braced members
0,45 k 1 0,45 k 2
k ..k k k
l o l .max 110. 1 2 ; 1 1 1k . 1 2 1 k Unbraced members
k1 k 2 1 2
11
where:
k1, k2 are the relative flexibilities of rotational restraints at
ends 1 and 2 respectively
12
Tutorial 7
13
5.8.8.2(1)
The Final Design Moment :
M ED MOEd M 2
where,
MOEd is the 1st order moment includingimperfection
M2 is 2nd order moment
Braced Column
M O2 M O2
0 .5 M 2
M N Ee
d i
M OE =
+ M 2 = NEd e2 MOE + M 2
M O1 0 .5 M 2
M O 1 + 0.5M2
First o r d e r Ad d i t i oAd
n adl isecond order
t i o n a l second Total m o m e n t d i a g r a m f o r
moment m o m e notrsdfeorr mo sl eme
n d enrt scof ol ur mn s sl e n d e r co l u mn s
sl e n d e r co l u mn s
14
Where,
M OE 0.6MO2 0.4MO1 0.4MO2
M O1 Min M top , M bot e N i Ed
Unbraced Column
M O2 MO2 +M 2
M M 2 =NEd e2
NEde i
+ =
M O1 M2 MO1 + M 2
15
The Second Order Moment :
M2 0 : Non-slender column
M 2 N ED e2 : Slender column
where,
NEd is the design value of axial load
e2 is the deflection = (1/r)lo/c
1/r is the curvature
16
5.8.8.3 : Curvature, 1/r = Kr . K . 1/ro
17
• However unlike with BS8110 the maximum
compressive strain when designing to EC2 will be
less than 0.0035 if the whole section is in
compression.
18
EQUILIBRIUMEQUATIONS
• When a section subject to axial load N
and a bending moment M the following
equalities should be satisfied for
equilibrium between the applied
actions and the internal action effects.
Equilibrium of load
Where,
19
The equations can be rearrange in the following form
20
9.5.2 Longitudinal reinforcement
0.1N Ed
As ,min or 0.002Ac whichever is the greater
f yd
where:
fyd is the design yield strength of the reinforcement
NEd is the design axial force
3. Transverse reinforcement
21
Tutorial 7
22
Conditions to be satisfied for disregarding bi-axial
bending
where;
y, z are the slenderness ratios with respect to y and z
axis
b, h are the width and depth of the section parallel
to z and y axis respectively
ez = MEdy/NEd; eccentricity along z-axis
ey = MEdz/NEd; eccentricity along y-axis
MEdy is the design moment about y-axis,
23
z
ey
NEd
ez
b y
M
a
MEdz
a
Edy 1.0
M Rdy
MRdz
24
Where;
MEdz/y is the design moment around the respective axis,
including a 2nd order moment
MRdz/y is the moment resistance in the respective direction
a is the exponent;
for circular and elliptical cross section: a = 2
for rectangular cross sections :
See:
Example 8.4 & 8.5
Tutorial 7b
25
End of Lecture 7
26
DESIGN OF
FOUNDATION
Design Procedure
1
Introduction
2
Pressure distribution under footing
Size
(Gk Qk W )
A re a
Soil bearing capacity
NEd
d
vRd maxuo
where, NEd = Ultimate vertical load = 1.35Gk +1.5Qk
vRdmax = 0.5vfcd = 0.5[0.6(1- fck/250)](fck/1.5)
uo = Column perimeter
3
Ultimate
columnload,
N
Ultimate
Design for flexure column load,
NEd
The critical section of bending is
at the face of the column. The
moment is taken on a section
passing completely across the
footing and is due to the ultimate
loads on one side of the section. Soilpressure
The moment and shear forces
should be assessed using STR
combination:
4
Cracking and detailing requirements
Tutorial 8
5
Design of pile cap
Main reinforcement
6
Design for shear
Where the spacing of the piles exceeds three times the pile
diameter then the pile cap should be checked for punching shear
7
Detailing of reinforcement
The main tension
reinforcement should continue
past each pile and should be
bent up vertically to provide a
full anchorage length beyond
the centre line of each pile. It is
normal to provide fully lapped
horizontal link of size not less
than 12 mm and at spacing of
no greater than 250 mm.
