PPL FINAL SOLUTION

SPRING 2014

Phạm Tuấn Anh

2c12

Hanoi University
Part I: multiple choice questions

This part has 3 questions. Each question is worth 5 marks.

Question 1

Which of the followings is the output of this code?

int x = 0;

int y = 0;

while (y < 10) {

x = x + 2 * y;

y++;

int z = x/y ;

System.out.printf(“%d, %d, %d%n”, x, y, z);

a. 100, 10, 10

b. 90, 10, 9

c. 70, 10, 3

d. run-time error

Đáp án : 1 b

Question 2
Which of the followings is the output of this code?

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < 20; j++) {

if (j % 5 == i) {

System.out.printf(“%3d”, j);

System.out.prinln();

a.

01234

56789

10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19

b.

012345

6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20

c.
0 5 10 15

1 6 11 16

2 7 12 17

3 8 13 18

4 9 14 19

d. run-time error

Đáp án 2 c

Question 3

Which of the followings is the output of this code?

String string = “To be or not to be”;

for (char c = „a‟; c <= „z‟; c++) {

for (int i = 0; i < string.length(); i++) {

if (c == string.charAt(i)) {

System.out.printf(“%-2s”, c);

break;

a. b e n o r t

b. T r o n e b t
c. T o b e r n t

d. run-time error

Đáp án 3a

Part II :task-based questions

This part has 5 questions.

Question 4 [15 marks]

Specify and implement a procedure named frequencyIf, which computes and returns an
array containing the numbers of the occurrences of the elements of an integer array that satisfy
a given condition. The condition must be a string of the form op val where op is one of the
followings operators: <=, >=, |, val is an integer value. The operator | means “divisible by”.
Frequencies of the elements that do not satisfy the condition are set to 0. For example:

frequencyIf([1,1,2,3,2,4,5], “| 2”) = [0,0,2,0,2,1,0], because only 2 and 4

frequencyIf([1,1,2,3,2,4,5], “>= 2”) = [0,0,2,1,2,1,1] and

frequencyIf([1,1,2,3,2,4,5], “<= 2”) = [2,2,2,0,2,0,0].

Đáp án :

public static int[] frequentlyIf(int[] a){

int k = 1;

int[] b = new int[a.length];

for( int i=0 ;i < a.length ; i++ ){

for( int j = 0; j < a.length; j++){

if(i==j) continue;
 else{

if(a[i]==a[j]){

k+=1;

b[i] = k;

else if(a[i]!=a[j]){

b[i] = k;

return b;

Question 5 [15 marks]

Given below is the specification and Java code of a procedure. Add suitable mid-conditions to
the code and use these to determine the loop invariant. Write the invariant in the block
comment that is marked in the code.

/**

* @requires a != null /\ a.length > 0

* @effects return n in a: (for all y. y in a -> y <= n),

* e.g. method1([2, 1, 3]) = 3

*/
public static int method1(int[] a){

int n = a[0];

/*

* Loop invariant:

*/

int x;

for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++){

x = a[i];

if (x > n){

n = x;

return n;

Đáp án :

/**

* @requires a != null /\ a.length > 0

* @effects return n in a: (for all y. y in a -> y <= n),

* e.g. method1([2, 1, 3]) = 3

public static int method1(int[] a){

int n = a[0];

/*

* Loop invariant: *

*/

int x;

for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++){

// 0 <= i < a.length /\ ( i >= 1) -> (i += 1 /\ n = a[i] | a[i] > n)

x = a[i];

// x = a[i];

if (x > n){

// 0 <= i < a.length /\ x = a[i] /\

// (i >= 1) -> (i += 1 /\ n = a[i] | a[i] > n)

n = x;

// n = a[k] | a[k] >= a[i] | 0 <= k <= i

// i = a.length – 1 /\ n = a[k] | a[k] >= a[i] | 0 <= k <= i

Question 6 [35 marks]

Given below is a listing of partial design specification of a class named IntegerArray. Given
also that the statement import at the top imports the annotation class DomainConstraint
for use in this class. Answer the following questions to complete the design and code of this
class. The TODO block comments in the listing mark the regions where you need to write your
answers.

a) [5 marks] Define the class attributes.

b) [10 marks] Specify and code the necessary constructor operation(s).

c) [15 marks] Specify and code the other necessary operation(s).

d) [5 marks] Code the extra operation given in the listing.

import userlib.DomainConstraint;

/**

* @overview IntegerArray is a fixed sequence of integer numbers.

