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Intervisibility and Accuracy

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Pankaj Kushwaha
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28 views

Intervisibility and Accuracy

Uploaded by

Pankaj Kushwaha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data are fundamental to the implementation of GIS.

Without data, GIS simply serves no


practical purpose. Having geographical data is not enough to use the technology beneficially.
Using fault quality data often creates spatial problems rather than solving it. In order for
geographic data to be useful, they must be of known quality compatible with their intend
application.
Data quality refers to the “fitness for use” of data for intended application. Components of
geographical data quality
1. Lineage
2. Positional accuracy
3. Attribute accuracy
4. Logical accuracy
5. Completeness
6. Temporal accuracy

Lineage
Lineage is a documentation of the source materials from which a specific set of geographical
data was derived. It also describe the method of derivation, including all transformations
involved in producing the final data files. The purpose of lineage is to provide an account of data
collection process at a level of detail sufficient to user to understand quality of source data.
Typically lineage answers who collected data, when, how (method), why (purpose), conversion
and transformation (methods), precision of computation etc.
Positional accuracy
Spatial accuracy (or ‘positional accuracy’) refers to the accuracy of the spatial component of a
database. It is defined as the “closeness” of coordinate values in geographical database to the true
position of the real world features that they represent. Measurement of spatial accuracy depends
on dimensionality. For points, accuracy is defined in terms of the distance between the encoded
location and “actual” location. Error can be defined in various dimensions: x, y, z, horizontal,
vertical, total. Metrics of error are extensions of classical statistical measures such as mean error,
RMSE or root mean squared error, etc. For lines and areas, the situation is more complex. This is
because error is a mixture of positional error (error in locating well-defined points along the line)
and generalization error (error in the points selected to represent the line).
Thematic Accuracy. Attribute accuracy refers to the “closeness” of the descriptive data in
geographic database to the true values of real world. Thematic GIS information is generated by
collecting and assigning the properties of spatial data to stored objects or areas, that may lead to
errors, that can be due to a misclassification error in the first place, or in the second, that
originates from the number of different data classes occurring in the same spatial object.
“Data completeness” is a measurable error of omission observed between the database and the
specification. Even highly generalized databases can be “data complete” if they contain all of the
objects described in the specification. Completeness informs the user about the spatial, thematic,
and temporal coverage capabilities of the data according to the predefined purposes.
Completeness of data has two elements: spatial completeness and thematic completeness.
Temporal accuracy: Temporal accuracy is the measure of data quality with respect to the
representation of time in geographical databases. It refers to the measure of how nearly the data
in geographical database are collected which means shorter the time period between the
observations higher the temporal accuracy. Temporal coordinates are the temporal limits within
which the entity is valid. Temporal resolution refers to the minimum duration of an event that is
discernible. It is affected by the interaction between the duration of the recording interval and the
rate of change in the event.
Logical consistency is a form of accuracy used to describe the correctness of relationships
between database features and those found in the real world. An example of this is an emergency
dispatch application where it is critical that all roads connecting in the real world are actually
connected in the database; otherwise, incorrect routing of emergency vehicles may occur.
INTERVISIBILITY

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