Name : Nagina Naheed

Roll no : CB642344

Reg no : 20NKK00640

Course code : 8606

Course name : Citizenship Education and Community Engagement.

Question No 1: Explain different models of group development. In your opinion which model
describes the developmental process most appropriately.

Answer:-

The goal of most research on group development is to learn why and how small groups
change over time. To quality of the output produced by a group, the type and frequency
of its activities, its cohesiveness, the existence of group conflict. A number of theoretical
model have been developed to explain how certain groups change over time.

Different Models Of Group Development:

The appointment of individuals to a group based on their compatibility, diversity, or expertise does not
assure effectiveness in achieving group goals. A group is initially a collection of personalities with
different characteristics, needs, and influences. To be effective, these individuals must spend time
acclimatizing themselves to their environment, the task, and to each other. Organizational experts
and practitioners have observed that new groups go through a number of stages before they achieve
maximum performance. Each stage presents the members with different challenges that must be
overcome before they can move on to the next stage. These stages have been identified as forming,
storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.

1.Forming:

At this first stage of development, members are preoccupied with familiarizing themselves with the task
and to other members of the group. This is sometimes referred to as the dependent stage, as members
tend to depend on outside expertise for guidance, job definition, and task analysis.

2.Storming:

At this stage, the group encounters conflict as members confront and criticize each other and the
approach the group is taking to their task. Issues that arise include identification of roles and
responsibilities, operational rules and procedures, and the individual need for recognition of his or her
skills and abilities. This stage is also referred to as the counter-dependent stage where members
tend to “flex their muscles” in search of identity. In some cases, the group may have problems getting
through this stage. This may occur if the group encounters difficulty clarifying their task, agreeing on
their mission or mandate, or deciding how they will proceed. Lack of skills, ability or aptitude can also
contribute to their inability to get beyond this stage.

3.Norming:
At this point, members start to resolve the issues that are creating the conflict and begin to develop
their social agreements. The members begin to recognize their interdependence, develop cohesion, and
agree on the group norms that will help them function effectively in the future.

4.Performing:

When the group has sorted out its social structure and understands its goals and individual roles, it will
move toward accomplishing its task. Mutual assistance and creativity become prominent themes at this
stage. The group, sensing its growth and maturity, becomes independent, relying on its own resources.

5.Adjourning:

During this phase, the group will resort to some form of closure that includes rites and rituals suitable
to the event. These may include socials and parties, or ceremonies that exhibit emotional support or
celebration of their success.

 In my opinion norming model describes the developmental process most appropriately

because of the following reason:-
 Norming are effective because team members want to support the team and preserve
relationships in the team, and when norms are violated, there is peer pressure or sanctions to
enforce compliance.
 Norming result from the interaction of team members during the development process. Initially,
during the forming and storming stages, norms focus on expectations for attendance and
commitment.
 Later, during the norming and performing stages, norming focus on relationships and levels of
performance. Performance norms are very important because they define the level of work
effort and standards that determine the success of the team.
 As you might expect, leaders play an important part in establishing productive norming by acting
as role models and by rewarding desired behaviors.
 Norming are only effective in controlling behaviors when they are accepted by team members.

Question No 2: Elaborate how technology has served as an agent of change? Discuss its
advantages and limitations.

Answer:-

Technology can act as an agent of significant, and perhaps radical, change in teacher practice -
significantly altering the way teachers, pupils, and schools operate. We are not stating that
amplification uses of technology are poor uses. We are simply stating that amplification uses do not
capitalize on the full potential and power of most technology resources. Considering how
technology can radically change what we do as teachers pushes our thinking to new levels and
challenges us to reorganize, reinvent, and rebuild our pedagogical practices, routines, and thinking
in ways that reflect the changing technological and sociological climate in which our children are
learning. Our discussion of technology as an agent of change in teacher practice is organized into
three areas: changes in epistemology, changes in psychology as applied to learning, and social and
relational change. Each section discusses these changes and provides examples from our own
experiences, as well as others, which exemplify these new ways of thinking and acting.
Technology Change And Society:

Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or
methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer
to the collection and utilization of such tools, machinery, and procedures. It can strengthen as well
as alleviate the impacts of human activities. The role of technology has recently moved to the
forefront of both science and policy in addressing climate change. The long time span involved in
climate change from decades to centuries puts technological change “in the driver’s seat”, because
over long time periods technological systems are highly malleable, whereas in the short run they are
largely inflexible. Technology and society refers to cyclical co-dependence, co-influence, co-
production of technology and society upon the other (technology upon culture, and vice-versa). This
synergistic relationship occurred from the dawn of humankind, with the invention of simple tools
and continues into modern technologies such as the printing press and computers. Even from the
start of studying technology there are some downsides to its benefits. Technology is always viewed
as a two way thing, giving benefits to the people and on the other side creates undesirable effect to
the society as well as to the environment. Society today can be differentiate automatically to the
way it looks and feel way back many years ago. There are many aspects and fields to which
technology had affect the way people lived, from everyday living to political, social, economical,
educational, and ethical issues of human beings. People had change greatly as technology had also
been improving to help and address the needs of people in their application, whether to make work
easier or to take pleasure and bliss out of the product from technology. If all would be enumerated
to discuss all the effects of technology to how society now changes would have a long list of items.
People are now discovering things that are to address their needs. Even communication is now very
effective that distance is not an issue anymore. Even of greater distance, many people are able to be
in touch with each other.

