Sector:

ELECTRONICS
Qualification: COMPUTER SYSTEM SEVICING NC II
Unit of Competency:
MAINTAIN AND REPAIR COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS

Module Title:

MAINTAINING AND REPAIRING COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS

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 INFORMATION SHEET 4.1-1

Computer systems maintenance procedures

Learning Objective:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to Plan
and Prepare Maintenance Procedures

Introduction:

Planning and preparing systematic maintenance procedure will save time,

money and frustration. It is a good idea and opportunity to learn the proper
care and maintenance of your computer.
PC maintenance is an important topic for anyone who owns a PC.
Looking after your PC properly ensures you of trouble-free use. Regular PC
maintenance also keeps the machine’s performance optimal.

A. Plan Maintenance Procedures for Computer System and Networking.

1. Design a systematic maintenance plan for hardware.

Monitoring, evaluating and updating plan.
• Place your computer in a well ventilated area.
• Schedule use of computers for its longer life.
• Move computers only when it is turned off and unplugged.
• Treat your computer properly.
• Maintain your hard disk
2. Design a systematic maintenance plan for your software.
• Backup your files
• Install or secure passwords
• Delete temporary files
• Update antivirus and spy ware

MAINTENANCE PROGRAM DEFINITION OF TERMS

Maintenance Program- is a comprehensive list of maintenance and
its incidents. This would include all maintenance activities to be
undertaken , manpower needed, maintenance methods to be used, all the
materials and supplies needed for the maintenance and cost involved in
the maintenance.

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 Maintenance Schedule- Is a list allocating specific maintenance of an
area. Equipment and tools to a specific period. The maintenance schedule
is just a part of the maintenance program.

Quality management- is a method for ensuring that all the activities

necessary to design, develop and implement a product or service are
effective with respect to the system and its performance.

The following diagram is the Shewhart cycle (PDCA) for quality

improvements. Made popular by Dr. Deming.

The Quality Management Cycle(delete)

PLAN
PLAN
=
DO
= IMPLEMENT

CHECK ASSESS/CORRECT

ACT SUSTAIN

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 The philosophy is to keep improving the quality of an organization. It is
defined by the four key steps:

• Plan: Design and revised business process components to improve

results.
• Do: Implement the plan and measure its performance
• Check: Assess the measurements and report the results to decisions
makers
• Act: Decides on changes needed to improve the process.

The consolidation phase enables the organization to take stock of what

has been taking place and to ensure made to processes that require
documentation (both to allow processes to be repeatable and to facilitate
recognition of the achievement of some form of quality standard).

1. Plan. Here in this stage an organization must be able to prepare a good maintenance
program which will define the standards for Best Management Practices. The
maintenance program must clearly answer the question on
WHY,WHO,WHAT,WHEN, WHERE and HOW.

WHO WHY

WHAT Facilities
Maintenance How

WHERE WHEN

Why Maintain?

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 1. General Objective:

To maintain the optimum condition of physical facilities at acceptable levels and

minimum cost to satisfy the expected demands of TVET programs and activities.

2. Specific Objectives:

• To extend the useful life of physical facilities

• To assure the operational readiness of installed equipment and maximum
possible return on investments.
• To properly discard hazardous wastes
• To ensure the safety of personnel using the facilities, physical properties
and the environment.

What can we gain from maintaining our facilities?

• Ensured SAFE environment

• Improve MORALE of human resources
• Reduced operational COST
• Increased PRODUCTION
• Prolonged LIFE facilities
• Prompt DELIVERY of services/ product

WHO?

• Who will manage the activities?

• Who will monitor and evaluate the operations?
• Who will prepare the maintenance schedule?
• Who will implement the program?
• Who will keep the records?
• Who will conduct inspection?
• Who will certify and accept the work? Who will prepare the report?

What, Where, When?

• What routine actions must be done to keep the device on working order?
• Where is the maintenance activity to be carried out?
• When do you perform the maintenance activities?

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 How to maintain?

The question on how do we implement the maintenance program will center on

the 5Ms are as follows:

• Manpower
• Money (Financial Resources)
• Methods and System
• Machines (Facilities)
• Materials and Supplies

2. DO. Here in this stage the organization through the clearly identified Maintenance
Program, must be able to practice the Methods and System defined in order to
meet the standards (measurable performance levels of maintenance execution)
established.
5S

Maintenance Methods
and System

Preventive Maintenance Corrective Maintenance

Overall, the combination of standards, methods and strategies are elements of
an integrated Planted Maintenance System.

A. PROPER UTILIZATION OF EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS

The proper use of the training tools and equipment is the first and foremost task in the
maintenance. The proper use of tools and equipment is a very important task of the
worker in any trade. They must be able to use them in accordance to the manufacturer’s
manuals as this would evidently extend the life of the equipment and tools.

USER’S MANUAL: For the Safe and Proper Operation of an Equipment or Tools.

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When using equipment and simple tools, it is best to read the manufacturer’s and /or
user’s manuals. This would indicate the part of the equipment, the functions of each
part and the way to maintain it. We must always refer to it for reference. The user’s
manuals must be kept handy and within the Quality Control Area where the equipment
is kept for immediate reference.

