Double integrals: solved exercises

Exercise 1. Compute the following double integrals:

Z n o
a) xy dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 ;
A

1
Z n o
2
b) 2
dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R : 3 ≤ x ≤ 4, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2 ;
A (x + y)
Z n o
2x2 + 3y dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x2 ≤ y ≤ 1 ;


c)
A
Z n o
d) (y − 2x) dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 − y ;
A
Z n o
e) xy dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y 2 ≤ x ≤ 1 + y ;
A

√ o
Z n
f) (x + y) dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 2y 3 ≤ x ≤ 2 y ;
A

sin y
Z n o
g) dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ π, x ≤ y ≤ π ;
A y
Z n o
h) (x + 2y) dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, min{x2 , x} ≤ y ≤ max{x2 , x} ;
A
 
2 2x − 1 x+1
Z
2
i) (x, y) ∈ R : x ≥ 1,
dx dy, A = ≤y≤ ;
A x y2 x x
8x √
Z n o
j) dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : y ≤x≤2−y ;
A y−4
Z n o
k) 3x dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : (x − 1)2 + y 2 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x ;
A
 
1
Z
2 2

2
l) x y −x dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R : |x| ≤ y ≤ x + 3 .
A 2

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2 Double integrals: solved exercises

Exercise 2. First draw the integration domain, then compute the following double integrals:
Z n o
a) y 2 dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1, y ≥ 0 ;
A
Z n o
x2 + y 2 dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x ;


b)
A
Z n o
c) x2 dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 1 ≤ x2 + y 2 ≤ 4, y ≥ 0 ;
A
Z n o
d) y dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 4x2 + 9y 2 ≤ 36, y ≥ 0 ;
A
Z n o
e) xy dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2y − y 2 ;
A
 
1
Z
2 2
f) y sin (πx) dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R : 0 ≤ y ≤ , y ≤ x ≤ y ;
A 2
Z n o
g) x cos y dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x2 ;
A
Z n o
h) x2 y 2 dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, x2 + y 2 ≥ 1 ;
A

y2
Z  
2 2 2 2 2
i) y dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R : x + y ≤ 4, x + ≥1 .
A 4

Exercise 3. Compute the following double integrals, using polar coordinates:

Z "Z √ 2 1
#
1−x
2 +y 2
a) ex dy dx;
−1 0
Z n o
2 −y 2
b) Ir = e−x dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 < r 2 . Then compute I = lim Ir .
A r→+∞
−x2 −y 2 −x2 −y 2
Note that e = e e ; use the previous results to prove that
Z +∞ √
2 π
e−x dx = ;
0 2
Z
c) x2 dx dy, where A is the circular annulus with centre (0, 0) and radii 1 and 2;
A
Z p
d) x2 + y 2 − 1 dx dy, where A is the circular annulus with centre (0, 0) and radii 1 and 3;
A
Z p
e) x2 + y 2 dx dy, where A is the circular sector with centre (0, 0) and radius 1, contained
A
in the first quadrant;
Z
f) xy dx dy, where A is the half-disk with centre (1, 0), radius 1 and y > 0;
A

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Double integrals: solved exercises 3

Z
g) x dx dy, where A is the half-disk with centre (0, 0), radius 1 and y > 0;
A
Z n o
h) x2 dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 ≤ 4 ;
A
"Z √ #
Z 1 1−x2
x2 + y 2


i) √ dy dx.
0 x−x2

Exercise 4. Compute the following double integrals, using the suggested changes of variables:
Z r  x 2  y 2   x 2  y 2 
2
a) 4− − dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R : + ≤1 ;
A a b a b
Set x = aρ cos ϑ, y = bρ sin ϑ.
Z   x 2  y 2 
b) (x2 − y) dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : + ≤1 ;
A 2 4
Set x = 2ρ cos ϑ, y = 4ρ sin ϑ.
 
1 1 1 y
Z
2
c) dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R : ≤ x + y ≤ a, ≤ ≤ b , con a, b > 0.
A xy a b x
y
Set u = x + y, v = .
x

Exercise 5. Compute the following double integrals:

Z n o
a) x sin |x2 − y| dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 ;
A
Z n o
b) |sin x − y| dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ π, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 .
A

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4 Double integrals: solved exercises

SOLUTIONS

Exercise 1.
Z n o
1a) Compute xy dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 .
A

Since A ia a rectangle (actually, a square) whose sides are

parallel to the x and y axes, and the integrand is the product 1
of a function of x and a function of y, we have
Z 1  Z 1   1  1 A
1 2 1 2 1
Z
xy dx dy = x dx y dy = x y = .
A 0 0 2 0 2 0 4
O 1 x