Educational Technology and Change:

Educational technology, the incorporation of information technology into the learning experience, is
a term that continues to evolve alongside technological advancements in the field. Educational
technology has played a major part in improving the learning outcomes of individuals by
personalizing the learning experience.
The immediate responsiveness of computer based programs, and the self-paced private learning
environment that educational technology warrant seeks to promote higher levels of motivation
among students worldwide. It has also provided greater access to education such as in the case of
increased accommodation for students with severe physical disabilities and for students living in
remote locations.

Technology of education is most simply and comfortably defined as an array of tools that might
prove helpful in advancing student learning and may be measured in how and why individuals
behave. Gone are the days when the teacher stood in the front of the classroom and lectured while
students simply took notes. Today the classroom is an interactive world where the teacher as well as
the student is engaged with technology. Because today's young people are hooked up and plugged
in all of the time, whether it is with text messaging, iPods, social networking websites and more, it is
important that teachers find a way to engage them on a technology level. Technology in the
classroom is doing just that keeping students stimulated by using the latest and greatest inventions
in computers and digital media.

ADVANTAGES OF TECHNOLOGY:

Medical treatment:

First, the evolution of technology is beneficial to humans for several reasons. At the medical level,
technology can help treat more sick people and consequently save many lives and combat very
harmful viruses and bacteria.

Communication:

The invention of the computer was a very important point. Communication is thus enhanced, and
companies can communicate more easily with foreign countries. Research is also simplified.

Online Business:

For companies, progress in implementing strategic technology trends is helping them save time and
therefore, money. Exchanges are faster especially with the internet. Sales and purchases are now
facilitated and possible worldwide. This allows businesses to buy raw materials with discounts or at
reduced prices. Similarly, global tourism has grown.

Industry development use of digital currency:

Technology has also increased the productivity of almost every industry in the world. Thanks to
technology, we can even pay with bitcoins instead of using banks. The digital coin has been such a
game changing factor, that many realized that this is the right time to open a bitcoin demo account.
When observed more closely, new things are discovered every day. Let’s take for instance when
radio waves were discovered, radio broadcasts followed suit almost immediately. The same applies
to the television and electricity. If no one had discovered that electricity could be generated, then
the entertainment industry wouldn’t be at it’s current stage of development.

Easy to save lot of data:

Technology improves daily lives; allowing to move physical storage units to virtual storage banks and
more. Scientists of the time are also able to send astronauts to the moon thanks to technology.

Production is higher:

In the modern industrial world, machines carry out most of the agricultural and industrial work and
as a result, workers produce much more goods than a century ago and work less. They have more
time to exercise and work in safer environments.

LIMITATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY:

Technology is always viewed as a two way thing, giving benefits to the people and on the other side
creates undesirable effect to the society as well as to the environment.

Dependence on technology:
Dependence on new technology. Man no longer needs to think. Even if the calculator is a good
invention, man no longer makes mental calculation and no longer works his memory. The decline of
human capital implies an increase in unemployment. In some areas, devices can replace the human
mind.

Invention of weapons:

The use of technology certainly needs rule and new laws. For example internet use is an individual
freedom. However, the invention of the atomic bomb cannot be an individual freedom. In fact,
regulations are difficult to implement when these technologies are introduced – such as regulation
surrounding the impending arrival of autonomous vehicles.

Unemployment:

Finally, as most technological discoveries aim to reduce human effort, it would imply that more
work is done by machines. This equates to less work for people. The human is becoming ever so
obsolete by the day, as processes become automated and jobs are made redundant. In this way
peoples are unemployed.

Question No 3: Considering education, elaborate the role of school in the development of

socialization process in children.

Answer:

Education and Socialization:

Education is a social process, which prepares individuals to lead a meaningful and dignified life.
Together with other social forces it plays an important role in shaping the structure of society.
Through education society imparts its knowledge, skill, values and behavioral patterns to its younger
generations. Thereby ensuring self preservation and continuity. In this sense education is a process
of socialization. At the same time changes in society mould the education system itself and it
acquires complexity. Education in this sense is a process, which prepares the members of the society
to adapt to the constantly changing conditions of a society.

Two statements emerge from the above discussion:

Education and Socialization

a) Education is a social process, and

b) Education is a process of socialization.