Self Check 4.1-1

TRUE OR FALSE: Write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is False.
____1. Planning and preparing systematic maintenance procedure will
save time, money and frustration.
____2. PC maintenance is not so important topic for anyone who owns a
PC.
____3. Maintenance Program is a comprehensive list of maintenance and
its incidents.
____4. Regular inspections are conducted to assure that the maintenance activities
are done on the date and time it was planned and that the performance
levels adhered to the defined standard.
____5. The proper use of the training tools and equipment is the first and foremost
task in the maintenance.

INFORMATION SHEET 4.3-1

Diagnostic Procedures

Learning Objective:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to Perform

Diagnostic procedures

Diagnose a Computer Problem

Many people are faced with everyday computer problems that are
easy to fix, but are unable to diagnose the actual problem. While there are
many problems a computer will be faced with, this article will tell you
where to look for common problems. Steps
1. Check the POST. POST stands for Power On Self Test. This is generally
the first or second thing that appears on a computer after turning on
the power. This appears before the operating system begins to load.
The POST will display any problems found with hardware that makes
the computer unable to boot, POST may also display problems with

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 hardware that allow the computer to boot, but not operate at its full
capacity during operation.

2. Notice the load time of the OS (operating system). A longer than

usual load time may indicate seek errors (or other errors) in the hard
drive.

3. Notice any graphics problems once the OS has loaded. Reduced

graphics may indicate driver failures or hardware failures with graphic
cards.

4. Perform an auditory test. An auditory test is an unorthodox, but still

effective way of judging how hard a computer is working. With the
computer on and running, play any decent length audio file (usually
above 30 secs). If the audio is choppy or slow, it usually means that
the processor is working at an elevated level, or there is not enough
RAM to run all programs loading. Changing the startup sound is a
great way to apply this test. Another issue associated with choppy
sounds is PIO (Programmed Input/Output) Mode. This affects how the
hard drive reads and writes data from a drive. Switching to DMA allows
for faster reads and writes, and can sometimes repair choppy audio.
5. Check any newly installed hardware. Many operating systems,
especially Windows, can conflict with new drivers. The driver may be
badly written, or it may conflict with another process. Windows will
usually notify you about devices that are causing a problem, or have a
problem. To check this use the Device Manager, this can be accessed
by entering the Control Panel, clicking the System icon, clicking the
Hardwaretab, and clicking on Device Manager. Use this to check and
arrange the properties of hardware.

6. Check any newly installed software. Software may require more

resources than the system can provide. Chances are that if a problem
begins after software starts, the software is causing it. If the problem
appears directly upon startup, it may be caused by software that starts
automatically on boot.

7. Check RAM and CPU consumption. A common problem is a choppy

or sluggish system. If a system is choppy it is good practice to see if a
program is consuming more resources than the computer can provide.
An easy way to check this is to use the Task Manager, right click on
the taskbar select Task Manager, and click the Processes tab. The CPU
column contains a number that indicates the percentage of CPU the

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 process is consuming. The Memory Usage column indicates how much
memory a process is consuming.

8. Listen to the computer, if the hard drive is scratching or making

loud noises, shut off the computer and have a professional
diagnose the hard drive. Listen to the CPU fan, this comes on a high
speed when the CPU is working hard, and can tell you when the
computer is working beyond its capacity.

9. Run a virus and malware scan. Performance problems can be caused

by malware on the computer. Running a virus scan can unearth any
problems. Use a commonly updated virus scanner (such as Norton
Antivirus or Avast! Antivirus) and a commonly updated malware
scanner (such as Spybot Search & Destroy).

10. Check for the problem in safe mode. As a last ditch effort, check the
problem in safe mode. To enter safe mode, tap F8 repeatedly during
POST (this works on most systems). If the problem persists in safe
mode, it is a fair bet that the operating system itself is to blame.

PC Diagnosing

Probably the most frustrating problem computer

users run into are startup problems, where your
computer won’t boot. Equally annoying are error
messages you constantly run into during your
computer’s startup process. In this module you will
be given a few tips on how you can avoid some of the
most common problems that happen right after your
computer turns on.

Troubleshooting Plan for Personal Computers

How to Troubleshoot the Computer?

Here you will learn the basic troubleshooting methods of your computer.

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  Trial and error: When you find a faulty component in your
computer, check it with the other computers so that you can make
sure whether the fault is in the component or not.
 Check cables: In case of any device failure, check all the cables of
your computer such as data cables, power cable, internal circuitry
cables and make sure that all these are plugged in and working fine.
 Hardware settings: Check the hardware settings in the CMOS and
in the device manager of the system and make all the device drivers
are up to date and all the cards are plugged in properly.
 Notice changes: When you notice a software or hardware error in
your computer, determine what was changed before the problem
occurred
 Event viewer: In the event viewer, you will find the error or warning
messages associated with any faulty hardware or software.
 Make notes: Troubleshooting is a big learning option and we can
learn a lot when we face any kind of troubleshooting in our
computer. Make notes including the error messages and their
solutions, so that you have a record on how a certain problem
occurred and how did you solve it.

Sample Diagnostic Plan

List down all possible components to be checked based on the symptoms.

Symptoms: Dead Computer Monitor Good Defective Remedy

AC outlet

AVR

AVR fuse

Monitor Power Cable

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 Monitor Switch

Power Supply

Common Trouble for Computer Units

1. Double check the power connections.

2. Voltage Regulator and power supply could cause power failure in the
computer unit.
3. Check the power cords and cable connectors in your computer unit.
4. Unseated card. Loose cards could cause it to malfunction.
5. Do you have ink or toners in your printer? Check the ink
toners/cartridges in your printers.
6. Check the boot sequence configuration in the advance BIOS (Basic
Input/output Unit) setup.