Tutorial 8
8
End of Lecture 8
9
Design Examples 1
DESIGN EXAMPLES
2 Design for Flexure
Contents: Page
Specification
d' = 50 mm
Size, b x d = 250 x 500 mm
d
Chac. strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm 2
Chac. strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm 2
Reinforcement,
b Compresion: 2 H12 A s' = 226 mm 2
Tension: 6 H20 A s= 1885 mm 2
Determine the moment of resistance
Solution
Assuming initially that the steel stresses f st and f sc are the
design yield values 0.87f yk
d'
Fsc
0 .8 x Fc c
x
d
z1 z
Fst
bw
Section Stre ss
Forc e s
F cc = 0.454f ck b x = 0.454 x 25 x 250 (x)
= 2838 x N
F sc = 0.87 f yk A s = 0.87 x 500 x 226
= 98407 N
F st = 0.87 f yk A s = 0.87 x 500 x 1885
= 820062 N
Equilibrium of forces
F st = F cc + F sc
820062 = 2838 x + 98407
x = (820062 - 98407) / 2838
= 254 m m < 0.617d = 309 mm
Tension teel has yielded as assumed
d '/x = 50 / 254 = 0.20 < 0.38
Compression teel has yielded as assumed
Lever a r m
z = d - 0.4x = 398 mm
z1 = d -d ' = 450 mm
Moment of resistance
M = F cc . z + F sc . z 1
= [( 2838 x 254 x 398) + (98407 x 450) ] x 10 -6
= 332 kN m
4 Design for Flexure
Specification
d' = 45 mm
Size, b x d = 225 x 600 mm
d Chac. strength of concrete, f ck = 30 N/mm2
Chac. strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Bending Moment, M = 350 kN m
b
Determine the area of reinforcement required
Solution
K = M / f ck bd 2
2
= 350 x 10 6 ( 30 x 225 x 600 )
= 0.144
K > K bal
Compression reinforcement is required
Specification
b
b = 600 mm
hf
h f= 100 mm
d d = 350 mm
bw = 200 mm
bw
Solution
M f = 0.567 f ck bh f (d - 0 . 5 h f)
= 0.567 x 25 x 600 x 100 ( 350 - 50)
= 255 kN m
= 0.145
M bal = f f ck bd 2
2
= 0.145 ( 25 x 600 x 350 )
= 266 kN m
M < M bal
Compresion reinforcement is not required
Ar e a of tension reinforcement
As = M + 0.1f ck b w d (0.36d - h f) * (0.36d - h f ) = 26
0.87 f yk (d - 0.5h f)
= 260 x 10 6 + 0 ( 25 x 200 x 350 x 26)
0.87 x 500 x (350 - 50)
= 2027 mm 2
Use : 5H 25
( 2455 mm 2 )
6 Design for Flexure
Specification
b
d' = 50 mm
hf
b = 800 mm
d 100 mm
h f =
d = 550 mm
b w = 250 mm
bw
Solution
Assuming initially that the steel stres f st is the design
yield value 0.87f yk and neutral axis in the we b
b
F sc
hf x 0 .8 x Fcc2
Fc c 1
d z2 z1 z
F st
bw
Section Stre ss
Forc e s
F cc1 = 0.454 f ck b w x = 0.454 x 25 x 250 (x)
= 2838 x N
F cc2 = 0.567f ck (b-b w )h f = 0.567 x 25 x 550 x 100
= 779625 N
F sc = 0.87 f yk A s = 0.87 x 500 x 226
= 98407 N
F st = 0.87 f yk A s = 0.87 x 500 x 2952
= 1284120 N
Equilibrium of forces
F st = F cc1 + F cc2 + F sc
1284120 = 2838 x + 779625 + 98407
x = (1284120 - 779625 - 98407) 2838
= 143 m m > hf = 100 mm
Neurtal axis in the we b as assumed
Design Examples 7
Lever a r m
z = d - 0.4x = (550 - 57.2) = 493 mm
z1 = d -d ' = (550 - 50.0) = 500 mm
z2 = d - 0.5h f = (550 - 50.0) = 500 mm
Moment of resistance
M = F cc1 . z + F sc . z 1 + F cc2 . z 2
R e f. Ca l c ul a t i ons Output
SPECIFICATION
w kN/m
d
L
b
Span, L = 8.0 m
Size, b x d = 225 x 5 0 0 m m
Des i gn load, w = 100 k N / m
Characteristic strength of c onc r et e, f ck = 30 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of steel, f y k = 500 N/mm2
Tension s t eel : 3H 25
Comp r es s ion s t eel : 2H 16
Des i gn s h e a r reinforcement
Solution
Des i gn s h e a r f or c e,
V Ed = w L / 2 = 100 x 8.0 / 2 = 400 k N
V Ed > V R d, ma x c ot = 2 . 5
V Ed < V R d, ma x c ot = 1 . 0
S h e a r links
A sw / s = V Ed / 0.78f y k d c ot
= 400 x 10 3 / (0.78 x 500 x 5 0 0 x 2.22)
= 0.923
T r y link : H10 A sw = 1 5 7 m m 2
Spacing, s = 1 5 7 / 0.92
= 170 m m
Use :
9.2.2 (6) M a x . spacing, s ma x = 0.75d = 0.75 x 5 0 0 = 375 mm H 1 0 - 150
Design Examples 9
R e f. Ca l c ul a t i ons Output
9.2.2(5) M i n i m u m l i nk s
A sw / s = 0.08f ck 1/ 2 b w / f yk
= 0 . 0 8 x (30) 1/2 x 2 2 5 / 5 0 0
= 0.197
T r y link : H10 A sw = 1 5 7 mm 2
Spacing, s = 157 / 0.20 Use :
= 797 m m > 0.75d = 375 m m H 1 0 - 350
L i n k s a r r ange m e nt
x
217kN
4 0 0 kN
H 1 0 - 150 H 1 0 - 350 H 1 0 - 150
1.83 m 4.33 m 1.83 m
SPECIFICATION b
w kN/ m
hf
d
L
bw
Span, L = 9.0 m
Design load, w = 90 kN/m
Dimension: b w x d x b x h f = 250 x 530 x 600 x 110 mm
Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Tension steel : 3H 20
Compression steel : 2H 12
Design shear reinforcement
Solution
Design shear force,
V Ed = w L / 2 = 90 x 9.0 / 2 = 405 kN
Shear links
A sw / s = V E d / 0.78f yk d cot
= 405 x 10 3 / (0.78 x 500 x 530 x 2.19)
= 0.893
Try link : H10 A sw = 157 mm 2
Spacing, s = 157 / 0.89
= 176 mm
Use :
9.2.2 (6) Max. spacing, s max = 0.75d = 0.75 x 530 = 398 mm H10 - 175
Design Examples 11
R e f. Ca l c ul a t i ons Output
L i n k s arrange m e nt
x
214kN
405kN
H 1 0 - 175 H 1 0 - 375 H 1 0 - 175
2.12 m 4.76 m 2.12 m
6.2.4 T r a n s v e r s e s t e e l i n t he f lange
T h e longitudinal s h e a r s t r es s es a r e the gr ea t es t over a distance
x me a s u r e d f r o m the point of z er o moment .
