EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO

COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
City of Dasmariñas,Cavite City of Dasmariñas,Cavite City of Dasmariñas,Cavite

Velocity Distribution in Open Channel Alternate stages of flow

The velocity Distribution in wide open channels It appears in the curve that, within limits ( from 0 to H), there are two depths at which any
Non uniform flow open channel & is given by the expression. given discharge will flow with the same energy content. These two depths are called alternate
stages and are spoken as the tranquil or upper stage and the rapid or lower stage.
Hydraulic Jump On the upper stage, the Froude number FN < 1, while on the lower stage FN > 1.0.

Where:
y = depth of water in channel in m
u = velocity at a distance from channel bed
K = von Karman constant, having a value of 0.40 for clear water. (for sediment laden
Reference:
water its value may be a low a 0.20)
- Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics 4th Edition by Gillesania v = mean velocity of flow
- Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Crow, Elger, Williams & Roberson S = Slope of the EGL

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
City of Dasmariñas,Cavite City of Dasmariñas,Cavite City of Dasmariñas,Cavite

Velocity Distribution in Open Channel Alternate stages of flow Froude Number

In an open channel flow, velocity distribution is non-uniform which means velocity is The ratio of the Inertia force to dravity For rectangular channel, L = depth of flow d.
different at different depths. force and is given by the expression:

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
City of Dasmariñas,Cavite City of Dasmariñas,Cavite City of Dasmariñas,Cavite

Velocity Distribution in Open Channel Alternate stages of flow Critical depth

Velocity distribution in open channels is mainly depends upon the following factors. The channel sown in the figure below carries a water at a depth of d and a mean velocity of V. From the figure shown there is a certain depth dc that for a given total specific total
1. Shape of the Channel Section 3. Roughness of Channel The total specific energy in the channel is H = V2/2g + d. energy H, the discharge is maximum, This depth is called the critical depth and is defined
Solving for V, as the depth at which for a givn total head, the discharge is maximum, or conversely, the
and the discharge is, depth at which for given flow, the specific energy is minimum. Its value can be obtained
If the equation will be plotted (as shown in the Figure at the right side), it can be seen that by differentiating the following equation.
when d = 0, Q = 0 and when d = H, Q = 0 and by substituting values of d in terms of d in terms
of H we can establish a curve.

2 Roughness of Channel 4. Slope of Channel bed

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

 EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
City of Dasmariñas,Cavite City of Dasmariñas,Cavite City of Dasmariñas,Cavite

Critical depth Critical Depth on Any Section Non- o)

Critical Depth on Rectangular Section Critical Depth on Any Section From the figure shown:
For rectangular channel, the discharge per meter width can be expressed as: For any section, the critical depth can be
computed by the following derived formula:

Where:
q = unit flow in m3/s per meter
width of canal = vd
q = Q/b
Q = total flow in m3/s Where: H = specific Energy
b = channel width in m With Q as constant H = V2/2g + d
L = length of reach
So = slope of channel bed
S1 & S2 = Slope of the energy
grade line at sections 1 & 2,
respectively, computed using
formula
VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
City of Dasmariñas,Cavite City of Dasmariñas,Cavite City of Dasmariñas,Cavite

Critical depth Critical Depth on Any Section Hydraulic Jump

Critical Depth on Rectangular Section Critical Depth on Any Section Hydraulic jump is an abrupt increase in depth of rapidly flowing water.
For rectangular channel, the discharge per meter width can be expressed as: For any section, the critical depth can be Flow at the jump changes from a supercritical to a subcritical stage with an accompanying
computed by the following derived formula: loss of kinetic energy.
From the figure shown, dA = Bxdd and dA/dd = B, A hydraulic jump is the only means by which the depth of flow can change from less than
then; critical to greater than critical to a uniform channel.

Where A and/or B, if variable, must be expressed

Squaring both side: in terms of d.

The critical velocity

This shows that the Froude number fro Vc in irregular
critical depth is equal to 1 channel can be taken
by replacing Q = AcVc.
VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
City of Dasmariñas,Cavite City of Dasmariñas,Cavite City of Dasmariñas,Cavite

Critical Slope Non- o) Hydraulic Jump

Critical Slope Uniform flow rarely occurs in Consider that in a short interval of
Critical slope is that channel slope for a particular natural streams because of changes time, the mass m shown in Figure
channel and discharge, at which the normal depth in depth, width and slope along the 8-2 moves from section 1 to
for uniform flow will be the same as the critical channel. section 2. In changing positions,
depth. The manning equaiton for uniform the water losses momentum. The
Critical slope varies with both the roughness and flow can be applied to non-uniform unbalanced force (F2 F1) must be
geometric shape of the channel and with the flow with accuracy dependent on equal to the rate of change of
discharge. the length of reach L taken. momentum F.
The slope required to give uniform flow at critical Thus a long stream should be
depth is known as the critical slope Sc. The divided into several reaches of
equation for critical slope for a wide rectangular varying length such that the change
channel is: in depth is roughly the same within Where F1 and f2 is the total hydrostatic pressure
each reach. acting on areas 1 and 2 respectively,
But Vol/t = Q, then:

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

 EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
City of Dasmariñas,Cavite City of Dasmariñas,Cavite City of Dasmariñas,Cavite

Hydraulic Jump Problem #1 Problem #4

Find the flow in a 15m wide rectangular channel for which the critical depth is 3m. Water is moving in a 5 m wide rectangular channel at a depth of 1.0m and a Froude number
FN = . If the water undergoes a jump, what is the (a) depth of flow and (b) Froude
Solution:
number after the jump?
Where F1 and f2 is the total hydrostatic The critical depth for rectangular channel is:
Solution:
pressure acting on areas 1 and 2 respectively,
(a) Then;
Replacing these quantities with and

For rectangular sections:

Where q = unit flow = Q/b or Q = qb

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
City of Dasmariñas,Cavite City of Dasmariñas,Cavite City of Dasmariñas,Cavite

Hydraulic Jump Problem #2 Problem #4

Determine the critical depth in this trapezoidal Water is moving in a 5 m wide rectangular channel at a depth of 1.0m and a Froude number
channel for a discharge of 500 cfs. The width of the FN = . If the water undergoes a jump, what is the (a) depth of flow and (b) Froude
channel bottom is B = 20 ft, and the sides slope number after the jump?
This equation can be rearranged to give The head lost in the jump in rectangular upward at an angle of 45°. Solution:
an explicit expression for the depth section is: Solution: (b) Froude number after the jump:
before and after the jump as

Where:

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
City of Dasmariñas,Cavite City of Dasmariñas,Cavite City of Dasmariñas,Cavite

Flow Around Channel Bends Problem #3

Because of the inability of liquids to resist shearing stress the free surface of a steady Water is flowing in a 3m wide rectangular channel at a depth of 360mm. A hydraulic jump
uniform flow is always normal to the resultant of the forces acting on the water. occurs and the depth of water downstream from the jump is 1300mm. Determine the
When water flows in a curved path, its surface assumes a position normal to the resultant discharge.
of the forces of gravity and radial acceleration. Solution:
For rectangular channel:
Thank you for listening
God Bless

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE