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2 Construction: A Dynamic Industry

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Construction: A Dynamic Industry
Introduction to the Topic:

Before we study different materials in construction or how it being tested we must

know and understand the process of constructing a structure. From the different types
of construction, the process of making a structure(building), bidding process up until
the construction safety. These may help to imagine and to have an idea on how
structures built.

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the session the students should be able to:

1. identify different types of construction;

2. understand the process of constructing a structure;
3. familiar with different documents or terms used in construction; and
4. apply knowledge acquired in discussion into professional engineering practice.

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Each construction requires planning, financing and observance of regulatory

constraints. Every construction involves skilled workers, architects, engineers, a
vast array of materials and equipment to execute a carefully conceived plan. The
people involve in construction need to maintain membership in professional
 organizations, attend conferences and read professional journals to become
aware of new technical developments and their proper application.

Building Construction

It involves the erection of a building on a piece of property.

Residential Buildings
Commercial Buildings
Civil Buildings
Educational Buildings
Religious Buildings
Agricultural Buildings
Heavy or Infrastructure Construction

It means for a larger infrastructure projects. This is usually financed by

government agencies, other institutions, or incorporated into master plans to
serve the public good.

Highways
Bridges
Canals
Dams
Subways
Tunnels
Utility Piping System
Water Control Construction
Communication networks
Industrial Construction

It refers to the building of large scale manufacturing, processing and

chemical plants or utility generation installations.

PRE-CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

Owners, both private and public, plan buildings, and other construction projects
to accommodate desired functional and spatial requirements.
 Planning, designing, and completing construction of a large building project is a
complicated undertaking.
A vast array of planning decisions must be made at the onset of any
construction project.
Owners most often procure the services on architect/engineering/contracting
firm to help in the development of project definition, feasibility, referred to as the
pre- design phase.
The design of a building involves the utilization of space and all the factors that
go with it.
This includes physical requirements, psychological requirements that reflects the
attitudes and behavior of those using the space, and the need for those in the
building to carry out the activities expected to occur in the building.
In some cases, the project team may be required to create a scope of work that
involves new sidewalk, curbs and gutters, or street lightning.

PRE-DESIGN AND DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Once the architect has been identified, the pre-design portion of the work can
begin.
In this phase, other design consultant and the owner mutually determine the
goals and objectives of the project.
Design sketches and feasibility studies are develop as a series of alternatives for
approval by the owner.
Early design efforts focus on establishing what is known as the design intent.
Design intent is a statement that defines the anticipated aesthetics, functional,
and performance characteristic of the finish building or project.
It identifies potential problems/ pitfalls, code and planning requirements,
community concerns, functions/ usage, lifestyle trends and image building
The result of pre-design work will be a written program. A program is a written
document that explain design intensions, control, and standards for a project,
including detailed space requirements and the types of equipment and the
systems to be used.
This phase is complete when the owner and architect agree that the scope of
work, anticipated construction cost and time schedule are well defined.
During the design development, initial design ideas are further elaborated into
detailed drawing of the building indicating exact sizes and relationships between
 building elements
Architects use a system of orthographic drawing of a building or structure to
simplify the graphic understanding of complex forms.
The floor plan is representation of building viewed from above after a horizontal
plane has been cut through it and the portion removed.
A building section gives a view of a building after a vertical plane has been cut
through it and the front portion is removed.
An elevation drawing shows the exterior façade of a building, delineating
geometries and the materials of construction.
Because of multitude of systems under consideration at this stage, the architect
will normally hire the services of the other design consultant in the development
of the system.
Structural, mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and civil engineering, fire protection
consultant, interior and landscape designers and cost estimating consultants are
common on most projects of large scale.
Depending on the type of building being designed, other specialty consultants,
such as traffic and parking professionals, lighting designers, or acoustical
specialists, may be brought in to work with the team.
If a contractor for the project has been selected it is advisable to include the in
the development of solutions for constructability and other technical aspects of
the construction.

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS (CD)

Once all the basic decisions have been approved by the owner, the architect and
all consultants will commence with the final phase the construction document.
This CD consist of two interdependent components:

Construction Drawings

Sometimes referred to as working drawings, shows the dimensional

relationships between all aspects of the building: their form, sizes, and
quantities.
These drawings, usually computer generated, with dimensions, indicating
the physical relationship between components – their location, range, the
materials used, and their colors and texture.
 The drawing are the basis on which the contractor generates cost
estimates and are used to guide the actual construction of the building on
the site.

Construction Specifications

The construction documents include a written manual called specification.

Specification describe in writing more detailed information on the exact
types of materials to be used and the ways in which construction
processes are conducted.
These are written using master format.

Master Format - It provides a standard for writing specifications using a

system of descriptive titles and numbers to organize construction
activities, products, and requirements into a standard order. The
numbers and titles in master format are divided in to fifty groupings
called division.

Divisions:

• Division 0- Procurement and contracting requirements

• Division 1- describes the general requirements of the

contract, outlining administrative methods for a construction
project, such as project management procedures and
construction facilities and controls.
• Divisions 2 to 19 – deals mainly with the materials in
construction for buildings. It is the Facility Construction
Subgroup.
• Divisions 20 to 29 – cover mechanical, electrical, plumbing,
fire protection, and communication equipment. These are the
Facility Services Subgroup.
• Divisions 30 to 39 – concerned with earthworks,
transportation, and marine construction topics. These are
• While Division 40-49, the final sub group deals, with larger
industrial process. It is the Process Equipment Subgroup

PROJECT DELIVERY PROCESS

 Governs the condition under which construction project will be completed and
defines the relationship between the owner, architect, or firm and contractor

CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS

GENERAL CONTRACTORS

Assume the responsibility for the construction of an entire project at a

specific cost and by specific date.
Responsible for the developing project schedules and sequencing and
coordinating the work of all subcontractors
Determines the actual methods and techniques of construction as well as
implementing safety precautions on the building site
Signs contract with subcontractors

SUPERINTENDENT

General contractor’s on-site representative responsible for continuous field

supervision, coordination, and completion of work
Makes sure that the work proceeds according to the project schedule and
that the activities of the various subcontractors working on the site will not
interfere with one another

SUBCONTRACTORS

Who perform the required work within their technical areas, such as all the
electrical, plumbing, roofing, bricklaying, carpentry or concrete
Work independently on site, bringing their own employees, supervisors,
and tools for the job

SPECIALTY CONTRACTORS

Do the work required in a limited area, like elevator or communication

equipment installation for instance

SELECTING THE CONTRACTORS

HOW IS BIDDING DONE?

 Contractors are to bid on a competitive basis with the contract often being
awarded to the contractor that submits the most reasonable bid.

COMPETITIVE BIDDING - for publicly financed projects construction

contractors; qualified construction contractors

INVITATIONAL BIDDING - for privately funded projects; preselected

contractors

NEGOTIATED CONTRACT - An owner may decide on a contractor with

whom they have worked on previous projects without seeking other bids

PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS AND TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS

PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS

A project delivery method determines how a construction project will be

completed, delegates the responsibilities, rewards, and risk between
participants, and regulates the relationship between the owner and the
contractor.

3 COMMON TYPE OF CONTRACT

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

The owner may hire a construction manager to provide input during the
design phase and oversight and administration of bidding and
construction phase.

DESIGN-BID-BUILD

It is the traditional method of project delivery that moves sequentially

from conception of a project through its construction. Generally it has
the lowest construction cost.

DESIGN-BUILD

In this contracting method, the owner contracts with a single party that
completes all portions of the work from design through construction.
This contract tends to produce shorter overall project schedules.
CONSTRUCTION METHOD

A subcontractor is an individual who is hired by a contractor to provide the

contractor with goods or services necessary to complete the tasks specified in an
existing agreement. A subcontractor will be hired by a contractor after the
contractor has been hired by a company.

Reason for Subcontractors:

General Contractors don’t always have enough resources and workforce to

complete a project, that’s why they seek subcontractors to have them
provided for it.