Diagnosing Network Connection

These are the things to look for if a PC will not connect to the internet or
network.

• First check the cable connecting to the network card into the
network hub.

• Check the back of the computer to see if the network card light is on
• Check the network cable
• Check the network HUB

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 Network
HUB

Network
Network card
cable

SELF CHECK 4.3-1

TRUE OR FALSE: Write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is False.

____1. The most frustrating problem computer users run into are startup problems.
____2. When you find a faulty component in your computer, check it
with the other computers so that you can make sure whether the
fault is in the component or not.
____3. Troubleshooting is a big learning option and we can learn a lot
when we face any kind of troubleshooting in our computer.
____4. Unseated card or loose cards could cause computer to function
normally.
____5. Voltage Regulator and power supply could cause power failure in
the computer unit. INFORMATION SHEET 4.3-2
I
dentifying and isolating faults/ problems

Learning Objective:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to Identify and
isolate faults/ problems

Techniques for diagnosing computer system

1. Computer Diagnosis

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2. Rules In Diagnosing Computer System
3. Factors Causing Computer Failures and Defects
4. Problem Isolation
5. Component Isolation

Computer Diagnosis
Sometimes when the problem with a system is not totally apparent and
the problem may be intermittent, using a basic common diagnostic
procedure may help determine what is wrong. This procedure has a
number of steps that, if followed each time, can be of help.

Rules in Diagnosing Computer System

1. Know the facts
• Educate oneself on all aspects and operation of computer
parts.
• Continuous learning on computer technology.
2. Use your common sense 3. Focus on Field Replaceable Units
Identify the different types of FRU that can be used for
replacement or subassembly.
4. Proper assembly and disassembly

Factors Causing Computer Failures and Defects

1. Peopleware
2. Firmware
3. Software
4. Hardware
5. Static(ESD)
6. Electricity

Peopleware
• Untrained personnel would probably damage programs in PC.
Firmware
• Programs or software burnt in chips may be corrupted.
Software
• Corrupted operating systems would cause the system to fail.

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Hardware
• Defective hardware components would lead to computer malfunction.
• Hardware conflicts and viruses can hinder your computers
performance.

ESD (Electro Static Discharge)

Electro static discharge can easily damage sensitive components in your
computer.

Electricity
Incoming supply from AC outlet must be regulated, power surges can
damage computer units.

Problem Isolation
Problem isolation is a detective work in which you need to determine what
is out of the ordinary by making detailed observation of what is not working
normally and record any information as you proceed. The information you
will be able to gather will help diagnose your computer. You need to
observe wisely. Look for any abnormalities in the unit, any change in smell
or foreign smell, listen to all the sounds, and error codes.

Component Isolation
This section will aid in determining components in your system which are
failing. First, most systems have 3 major components; monitor, system
unit, and printers. Some have multiple external devices. To troubleshoot,
you need to isolate major components which are failing to operate.

Figure 1. Computer system connections

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 Self Check 2.2-3

Enumerate the following items below:

1. Factors Causing Computer Failures and Defects.

2. Techniques for diagnosing computer system.

INFORMATION SHEET 4.4-1

Defects in Computer Systems & Networks
Learning
Objective:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to identify

defects in computer systems & networks

Testing Procedures

• Deciding When to Test the System. Identify computer symptoms

and defects

• Preparing to Test the System . It’s recommended that you should

not plug your computer and monitor directly to a wall outlet. Rather,
you should purchase a UPS (uninterruptible power supply). The UPS
serves as a surge protector to prevent your system from being
damaged if a power spike is delivered to it and when power will fail
unexpectedly. The UPS gives you time to save your work and
properly shut down your system. If a system is turned off and back
on rapidly, it’s probably not good for the system. A very short power
drop could mimic this effect and could be hard on both the computer
and the monitor.

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Test Your Computer Memory RAM

I want to do this!
Most Computer Memory comes with a life time warranty from the
manufacturer but this can be very inconvenient. You can return memory
easily to the seller in the 1st 2 weeks but most problems show themselves
much later and it always seems to happen when you need your computer
the most. Learn how to detect problems in the 1st 8 hours after you install
memory and save yourself from headaches and inconvenience down the
road.
Memory is an easy upgrade but how do you know its running at the
advertised speed? Do you know for sure its running error free? Memory
can arrive from the seller and have a defects that won't be seen for weeks
or a months. But then it happens. Blue screens, freezing, memory errors,
spontaneous reboots. All signs of defective memory. Read on to learn how
to protect yourself from buying bad memory.

Instructions

Things You'll Need:

• New memory
• CD burner
• Blank CD-R or CDRW

1. We will assume you know how to buy the right memory. If not, visit
my article on buying the right memory.
2. Shut down your PC, unplug your computer, and Open the cover.

TIP: If you have toggle switch on the back of your power supply, you
can add more safety by turning the switch off and leaving the
computer plugged into the wall outlet. Yes, leave it plugged with the
hard power switch off. This provides an excellent ground to your
computer with no actual power applied.

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 3. we have 2 sticks of new memory rated for our computer.
Lets assume our computer has 4 slots. 2 slots are filled, 2 are empty.
With the case open, open the levers on the side of the installed memory
sticks and remove them. Put them in a safe place.