x = 0.5(L /2) = ( L /4) = 9000 / 4 = 2250 m m
T h e c ha nge in mo me n t over distance x f r o m z er o moment ,
M = ( w L /2)(L /4) - ( w L /4)(L /8) = 3 w L 2 /32
= 3 x 90 x 9.0 / 32 = 2 683.4 k N m
T h e c ha nge in longitudinal f or c e,
F d = [ M / ( d - 0.5h f )]x[(b - b w )/2b ]
= 683.44 x 10 3 (600 - 250)
(530 - 55) ( 2 x 600)
x
= 420 k N
Longitudinal s h e a r s t r ess
v Ed = F d / (h f x )
= 420 x10 3 / (110 x 2250)
= 1.70 N / mm 2
R e f. Ca l c ul a t i ons Output
T r a n s ve r s e s h e a r reinforcement
A sf / s f = v Ed h f / 0.87f yk cot
= 1.70 x 1 1 0 / (0.87 x 5 0 0 x 2.0)
= 0.214
Try: H10 A sf = 78.55 mm 2
Spacing, s f = 78.6 / 0.214 = 367 m m
R e f. Ca l c ul at ions Output
SPECIFICATION
w kN/m
d
L
b
Span, L = 4.0 m
Size, b x d = 1000 x 150 m m
Des i gn load, w = 15 k N / m p er m width
Characteristic strength of c onc r et e, f ck = 25 N / mm 2
Characteristic strength of steel, f y k = 500 N / mm 2
2
Tension s t eel : H 1 0 - 200 A s= 393 mm /m
Ver i f y s h e a r
Solution
Des i gn s h e a r f or c e,
V Ed = w L / 2 = 15 x 4.0 / 2 = 30 k N
Conc r et e s h e a r resistance
6.2.2 V Rd,c = [ 0.12k (100ρ 1 f ck ) 1 / 3 ] b w d
k = 1 + (200/d ) 1 / 2 ≤ 2 . 0
= 1 + (200 / 150) 1/2 = 2.15 > 2.0
ρ 1 = ( A s 1 /b w d ) ≤ 0.02
= 393 / 1000 x 150 = 0.0026 < 0.02
1 /3
= 0.12 x 2.00 (100 x 0.0026 x 25) x 1000 x 150
= 67301 N = 67 k N
V Rd,c = [ 0.035k 3 / 2 f ck 1 / 2 ] b w d
= 0.035x 2.15 3/2 x 2 5 1 / 2 x 1000 x 150
= 43802 N = 44 k N
SPE C IFIC A T IO N
w kN/m 2H 12
d
L 6H 20
b
Span, L = 8.0 m
Size, b x d = 250 x 550 mm
Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm 2
Characteristic strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm 2
Tension steel : A s, req = 1663 mm 2 A s , prov= 1885 mm 2
Comp. steel : A s ', req = 200 mm 2 A s ', prov = 226 mm 2
Solution
7.4 Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
= A s,req / b d
= 1663 / 250 x 550 = 0.012
Reference reinforcement ratio,
= (f ck ) 1/2 x 10 -3 = (25) 1/2 x10 -3 = 0.005
Percentage of required compression reinforcement,
' = A s ' ,req / b d
= 200 / 250 x 550 = 0.001
Table 7.4N Factor for structural system, K = 1.0
>
l K 1.5 o 1 '
11 f ck f ck
d ' 12 o
= 1.0 [11 + 1.5 (25 1/2 ) 0.005 / (0.012- 0.001)
+ (1/12) (25 1/2 ) (0.001/ 0.005) 1/2
SPECIFICATION
w kN/m
h
L
b
MATERIALS
3.1.2(3) Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 20 N/mm2 (Table F.1 EN 206)
3.2.2(2) Characteristic strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of link, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 25 kN/m3 (Table A.1 EN 1991-1)
Assumed: bar 1 = 20 mm
bar 2 = 16 mm
link = 6 mm
SIZE
Overall depth, h = L / 13 = 8250 / 13 = 635 mm Use : b x h
Width, b = 0.4 h = 0.4 x 635 = 254 mm = 250 x 650 mm
L= 8.25 m
Shear Force,
V = w d L /2
= 161.8 kN
Bending Moment,
M = w d L 2/8
M = 333.8 kNm
Shear links
A sw / s = V Ed / 0.78f ykd cot
= 161.8 x 103 / (0.78 x 500 x 579 x 2.48)
= 0.290
Try link : H6 A sw = 57 mm2
Spacing, s = 57 / 0.29
= 195 mm
Use :
9.2.2 (6) Max. spacing, s max = 0.75d = 0.75 x 579 = 434 mm H6 - 175
Links arrangement
x
105kN
162kN
H6 - 175 H6 - 300 H6 - 175
1.44 m 5.37 m 1.44 m
7.4 DEFLECTION
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
= A s,req / bd = 1588 / 250 x 579 = 0.011
Reference reinforcement ratio,
= (f ck) 1/2 x 10-3 = (20) 1/2x10-3 = 0.0045
Percentage of required compression reinforcement,
' = A s ' ,req / bd = 235 / 250 x 579 = 0.002
Table 7.4N Factor for structural system, K = 1.0
> Use equation (2)
l o 1 '
K 11 1.5 f ck f ck (2)
d ' 12 o
= 1.0 (11 + 3.21 + 0.22) = 14.4
