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ENGG 3410 Tutorial 1

The document provides an overview of partial fraction decomposition and its use in simplifying transfer functions for analysis in the Laplace domain. It includes an example of decomposing a transfer function into partial fractions and finding the inverse Laplace transform to convert back to the time domain. Key steps covered are decomposing fractions with repeated factors, separating transfer functions with non-factorable denominators, and using common Laplace transform pairs to take the inverse transform.

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87 views

ENGG 3410 Tutorial 1

The document provides an overview of partial fraction decomposition and its use in simplifying transfer functions for analysis in the Laplace domain. It includes an example of decomposing a transfer function into partial fractions and finding the inverse Laplace transform to convert back to the time domain. Key steps covered are decomposing fractions with repeated factors, separating transfer functions with non-factorable denominators, and using common Laplace transform pairs to take the inverse transform.

Uploaded by

ali
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Tutorial 1: Partial Fractions and Laplace Review

Differentiation and integration become much more simple in the frequency domain (Both become
multiplications of s and 1s , respectively). We are going to be working with many transfer functions
in this course. The Laplace Transform will be used to convert time domain equations into the
frequency domain and create transfer functions. At times, we also need to use Partial Fraction
Decomposition and the Inverse Laplace Transform to convert back into the time domain for
analysis.
1. Use partial fractions to simplify the following.
a.
s+3
H(s) =
s3 + 7s2 + 10s
k1 k2 k3
= + +
s s+2 s+5

Solve for constants, k.



s+3 3 3
k1 = = =
(s + 2)(s + 5) s→0 2 ∗ 5 10
s+3 1 −1
k2 = = =
(s)(s + 5) s→−2 −2 ∗ 3 6
s+3 −2 −2
k3 = = =
(s)(s + 2) s→−5 −5 ∗ −3 15

Plug in constants.
3 −1 −2
s+3 10 6 15
= + +
s3 + 7s2 + 10s s s+2 s+5

b.
s+3
H(s) =
(s + 2)(s + 1)2
Here we have a repeated factor of (s+1). Note how this is handled.
k1 k2 k3
H(s) = + +
s + 2 s + 1 (s + 1)2
k1 k2 k3
s + 3 = (s + 2)(s + 1)2 ∗ ( + + )
s + 2 s + 1 (s + 1)2
= k1 (s + 1)2 + k2 (s + 2)(s + 1) + k3 (s + 2)
= k1 (s2 + 2s + 1) + k2 (s2 + 3s + 2) + k3 (s + 2)

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Solve for coefficients of powers of s.

s2 : 0 = k1 + k2
s1 : 1 = 2k1 + 3k2 + k3
s0 : 3 = k1 + 2k2 + 2k3

Now use substitution, elimination, etc. to solve for variables.

k1 = −k2
1 = 2(−k2 ) + 3(k2 ) + k3 =⇒ k3 = 1 − k2
3 = (−k2 ) + 2k2 + 2(1 − k2 ) =⇒ k2 = −1
k1 = −k2 = 1
k3 = 1 − k2 = 2

Plug back in.


1 −1 2
H(s) = + +
s + 2 s + 1 (s + 1)2
2. Find the Laplace Transform of the following.
2s − 8
H(s) =
s2 − 5s + 6

k1 k2
= +
s−2 s−3
2s − 8 = k1 (s − 3) + k2 (s − 2)
s1 : 2 = k1 + k2
s0 : −8 = −3k1 − 2k2
k2 = −2
k1 = 4
4 −2
H(s) = +
s−2 s−3

Take L−1 using Table 2.1 and find:

h(t) = 4e2t − 2e3t

Notes:

• L−1 of k
s+a
= ke−at used above is very common.

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• For non-factorable repeated factors, e.g. (s2 + 1)2 , we decompose the fraction into

k1 s + k2 k3 s + k4
+ 2
(s + 1) (s + 1)2
2

• For second order systems (s2 term in the denominator) where we cannot factor the denom-
inator and there is an s in the numerator
s+c
s2 + cs + d
s+1
where c and d are constants, e.g. s2 +s+3
.

You can separate this into two separate fractions, splitting the c constant in half:

s + (c/2) (c/2)
2
+ 2
s + cs + d s + cs + d
and then tweak the constants and complete the square to get the target forms of:
s+a ω
and
(s + a)2 + ω 2 (s + a)2 + ω 2
Taking the inverse Laplace will provide you with exponentials, sines, and cosines. You
may factor out numbers as necessary when tweaking your constants to get the target forms.
Usually you would end up with an extra constant factor in front of each fraction. (See
Homework 3, Question 3).

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