4. Insert the new memory sticks in the same place the old sticks were
and lock the levers. The reason we are doing these extra steps is so
we can test the new memory. Leaving in the old memory can affect
the new memory's speed reading or even errors in the old memory
will not be clearly the fault of the old memory.

5. Turn on the power and boot up. Watch for the prompt to access
SETUP or BIOS. Most popular keys for this are DEL, F2, or F10.

6. Inside the BIOS or Setup screen, look for the section called memory.
Check to see the memory is running at the speed you purchased and
displays the full amount you purchased. Exist setup and allow
computer to boot up fully.
7. Download Memtest86+ 2.11. Its free and supports DDR2 and DDR3
memory. Unzip the file and create a CD using the ISO file using your
favorite cd burner program. This is a bootable CD.

8. Reboot the PC and insert the CD you just made before the post screen
is done. Assuming your PC is set to boot from the CD first,(most are),
the CD will start up the MEMTEST program and start running. This
will run over and over. It will also count how many times its run and
the number of errors it encounters. The number of errors should be
zero.

9. Let it run for up to 8 hours. Once you are satisfied, exit the program
using the legend on screen. Remove the CD, and turn off the
computer.

10. You now know you have reliable memory that will likely last for
years to come

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How to Tell if a Motherboard Is Defective

I want to do this!
The motherboard is the backbone of your computer as it is the piece that
all of the other components are connected to. If your computer will not
boot up properly or power on at all the problem may potentially lie with
the motherboard. Because so many other components are connected to
the motherboard you will need to troubleshoot each other part first.

Instructions

Things You'll Need:

• Screwdriver
• Replacement processor
• Replacement RAM modules
• Replacement video card
1. Turn the computer off and then remove the power cable from the
electrical wall outlet. Plug a power cable from a different electrical device
into the outlet and power it on so that you can rule out the outlet as
your problem. Connect the computer's power cable back into the outlet.
2. Power the computer back on and place your hand behind the case near
the power supply. Wait a few moments to see if any air is pushed out of
the power supply by the cooling fan. Replace the power supply instead
of the motherboard if the fan is not working.
3. Shut down the computer again and pull out all of the cables from the
back side of the case. Remove any other devices you have connected to
the front ports on the computer such as a USB printer or jump drive.
4. Set down the computer so that the left side panel is facing towards you.
Unlock the side panel from the computer case by removing the case
screws if there are any. Twist of the thumbscrew or pull up on the metal
holding latch if the computer does not use case screws.
5. Remove the screws holding any expansion cards to the case and then
pull them off the motherboard. Pull out all of the cables running from
the motherboard to the power supply and drive bays. Pull out the

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 screws holding the motherboard to the case. Pull the motherboard
straight up out of the case and set it down carefully on a flat nonmetal
surface.
6. Check to make sure that there is no physical damage to the
motherboard such as bent pins or burnt transistors. Purchase a new
motherboard and place it back in the case if there is any visible damage.
7. Remove the screws holding the power supply to the case and slide it out
of the drive bay. Set it down near the motherboard and connect the
SATA cable from the motherboard to the power supply. Connect the
power cable from the power supply to a wall outlet. Plug cable from the
computer's monitor into the corresponding port on the motherboard.
8. Remove the RAM modules and replace them with another set. Press
down the power button on the motherboard with a screwdriver or
another flat object. Wait to see if the computer loads up without error,
which will indicate that the problem is with the RAM modules instead
of with the motherboard.
9. Power the motherboard back off and replace the processor with a
different one. Turn the motherboard back on and see if the system boots
up normally, which will indicate a defective processor.
10. Turn the motherboard off and replace the video card with a
different one. Power the motherboard on and see if the system boots up,
which will indicate a defective video card.
11. Replace the motherboard if the system still will not boot up after all
of the other components have been checked. How to Know If a Sound
Card Is Bad

I want to do this!
You turn on your computer one morning, hoping to listen to the morning
news, but there's one tiny little problem. You're not getting any sound out
of the speakers. A few simple steps will determine what is wrong.

Instructions

Things You'll Need:

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 • Extra set of speakers
• Another computer
• Internet access

1. Try restarting the computer to see if it does it again. It may be a freak

incident.
2. If that doesn't work then check to make sure that
everything is plugged in and is turned on. This
includes checking the wires from the speakers to the
computer and making sure the speakers have power.
Also check to see if the volume isn't muted or turned
down extremely low.
3. Check to see if the driver is working. Click the start
menu, right click on the computer icon, and select
properties. On the left hand side under task select device
manager and select sound, video and games controller.
Double click on your sound device to bring up the
properties page. From here it will tell you if your sound
card is working properly or not. If it isn't try reinstalling
the sound card driver. If the sound card is not showing
up at all, then it might be defective.
4. The next step is to rule out the speakers. Either take them and hook
they up to another computer to see if they work or you can take different
speakers and hook it up to the computer to see if they work. If they do
work chances are the card is defective.
5. Before ruling out the sound card is toast, try rolling Windows back to
an earlier date by using System Restore which is located under
accessories > System Tools. Restore the computer to a few days before
the problem started to happen.

Self Check 4.4-1

TRUE OR FALSE: Write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is

False.

____1. It’s recommended that you should plug your computer and
monitor directly to a wall outlet.
____2. The motherboard is the backbone of your computer as it is the
piece that all of the other components are connected to.

