Ministry of Higher Education and

Scientific Research
Tikrit University
College of Engineering
Department of Chemical

A report about

Heat Transfer
Convection
Prepared by
Hussen Aso

Third Stage

Supervised by
Dr. Harth

2020 A.D
Heat transfer is the understanding of the mechanisms of heat transfer
between and after objects for use in applications.
Heat transfer is a branch of thermal engineering concerned with generating
thermal energy (heat or the amount of heat), using it, transferring it, and
exchanging it between physical systems. The transfer of heat is
categorized into various mechanisms such as thermal conductivity,
convection, heat radiation, and energy transfer with phase transformations.
Engineers are also studying the transfer of mass of different chemical class,
both hot and cold, to achieve heat transfer. While these mechanisms have
different advantages, they often occur simultaneously in the same system.
Convection heat transfer occurs when a flowing stream of fluid (liquid or
gas) carrying the heat carries with the flow of matter in the fluid. The fluid
flow may be driven by external processes, or in some cases (in gravitational
fields) by buoyancy forces caused by the expansion of the fluid's thermal
energy (as in smoke plumes), affecting its transmission itself - that is,
thermal energy -. The last process is often called "natural pregnancy". All
loads also partially move heat by diffusion (conduction). Another form of
pregnancy is forced pregnancy. In this case, the fluid is forced to run with
a pump, fan, or other mechanical device.
Convection is either the mass transfer or the heat transfer due to bulk
movement. The process of heat transfer between a surface and a fluid
flowing in contact with it is called convective heat transfer. Thermal
Engineering
What is Convection

In general, convection is either the mass transfer or the heat transfer due to
bulk movement of molecules within fluids such as gases and liquids.
Although liquids and gases are generally not very good conductors of heat,
they can transfer heat quite rapidly by convection.
Convection takes place through advection, diffusion or both. Convection
cannot take place in most solids because neither significant diffusion of
matter nor bulk current flows can take place. Diffusion of heat takes place
in rigid solids, but that is called thermal conduction.
The process of heat transfer between a surface and a fluid flowing in
contact with it is called convective heat transfer. In engineering, convective
heat transfer is one of the major mechanisms of heat transfer. When heat is
to be transferred from one fluid to another through a barrier, convection is
involved on both sides of the barrier. In most cases the main resistance to
heat flow is by convection. Convective heat transfer take place both by
thermal diffusion (the random motion of fluid molecules) and by
advection, in which matter or heat is transported by the larger-scale motion
of currents in the fluid.

Mechanism on Convection
In thermal conduction, energy is transferred as heat either due to the
migration of free electrons or lattice vibrational waves (phonons). There is
no movement of mass in the direction of energy flow. Heat transfer by
conduction is dependent upon the driving “force” of temperature
difference. Conduction and convection are similar in that both mechanisms
require the presence of a material medium (in comparison to thermal
radiation). On the other hand they are different in that convection requires
the presence of fluid motion.
It must be emphasized, at the surface, energy flow occurs purely by
conduction, even in conduction. It is due to the fact, there is always a thin
stagnant fluid film layer on the heat transfer surface. But in the next
layers both conduction and diffusion-mass movement in the molecular
level or macroscopic level occurs. Due to the mass movement the rate of
energy transfer is higher. Higher the rate of mass movement, thinner the
stagnant fluid film layer will be and higher
will be the heat flow rate.
Newton’s Law of Cooling
Despite the complexity of convection, the rate of convection heat transfer
is observed to be proportional to the temperature difference and is
conveniently expressed by Newton’s law of cooling, which states that:
The rate of heat loss of a body is directly proportional to the difference in
the temperatures between the body and its surroundings provided the
temperature difference is small and the nature of radiating surface remains
same.
Note that, ΔT is given by the surface or wall temperature, Twall and the
bulk temperature, T∞, which is the temperature of the fluid sufficiently
far from the surface.

Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient

As can be seen, the constant of proportionality will be crucial in
calculations and it is known as the convective heat transfer coefficient, h.
The convective heat transfer coefficient, h, can be defined as:
The rate of heat transfer between a solid surface and a fluid per unit surface
area per unit temperature difference.
convective heat transfer coefficient is dependent upon the physical
properties of the fluid and the physical situation. The convective heat
transfer coefficient is not a property of the fluid.
In case of conduction the heat flux can be calculated using Fourier’s law
of conduction In case of convection, the heat flux can be calculated using
Newton’s law of cooling. Taking their ratio gives:
References

* Heat transfer J P Holman Souvik Bhattacharyya

* Heat and Mass Transfer
* Lectures