Modification factor for span greater than 7 m
= 7/span = 7 / 8.25 = 0.85
Modification factor for steel area provided,
= A s,prov/A s,req = 1885 / 1588 = 1.19 ≤ 1.5
Therefore allowable span-effective depth ratio,
(l /d )allowble = 14.4 x 0.85 x 1.19 = 14.5
Actual span-effective depth
(l /d )actual = 8250 / 579 = 14.2 < (l /d )allowble Ok !
7.3 CRACKING
Table 7.1N Limiting crack width, w max = 0.3 mm
Steel stress,
f yk Gk 0.3Qk Asreq 1
fs x
1.15 (1.35Gk 1.5Qk ) As p rov
7.4 DEFLECTION
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
= A s,req / bd = 1588 / 250 x 579 = 0.011
Reference reinforcement ratio,
= (f ck) 1/2 x 10-3 = (20) 1/2x10-3 = 0.0045
Percentage of required compression reinforcement,
' = A s ' ,req / bd = 235 / 250 x 579 = 0.002
Table 7.4N Factor for structural system, K = 1.0
> Use equation (2)
l o 1 '
K 11 1.5 f ck f ck (2)
d ' 12 o
= 1.0 (11 + 3.21 + 0.22) = 14.4
Modification factor for span greater than 7 m
= 7/span = 7 / 8.25 = 0.85
Modification factor for steel area provided,
= A s,prov/A s,req = 1885 / 1588 = 1.19 ≤ 1.5
Therefore allowable span-effective depth ratio,
(l /d )allowble = 14.4 x 0.85 x 1.19 = 14.5
Actual span-effective depth
(l /d )actual = 8250 / 579 = 14.2 < (l /d )allowble Ok !
7.3 CRACKING
Table 7.1N Limiting crack width, w max = 0.3 mm
Steel stress,
f yk Gk 0.3Qk Asreq 1
fs x
1.15 (1.35Gk 1.5Qk ) As p rov
DETAILING
Note :
A s req. near support is 25 % A s req at midspan
= 0.25 x 1588 = 397 mm2
Add. A s for longitudinal shear 460 mm2
=
Total A s req. near support = 857 mm2
Use : 3H 20
( 943 mm2)
22 Design for Flexure
SPECIFICATION
A B C D
7000 7000 7000
4000
4000
Plan view
Characteristic Actions:
Permanent, g k = 1.5 kN/m2 (Excluding selfweight)
Variable, q k = 4.0 kN/m2
Design life = 50 Years (Table 2.1 EN 1990)
Fire resistance = R60 (Sec. 5.7 EN 1992-1-2)
Table 4.1 Exposure classes = XC1
Materials :
Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm2 (Table F.1 EN 206)
3.1.2(3) Characteristic strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 25 kN/m3 (Table A.1 EN 1991-1)
Assumed: bar = 10 mm
SLAB THICKNESS
Minimum thickness for fire resistance = 80 mm Table 5.8 EN 1992-1-2
Table 7.4N Estimated thickness considering deflection control, Try,
h = 4000 / 35 = 114 mm h = 125 mm
Design Examples 23
ACTIONS
Slab selfweight = 0.125 x 25 = 3.13 kN/m2
Permanent load (Excluding selfweight) = 1.50 kN/m2
Characteristic permanent action, g k = 4.63 kN/m2
Characteristic variable action, q k = 4.00 kN/m2
Design action, n d = 1.35g k + 1.5q k = 12.24 kN/m2 Table A1.2B : EN 1990
ANALYSIS
ly /lx = 7000 / 4000 = 1.75 < 2.0 Two way slab
Case 4 : Two adjacent edges discontinuous Table 3.14 : BS 8110
Bending moments,
M sx1
M sy1
M s y2
M sx2
Short span: 2
M sx1 = sx1 n d x l 2 = 0.065 x12.24 x 4.0 = 12.7 kNm/m
2
M sx2 = sx2 n d lx 2 = 0.087 x12.24 x 4.0 = 17.0 kNm/m
Long span:
2
M sy1 = sy1 dn xl 2 = 0.034 x12.24 x 4.0 = 6.66 kNm/m
2
M sy2 = sy2 dn xl 2 = 0.045 x12.24 x 4.0 = 8.82 kNm/m
24 Design for Flexure
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Effective depth,
d x = h -C nom -0.5 bar = 125 - 25 - 10/2 =95.0 mm
d y = h -C nom -1.5 bar = 125 - 25 - 10(1.5) =85.0 mm
Short span :
- Midspan , M sx = 12.7 kNm/m
2
6.1 K = M / bd f ck
2
= 12.7 x 106 / (1000 x 95 x 25)
= 0.056 < K bal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement is not required
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ] = 0.95 d ≤ 0.95d
A s = M / 0.87 f yk z Use:
= 12.7 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 95 ) H10 - 200 bot.