1
Z n o
2
1b) Compute dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R : 3 ≤ x ≤ 4, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2 .
A (x + y)2

Since A is a square, by reduction formulas (or Fubini’s the-

y
orem), we may integrate first woth respect to one of the two
variables; we choose to integrate first with respect to y:
Z 4 Z 2  2
1 1
Z
2
dx dy = 2
dy dx = A
A (x + y) 3 1 (x + y)
1
4 2 Z 4 
1 1 1
Z
= − dx = − dx =
3 x+y 1 3 x+1 x+2 O 3 4 x
h i4 25
= log |x + 1| − log |x + 2| = log .
3 24
Z n o
2x2 + 3y dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x2 ≤ y ≤ 1 .


1c) Compute
A

y
The set A is normal with respect to the y-axis; therefore,
Z Z 1 Z 1 
2

2

1
2x + 3y dx dy = 2x + 3y dy dx =
A 0 x2
A
1
3 2 1
 Z 1 
3 7 4
Z
2 2
= 2x y + y dx = 2x + − x dx = y = x2
0 2 x2 0 2 2
7 5 1 22
 
2 3 3
= x + x− x = .
3 2 10 0 15 O 1 x

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Double integrals: solved exercises 5

Z n o
1d) Compute (y − 2x) dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 − y . A is a
A
triangle, normal with respect to both axes. We choose to integrate first with respect to x:
y

Z Z 2 Z 2−y 
(y − 2x) dx dy = (y − 2x) dx dy =
A 0 0 2
Z 2h i2−y Z 2
xy − x2 −2y 2 + 6y − 4 dy =


= dy =
0 0 0
 2 A
2 3 2 4
= − y + 3y − 4y = − . O 2 x
3 0 3

Z n o
1e) Compute xy dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y 2 ≤ x ≤ 1 + y .
A

The set A is normal with respect to the x-axis: therefore,

we integrate first with respect to x. y
Z Z 1 Z 1+y  x = y2
xy dx dy = xy dx dy = 1
A 0 y2

1+y A x=1+y
1 1
x2

1
Z Z
−y 5 + y 3 + 2y 2 + y dy =


= y dy =
0 2 y2 2 0
1 O x
y6 y4 2 3 y2

1 5
= − + + y + = .
2 6 4 3 2 0 8

√ o
Z n
1f ) Compute (x + y) dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 2y 3 ≤ x ≤ 2 y .
A
√
We have that 2y 3 ≤ 2 y if and only if 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
n √ o
Hence the set A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 2y 3 ≤ x ≤ 2 y , is normal with respect to x.

y
Therefore,
√ ! x = 2y 3
Z Z 1 Z 2 y
(x + y) dx dy = (x + y) dx dy = 1
A 0 2y 3

1 2 2√y 1 √
x
Z Z
x=2 y

= + xy dy = 2y 3/2 + 2y − 2y 4 − 2y 6 dy = A
0 2 2y 3 0
 1
4 5/2 2 2 39
= y + y2 − y5 − y7 = . O 2 x
5 5 7 0 35

sin y
Z n o
1g) Compute dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ π, x ≤ y ≤ π .
A y

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6 Double integrals: solved exercises

A is normal with respect to both variables. However, it is not possible to compute the
sin y
primitive with respect to y, since is not integrable in terms of elementary functions.
y

Therefore we integrate first with respect to x:

Z π Z y 
sin y sin y π
Z
dx dy = dx dy =
A y 0 0 y
A
Z π h iπ
= sin y dy = − cos y = 2.
0 0
O π x

Z
1h) Compute (x + 2y) dx dy, where
A

n o
A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, min{x2 , x} ≤ y ≤ max{x2 , x} .

We may look at A as the intersection of the two sets

n o
A1 = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x2 ≤ y ≤ x , y
n o
A2 = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, x ≤ y ≤ x2 ,

whose intersection is a single point, and therefore has zero

measure. By additivity of domains, we may split the inte-
gral in the sum of two integrals:
Z Z Z
(x + 2y) dx dy = (x + 2y) dx dy+ (x + 2y) dx dy.
A A1 A2
A2
Both A1 and A2 are normal with respect to y.
We have
Z Z 1 Z x 
(x + 2y) dx dy = (x + 2y) dy dx = 1
A1 0 x2 A1
Z 1h ix Z 1
2
2x2 − x3 − x4 dx =


= xy + y 2
dx =
0 x 0
h2 x4 x5 i1 13 O 1 2 x
= x3 − − = ,
3 4 5 0 60

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Double integrals: solved exercises 7

and !
Z Z 2 Z x2 Z 2h ix 2
(x + 2y) dx dy = (x + 2y) dy dx = xy + y 2 dx =
A2 1 x 1 x