Concepts And Perspectives Process It Implies:-

Let us examine each one of them in detail. When we say education is a social :

i. Education occurs in a society and therefore influenced by the society in which it takes place.

ii. The social milieu itself educates.

iii. School is one of the important social institutions that educate. Its role is influenced by that of
others.
iv. Education has a social role and is involved in moulding the future society. To say that education is
a process of socialization implies:

v. Education takes place through social interaction.

vi. It is much more than mere instruction.

vii. People receive a certain degree of education even if they never enter a school.

viii. Formal education is socialization with a deliberate purpose and in a desired direction. Here it is
worth mentioning that all learning is not socialization because some of what one learns may not be
relevant for participation in given social role.

 For example learning to take drugs or smoke cigarette may be against the norms of
participation in the given social roles among certain social groups.

ROLE OF SCHOOL IN SOCIALIZATION PROCESS IN CHILDREN:

School is an important part of the society. It is known as social organization because it is the school
which provides an exposure to students and it prepares the students to occupy social roles
according to their capacities after receiving the school. School is considered as a second home for
students because it is a school wherein students pass most of the time of his day and this is utilized
in form of learning.

Every student learns about social life, social norms and social believes etc and he will be produced as
a social being. So in the process of socialization school plays a very significant role. Its functions are
as under.

The first and the foremost function of the school is to transmit knowledge and skills to the younger
generation. So in the process of socialization, the younger generation can utilize the knowledge and
skills. They are become aware about social rights, rules, regulation and social believers so that they
live according to their own ideas and knowledge.

 They develop thinking skill so recreation lies in their behaviour. School keeps the moral
power of the society, secure and also maintain social heritage of the society. This social
heritage is handed on the following generation by the school. So it brings awareness in an
individual about moral power of society and social heritage. School protects the historical
continuity of society.
 It performs the function of acquainting the new generation with ancient myths and legends
and maintaining the patterns of behaviour in the form of traditions and customs. So
students become aware about ancient myths and legends and behaviour thereby they
behave in a particular social way.
 The school is like a family, a social; institution which socializes the individual and provides
him some experience in social control therefore, the individual will learn to accept the kind
of social control that is imposed on him in school and will also demand similar social control
from society for this reason, there is a great insistence in democratic countries that the
atmosphere in the school should be democratic and we find the democratic climate in
school around us which acquaints students with democratic norms of social control which is
very important in the process of socialization.
 Thus students learn how to live with democratic norms and how to behave with each other
which help in the process of socialization. School fosters all round development in
personality of students, physical, mental, emotional and social. School involves all students
in different co-curricular activities so that students develop physically, mentally and socially,
for example curricular activities like Puzzles, games, group discussion, sport related to the
curriculum.
 Which develop students physically, socially and mentally thinking skills and co–curricular or
extra activities including debate, elocution, competition, drawing etc develop individual
differences and particular skills to students. They also develop social leadership qualities
other political leadership traits etc which indirectly help every individual to be a social being
that mean every individual are socialized by such activities.
 The school provides social environment before children by organizing students unions, social
service camp social functions and parents- teacher association etc. So that all the socially
desirable values namely sympathy, co-operation, tolerance, social awakening and discipline
in them so school develops social dealing in all children. School works under the light of
social ideals and develop the child with reference to such ideals and aims. School
encourages children to come in active contact with the libraries and youth welfare countries
organized by the community or Govt.
 The miniature school life is brought into active and lively contact with wider world outsides
that means school provides a conducive climate. The headmasters and teachers allow
freedom to the students which make them more responsible. They impart knowledge of
social customs and traditions and develop values of society among students. The
importance of the school as an agency of socialization can be divided into three subtopics:
the school and society, the classroom, and the teacher. When children begin school it is
usually the first time that they come under the supervision of people who are not their
relatives.
 It is likely that the school is the first agency that encourages children to develop loyalties
and sentiments that go beyond the family and link them to a wider social order. The school
as an agency of socialization should be recognized as the first organizer of social
relationships The classroom is often seen as a place where the child is easily faced with
socializing among peers. Since most of the things that children do in the classroom are done
in the presence of their peers, they have to learn how to deal with a more formalized group
situation? Parental expectations and perceptions of their children’s development of both
cognitive and motor skills serve to affect the transition to the school environment.
 Humor in the classroom touches on socialization, one of the major functions of schools: to
acculturate knowledgeable, understanding, compassionate, and empathetic new members
to our society . The teacher also plays an important role in the social development of the
child. If one of the tasks of adolescence is to achieve a balance between conformity and
rebellion, then the role of the teacher is an important one in assisting children as they
attempt that process. When teachers confront a negative student with humor, they often
find that this use of humor is an effective way to diffuse the student’s anger and hostility. If
a teacher and student can laugh together, they can most likely work together and also plan
together.