= 325 mm2/m (393 mm2/m)
Long span :
- Midspan , M sy = 6.7 kNm/m
2
6.1 K = M / bd f ck
2
= 6.7 x 106 / (1000 x 85 x 25)
= 0.037 < K bal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement is not required
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ] = 0.97 d ≤ 0.95d
A s = M / 0.87 f yk z Use:
= 6.7 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 85 ) H10 - 350 bot.
= 190 mm2/m (224 mm2/m)
Design Examples 25
SHEAR
Shear force, Table 3.15 : BS 8110
Vsx 2
V sy1 V sy2
Vsx
1
Short span:
V sx1 = vx1 n d lx= 0.57 x12.24 x 4.0 = 27.9 kN/m
V sx2 = vx2 n d l x = 0.38 x12.24 x 4.0 = 18.6 kN/m
Long span:
V sy1 = vy1 n d l x = 0.40 x12.24 x 4.0 = 19.6 kN/m
V sy2 = vy2 n d l x = 0.26 x12.24 x 4.0 = 12.7 kN/m
7.4 DEFLECTION
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
= A s,req / bd
= 325 / 1000 x 95 = 0.0034
Reference reinforcement ratio,
= (f ck) 1/2 x 10-3 = (25) 1/2x10-3 = 0.0050
l o
3/2
K 11 1.5 f ck 3.2 f ck o 1 (1)
d
CRACKING
7.3.3 h = 125 mm < 200 mm Ok!
9.3.1 Main bar :
S max,slabs = 3h ≤ 400 mm = 375 mm
Max. bar spacing = 350 mm < S max,slabs Ok !
Secondary bar :
S max,slabs = 3.5h ≤ 450 mm = 437.5 mm Ok !
Max. bar spacing = 425 mm < S max,slabs
Design Examples 27
Re f. Calculations Output
DETAILING
Dimension:
Short span, l x = 4000 mm Thickness, h = 125 mm
Long span, l y = 7000 mm Concrete cover = 25 mm
Reinforcement:
01 H10 - 200 bot.
02 H10 - 175 top.
03 H10 - 350 bot.
04 H10 - 325 top.
05 H10 - 425 top.
06 H10 - 425 top.
07 H10 - 425 top.
08 H10 - 425 top.
09 H10 - 425 top.
10 H10 - 425 top.
28 Design for Flexure
Example 8.1(b) : Stair with landing and continuous at one end. page 1/4
SPECIFICATION
Dimension:
R = 170 mm
R
G 10@ 170 G = 260 mm
= 1700 h = 160 mm
Characteristic Actions:
Permanent, g k = 1.2 kN/m2 (Excluding selfweight)
Variable, q k = 3.0 kN/m2
Materials:
Characteristic strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 25 kN/m3
Assumed: Cover, C = 25 mm bar = 10 mm
AVERAGE THICKNESS
y = h . [ (G 2 + R 2)1/2/G]
1/2
= 160 [ (260 2 + 170 2 ) / 260] = 191 mm y R
Average thickness t
t = y + (R/ 2) y
= 191 + (170 / 2) = 276 mm
ACTIONS
Landing
Slab selfweight = 0.160 x 25 = 4.00 kN/m2
Permanent load (Excluding selfweight) = 1.20 kN/m2
Characteristic permanent action, g k = 5.20 kN/m2
Characteristic variable action, q k = 3.00 kN/m2
Design action, n d = 1.35g k + 1.5q k = 11.52 kN/m2 Table A1.2B : EN 1990
Design Examples 29
Example 8.1(b) : Stair with landing and continuous at one end. page 2/4
Flight
Slab selfweight = 0.276 x 25 = 6.90 kN/m2
Permanent load (Excluding selfweight) = 1.20 kN/m2
Characteristic permanent action, g k = 8.10 kN/m2
Characteristic variable action, q k = 3.00 kN/m2
Design action, n d = 1.35g k + 1.5q k = 15.44 kN/m2 Table A1.2B : EN 1990
ANALYSIS
Consider 1m width,
15.44 kN/m 11.52 kN/m
Total action,
2.70 1.60 F = (15.44 x 2.70)
L = 4.30 + (11.52 x 1.60)
= 60.1 kN/m
M Moment,
M = FL /10
= 60.1 x 4.30 / 10
M = 25.9 kNm/m
Example 8.1(b) : Stair with landing and continuous at one end. page 3/4
SHEAR
25.9 kNm
15.44 kN/m 11.52 kN/m
2.70 1.60
VA VB
M @ B = 0
4.30 V A - 25.9 - (15.44 x 2.70 x 2.95)
- (11.52 x 1.60 x 0.80) = 0
VA = 163.6 / 4.30 = 38.0 kN/m
VB = (15.44 x 2.70) +(11.5 x 1.60) - 38.0
= 22.1 kN/m
7.4 DEFLECTION
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
= A s,req / bd
= 485 / 1000 x 130 = 0.0037
Reference reinforcement ratio,
= (f ck) 1/2 x 10-3 = (25) 1/2x10-3 = 0.0050
Table 7.4N Factor for structural system, K = 1.3
<
l o
3/2
Eqn. 7.16a K 11 1.5 f ck 3.2 f ck o 1
d
Example 8.1(b) : Stair with landing and continuous at one end. page 4/4
CRACKING
7.3.3 h = 160 mm < 200 mm
9.3.1 Main bar :
S max,slabs = 3h ≤ 400mm = 400 mm
Max. bar spacing = 150 mm < S max,slabs Ok !