2 h 2 x4 x5 i2 317
Z
−2x2 + x3 + x4 dx = − x3 +


= + = .
1 3 4 5 1 60
Hence
13 317 11
Z
(x + 2y) dx dy = + = .
A 60 60 2
 
2 2x − 1 x+1
Z
2
1i) Compute dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R : x ≥ 1, ≤y≤ .
A x y2 x x
For x ≥ 1
2x − 1 x+1
≤ ⇐⇒ 2x − 1 ≤ x + 1 ⇐⇒ x ≤ 2.
x x
Hence
 
2 2x − 1 x+1
A = (x, y) ∈ R : 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, ≤y≤ .
x x
Since A is normal with respect to y, we have

2 x+1
!
2   x+1
2 2 1 1 x
Z Z Z Z
x
dx dy = dy dx = 2 − dx =
A x y2 1 2x−1 x y2 1 x y 2x−1
x x

2   2 
1 x x 1 1
Z Z
= −2 − dx = −2 − dx =
1 x x + 1 2x − 1 1 x + 1 2x − 1
 2
1
= −2 log |x + 1| − log |2x − 1| = log 4 − log 3.
2 1

8x √
Z n o
1j) Compute dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : y ≤x≤2−y ;
A y−4
√
We note that y ≤ x ≤ 2 − y if and only if 0 ≤ y ≤ 1. The set
n √ o
A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y ≤x≤2−y

is normal with respect to x. We get

!
1 2−y 1
8x 8x 4 h 2 i2−y
Z Z Z Z
dx dy = dx dy = x √ dy =
A y−4 0
√
y y−4 0 y−4 y

1 1
1 i1
Z Z h
y 2 − 5y + 4 dy = 4 (y − 1) dy = 2 (y − 1)2 = −2.


=4
0 y−4 0 0

Z n o
1k) Compute 3x dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : (x − 1)2 + y 2 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x .
A

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8 Double integrals: solved exercises

y
We note that e A = A1 ∪ A2 , where
n o
A1 = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y ≤ x ≤ 1 ,
n o 1
A2 = (x, y) ∈ R2 : (x − 1)2 + y 2 ≤ 1, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, y ≥ 0 .

Since the measure |A1 ∩ A2 | = 0, we have A1 A2

Z Z Z
3x dx dy = 3x dx dy + 3x dx dy. O 1 2 x
A A1 A2

Therefore
1
1 Z 1 1 1
1 3 1
  
1 2 3 3
Z Z Z Z
2
3x dx dy = 3 x dx dy = 3 x dy = (1−y ) dy = y− y = 1.
A1 0 y 0 2 y 2 0 2 3 0

To compute the integral over A2 , we use polar coordinates centered at (1, 0). Therefore, we
set 
x = 1 + ρ cos ϑ
ρ ≥ 0, 0 ≤ ϑ ≤ 2π.
y = ρ sin ϑ,

We have
Z Z Z
ρ + ρ2 cos ϑ dρ dϑ =


3x dx dy = 3 ρ(1 + ρ cos ϑ) dρ dϑ = 3
A2 A′2 A′2

con A′2 = [0, 1] × 0, π2 , e quindi si ottiene

 

" π
!# !
1 1
π 1 2 1 1 3 1h iπ
Z  Z    
π 3
Z
2
ρ2 dρ
2
=3 ρ dρ + cos ϑ dϑ =3 ρ + ρ sin ϑ = π+1.
2 0 0 0 2 2 0 3 0 0 4

Summing up,
3
Z Z Z
3x dx dy = 3x dx dy + 3x dx dy = π + 2.
A A1 A2 4
 
1
Z
2 2

2
1l) Compute x y −x dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R : |x| ≤ y ≤ x + 3 .
A 2

Remark that
y
 
2 1
A = (x, y) ∈ R : |x| ≤ y ≤ x + 3 = A1 ∪A2 ,
2

with
 
2 1 A1 A2
A1 = (x, y) ∈ R : −2 ≤ x ≤ 0, −x ≤ y ≤ x + 3 ,
2
 
1 O 6 x
A2 = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 6, x ≤ y ≤ x + 3 .
−2
2

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Double integrals: solved exercises 9

Since A1 and A2 are normal with respect to y and their intersection has zero measure, we get
Z Z Z
2 2 2 2
x y 2 − x2 dx dy =




x y − x dx dy = x y − x dx dy +
A A1 A2
1
! 1
!
Z 0 Z
2
x+3 Z 6 Z
2
x+3
xy 2 − x 3
xy 2 − x 3