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 ____3. If your computer will not boot up properly or power on at all the
problem may potentially lie with the keyboard.
____4. You must turn the computer off before removing any component
from the motherboard.
____5. The first step in troubleshooting your PC is to restart the system.

INFORMATION SHEET 4.4-2

Replacing or correcting defective components or parts
Learning
Objective:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to Replace

or correct defective components or parts.
Computer Parts Replacement
Replacing computer parts and peripherals you need to consider the
following factors:
1. Compatibility of the component or part
2. Consider the component specification
3. Components form factor

Compatibility of the Component

When replacing computer parts you should check if it is compatible with
your unit. Double check on your computer manual if the component you
are replacing is compatible or not with the unit because this may lead to
system crash.

Component Specification
This focuses on the specification of the component. Check if the voltage
rating, current rating, memory size and frequency matches your
computer unit.

Form factor
The components’ manufacturer should be considered. Check if the unit
you are trying to repair or upgrade is generic or branded units. Branded
units have their own set of components compatible only to their units,
while genetic types can be used only to generic type of units.

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List of Components Commonly Replaced in a Computer System

Memory- is technically any form of

electronic storage; it is used most
often to identify fast, temporary
forms of storage. It is commonly
called RAM (Random Access
Memory).

Video Cards- is also referred to as a graphics accelerator, is an item of

personal computer hardware whose function is to generate and output
images to a display.

Network Interface Card – is also known as LAN card. A PC interface to

network cabling. It is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow
computers to communicate over a computer network

Hard disk drive – is a fixed computer storage medium

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Motherboard – is also known as the mainboard. It contains circuits that
perform various functions.

Processor – is also known as CPU or the

Central Processing unit

General Safety Tips and Reminders

 Observe good housekeeping in the area of the machines during and

after maintenance.

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  Place removed covers and other parts in a safe place, away from all
personnel, while you are servicing the machine.

Dress for the Job

 Keep your tool case away from walk areas so that other people will
not trip over it.
 Do not wear loose clothing that can be trapped in the moving parts
of a machine. Ensure that your sleeves are fastened or rolled up
above your elbows. If your hair is long, use hair net or hair cap.
 Insert the ends of your necktie or scarf inside clothing or fasten it
with a nonconductive clip, approximately 3 inches from the end.

 Do not wear jewelry, chains, metal-frame eyeglasses, or metal

fasteners for your clothing.

Remember: Metal objects are good conductors

 After service, reinstall all safety shields, guards, labels, and ground
wires. Replace any safety device that is worn out or defective.
 Finally, reinstall all covers correctly before returning the unit to the
customers.

Electrical safety
Electric current from power, telephone, and communication cables can be
hazardous. To avoid personal injury or equipment damage, disconnect
the attached power cords, telecommunications systems, networks and
modems before you open the server/workstation covers, unless
instructed otherwise in the installation and configuration procedure.

Precautions
 Disconnect all power before:
Performing a mechanical inspection
Working near power supplies
Removing or installing main units
 Before starting work on the machine, unplug the power cord.
 Never assume that power has been disconnected from a circuit.
First, check that it has been powered-off.
 Always look carefully for possible hazards in your work
Moist floors
Non-grounded power extension cables Power surges.
 If an electrical accident occurs:

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 Use caution
Switch off power
Send another person to get medical aid

Safety Inspection Guide

1. These steps will help you to identify potentially unsafe conditions on

these products:
 Check exterior covers for damage (loose, broken, or sharp
edges)
 Power-off computer. Disconnect the power cord.
 The power cord should be the appropriate type.
 Insulation on the power cord must not be frayed or worn out.
 Remove the cover.
 Check for any obvious alteration. Use good judgment as to the
safety of any alterations.
 Check for worn out, frayed or pinched cables.
 Check that the power-supply cover fasteners
(screws or rivets) have not been removed or
tampered with.
Upgrading Your Computer Components

To upgrade means to change some parts with faster and

better performing ones. These parts may even cost less and
more powerful.

Commonly Upgraded Computer Parts:

Monitors- replaced old CRT monitors to new LCD

monitors.

Optical drives- old cd-rom drives are commonly

replaced with DVD-ROM and DVD writers.

Hard Drives- small capacity hard drives are replaced

with faster and high capacity hard drives.

Keyboards and mouse- keyboards and mouse are commonly replaced

with optical mouse and wireless keyboards.

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 upgrading the

RAM (Random Access Memory)-

computer’s memory or RAM speeds
up the performance of the computer

Video cards- upgrade computer’s

graphics card to improve the computers
performance in terms of graphics and
games.

Processors- replacing the possessors

increases the data processing speed.

Modem- installing a modem enables your computer to connect to the

internet.

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How to Speed up the Computer

1. Defragmenter utility: Automatically

analyzes the empty disk space on
the hard disk and defrag all
scattered files.

2. Shutdown Unnecessary programs:

Close all unwanted programs at the Windows startup and this will
automatically increase the
windows loading time and speed
of the computer will also be
increased.
Close the
unnecessary
programs

2. Increased memory: increasing the memory in the system will result

to exceptional speed of your computer.

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4. Disk Cleanup: You can
delete unwanted programs and
files from your computer and
this will be helpful in
increasing the speed.

5. Empty Recycle Bin: Delete all the files and

folders from the recycle bin and you will get the
space of C drive for reusability.

