10

Science
Quarter 3 – Module2:Week 2

Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the

female reproductive system (e.g., menstrual cycle)

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 Feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the female reproductive system (e.g., menstr

What I Need to Know

In Module1, you have learned about the function of hormones in the male and
female reproductive systems.
This module 2, is based from the DepEd’s Most Essential Learning Competency in
Grade 10-K12, that is for you to, describe the feedback mechanisms involved in
regulating processes in the female reproductive system (e.g., menstrual cycle)
The systems involved in regulating mechanisms were mentioned in module 1.
As a continuation this will lead you to understand the mechanisms the body has to maintain
homeostasis during menstruation in the female reproductive system.

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. explain feedback mechanism

2. trace the pathways of feedback mechanism
3. describe the feedback mechanism in female reproductive system

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 What I Know
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read and answer carefully use a separate sheet of paper.
Select the correct answer from the box for each statements to fill in the blanks.

5 days 28 days endometrium follicle corpus luteum

Ovulation menses endocrine GnRH menstruation phase
14 days reproductive vulva

1. The regular menstrual cycle is around days.

2. The external parts of the female reproductive system are collectively called the .
3. FSH and LH stimulate the growth and development of in the ovary.
4. During the secretory phase, the hormone progesterone is produced by the .
5. High levels of LH trigger .
6. Another term for menstrual blood is .
7. The menstrual cycle is controlled by the different hormones of the system.
8. The is released by the hypothalamus.
9. The menstrual blood is shed from the lining of the uterus known as the .
10. Menstruation period in the female reproductive system usually lasts for an average of
days.

Below, is an activity about the concepts from the previous module for you to recall.

What’s In

Directions: Arrange the jumbled letters to form the name of a hormone.

1. Teizinglueni onhorme
2. Adrongen
3. Gesronetepro
4. Tacprolin
5. Troangodonip
 What’s New
Activity 1 : Changes During Menstrual Cycle
Objective/s:
 Describe how temperature and blood levels of hormones change during menstrual cycle
Materials:
Graphing paper colored pencils or crayons ruler and pencil
Procedure:
1. The body temperature of Nicole and Mia were monitored during their menstrual Cycles.
Mia ovulated and Nicole did not. Below is a table showing the monitoring data:

Body Temperature ( 0 C)
Days MIA NICOLE

5 36.0 36.2
10 36.2 35.5
12 36.0 35.7
14 38.3 36.2
16 37.1 36.1
18 36.6 36.0
20 36.7 36.3
22 37.0 36.4
24 37.1 36.2
26 36.7 36.5
28 36.5 36.4

2. Construct a graph based on the given data. Plot the changes in temperature along the y-
axis (vertical axis) and the days of the menstrual cycle along the x- axis (horizontal axis).
Assuming the menstrual cycle represents the average 28 - day cycle, label the ovulation
day on the graph.
Guide Questions:
1. How will you describe the body temperature:
A. Before ovulation?

B. After ovulation?

Conclusion:

What is It

We have learned that, on average, an ovary releases only one egg every 28 days. Now,
what controls this timing? Hormones control many of the changes in the reproductive system.
Remember that hormones are chemicals that affect certain body organs. The monthly changes that
take place in the female reproductive system are called menstruation. This cycle occurs every month
from the first onset which could happen when a female is between 10 to 13 years old. The monthly
cycle continues for about 40 years.
The external structures of the female reproductive system are collectively called the vulva.
The Menstrual Cycle
The production of mature egg cells and preparation of the uterus for pregnancy are regulated by the
different female reproductive hormones. The series of natural changes that occurs in the uterus and in
the ovary is referred to as the menstrual cycle. During this period,an egg matures and is ovulated. It
is also during this period when the uterus prepares a suitable environment in which a fertilized egg
could develop into a fetus. If an egg is not fertilized, it is discharged along with the inner lining of the
uterus (endometrium) in a process called menstruation. In humans, normally, the cycle would take
around 28 days. It is composed of two major cycles, the ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle,
which happen simultaneously. The ovarian cycle involves changes to the follicles in the ovaries,
whereas the uterine cycle involves changes to the endometrial lining in the uterus.
The ovarian cycle is divided into three phases:
1. Follicular phase (days 1-13) It is the first part of the ovarian cycle. During this phase, the ovarian
follicles mature and get ready to release the egg.
2. Ovulation phase ( day 14)It is the shortest phase in the cycle wherein the mature egg is released
from one of the ovarian follicles down to the Fallopian Tube.
3. Luteal phase ( days 15-28) This phase is marked after the release of the mature egg. FSH and
LH cause the remaining parts of the follicle to transform into corpus luteum,which produces
progesterone.
The uterine cycle is divided into three phases:
1. Menstruation phase The menses or menstrual blood, is shed from the lining of the uterus known as
the endometrium. This period usually lasts for an average of five days.
2. Proliferative phase This phase happens when estrogen causes the lining of the uterus to grow, or
proliferate. Estrogen is released by the ovarian follicles. It initiates the formation of a new layer of
endometrium in the uterus.
3. Secretory phase As the corpus luteum produces progesterone, this causes the endometrium to
become receptive to implantation of the blastocyst ( developing zygote) and supportive of the early
pregnancy.
The menstrual cycle is controlled by the different hormones of the endocrine system.
1. The GnRH is released by the hypothalamus.
2. GnRH triggers the anterior pituitary lobe to secrete FSH and LH.
3. The FSH and LH stimulate follicle growth in the ovary .
4. The follicles start to make estrogen (estradiol). Several follicles begin to grow with each cycle,
but usually only one matures.
5. Around day 12, estrogen levels rise steeply.
6. Rising estrogen stimulates an LH surge.
7. The LH surge triggers ovulation: the mature follicle ruptures, releasing the secondary oocyte.
8. The follicles left in the ovary from the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone and estrogen.
9. Rising progesterone and estrogen levels stimulate thickening of the endometrium.
10. If pregnancy occurs (implantation), the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and
estrogen to maintain the endometrium ( thickening); otherwise it disintegrates and hormone levels
drop, resulting in the loss of the endometrial tissue as menstrual flow.
This cycle continues for about 450 cycles, then women enter menopause, which marks the end of the
menstrual cycle. This stage occurs in females around 40-50 years of age, and
starts menopausal stage may include irregular periods, vaginal dryness, sleep problems, hot flashes
and mood swings, weight gain, dry skin and thinning hair, night sweating, and decreasing breast
fullness.
To summarize, the important events during the menstrual cycle are as follows:
1. The pituitary gland controls and starts the cycle.
2. The pituitary gland releases hormones that cause the egg in the ovary to mature. The Luteinizing
hormone (LH) initiates the maturation of the follicles, converts ruptured
follicles into corpus luteum and causes the secretion of progesterone. The follicle stimulating
Hormone (FSH) assists in the maturation of the follicles and causes the secretion of estrogen from the
follicles.
3. Meanwhile, the ovary itself releases a hormone called estrogen, which causes the uterine lining to
increase in thickness. The uterine lining becomes thicker so that the fertilized egg can attach to it.
4. The ovary releases an egg on day 14. assume that no sperm is present.
5. The egg moves through the oviduct and enters the uterus.
6. Meanwhile the uterine lining continues to thicken.
7. The egg has not been fertilized, therefore, it will not attach to the uterus.
8. The thick uterine lining is no longer necessary, so the cells of the egg is lost and some blood is lost
too. This loss of cells from the uterine lining, blood, and egg is called menstruation.
9. After menstruation, the cycle starts again.
Menstrual cramps are the results of the strong contractions of the uterine wall that occur before and
during the menstruation. The cramps can be caused by excessive secretion of prostaglandins.
Shedding of the endometrium of the uterus results in the inflammation in the endometrial layer of the
uterus and prostaglandins are produced as a consequence of the inflammation.
Nervous System Working Together with Endocrine System to Maintain Homeostasis
Both the nervous system and endocrine system are important in enabling the body to maintain
homeostasis. Homeostasis is the state reached when each part of the body functions in equilibrium
with other parts This is attained through the regulation of the bodily functions by the endocrine and
nervous systems Most body systems maintain homeostasis by using feedback mechanisms. When the
brain receives messages from the body about an internal change in one of its systems, it works to
restore the system to its normal state. The levels of hormones in the body are controlled by feedback.
It is important that the amount of hormones in our body is kept at the right level. The endocrine
system plays an important
part in homeostasis. To achieve homeostasis, the nervous and endocrine systems maintain a normal
range of the following variables:
1. Body temperature,2. amount of water in the body, 3.amount of metabolic wastes in the cell,
4.Blood calcium level and 5.hormones in the blood