= dy dx + dy dx =
−2 −x 0 x

0  1 x+3 Z 6  1 x+3
1 3 1 3
Z 2 2
3 3
= xy − x y dx + xy − x y dx =
−2 3 −x 0 3 x
Z 0"  3   #
1 1 3 1 1 4 4
= x x+3 −x x + 3 + x − x dx+
−2 3 2 2 3
Z 6 "  3   #
1 1 1 1
+ x x + 3 − x3 x + 3 − x4 + x4 dx =
0 3 2 2 3
Z 0  Z 6 
9 9 9 5 4 9 3 9 2
= − x4 − x3 + x2 + 9x dx + x − x + x + 9x dx =
−2 8 4 2 0 24 4 2
0
9 4 3 3 9 2 6 384
  
9 5 9 4 3 3 9 2 1 5
= − x − x + x + x + x − x + x + x = .
40 16 2 2 −2 24 16 2 2 0 5

Exercise 2.
Z n o
2a) Compute y 2 dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1, y ≥ 0 .
A
We use polar coordinates
(
x = ρ cos ϑ
ρ ≥ 0, ϑ ∈ [0, 2π]. y
y = ρ sin ϑ
1
Since x2 + y 2 = ρ2 , we have x2 + y 2 ≤ 1 if and only if
0 ≤ ρ ≤ 1, while y ≥ 0 if and only if sin ϑ ≥ 0, that is A
0 ≤ ϑ ≤ π. In the plane (ρ, ϑ) the integration domain is the
rectangle −1 O 1 x
n o
A′ = (ρ, ϑ) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 1, 0 ≤ ϑ ≤ π .

Since ρ is the absolute value of the determinant of the Jacobian matrix of the change coordi-
nates, we have
Z Z Z Z 1  Z π 
2 2 2 3 2 3 2
y dx dy = ρ sin ϑ ρ dρ dϑ = ρ sin ϑ dρ dϑ = ρ dρ sin ϑ dϑ =
A A′ A′ 0 0
 1  π
1 4 1 1 π π
= ρ (ϑ − sin ϑ cos ϑ) = · = .
4 0 2 0 4 2 8

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10 Double integrals: solved exercises

Z n o
x2 + y 2 dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x .


2b) Compute
A
We use polar coordinates
(
x = ρ cos ϑ y
ρ ≥ 0, ϑ ∈ [0, 2π].
y = ρ sin ϑ
We have that x2 + y 2 ≤ 1 if and only if 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 1, x2 + y 2 = 1

x
=
while 0 ≤ y ≤ x if and only if 0 ≤ sin ϑ ≤ cos ϑ,

y
that is 0 ≤ ϑ ≤ π/4. The integration domain in the A
plane(ρ, ϑ) is the rectangle
O 1 x
n πo
A′ = (ρ, ϑ) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 1, 0 ≤ ϑ ≤ .
4

Since ρ is the absolute value of the determinant of the Jacobian matrix of the change coordi-
nates, we have
! 1
Z 1  Z π/4 
1 4 π π
Z Z
2 2 2 3


x +y dx dy = ρ ρ dρ dϑ = ρ dρ 1 dϑ = ρ = .
A A′ 0 0 4 0 4 16

Z n o
2c) Compute x2 dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 1 ≤ x2 + y 2 ≤ 4, y ≥ 0 .
A
We use polar coordinates
(
x = ρ cos ϑ
ρ ≥ 0, ϑ ∈ [0, 2π]. y
y = ρ sin ϑ
2
We have that 1 ≤ x2 + y 2 ≤ 4 if and only if 1 ≤ ρ ≤ 2, while
y ≥ 0 if and only if 0 ≤ ϑ ≤ π. The integration domain in A
1
the plane (ρ, ϑ) is the rectangle
n o −2 −1 O 1 2 x
A′ = (ρ, ϑ) ∈ R2 : 1 ≤ ρ ≤ 2, 0 ≤ ϑ ≤ π .

Since ρ is the absolute value of the determinant of the Jacobian matrix of the change coordi-
nates, we have
Z Z Z Z 2  Z π 
2 2 2 3 2 3 2
x dx dy = ρ cos ϑ ρ dρ dϑ = ρ cos ϑ dρ dϑ = ρ dρ cos ϑ dϑ =
A A′ A′ 1 0

 2  π
1 4 1 15
= ρ (ϑ + sin ϑ cos ϑ) = π.
4 1 2 0 8
Z n o
2d) Compute y dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 4x2 + 9y 2 ≤ 36, y ≥ 0 .
A
To compute the integral, is useful to re-write the inequality defining A as

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Double integrals: solved exercises 11

4x2 9y 2 y
+ ≤ 1.
36 36 x2
+ y2
=1
32 22
Hence 2
x2 y 2
+ 2 ≤ 1.
32 2 A
A is the part of the ellipse with centre at the origin and
−3 O 3 x
semi-axes a = 3 and b = 2 contained in the half-plane y ≥ 0.