Memory Upgrade

To make your computer faster you can upgrade its memory, here are the
steps in upgrading your computers memory

1. Remove the memory modules from

the slot.

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2. In Fig 1.2 the notches we have
marked as A are used for the ejector clip
on the DIMM slot.

The notches we have marked as B are used

to align the memory module with the
DIMM slot key C as shown in Fig 1.3.

In Fig 1.3 you can see the ejector clips

(D), using your finger, push these into the
down position as shown in Fig 1.3 this allows the memory to be inserted.

3. Now you are ready to install the

module, ensuring the notches line up
with the keys gently but firmly push the
memory into the slot until it is seated
fully(see Fig 1.4), the
ejector clips should rise to the vertical position as shown in Fig 1.5.

4. Now your memory is installed. Be sure you haven't loosened any

cables while working and also ensure that the memory module is fully
seated and the ejector clips are in the vertical position.
Video card Upgrade

Installing the video card

Next take the video card (hold it by the edges) and line it up with the slot
paying careful attention to the alignment notch, when it is aligned
correctly press gently but firmly until the card is seated fully and evenly
into the slot (see fig 1.3).

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When you are happy that the card is firmly in place, insert the fixing
screw fig 1.4 and check to make sure you haven't loosened anything
during installation.

Replace the case cover and reconnect the mains power.

When you reboot your machine Windows (or other OS) should find the
card automatically, it may then ask you to insert the disk/CD that came
with your video card, insert the CD and follow the on-screen instructions
to install the video card driver.

Hard Drive Upgrade

The first thing to do (after removing the case covers) is to locate the drive
bay where the hard drive will go (see fig 1.3 below).

In our example in fig 1.3 above we

have a drive already in the bay so you
ca\n see more clearly where it should
be situated.

The next step is to attach the IDE and

power
cables.

In fig 1.4 below you can see a standard

IDE Cable, note there are 3
connections (notice the difference in
distance between the connectors),
connection A plugs into the
motherboard and then the slave and
master connections are used for IDE
devices such as hard drives, if you are
only installing one drive or the new drive is to be
the master then use the master connector,
if the drive is to be the slave then use the slave connector.
The IDE cable will be marked down one side with a red or black strip, this
denotes Pin 1, match this with the Pin 1 indicator on the back of the hard
drive.

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The power cable you will find in your case attached to your power supply.

Self-Check 2.3-1

Place your answer on a separate sheet.

1. Give the functions of each component.

1. Memory
2. Video card
3. NIC
4. Motherboard
5. HDD

2. Factors to consider when replacing a component.

1. 2.
3.

INFORMATION SHEET 4.4-3

Hardware & software configuration

Learning Objective:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to configure
computer hardware & software.

Computer configuration

In communications or computer systems, a configuration is an

arrangement of functional units according to their nature, number, and
chief characteristics. Often, configuration pertains to the choice of
hardware, software, firmware, and documentation. The configuration
affects system function and performance.

Hardware Configuration
Hardware configuration references the details and system resource
settings allotted for a specific device. Many computer specialists improve

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hardware performance by adjusting configurations, which may also
include settings for the motherboard and the BIOS, as well as the bus
speeds.

With newer technology, most computers have plug-and-play (PnP) allowing

the OS to detect and configure external and internal peripherals, as well
as most adaptors. PnP has the ability to locate and configure hardware
components without needing to reset jumpers and dual in-line package
(DIP) switches.
Each device has a hardware configuration setting, which may include the
following:

• Interrupt Request (IRQ) Lines: These are hardware interrupt lines,

which signal the CPU whena peripheral event has stopped or started.
• Direct Memory Access (DMA) Channels: This is a method for
transferring data from the main memory to a device without going
through the CPU.
• Input/Output Port: This connects the input and output devices to
the computer. There is amemory address for each port.
• Memory Address: There is a unique identifier used for each memory
location. The memoryaddress is typically a binary number, which is
numbered sequentially.
All hardware devices have configuration settings that can affect
performance and system function. Hardware configuration information
may include:

• Available memory
• Power management features
• Devices that are connected such as modems, disc drives and serial
ports

During power-on-self-test (POST), basic input/output system (BIOS)

searches system configurations to determine what devices are present and
how they interface with the CPU. After POST, when the computer and
system configurations are found, the CPU uses the information to process
instructions and data. Configuration information is stored in several ways
using DIP switches, jumpers and complementary metal oxide
semiconductors (CMOS).

Today most peripheral devices use PnP, which will auto-configure the
DMA, IRQ and I/O address. Older systems that do not have PnP require a
new device to be set by using jumpers or DIP switches.

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Using Msconfig to troubleshoot software issues in Windows 7
Msconfig helps Windows control the software that automatically
loads while Windows is starting. For troubleshooting purposes, use the
following steps to prevent all software programs from automatically
opening when Windows starts.

CAUTION:
Use the following steps to prevent all startup items from opening, including
antivirus software and other software that provides important functions.
Follow these steps for troubleshooting purposes only. If preventing all
startup items from loading resolves the problem, you can use the Startup
tab ( see following section) to prevent an individual software item from
loading.
1. Click Start, and then type msconfig into the Search box. Click
msconfig.
If you are prompted for an Administrator password or confirmation,
type the password or provide confirmation. Figure : Opening the
System Configuration tool The System Configuration tool displays.
2. Click the General tab.
3. Select Selective startup, and then remove the checkmark next to
Load startup items.