Secondary bar :
S max,slabs = 3.5h ≤ 450mm = 450 mm
Max. bar spacing = 400 mm < S max,slabs Ok !
DETAILING
0.3L = 1290
10@ 170
= 1700
0.2L = 860
160
Reinforcement:
01 : H10 - 150 Concrete cover = 25 mm
02 : H10 - 150
03 : H10 - 400
04 : H10 - 400 All units in mm
32 Design for Flexure
SPECIFICATION
Consider Column B/2 : Le vel I - Le vel II
Stiffness, K = EI / l
Column :
K zz = 0.98 x 109/ 4500= 2.18 x 105 mm4
K yy = 0.61 x 109/ 4600= 1.32 x 105 mm4
Beam :
Main K mb1 = 2.60 x 109/ 6000= 4.34 x 105 mm4
K mb2 = 2.60 x 109/ 8000= 3.26 x 105 mm4
Sec. K sb1 = 1.33 x 109/ 4000= 3.33 x 105 mm4
K sb2 = 1.33 x 109/ 4000= 3.33 x 105 mm4
n = N Ed / (A cf cd)
where A c = 275 x 350 = 0.96 x 105 mm4
f cd = 0.85f ck/c
= 0.85 x 25 / 1.5 = 14.17 N/mm2
n = 1050 x 103
0.96 x 105 x 14.17
= 0.77
y -axis : lim =
1/2
20 x 0.7 x 1.1 x 1.03 / (0.77) Column is slender
= 18.1 < y = 34.2 about y-axis
Table 10.1 x-axis: End condition Top = 1 Factor Beam at both sides
Module Bot. = 1 = 0.75 h beam > h column
l oz = 0.75 x 4500 = 3375 mm 600 350
Example 10.3 : Design of non-slender column bent about major axis page 1/2
SPECIFICATION
Classification: Braced non-slender column
Material: Axial force, N Ed = 1200 kN
Concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm2 z
Reinforcement, f yk = 500 N/mm2 M 35 kNm
Exposure class XC1
Fire resistance 1.0 hours y y
6.1(4) M = N Ed.e o
min
e o = h /30 ≥ 20
= 300 / 30 = 10 mm ≥ 20 mm
M min = 1200 x 0.020 = 24.0 kNm
Example 10.3 : Column design- Slender column bent about major axis page 2/2
REINFORCEMENT
d 2 = C + link + bar/2 = 30 + 6+ 20/2 = 46 mm
d 2/h = 46 / 300 = 0.15
z
9.5.2(2) A s,min = 0.1N Ed/f yd = 0.1N Ed / (0.87f yk)
= 0.1 x 1200 x 103 / (0.87 x 500)
= 276 mm2 or 0.002A c = 150 mm2
Use : H6 - 140
Design Examples 37
Example 10.4 : Design of slender column bent about minor axis page 1/3
SPECIFICATION
Example 10.4 : Design of slender column bent about minor axis page 2/3
M o2 = 47.4 kNm
M oE + M 2 = 19.0 + 58.1 = 77.0 kNm
M o1 + 0.5M 2 = 37.4 + 0.5 (58.1) = 66.4 kNm
Example 10.4 : Design of slender column bent about minor axis page 3/3
REINFORCEMENT DESIGN
d 2 = C + link + bar/2 = 30 + 6 + 20/2 = 46 mm
d 2/h = 46 / 250 = 0.18
N /bhf ck = 1200 x 103 / (300 x 250 x 25) = 0.64
2
M /bh 2f ck = 77.0 x 106 / (300 x 250 x 25) = 0.16
Design A sf yk / bhf ck = 0.79 Kr= 0.58
Chart
M oE +M2= 19.0+ (58.1 x 0.58) = 52.6 kNm
M o1 + 0.5M 2 = 37.4+ (0.5 x 58.1 x 0.58) = 54.2 kNm
2
M /bh 2f ck = 54.2 x 106 / (300 x 250 x 25) = 0.12
A sf yk / bhf ck = 0.45 Kr= 0.48
Use : H6 - 150
40 Design for Flexure
Example 10.5 : Design of non-slender column bent about both axes page 1/4
SPECIFICATION
(e y/h )/(e z/b ) = (25 / 350) / (40 / 300) = 0.54 > 0.2
(e z/b )/(e y/h ) = (40 / 300) / (25 / 350) = 1.84 > 0.2
==> Check biaxialbending 5.8.9(4)
y/z = 34.2 / 27.7 = 1.2 < 2 ==> Check
z/y = 27.7 / 34.2 = 0.8 < 2 biaxial bending
==> Ignore biaxial bending
REINFORCEMENT DESIGN
Effective depth, d = h -C nom- link - 0.5 bar
h ' = 350 - 30 - 6 -(0.5 x 25) = 301.5 mm