Thus we use elliptic polar coordinates

(
x = 3ρ cos ϑ
ρ ≥ 0, ϑ ∈ [0, 2π].
y = 2ρ sin ϑ

In the plane (ρ, ϑ) the integration domain is the rectangle

n o
A′ = (ρ, ϑ) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 1, 0 ≤ ϑ ≤ π .

Since 6ρ is the absolute value of the determinant of the Jacobian matrix of the change coor-
dinates, we have
Z Z Z Z 1  Z π 
2 2
y dx dy = 2ρ sin ϑ 6ρ dρ dϑ = 12ρ sin ϑ dρ dϑ = 12 ρ dρ sin ϑ dϑ =
A A′ A′ 0 0
 1 h
1 3 iπ
= 12 ρ − cos ϑ = 8.
3 0 0

Z n o
2e) Compute xy dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2y − y 2 .
A

y
Since A is normal with respect to x, we have
2
2
!
Z Z Z 2 2y−y
xy dx dy = xy dx dy =
A 0 0
A
2 2y−y 2
!
2  2y−y2
1 2
Z Z Z
= y x dx dy = y x dy =
0 0 0 2 0
O x

2 2 2
1 4 y6 4 5

1 1 8
Z Z
2 4 3 3 5 4



= y 4y + y − 4y dy = 4y + y − 4y dy = y + − y = .
2 0 2 0 2 6 5 0 15
 
1
Z
2 2
2f ) Compute y sin (πx) dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R : 0 ≤ y ≤ , y ≤ x ≤ y .
A 2

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12 Double integrals: solved exercises

y
Since A is normal with respect to x, we have
1
Z Z
2
Z y 
y sin (πx) dx dy = y sin (πx) dx dy = 1
2
A 0 y2

1  y A
1
Z
2
= y − cos (πx) dy =
0 π y2
1
1
Z
2
h i
=− y cos (πy) − y cos (πy 2 ) dy =
π 0 O x

1 1 1 1
Z Z
p.p
since y cos (πy) dy = y sin (πy) − sin (πy) dy = y sin (πy) + 2 cos (πy) + c, c ∈ R,
π π π π
we get

 1 √ !
1 1 1 1 2
2 1 2 1 1
=− y sin (πy) + 2 cos (πy) − sin (πy ) = 2 + − .
π π π 2π 0 π 4 π 2

Z n o
2g) Compute x cos y dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x2 .
A

Since the integrand f (x, y) = x cos y is odd with respect to 1

x and the integration domain is symmetrical with respect

to the y-axis, we have A
Z
x cos y dx dy = 0.
A −1 O 1 x

Z n o
2h) Compute x2 y 2 dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, x2 + y 2 ≥ 1 .
A

We note that A = A1 \ A2 , where

n o
A1 = [0, 1] × [0, 1], A2 = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 < 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 .

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Double integrals: solved exercises 13

y y y

1 1 1
A
A1
A2

O 1 x O 1 x O 1 x

Hence Z Z Z
2 2 2 2
x y dx dy = x y dx dy − x2 y 2 dx dy =
A A1 A2
by using polar coordinate to parametrize A2 we get
Z Z
2 2
= x y dx dy − ρ5 sin2 ϑ cos2 ϑ dρ dϑ =
A1 =[0,1]×[0,1] A′2 =[0,1]×[0,π/2]
!
Z 1  Z 1  Z 1  Z π/2
1
= x2 dx y 2 dy − ρ5 dρ sin2 (2ϑ) dϑ =
0 0 0 0 4

1 3 1 1 3 1 1 6 1 1
       π/2
1 π
= x y − ρ (2ϑ − sin (2ϑ) cos (2ϑ)) = − .
3 0 3 0 6 0 16 0 9 96

y2
Z  
2 2 2 2 2
2i) Compute y dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R : x + y ≤ 4, x + ≥1 .
A 4
Note that A = A1 \ A2 , where
y2
n o  
2 2 2 2 2
A1 = (x, y) ∈ R : x + y ≤ 4 , A2 = (x, y) ∈ R : x + <1 .
4

y y y
2 2 2

A A1 A2

O
−2 −1 1 2 x −2 O 2 x −1 O 1 x

−2 −2 −2

Hence Z Z Z
2 2
y dx dy = y dx dy − y 2 dx dy =
A A1 A2
by using polar coordinates to parametrize A1 and elliptic polar coordinates to parametrize
A2 we get
Z Z
= ρ3 sin2 ϑ dρ dϑ − 8ρ3 sin2 ϑ dρ dϑ =
A′1 =[0,2]×[0,2π] A′2 =[0,1]×[0,2π]