Click the Services tab.

4. Select Hide all Microsoft services, and then click the Disable all
button.

5. Click OK.
6. Restart the computer for the changes to take effect.
7. If you find the problem no longer occurs after you prevent all
software from loading, you can use the startup tab to try and find
the exact software title that is causing the problem. Select all but
one title from the startup tab and restart. Continue doing this,

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 deselecting software and restarting each time until the problem no
longer occurs. Uninstall or prevent software from loading that cause
problems.
8. When you have finished using the System Configuration tool, open
it again and select Normal startup. Click OK. Figure : General tab
Normal startup

Use the General tab to prevent specific software applications from opening
with Windows. The following selections are on the General tab:
• Normal startup - instructs Windows to open all software applications
that are normally scheduled to start with Windows.
• Diagnostic startup - starts Windows with basic services and drivers
only. With this mode, you can determine if a basic Window file is the
problem.
• Selective startup - allows you to choose which programs and
services you want to open, and which you want to keep from opening
at startup tab.

Boot tab
The Boot tab shows configuration options listed inside the system
information file. Some options in the Boot tab follow.
• Safe boot: Minimal - Disables networking. Boots to the Windows
user interface (Explorer) in safe mode, running critical system
services only.

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 • Safe boot: Alternate shell - Disables networking. Boots to the
command prompt in safe mode, running critical system services
only.
• Safe boot: Active Directory repair - Similar to minimal safe boot,
except the Active Directory is enabled.
• Safe boot: Network - Similar to a minimal safe boot, except the
network is enabled.
• No GUI boot - The Windows splash screen is disabled when booting
• Boot log - Stores all information from the boot process in a file.
• Base video - Boots to Windows user interface in minimal VGA mode.
• OS boot information - Shows each driver name as each driver is
loaded during the boot process.
• Make all boot settings permanent - Changes made in System
Configuration are not tracked. If you want to make changes later,
you will have to do so manually. Selecting Normal startup in the
General tab will not work if this feature is selected.
• Timeout field - Using Msconfig can cause the operating system
selection screen to display for thirty seconds; as a result, thirty
seconds is added to the overall startup time. To prevent the operating
selection screen from appearing for thirty seconds on startup,
change the timeout line in the Timeout field to zero.

Services tab
The Services tab lists the programs that start when Windows 7 starts, or
are run periodically by Windows. Enable or disable programs from starting
by checking or disabling the checkbox next to the program name.

Startup tab
The Startup tab lists software applications that open automatically after
Windows opens. It also shows their current status (Running or Stopped).
Disable individual software applications by removing the checkmark next
to the name and path.

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Do not disable the following startup items except for diagnostic purposes
only:

NOTE:
This list is not comprehensive. For a more thorough list of software tasks,
refer to Preventing Programs from Opening When Windows Starts.
• HD Audio Control Panel
• HP KBD EXE
• hp digital imaging - hp all-in-one series
• HPRun
• hpsysdrv
• HP Total Care Advisor
• Microsoft Windows Operating System
• NVIDIA products
• Symantec Technologies products

The following is a list of some of the types of software applications that

open from the Startup tab:
• Anti-virus software - Disable Anti-virus software only when
troubleshooting. Make sure to enable the Anti-virus software when
finished troubleshooting.
• Keyboard managers - Disable to prevent the extended multimedia
keys and volume control knob from working.
• Systems tray icons - Disable to prevent a software application tray
icon from displaying on the systems tray (next to the time).
Tools tab
The Tools tab lists diagnostic tools and other advanced tools you can run
to improve computer performance. To run a tool, select the tool from the
list and click the Launch button.
Figure : Tools tab

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 HOW TO ENABLE AND DISABLE THE ACTIVE DESKTOP
To enable the Active Desktop, right-click an empty area on the desktop,
point to Active Desktop, and then click View As Web Page (a check mark
appears). To disable the Active Desktop, click View As Web Page to clear
the check mark.

HOW TO ADD AN ACTIVE DESKTOP ITEM TO THE DESKTOP

An Active Desktop item is simply a Web page. It can contain active
content that can change, such as a stock ticker or a weather map. To add
an Active Desktop item, follow these steps:
1. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then
doubleclick Display.
2. Click the Web tab, and then click New.
3. If you want to use an Active Desktop item from the Desktop
Component Gallery on Microsoft's Web site, click Yes. If you want to
use a Web site as an Active Desktop item, click No, and then either
type the Web address for the Web site you want to use, or click
Browse to search your hard disk.

HOW TO MAKE A WEB PAGE THE DESKTOP WALLPAPER

To make a Web page the desktop wallpaper, follow these steps:
1. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then doubleclick
Display.
2. On the Background tab, click Browse.
3. In the Browse dialog box, click HTML Document.
4. Search for the .htm or .html file on your hard disk that you want to use,
and then click Open.
5. Click OK.
NOTE: You can also right-click any graphic in a Web page, and then click
Set As Wallpaper to make that graphic the desktop wallpaper.

HOW TO DELETE AN ACTIVE DESKTOP ITEM FROM THE DESKTOP

To delete an Active Desktop item, follow these steps:

1. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then doubleclick
Display.
2. Click the Web tab.
3. Click appropriate Web site, and then click Delete.
4. Click Yes to confirm deletion.
5. Click OK.