b ' = 300 - 30 - 6 -(0.5 x 25) = 251.5 mm
Design Examples 41
Example 10.4 : Column design - Slender column bent about minor axis page 2/4
Use : H8 - 175
42 Design for Flexure
Example 10.4 : Column design - Slender column bent about minor axis page 3/4
N Ed /N = 1800 /
Rd 2616 = 0.69
a = 1.49
(M Edz /M Rdz )
a
+ (M Edy /M RDy ) ≤ 1.0
a
1.49 1.49
(71.7 / 91.9) + (32.0 / 55.1)
= 0.69 + 0.44
= 1.14 > 1.0 Fail
Design Examples 43
Example 10.4 : Column design - Slender column bent about minor axis page 4/4
Example 11.1 : Design of pad footing - Axial load only page 1/4
SPECIFICATION
Axial Force, N
N Permanent, G k = 600 kN
Variable, Q k = 450 kN
Design life 50 Years (Table 2.1 EN 1990)
Exposure classes = XC2
Materials :
Concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm2
Reinforcement, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Column size : Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
300 x 300 mm Soil bearing capacity = 200 kN/m2
Assumed: bar 16 mm
SIZE
Service load, N = 1050.0 kN
Assume footing selfweight 10% of
service load, W = 105.0 kN
h
Area of footing required,
= (N + W)/Soil bearing capacity
B
= (1050 + 105) / 200
= 5.78 m2
ANALYSIS
Ultimate axial force,
N Ed = 1.35G k + 1.5Q k
= (1.35 x 600) + (1.5 x 450) = 1485 kN
Design Examples 45
Example 11.1 : Design of pad footing - Axial load only page 2/4
6.1 M A I N R E I N FOR C E M E NT
Effective depth,
d = h - c no m - 1.5 bar
= 450 - 35 - (1.5 x 16) = 391 mm
Bending, Moment, M = 359.4 kNm
K = M / bd 2 f ck
2
= 359.4 x 10 6 / (2500 x 391 x 25)
= 0.038 < K bal = 0.167
Compression reinforcement is not required
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ] = 0.97 d ≤ 0.95d
A s = M / 0.87 f yk z
= 359 x 10 6 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 391 )
= 2224 mm 2
Main bar :
9.2.1.1 Minimum and maximum reinforcement area, 13 H16
A s, min = 0.26(f ctm/f yk ) bd = 0.26 x (2.56 / 500) x b d (2614 mm 2 )
= 0.0013 bd = 0.0013 x2500 x 391 =1304 mm 2
A s, max = 0.04A c = 0.04 2500 x 450 = 45000 mm 2
SHEAR
(i). Vertical Shear : Critical at 1.0d from column face.
0.709
391 709
2.5 m
Example 11.1 : Design of pad footing - Axial load only page 3/4
Control perimeter,
u = (4 x 300)
+ (2 x x 798)
798 300 798 = 6215 mm
300
Area within perimeter
A = (0.30)2
+ (4 x 0.30 x 0.798)
+ ( x 0.798 2)
= 3.05 m 2
Shear resistance,
v Rd,c = 384 x 10 3 / (2500 x 399)
= 0.39 N/mm 2 > vEd Ok !
Design Examples 47
Example 11.1 : Design of pad footing - Axial load only page 4/4
CRACKING
7.3.3 h = 450 mm > 200 mm Need spesific measure !
Steel stress under the action of quasi-permanent loading
f s = [(G k + 0.3Q k)/(1.35G k + 1.5Q k)](A s.req/A s.prov)(f yk/1.15)
G k + 0.3Q k = 600 + (0.30 x 450) = 735 kN
(1.35G k + 1.5Q k) = 1485 kN
f s = (735 / 1485) (2224 /2614) (500 / 1.15)
= 0.49 x 0.85 x 435
= 183 N/mm2
Table 7.3N For design crack width = 0.3 mm
Max. allowable bar spacing = 250 mm Max.
bar spacing = [ 2500 - 2(43) - 16 ] / 12
= 200 mm < 250 mm Ok !