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14 Double integrals: solved exercises

Z 2  Z 2π  Z 1  Z 2π 
3 2 3 2
= ρ dρ sin ϑ dϑ − 8 ρ dρ sin ϑ dϑ =
0 0 0 0
2  2π
1 4 1 1
    2π
1 4 1
= x (ϑ − sin ϑ cos ϑ) −8 ρ (ϑ − sin ϑ cos ϑ) = 2π.
4 0 2 0 4 0 2 0

Exercise 3.
"Z √ #
Z 1 1−x2
x2 +y 2
3a) Compute e dy dx.
−1 0

By using polar coordinates

(
x = ρ cos ϑ
ρ ≥ 0, ϑ ∈ [0, 2π],
y = ρ sin ϑ

y
the domain
1
n p o
A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x2
A
is transformed in the rectangle
n o
O 1 x
A′ = (ρ, ϑ) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 1, 0 ≤ ϑ ≤ π .
−1

Since ρ is the absolute value of the determinant of the Jacobian matrix of the change coordi-
nates, we have
Z 1  Z π   1
1 2 π
Z Z
x2 +y 2 ρ2 ρ2
e dx dy = ρe dρ dϑ = ρe dρ 1 dϑ = π eρ = (e − 1).
A A′ 0 0 2 0 2
Z n o
2 −y 2
3b) Compute Ir = e−x dx dy, with A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 < r 2 , e I = lim Ir .
A r→+∞

y
The integration domain is the punctured disk with centre r
at the origin and radius r. If we parametrize it in polar
coordinates we obtain A
Z Z r Z 2π 
−x2 −y 2 −ρ2 O r x
Ir = e dx dy = ρe dϑ dρ = −r
A 0 0
 r
1 2
 2

= −2π e−ρ = π 1 − e−r .
2 0 −r

Hence
 2

I = lim Ir = lim π 1 − e−r = π.
r→+∞ r→+∞

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Double integrals: solved exercises 15

Note that
Z Z Z  Z  Z 2
−x2 −y 2 −x2 −y 2 −x2 −y 2 −x2
2
e dx dy = e e dx dy = e dx e dy = e dx .
R R× R R R R
Z
2 −y 2
Since 2
e−x dx dy = I = lim Ir = π, we get that
R r→+∞

√
Z
2
e−x dx = π.
R
Hence √
+∞
1 π
Z Z
−x2 −x2
e dx = e dx = .
0 2 R 2
Z
3c) Compute x2 dx dy, where A is the circular annulus with centre at (0, 0) and radii 1 and 2.
A

By using polar coordinates, we get 2

Z Z
A
= x2 dx dy = ρ3 cos2 ϑ dρ dϑ =
A A′ =[1,2]×[0,2π] 1
O
Z 2  Z 2π 
3 2 −2 −1 1 2 x
= ρ dρ cos ϑ dϑ =
1 0 −1
 2  2π
1 4 1 15
= ρ (ϑ + sin ϑ cos ϑ) = π.
4 1 2 0 4 −2

Z p
3d) Compute x2 + y 2 − 1 dx dy, where A is the circular annulus with centre at (0, 0) and
A
radii 1 and 3.
y
3
By using polar coordinates, we get
A
Z p Z p
2 2
x + y − 1 dx dy = ρ ρ2 − 1 dρ dϑ =
A A′ =[1,3]×[0,2π] 1
O
Z 3 Z 3 1
p
1 −3 −1 3 x
= 2π ρ ρ2 − 1 dρ = π 2ρ ρ2 − 1 2 dρ = −1
1 1
3
32π √

2 2 3
=π (ρ − 1) 2 = 2.
3 1 3
−3

Z p
3e) Compute x2 + y 2 dx dy, where A is the circular sector with centre at (0, 0) and 1 con-
A
tained in the first quadrant.