List of agreement

- Scope of Work
- Safety Requirement
- Due Date (Duration)
- Worker Insurance
- Property Insurance
- Additional Payment
- Disclosure Agreement

Construction scheduling

- The construction schedule assigns progressive dates to all project

activities and phases.
- Project scheduling is used to match resources of equipment, material
and labor with project construction phases over time.
- Poor scheduling can result in considerable waste as workers and
equipment wait for needed sources or the completion of preceding tasks
by other trades.

- The most widely used scheduling techniques is the “Critical Path

Method (CPM)”

Critical Path Method is one of the most used scheduling

techniques in the construction industry due to its simplicity and
powerful resource that it can be. The Critical Path Method is a
 useful tool that can lead you to achieve your project results and
help you delivering the project on time. The Critical Path Method
schedule shall include all work specified in the Contract
Documents, including all expected activities of subcontractors,
vendors, suppliers and all other parties associated with
construction of the project.

Permitting

- The building permit is a certificate issued by the local authority having

jurisdiction authorizing the construction of a project after a thorough
review of construction documents to ensure compliance with local
building, safety, and fire codes.

“MUST” on permitting

- The construction must secure a variety regulatory permit prior to

any work commencing on site.

- The building permit be posted in a clear visible location until the

end of project is completed.

- Most commercial projects will require a general building permit as

well as electrical, plumbing, HVAC, and other permits.
- Inspector employed with the jurisdiction will conduct inspection of
the work throughout the progress of construction to ensure that the
installed work adheres to all applicable codes and standards.

Pre- construction planning and temporary facilities

- Once a building permit has been secured and the contract between
the contractor and owner is signed, the actual on-site construction can
begin
- Requirements for temporary facilities are outlined in division 01 of the
contract document.
- Field offices are often housed in mobile trailers that are fully furnished
and provided with modern communication equipment.
- Temporary utilities must be brought to the site to provide the power
and sanitation required by worker and equipment.
- Many municipalities have instituted construction and demolition
 recycling ordinances requiring construction sites to recycle a
percentage of waste that is generated. Materials such as wood,
aluminum, steel, bricks, and tile, and packaging material can easily be
recycled in today’s expanding recycled materials market.
- A pre-construction conference, attended by the owner, architect,
general contractor or construction manager, and invited subcontractors
is held to communicate the ongoing management procedures of the
project.

SHOP DRAWINGS, SUBMITTALS, AND MOCK-UPS

SHOP DRAWINGS - Gives precise directives for the fabrication of certain

components, such as structural steel work, concrete reinforcing or pre-cast
concrete components.

SUBMITTALS - These are drawings, schedules, performance data, and

brochures that give manufacturer’s information on the characteristics of a material
and allow the architect to verify that the product under consideration will satisfy
the requirements listed in the specification.

CONSTRUCTION MOCK-UP - Is a full-size model of a proposed construction

system built to judge the appearance of an assembly, examine its construction
details, and test for performance under actual size conditions.

OTHER IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION

Construction Observation

An onsite visit by the design architect or engineer to determine if the

construction materials and installations are in accordance with the
documents and specifications, which includes review of testing reports.

Contractor Requests for Information (RFI)

- The request for information (RFI) is used by the contractor to obtain

clarification on specific components and assemblies that are not fully
detailed or understood through comprehensive review of the drawings and
specifications.
 - These requests often occur in the building phase, as the contractor
examines the documents in detail for the first time.

- A contractor could ask for instance for more information on the details of an
interior finish application.

Modifications to the Construction Contract

- Every construction project encounters conditions that require a change to

be made to the original contrast documents.

- Changes may be required for a number of reasons, including newly

discovered conditions, design omissions or errors, or changes in the scope
of the work.

Construction Change Directive (CCD)

It is a written order prepared by the architect and signed by the owner

directing a change in the work and stating a proposed basis for adjustments
in the contract time, cost or both.