DETAILING
50 mm blinding
Dimension:
H B= 2500 mm
02
H= 2500 mm
h= 450 mm
01 Cover,C nom = 35 mm
Reinforcement:
01 : 13H 16 equally space
02 : 13H 16 equally space
48 Design for Flexure
SPECIFICATION
Surchage
Data :
H
h1 = 4000 mm
h2 = 500 mm
h1 h3= 4500 m
h3 h = 400 mm
t = 400 mm
tc = 250 mm
a1 = 800 mm
h2
a2 = 2000 mm
h 25.9 B = 3200 mm
A a1 t a2
27.9
B
STABILITY ANALYSIS
Soil x h 3x a 2
19 x 4.50 x 2.00 = 171.0 2.2 376.2
Active pressure
- Surchage 2.71 x 4.9 = 13.3 2.45 32.5
- Soil (27.9 - 2.71) x 4.9 / 2 = 61.8 1.63 100.9
Bearing pressure, q = N /A My /I
q Ed = (259.6 / 3.2) (259.6 x 0.15 x 1.6 / 2.73)
= 81.1 23.2
q Ed min = 57.9 kN/m 2
q Ed max = 104.3 kN/m 2 < Soil bearing capacity Ok !
q Rd = 200 kN/m 2
ELEMENT DESIGN
2.7
a b
c d 25.9
57.9
104.3
92.7 86.9
18.6
94.3 82.7 47.6
Design Examples 51
Main reinforcement
h = 400 mm b = 1000 mm
f ck = 30 N/mm2 f yk = 500 N/mm2
bar = 12 mm c= 45 mm
d = h - c - bar/2 = 349 mm
(i). Wall :
M ab = 1.50 [ 2.7 x 4.50 x 4.50 / 2 ]
+ 1.35 [ (25.9 - 2.7) x (4.50 / 2) x (4.50 / 3)]
= 41.1 + 105.5 = 146.7 kNm/m
K = M /bd 2f ck
2
= 146.7 x 106 / (1000 x 349 x 30)
= 0.040 < 0.167
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ] = 0.96 d
As = M / 0.87fyk z
= 146.7 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 349) Use : H12- 100
= 1017 mm2/m 1131 mm2/m
(ii). Toe :
M ac = 1.35 [ 82.7 x 0.80 2 / 2 ] +
1.35 [(94.3 - 82.7) x (0.80 / 2) x (0.80 x 2/3)]
= 35.7 + 3.3 = 39.1 kNm/m
K = M /bd 2f ck
2
= 39.1 x 106 / (1000 x 349 x 30)
= 0.011 < 0.167
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ] = 0.99 d
As = M / 0.87f yk z
= 39.1 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 349) Use : H12- 150
= 271 mm2/m 754 mm2/m
(iii). Heel :
M bd = 1.35 [ 18.6 x 2.00 2 / 2 ] +
1.35 [(47.6 -18.6) x (2.00 / 2) x (2.00 x 2/3)]
= 50.2 + 52.1 = 102.3 kNm/m
K = M /bd 2f ck
2
= 102.3 x 106 / (1000 x 349 x 30)
= 0.028 < 0.167
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ] = 0.97 d
As = M / 0.87f yk z
= 102.3 x 106 / (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 349) Use : H12- 150
= 710 mm2/m 754 mm2/m
52 Design for Flexure
Shear
(i). Wall :
V ab = 1.50 [ 2.7 x 4.50] +
1.35 [ (25.9 - 2.7) x (4.50 / 2)] = 88.7 kN/m
V ac = 1.35 x (94.3 + 82.7) x 0.80 / 2
= 95.6 kN/m
V bd = 1.35 x (18.6 + 47.6) x 2.00 / 2
= 89.3 kN/m
Max. design shear force, V Ed = 95.6 kN/m
6.2.2 Design shear resistance,
V Rd,c = [ 0.12 k (100 1 f ck)1/3 ] bd
k = 1 + (200/d ) 1/2
1/2
≤ 2.0
= 1+(200/ 349) = 1.76 Use : 1.76
1 = A sl /bd ≤ 0.02
= 754 (1000 x 349) = 0.0022 Use : 0.0022
1 /3
V Rd,c 0.12 x 1.8 x (100 x 0.0022 x 30) x 1000 x 349
=
= 137199 N = 137.2 kN
3/2 1/2
V min = [ 0.035k f ck ] bd
3/2 1/2
= 0.035 x 1.8 x 30 x 1000 x 349
= 155817 N = 155.8 kN
Cracking
7.3.3 h = 400 mm > 200 mm Need spesific measure !
Steel stress under the action of quasi-permanent loading
f s = (f yk / 1.15)(N quasi-permanent / N ultimate)(A s,req/A s,prov)
= (500 / 1.15) x (246 / 353.4) (1017 / 1131)
= 435 x 0.7 x 0.9 = 272 N/mm2
Table 7.3N For design crack width = 0.3 mm
Max. allowable bar spacing = 150 mm
Bar spacing
Wall : 100 mm < 150 mm Ok !
Toe : 150 mm < 150 mm Ok !
Heel : 150 mm < 150 mm Ok !
Design Examples 53
DETAILING
250
Bar No.
1 H12- 100
2 H12- 150
3 H12- 150
4 H12- 100
5 H12- 200
6 H12- 200
7 H12- 200
4
Cover = 45 mm
7
1
6
480 4500
2250
500
5 3
400
2 50 m m blinding