Let us Practice

Directions:Read and answer carefully the questions.Write your answer on a sheet of paper .
1. Why do girls need to take a bath during menstruation ?
2. What will cause a cervical cancer?
3. Why girls need to replace their sanitary pads every 3 to 4 hours of used?
 What I Have Learned

Synthesis
 The body’s coordination and communication functions are regulated by two important systems of
the human body. These are the nervous system and the endocrine system.
 The endocrine system coordinates the various processes in the body through secretions called
hormones.
 The reproductive system is a collection of organs in an organism that function together for sexual
reproduction. The male reproductive organs are the penis, the testicles, the epididymis, the vas
deferens, and the prostate gland. The female reproductive organs are the vagina, uterus
(womb),fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
 Feedback mechanism is the process through which the level of one substance influences the level
of another substance. A negative feedback affects the production of hormones in the menstrual
cycle. High levels of one hormone may inhibit the production of another hormone.
 Homeostasis the ability or tendency of an organism to maintain internal equilibrium by regulating
its processes.
 Sexual reproduction involves the fusion ( fertilization) of the sperm and egg cells to produce a
zygote.
 The external structures of the female reproductive system are called the vulva.
 The release of egg and the preparation for pregnancy is regulated by the menstrual cycle,
which includes the ovarian and the uterine cycles.
 The ovarian cycle is composed of follicular, ovulation, and luteal phases.
 The uterine cycle is composed of menstruation, proliferative, and secretory phases.
 The menstrual cycle is regulated by the different female sex hormones.

What I Can Do

1. Name some ways that may reduce abdominal cramps during menstrual period. (1-2)
 Assessment

Post Test
A.Directions: Read carefully and write the correct answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which is the proper sequence of the uterine cycle?

I. Menstruation phase II.Proliferative phase III. Secretory phase

A.I ,II, and III B. II,III, and I C. II, I, and III only D. I,III, and II

2. What will happen to the egg that is not fertilized? It will

A. burst B. die C. clump D. shrink

3. Which of the following is the function of LH?

A. Fertilization B. Menstruation C. Ovulation D.Reproduction

4. Why does menstruation stop?

A. The motility of the egg decreases.

B. The ovary is in its stationary phase.
C. No egg has been produced from the ovary.
D. Egg becomes immobile towards the fallopian tube.

5. Which hormones help the thickening of the endometrium during pregnancy ?

I. Androgen II. Estrogen III. Progesterone IV. Testosterone

A. I and II B. II and III C. III and IV D. I and IV

6. Which will stimulate the rising amount of LH? The rising level.

A. Androgen B. Estrogen C. Progesterone D. Testosterone

7. Why ovulation is important in reproduction?

A. It will help produce a kind of its own.

B. Egg will help to nourish female reproductive organ.
C. Production of egg from the ovary is beneficial to women.
D. A mature egg is needed in fertilization for reproduction to happen.
8. How long does a regular menstrual period last?

A. 5 days B. 6 days C. 7 days D. 8 days

9. Which of the following causes menstrual cramps?

A. Inflamed uterine lining.

B. Swelling of the uterus walls.
C. Secretion of the prostaglandins.
D. Shedding of the endometrium into blood.

10. Which is NOT a symptom of menopausal age? A.dry

skin C. mood swings
B.hot flashes D. regular periods

On a separate sheet of paper.

Describe what happens to the egg if fertilization occurs.