Change Order

It is a written directive to the contractor issued after the execution of an

argument that authorizes an addition, deletion, revision to the project along
with the related adjustments in contract budget and time.

PROJECT CLOSE OUT

The practice of project close-out finalizes all project activities completed across all
phases of the project to formally close the project and transfer the completed or
cancelled project as appropriate.

PURPOSE OF PROJECT CLOSE OUT

- Assess the project

- Ensure completion

- Derive any lesson learned and practices to be applied in future

projects
 1. CONSULTATION

When the contractor determines that the work is nearing completion, the
architect or construction manager is asked to return to the site and
conduct an inspection of substantial completion.

2. ASSESSMENT

Listing the remaining items to be installed or repaired and to collate and

submit all product and equipment warranties.

3. INSPECTION

Before a final certificate of completion can be issued, the inspecting

authority must substantiate that all work is installed and complete, and
the quality of workmanship meets the specified standards.

4. CERTIFICATION

The contractor will apply to the local jurisdiction for a certificate of

occupancy. The certificate issued by the local building department
indicating that the building is compliant with locally adopted building
codes and is in proper condition to be occupied.

CONSTRUCTION SAFETY

Throughout any construction projects, a thorough accident prevention and safety

training program must be implemented and maintained. The construction industry
has one of the most hazardous work environments in the country so the U.S.
congress passed the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for
construction to give extensive guidelines for construction means, methods, and
material handling. Here in the Philippines we have Occupational Safety and
Health Standard (OSHS) which cover every conceivable aspect of construction
safety, from personal protective equipment and lifesaving equipment, tool and
equipment safety, fire protection and prevention, materials storage, use and
disposal, to the signs, signals and barricades that are required on site.
End of Discussion.

See attached lecture: Construction: A Dynamic Industry

(https://tip.instructure.com/courses/18788/files/5596396/download?wrap=1)
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(https://tip.instructure.com/courses/5302/files/869420/download?wrap=1)

Here are some links that might be useful for your studies:

Types of Construction (https://www.miaminewconstructionshow.com/blog/major-

types-construction/)

Building Construction

(https://civiconcepts.com/2019/08/building-construction-
step-by-step-process/)

Click the following problem for your recitation.

Problem (https://tip.instructure.com/courses/18788/discussion_topics/286614)

If you will be having your own company being the General Contractor, for you, is it
better to have subcontractors or not?

Summary:

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Building Construction
Heavy or Infrastructure Construction
Industrial Construction
PRE-CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

PRE-DESIGN AND DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS (CD)

Construction Drawings

Construction Specifications

PROJECT DELIVERY PROCESS

CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS

GENERAL CONTRACTORS

SUPERINTENDENT

SUBCONTRACTORS

SPECIALTY CONTRACTORS

SELECTING THE CONTRACTORS

HOW IS BIDDING DONE?

COMPETITIVE BIDDING

INVITATIONAL BIDDING

NEGOTIATED CONTRACT

PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS AND TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS

PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS

3 COMMON TYPE OF CONTRACT

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

DESIGN-BID-BUILD

DESIGN-BUILD

CONSTRUCTION METHOD

Reason for Subcontractors:

List of agreement
 Construction scheduling

Permitting

Pre- construction planning and temporary facilities

SHOP DRAWINGS, SUBMITTALS, AND MOCK-UPS

OTHER IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION

Construction Observation

Contractor Requests for Information (RFI)

Modifications to the Construction Contract

Construction Change Directive (CCD)

Change Order

PROJECT CLOSE OUT

1. CONSULTATION

2. ASSESSMENT

3. INSPECTION

4. CERTIFICATION

CONSTRUCTION SAFETY

Reference:

Sivakugan, Nagaratnam (2018). Civil engineering materials, first edition, Australia:

Cengage Learning

Mamlouk, Michael S. (2018). Materials for civil and construction engineers, England:
Pearson Education Limited

For more references, kindly check TIP Online Resources

TIP Library (https://www.tip.edu.ph/library.html)

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END OF TODAY'S LECTURE.

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