* @attributes

* array Integer[]

* len Integer

*
 * @object

* A typical IntegerArray is [x1,x2, ..., xn], where xi is integer

* @abstract_properties

* mutable(array)=true /\ optional(array)=false /\

* mutable(len)=false /\ optional(len)=false /\ min(len)=1 /\

* length(array) = len

* @rep_invariant

* array != null /\

* len >= 1 /\

* array.length = len

*/

public class IntegerArray{

/**

* TODO: ATTRIBUTES

*/

/**

* TODO: SPECIFY AND CODE NECESSARY CONSTRUCTOR(S)

*/
 /**

* TODO: SPECIFY AND CODE OTHER NECESSARY OPERATION(S)

*/

/**

* TODO: CODE THIS EXTRA OPERATION

*/

/**

* @effects

* return the sum of the array elements, i.e. result =

* array[0] + ... + array[array.length – 1]

* @requires this satisfies the rep invariant

*/

public int sum()

} // end IntegerArray

Đáp án : bài này mình làm gộp vào 1 class code cho tiện

import userlib.DomainConstraint;

/**

* @overview IntegerArray is a fixed sequence of integer numbers.

* @attributes

* array Integer[]

* len Integer

* @object

* A typical IntegerArray is [x1,x2, ..., xn], where xi is integer for all 1 <= i <= n.

* @abstract_properties

* mutable(array)=true /\ optional(array)=false /\

* mutable(len)=false /\ optional(len)=false /\ min(len)=1 /\

* length(array) = len

* @rep_invariant

* array != null /\

* len >= 1 /\

* array.length = len

*/

public class IntegerArray{

@DomainConstraint(type="int[]",mutable=true,optional=false)
private int[] array;

@DomainConstraint(type="int",mutable=false,optional=false,min=1)

private int len;

private IntegerArray(){

//do nothing

public IntegerArray(int[] array){

this.array = array;

len = array.length;

public void setArray(int[] array){

array = new IntegerArray(array);

public int[] getArray(){

return array;

public getLength(){

return len;

}
 /**

* TODO: CODE THIS EXTRA OPERATION

*/

/**

* @effects

* return the sum of the array elements, i.e. result =

* array[0] + ... + array[array.length – 1]

* @requires this satisfies the rep invariant

*/

public int sum(){

int n = 0;

for ( int i = 0; i < len; i++ ){

n += array[i];

return n;

} // end IntegerArray

Question 7 [10 marks]

a) What is the state of the program in the stack and heap memories when the code is run?

b) What is the console output after running the program?

public class Program1{

public static void main(String[] args){

int[] x = {10, 20, 30};

int[] y = {2, 4, 6, 8};

int i, j;

for (i = x.length-1; i >= 0; i--){

for (j = 0; j < y.length; j++){

x[i] = x[i] + y[j];

System.out.println(x[i]);

Đáp án :
a.

x 10 20 30
y 2468
 i 0 x[0] = 10 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 = 30
j 0123
i 1 x[1] = 20 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 = 40
j 0123
i 2 x[2] = 30 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 = 50
j 0123

b.
Console output :
30
40
50
( có xuống dòng )

Question 8 (10 marks)

Given below is the partial definition of a class named Module. Briefly discuss the design issues
concerning the three attributes of this class and the solutions for them.

import java.util.Vector;

/**

* @overview Module is a course module in a university program.

*/

public class Module{

public int id;

public String name;

private Vector students;

Đáp án :

import java.util.Vector;

// should import domainconstraint

/**

* @overview Module is a course module in a university program.

// lack @attribute, @object, @abstract_properties, @repvariant,

*/

public class Module{

// domain constraint lacked

public int id;

// should be private instead of public

// should be auto generated ID started with ID = 1

// domain constraint lacked

public String name;

//should be private instead of public

// domain constraint lacked

// ... code omitted ... /