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16 Double integrals: solved exercises

By using polar coordinates, we get

Z p Z
2 2
x + y dx dy = ρ2 dρ dϑ = 1
A A′ =[0,1]×[0,π/2]

1
π 1 3 1 π
 
π
Z
= ρ2 dρ = ρ = . A
2 0 2 3 0 6
O 1 x

Z
3f ) Compute xy dx dy, where A is the half-disk with centre at (1, 0), radius 1 and y > 0.
A

By using polar coordinates referred to (1, 0) we obtain y

(
x = 1 + ρ cos ϑ
ρ ≥ 0, ϑ ∈ [0, 2π].
y = ρ sin ϑ
A
Since ρ is the absolute value of the determinant of the Ja-
b

cobian matrix of the change coordinates, we have O 1 2 x

Z Z Z
2
ρ2 sin ϑ + ρ3 sin ϑ cos ϑ dρ dϑ =


xy dx dy = (1 + ρ cos ϑ)ρ sin ϑ dρ dϑ =
A A′ A′
where A′ = [0, 1] × [0, π]. We get
Z 1  Z π  Z 1  Z π 
= ρ2 dρ sin ϑ dϑ + ρ3 dρ sin ϑ cos ϑ dϑ =
0 0 0 0
 1 h  1  π
1 3 iπ 1 1 2
= ρ − cos ϑ + ρ4 sin2 ϑ = .
3 0 0 4 0 2 0 3
Z
3g) Compute x dx dy, where A is the half-disk with centre (0, 0), radius 1, with y > 0.
A

y
1
Since the integrand f (x, y) = x is odd in the x-variable and
the integration domain is symmetrical with respect to the
A
y- axis, we have Z
x dx dy = 0.
A −1 O 1 x

Z n o
3h) Compute x2 dx dy, A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 ≤ 4 .
A
By using polar coordinates we have
Z Z Z 2  Z 2π 
x2 dx dy = ρ3 cos2 ϑ dρ dϑ = ρ3 dρ cos2 ϑ dϑ =
A A′ =[0,2]×[0,2π] 0 0

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Double integrals: solved exercises 17

 2  2π
1 4 1
= ρ (ϑ + sin ϑ cos ϑ) = 4π.
4 0 2 0
"Z √ #
Z 1 1−x2
2 2


3i) Compute √ x +y dy dx.
0 x−x2

The integration domain is

n p p o
A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x − x2 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x2 .

Note that A = A1 \ A2 , where

n p o
A1 = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x2

e
n p o
A2 = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y < x − x2 .

y y y

1 1

A
A1
A2
b b

O 1 1 x O 1 x O 1 1 x
2 2

Hence Z Z Z
2 2 2 2
x2 + y 2 dx dy.




x +y dx dy = x +y dx dy −
A A1 A2
By using polar coordinates we get
1
π 1 4 1 π
 
π
Z Z Z
x2 + y 2 dx dy = ρ3 dρ dϑ = ρ3 dρ =


ρ =
A1 A′1 =[0,1]×[0, π2 ] 2 0 2 4 0 8
While Z Z
x2 + y 2 dx dy = ρ3 dρ dϑ =


A2 A′2
n π o
where A′2 = (ρ, ϑ) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ ϑ ≤ , 0 ≤ ρ ≤ cos ϑ
2
Z π Z cos ϑ Z π Z π
1 4 cos ϑ
 
2 2 1 2
= ρ3 dρ dϑ = ρ dϑ = cos4 ϑ dϑ =
0 0 0 4 0 4 0
Z π Z π 
1 2 1 2 1
= cos2 ϑ(1 − sin2 ϑ) dϑ = cos2 ϑ − sin2 (2ϑ) dϑ =
4 0 4 0 4
 π
1 1 1 2 3
= (ϑ + sin ϑ cos ϑ) − (2ϑ − sin (2ϑ) cos (2ϑ)) = π.
4 2 16 0 64
Thus
π 3 5
Z
x2 + y 2 dx dy = − π =


π.
A 8 64 64

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18 Double integrals: solved exercises

Exercise 4.
Z r  x 2  y 2   x 2  y 2 
2
4a) Compute 4− − dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R : + ≤1 .
A a b a b
As suggested, we use the elliptic polar coordinates x = aρ cos ϑ, y = bρ sin ϑ. Since the abso-
lute value of the determinant of the jacobian matrix of this transformation is abρ, we have
Z r  x 2  y 2 Z p Z 1 p
4− − dx dy = 2
abρ 4 − ρ dρ dϑ = 2πab ρ 4 − ρ2 dρ =
A a b A′ =[a,b]×[0,2π] 0
1
√
  
1 2 23 16
= 2πab − (4 − ρ ) = πab −2 3 .
3 0 3
Z   x 2  y 2 
2 2
4b) Compute (x − y) dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R : + ≤1 .
A 2 4
As suggested, we use the elliptic polar coordinates x = 2ρ cos ϑ, y = 4ρ sin ϑ. Since the abso-
lute value of the determinant of the jacobian matrix of this transformation is 8ρ, we have
Z Z
(x2 − y) dx dy = 8ρ 4ρ2 cos2 ϑ − 4ρ sin ϑ dρ dϑ =


