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Physics 1201 Final Exam Information - Spring 2013: Format: 35 Multiple-Choice Questions, 5 Points Each À

The Physics 1201 Final Exam will be 35 multiple choice questions worth 5 points each, for a total of 175 points. It will be closed book and notes. Equations and constants will be provided. The exam will be cumulative, covering all material from both midterms and everything since the second midterm. Approximately 10 questions will relate to each midterm, and 15 questions will cover material since the second midterm. Students should check the Assignment Sheet for the date and time of their final exam.

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66 views

Physics 1201 Final Exam Information - Spring 2013: Format: 35 Multiple-Choice Questions, 5 Points Each À

The Physics 1201 Final Exam will be 35 multiple choice questions worth 5 points each, for a total of 175 points. It will be closed book and notes. Equations and constants will be provided. The exam will be cumulative, covering all material from both midterms and everything since the second midterm. Approximately 10 questions will relate to each midterm, and 15 questions will cover material since the second midterm. Students should check the Assignment Sheet for the date and time of their final exam.

Uploaded by

Priyanka Mahajan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physics 1201 Final Exam information – Spring 2013

1)  Format: 35 multiple-choice questions, 5 points each à 175 points total

2)  Closed book and closed notes

3)  Equations and constants are provided on the final exam

4)  Cumulative – it covers all of the material covered in the course

5)  Approximate weightings of material:


~10 questions from material covered for midterm 1
~10 questions from material covered for midterm 2
~15 questions on material covered since midterm 2

6) See the Assignment Sheet for the date and time of your final exam
PRELIMINARY
PRELIMINARY
Chapter 30

Nuclear Physics and


Radioactivity
Nuclear Structure

The atomic nucleus consists


of positively charged protons
and neutral neutrons.

MeV
1 atomic mass unit ≡ 1 u ≡ 931.5
c2
Nuclear Structure

atomic mass
number atomic
number


A
 =
Z
+
N

Number of protons Number of Number of
and neutrons protons neutrons
i.e. number of
nucleons
Nuclear Structure

Nuclei that contain the same number of protons but a different


number of neutrons are known as isotopes.

12 14
For example, two isotopes of carbon are
6 C 6 C
Nuclear Structure

Approximate empirical radius of a nucleus of mass number, A

r ≈ r0 A1 3, r0 ≈ 1.2 ×10 −15 m = 1.2 fm


−15
1 fermi ≡ 1 fm ≡ 10 m
r ≈ (1.2 ×10 −15
m) A 13
Nuclear Structure

Example: Nuclear radius and density


Find the radii of 16O and 208Pb nuclei. Estimate and compare their densities.

r ≈ r0 A1 3 ≈ (1.2 ×10 −15 m ) A1 3


13
r ( O ) = (1.2 ×10
16 −15
)( )
16 = 3.0 ×10 −15
m = 3.0 fm
13
r( 208
Pb) = (1.2 ×10 −15
) (208) = 7.1×10 −15 m = 7.1 fm

M nucleus Amnucleon Amnucleon


ρnucleus = ≈ ≈
Vnucleus " 4 3% " 4 3 %
$ π r ' $ π r0 A '
#3 & #3 &
mnucleon
≈ à  Nuclear densities are
" 4 3 % approximately the same
$ π r0 '
#3 & for all A
The Strong Nuclear Force and the Stability of the Nucleus

The mutual repulsion of the protons


tends to push the nucleus apart. What
then, holds the nucleus together?

The strong nuclear force.


The Strong Nuclear Force and the Stability of the Nucleus

As nuclei get larger, more


neutrons are required for
stability.

The neutrons act like glue


without adding more repulsive
force.
The Mass Deficit of the Nucleus and Nuclear Binding Energy

Binding energy of ZA X = ( Mass deficit )c 2 = ( Δm )c 2


Δm = Z × m ( 11H ) + N × m ( 01n ) − m ( ZA X )
The Mass Deficit of the Nucleus and Nuclear Binding Energy

Example: The Binding Energy of the Helium Nucleus

The atomic mass of helium is 4.0026u and the atomic mass of hydrogen
is 1.0078u. Using atomic mass units, obtain the binding energy of the
helium nucleus.
The Mass Deficit of the Nucleus and Nuclear Binding Energy

Δm = Z × m ( 11H ) + N × m ( 01n ) − m ( ZA X )

Δm = 2 (1.0078 u ) + 2 (1.0087 u ) − 4.0026 u


= 4.0330 u − 4.0026 u = 0.0304 u
MeV
1 u = 931.5
c2
2 " MeV % 2
Binding energy = ( Δm ) c = ( 0.0304) $ 931.5 2 ' c = 28.3 MeV
# c &
The Mass Deficit of the Nucleus and Nuclear Binding Energy
Radioactivity

A magnetic field separates three types of particles emitted by


radioactive nuclei. The decay takes the general form:

parent → daughter + x
Q ≡ m parent c 2 − ( mdaughter + mx ) c 2 ⇒ Q − value → KE released
Q > 0 ⇒ exothermic Q < 0 ⇒ endothermic
Radioactivity
α DECAY

A A−4 4
Z P → Z−2 D + 2 He

Q = mP c 2 − ( mD + mα ) c 2
& MeV )
" $
= #238.0508 u − ( 234.0436 u + 4.0026 u)%( 931.5 +
' u *
= 4.3 MeV
Radioactivity

A smoke
detector
Radioactivity

β DECAY

A A 0
Z P → Z +1 D + −1 e
Radioactivity

γ DECAY a photon that originates


from the energy-level
transition of the nucleus

A A
Z P∗ → Z P + γ

excited energy
lower energy
state
state

226
88 Ra* → 88
226
Ra + γ Eγ = 0.186 MeV
The Neutrino

During beta decay, energy is released. However, it is found that


most beta particles do not have enough kinetic energy to account for
all of the energy released.

The additional energy is carried away by a neutrino à mass ≈ 0, q = 0

234 234 0
90 Th → 91 Pa + −1 e + ν
A free neutron beta decays in about 12 minutes,
1 1 0
0 n → 1 p + −1 e + ν

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