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Unit 1 - General Overview of Optical Fibre Communication Systems

This document provides a general overview of optical fiber communication systems. It discusses how light propagates through optical fibers via total internal reflection. It describes the different components of fiber-optic systems including the optical fiber cable, sources, detectors, and various fiber types. The key benefits of optical fiber systems are their immense bandwidth, electrical isolation, low transmission losses, small size, high security, and immunity to interference. Optical fiber communication has applications in telecommunications networks, military systems, and connecting computers.

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87 views

Unit 1 - General Overview of Optical Fibre Communication Systems

This document provides a general overview of optical fiber communication systems. It discusses how light propagates through optical fibers via total internal reflection. It describes the different components of fiber-optic systems including the optical fiber cable, sources, detectors, and various fiber types. The key benefits of optical fiber systems are their immense bandwidth, electrical isolation, low transmission losses, small size, high security, and immunity to interference. Optical fiber communication has applications in telecommunications networks, military systems, and connecting computers.

Uploaded by

Leo Hambirepi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BSC HON ELECTRONICS

& TELECOMMUNICATIONS
TECHNOLOGY (HETT)

HETT401: Optical Network


Design and Transport
(Optical Transport Networks)

Prof E. Mashonjowa
Dept of Space Science & Applied Physics, UZ
UNIT 1
General Overview of Optical Fibre Communication
System
INTRODUCTION:

 Fiber-optic communication is a method


of transmitting information from one place to
another by sending pulses of light through an
optical fiber.
 The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave
that is modulated to carry information.
 Optical Fibre - An optical fibre is a dielectric wave
guide that operates at optical frequencies.
 This fibre wave guide is normally cylindrical in form.
 Function - It confines electro magnetic energy in the
3
form of light to within its surfaces and guides the
light in a direction parallel to its axis.
INTRODUCTION:
HOW IS LIGHT PROPAGATED
THROUGH A FIBRE?
 When the light ray is incident on the interface between two
medium having different indices at an angle greater than
critical angle, the light gets totally internally reflected within
the medium of higher refractive index.

4
INTRODUCTION
 Refractive Index:
 The refractive index of a medium is defined as the
ratio of velocity of light in vacuum to the velocity of
light in the medium.

5
INTRODUCTION

6
INTRODUCTION
CONDITIONS TO ACHIEVE TOTAL
INTERNAL REFLECTION

 The phenomenon of total internal


reflection occurs at the interface between
two dielectrics of different refractive
indices only when:
 Light is incident on the dielectric of lower
index from the dielectric of higher index.
 The angle of incidence exceeds the critical
value.
FIBER-OPTIC CABLE
 It is made of glass or plastic and transmits signals in the form
of light
 If a ray of light traveling through one substance and enters
another (more or less dense), the ray changes directions

 Optical fibers use reflection to guide light through a channel


9
FIBER-OPTIC CABLE

 Glass or plastic core is surrounded by a cladding of less dense


glass or plastic
PROPAGATION MODES
 Current technology supports two modes (multimode and single
mode) for propagating light along optical channels
 Multimode: multiple beams from a light source move through the
core in different paths
 Multimode can be implemented in two forms:
 Step-index
 Graded-index
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FIBRES AND
THEIR PROPERTIES

 Based on fibers used in communication


they are classified into:
1. Step index fibre
a. Single mode
b. Multimode
2. Graded index fiber
a. Multimode
1. STEP INDEX FIBRE
§ The refractive index of core is maximum and constant
throughout the core.
§ There is a stepwise decrease of refractive index in
cladding.
§ The refractive index of cladding is given by:

�2 = �1 (1 − ∆)
n1 = the refractive index of core
 = relative refractive index difference between
core and cladding
�1 − �2 13
∆ =
�1
STEP INDEX SINGLE MODE FIBRE
 The difference between refractive indices of core and
cladding is very small.
 Its core diameter is also very small.

 It has low attenuation and very high bandwidth.

 It has low numerical aperture (NA).

 So these are used in long distance communication.


STEP INDEX MULTIMODE FIBRE
 The difference between refractive indices of core and
cladding is high
 Its core has large diameter

 It is used in short distance communication because


attenuation is high
2. GRADED INDEX FIBRE
 The refractive index of core varies parabolically such
that its maximum at the core axis and minimum at the
core cladding boundary.
2. GRADED INDEX FIBRE
 The refractive index of a graded index fiber is given by:

Where:
r = radial distance from the fibre axis
a = core radius
n2 = refractive index of cladding
Δ = relative refractive index difference
α = profile parameter which gives the characteristics refractive index
profile of the fiber core. 2 2
�1 − �2
� =
2�21

If:
 = infinity, step index profile; n(r) = n1
α= 2: parabolic profile
α= 1: triangular profile
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PROPAGATION MODES
20
FIBER SIZES

 By the ratio of the diameter of their core to the diameter of


their cladding [micrometers]
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF OPTICAL FIBRE
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (OFCS)
§ Like all other communication system, the primary
objective of optical fiber communication system also is to
transfer the signal containing information (voice, data,
video) from the source to the destination.
§ The general block diagram of optical fiber communication
system is shown in the figure below.

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PRIMARY ELEMENTS OF OPTICAL
FIBER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

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BENEFITS OF OFCS
 Some of the innumerable benefits of optical fibre
communication systems are:
1. Immense bandwidth to utilize

2. Total electrical isolation in the transmission


medium
3. Very low transmission loss

4. Small size and light weight

5. High signal security

6. Immunity to interference and crosstalk

7. Very low power consumption and wide scope of


system expansion, etc. 24
APPLICATIONS
 Due to its variety of advantages optical fibre
communication systems have a wide range of
application in different fields namely:
1. Public network field which includes trunk networks,
junction networks, local access networks,
submerged systems, synchronous systems etc.
2. Field of military applications
3. Civil, consumer and industrial applications
4. Field of computers which is the center of research
right now.

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CONCLUSION
 Although there are some negatives of optical
fibre communication system in terms of fragility,
splicing, coupling, set up expense etc., it is an
un avoidable fact that optical fiber has
revolutionized the field of communication.
 As soon as computers will be capable of
processing optical signals, OFCS will take over
the total arena of communication...

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