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5 - Hydrothermal Scheduling 2020

The document discusses hydrothermal scheduling which involves determining the optimal amount of hydro and thermal generation over a scheduling period while considering constraints like reservoir storage capacity and water availability. It covers long term and short term scheduling, formulations to minimize thermal generation costs, and examples solving for optimal schedules.

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Addisu Mengesha
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38 views28 pages

5 - Hydrothermal Scheduling 2020

The document discusses hydrothermal scheduling which involves determining the optimal amount of hydro and thermal generation over a scheduling period while considering constraints like reservoir storage capacity and water availability. It covers long term and short term scheduling, formulations to minimize thermal generation costs, and examples solving for optimal schedules.

Uploaded by

Addisu Mengesha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

Hydrothermal Scheduling
Hydro thermal Scheduling
• Determining optimal amount of hydro and thermal
generation to be used in a scheduling period
• Subject to a variety of constraints
– Limited energy storage capability of water reservoirs
– Stochastic nature of availability of water
• All hydro – systems are different.
– natural differences in the watersheds,
– the differences in the manmade storage and release
elements used to control the water flows,
– different types of natural and manmade constraints
imposed on the operation of hydroelectric systems.
Some of constraints are
• Recreation
• Navigation
• Irrigation
• Environmental impact on downstream
water flow
Classification
According to the scheduling period, the hydro - system
operation can be divided:
• Long term Scheduling
– Involves the long - range forecasting of water
availability
– The scheduling of reservoir water release
• scheduling goes anywhere from 1 week to 1 year or
more
• Short term scheduling
– It involves the hour - by - hour scheduling of all
generations on a hydrothermal system to achieve
minimum production cost (or minimum consumption
fuel) for the given time period.
• Refers to time periods from 1 day to 1 week.
Types of hydrothermal scheduling
• All hydro
– Difficult to meet the demands and operate
economically
– The scheduling must be done by simulating the
water system
– Find a schedule which leaves the reservoir level
with maximum stored energy.
• Hydro dominated
– Schedule the system for minimum cost of thermal
• Balanced or with most thermal
– Minimize thermal generation production costs
Hydro dominant case
• Problem formulation
– One hydro and one thermal
• Rated hydro power is enough to cover the load for any
time period j

• Available hydro energy is insufficient

– Use thermal energy to fill the gap


Where:
Total hydro energy available
Total thermal energy used

Total energy used by the load


Problem formulation
Consider a two- unit hydrothermal system
– One hydro and one thermal
– Rated hydro power is enough to cover load but
available hydro energy is not enough
– Use thermal energy to fill the gap

Two–unit hydrothermal system

Now take ,
• Hence, the steam plant energy required is to
use the entire hydro plant energy in such a
way that the cost of running the steam plant is
minimized

- =

Then
Our problem is then to minimize the cost of the
thermal generation subject to the requirement
that we must supply an amount of thermal
energy equal to ES

Now the scheduling problem becomes


Lagrange function
𝑁𝑠 𝑁𝑠

ℒ= 𝐹𝑠 𝑃𝑠𝑗 𝑛𝑗 + 𝛼 𝐸𝑠 − 𝑃𝑠𝑗 𝑛𝑗 = 0
𝑗=1 𝑗=1

where α is the Lagrange multiplier on the energy


constraint
Applying the first-order optimality conditions, we
obtain
Lagrange function (cont’d)

This means the steam plant should be run at


constant incremental cost for the entire period it is
on.
Implies that the thermal unit must be run at the
same generation level for the entire duration TS.

Represent this power generation level as PS*.


For such cases:
Solution by Lagrangian Method
• Therefore:

• Assume the thermal plant has a cost-rate


function given by
Solution by Lagrangian Method
• The total cost of running the thermal unit is
then

• Substituting from equation above


We can solve the unconstrained optimization
using basic calculus, which requires that the
minimum of FT to occur when:

Which results in:

and
• Since we must have a positive value of
generation,

 This solution minimizes heat rate, and it


maximizes efficiency.
• Our optimal solution is to run the thermal
plant at its point of maximum efficiency for as
long as it takes to produce this energy level ES.
Example [1]
• Hydro and thermal plants are to supply a load of
90MW for a week with the following unit
characteristics

• Case I- if the hydro is limited to 10, 000MWh


energy, solve the run time of the thermal unit.
• Energy required from thermal will be:
(7*24*90)-10000 = 5120MWhr
Example (cont’d)
• The thermal plant maximum efficiency will be
at a power =
• Time required for thermal plant to run

• The resulting schedule therefore will be:


 For the first 102.4 hrs of the week thermal
plant has to run at 50MW and Hydro at
40MW.
 For the rest of the week (i.e. for 65.6hr) the
hydro plant must cover at 90MW
Example (cont’d)
• Case II- Now consider the limit on the volume
of water drawn from the reservoir for 1 week
is 250,000 acre-ft. How long should the
thermal unit run?
• The water drawn from the reservoir is
determined by the amount of power
generated

=250000 acre-ft
Solving for Ts = 36.27h
Short term hydrothermal scheduling
pp 218-223, Consider Example 7B[1]

• Problem definition
Given a hydro and thermal
unit supplying a load
 Find a schedule which
minimizes the total cost
 constraints
– total water discharge,
– starting volume,
– ending volume etc,
Short term hydrothermal scheduling
• Problem formulation
Assume constant head operation and q versus P characteristic is available
q = q(PH)
Short term hydrothermal scheduling
• Forming the Lagrangian

• Applying the necessary conditions


optimization equation can be solved
For a specific interval j = k

And

This gives a more complex scheduling solution


(refer algorithm on p221 [1])
Further reading
7.6 [1] Hydro units in series (hydraulically coupled)

7.7 [1] Pumped storage hydro plants


… are designed to save fuel costs by serving the
peak load with the hydro energy and then pumping
the water back up in to the reservoir at light load
periods
• Used as:
– Load management
– Spinning reserve
Pumped storage

When the demand for electricity is low, a pumped storage


facility stores energy by pumping water from a lower
reservoir to an upper reservoir. During periods of high
electrical demand, the water is released back to the lower
reservoir to generate electricity

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