A A′ =[0,1]×[0,2π]
Z 1  Z 2π  Z 1  Z 2π 
3 2 2
= 32 ρ dρ cos ϑ dϑ − ρ dρ sin ϑ dϑ =
0 0 0 0
1  2π 
1 3 1h
 
1 1 i2π
= 32 ρ4 (ϑ + sin ϑ cos ϑ) − ρ − cos ϑ) = 8π.
4 0 2 0 3 0 0
 
1 1 1 y
Z
4c) Compute dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : ≤ x + y ≤ a, ≤ ≤ b , with a, b > 0.
A xy a b x
y
As suggested, we use the change of coordinates u = x + y, v = . Since
x
u uv
x= y= ,
v+1 v+1
the determinant of the Jacobian matrix is
 1 u
 
−

2
 
v + 1 (v + 1)  u uv u

 v = + = .
 u  (v + 1)
 3 (v + 1)3 (v + 1)2
v + 1 (v + 1)2 
n o
Furthermore, the set A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : a1 ≤ x + y ≤ a, 1b ≤ xy ≤ b is changed in the set
 
′ 2 1 1
A = (u, v) ∈ R : ≤ u ≤ a, ≤v≤b .
a b
Hence
1 u (v + 1)2 1
Z Z Z
dx dy = 2 2
du dv = du dv =
A xy A′ (v + 1) u v A′ uv
Z a ! Z !
b
1 1 h ia h ib
= du dv = log u log v = 4 log a log b.
1 u 1 v 1/a 1/b
a b

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Double integrals: solved exercises 19

Exercise 5.
Z n o
5a) Compute x sin |x2 − y| dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 .
A

Since (
sin(x2 − y) se y ≤ x2 y
sin |x2 − y| =
sin(y − x2 ) se y > x2 ,
by additivity of domains we have
1
Z Z Z
2 2
x sin |x −y| dx dy = x sin(x −y) dx dy+ x sin(y−x2 ) dx dy, A2
A A1 A2

where
A1
n o
A1 = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x2 ,
O 1 x
n o
A2 = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x2 ≤ y ≤ 1 .

We integrate first with respect to y:

!
Z Z 1 Z x2 Z 1 h i x2
2 2
x sin(x − y) dx dy = x sin(x − y) dy dx = x cos(x2 − y) dx =
A1 0 0 0 0

Z 1 h x2 1 i1 1 1
x − x cos(x2 ) dx = − sin(x2 ) = − sin 1,

=
0 2 2 0 2 2
and
Z Z 1 Z 1  Z 1 h i1
2 2
x sin(y − x ) dx dy, = x sin(y − x ) dy dx = x − cos(y − x2 ) 2 =
A2 0 x2 0 x
Z 1 h x2 1 i1 1 1
x − x cos(1 − x2 ) dx = + sin(1 − x2 ) = − sin 1.

=
0 2 2 0 2 2
Hence
1 1 1 1
Z
x sin |x2 − y| dx dy =
− sin 1 + − sin 1 = 1 − sin 1.
A 2 2 2 2
Z n o
5b) Compute |sin x − y| dx dy, where A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ π, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 .
A

y
A2
1
Since (
sin x − y if y ≤ sin x
| sin x − y| =
y − sin x if y > sin x, A1

O π x

by additivty of domains we get

Z Z Z
| sin x − y| dx dy = (sin x − y) dx dy + (y − sin x) dx dy,
A A1 A2

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20 Double integrals: solved exercises

where
n o
A1 = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ π, 0 ≤ y ≤ sin x ,
n o
A2 = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ π, sin x ≤ y ≤ 1 .

We integrate first with respect to y; we get

Z π Z sin x π
y 2 isin x
Z  Z h
(sin x − y) dx dy = (sin x − y) dy dx = y sin x − dx =
A1 0 0 0 2 0

1
Z
since sin2 x dx = (x − sin x cos x) + c, c ∈ R, we obtain
2
1 π 2 1 h1 iπ π
Z
= sin x dx = (x − sin x cos x) = ,
2 0 2 2 0 4

and
Z Z π Z 1  Z π h y2 i1
(y − sin x) dx dy = (y − sin x) dy dx = − y sin x dx =
A2 0 sin x 0 2 sin x

π  
1 1 h1 1 iπ 3
Z
= sin2 x − sin x + dx = (x − sin x cos x) + cos x + x = π − 2.
0 2 2 4 2 0 4
Therefore
π 3
Z
| sin x − y| dx dy = + π − 2 = π − 2.
A 4 4

c 2018 Politecnico di Torino