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NOTE: For Internet Explorer 4, this deletes all subscription content. For Internet
Explorer 5, this deletes all content from the "Items to Synchronize" box.
Customize your Windows 7 desktop

Personalize your desktop

The first you will want to do is personalize your

desktop. In other words, infuse your own
personality into the desktop you're working
with.

To change the
desktop background
and possibly the
theme, right-click on
the
desktop and choose
Personalize.

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Compared to Windows XP, the new menu is a little more cluttered, hence
more confusing, but after a moment or two, you'll get the idea what's
going on.

Themes

You can switch

between different themes,
Basic being the sickly blue
theme we're currently
using, Windows
Classic being the reliable, good
ole theme that you should be
using, plus a handful of other,
less common ones. You also get
numerous Aero themes if you
wish to use them.

Regardless of the theme you

choose, you can setup different Windows colors and backgrounds.

Window color and appearance

Let's say you want to use the Classic theme, just click and wait for the
colors to change. Then, if you want to add a little spice, you can change
the Windows Color.

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Setup desktop background
Windows 7 does have a nice gimmick of offering you a handful of pretty
images for the desktop background, including the ability to shuffle between
them at given intervals. It also lets you browse the collection based on
different search criteria, like all pictures, top rated, solid colors, etc.

After a few minutes, you'll have a decent

desktop to work with.

Taskbar & Start menu settings

Configuring the Taskbar and Start menu is

also quite important to many Windows users.
Fortunately, little has changed here, so you won't have to sweat your
fingers looking for the right way to get things done. You won't be able to
enjoy the classic view in the Start menu, it's gone. There's only this, I'm
afraid:

And the standard properties:

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One thing worth noting is the Aero Peek feature. For those who decide to
use the Aero, this allows you to see miniaturized contents of each open
window, similar to the Preview feature in Opera browser. I don't find this
very useful, but you may.
SELF-CHECK 4.4-3

Write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is False

________1. Configuration is an arrangement of functional units according

to their nature, number, and chief characteristics.
_______ 2. Many computer specialists improve hardware performance by
adjusting configurations, which may also include settings for
the motherboard and the BIOS, as well as the bus speeds.
_______ 3. All hardware devices don’t have configuration settings that can
affect performance and system function.
_______ 4. During power-on-self-test (POST), basic input/output system
(BIOS) searches system configurations to determine what
devices are present and how they interface with the CPU.
_______ 5. Ipconfig helps Windows control the software that automatically
loads while Windows is starting.

INFORMATION SHEET 4.5-1

Testing methods/procedures, Documentation and making reports
Learning
Objective:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to identify

testing methods/procedure and make documentations and reports.

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Checking the Maintained Computer Systems:

The effectiveness of checking maintained computers depends on the

quality of inspection. A quality inspection of computer systems must
include the following:

Powering On the Computer Testing all the

computers’ devices
Check if all the devices are working properly
 Monitor
 Keyboard
 Mouse
Checking the computers’ performance Check if the
computer is performing at its best Inspecting the cables
attached on the computer Check if the Cables are fixed properly
 Power Cables
 LAN Cables
 PS2 Cables
 USB Cables
 Monitor Cables

Reasons for Running Computer to Computer Communications:

The effectiveness of running computers to computer communications is

to make sure that the computers in a network is connected properly for
effective and easier sharing files and information. A quality inspection of
computer communications must include the following:
• Pinging - The ping command is the basic tool for testing
TCP/IP connectivity. It sends a special packet (called
ICMP Echo) to a particular IP address and looks for a
reply.

• Determining TCP/IP Settings - TCP/IP settings that

are used in network settings are:

 IP Address – Unique address assigned to a

network adapter. A computer with multiple

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 network adapters has an IP address for each
one, and each one must be in a different subnet.

 Subnet Mask – Used in conjunction with the IP

address to determine which subnet an adapter
belongs to.

 Default Gateway - IP address of a computer or

router, on one of this computer’s local area
networks, that knows how to communicate with
subnets not present on this computer.

 DHCP Server – If an adapter is configured to

obtain an IP address automatically, this is the
address of the server that provides it.

• DNS Servers – IP address of one or more Domain Name

Server computers.
Burn In - To run a system or device for a period of time to ensure
that all components are working properly.

- The intention is to detect those particular components

that would fail as a result of the initial, high-failure rate
portion of the bathtub curve of component reliability. If
the burn-in period is made sufficiently long (and,
perhaps, artificially stressful), the system can then be
trusted to be mostly free of further early failures once the
burn-in process is complete.

Bathtub Curve - An equipment failure-rate curve with an initial

sharply declining failure rate, followed by a prolonged
constant-average failure rate, after which the failure rate
again increases sharply.
REPORT - Is a piece of information describing, or an account of
certain events given or presented to someone.

Importance of Making a Report - It enables you to practice your

skills of presentation, argument, evaluation, and
calculation, and provides a permanent record of your
work.

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 Self Check 4.5-1
TRUE OR FALSE: Write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is
false.

____1. The effectiveness of checking maintained computers depends on

the quality of inspection.

____2. The effectiveness of running computers to computer

communications is to make sure that the computers in a
network is connected properly for effective and easier sharing
files and information.

____3. The cmd command is the basic tool for testing TCP/IP
connectivity.

____4. User account is unique address assigned to a network adapter.

____5. Burn in is to run a system or device for a period of time to ensure
that all components are working properly.

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