158 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

13. Radiation resistance of quarter-wave monopole is 36.5 Ω.

14. Horizontal pattern of vertical dipole is a circle.
15. Radiated power f low of a vertical dipole is in the radial direction.

λ , λ , λ
Problem 3.1 Find the radiation resistance of a Hertzian dipole of length ×
40 60 80
Solution The radiation resistance of Hertzian dipole of length d l is
 dl  2
Rr = 80 π2  ÷ Ω
 λ 

λ  λ 1 2
If d l = Rr = 80 π2  × ÷
40  40 λ 

or Rr = 0.493 Ω

λ 1
If d l = Rr = 80 π2
60 602
or Rr = 0.219 Ω

λ 1
If d l = Rr = 80 π2
80 802
or Rr = 0.123 Ω.

Problem 3.2 Find the directivity of a current element, I d l.

Solution From Equation (3.10), the amplitude of electric far-field is
I d l sin θ ω
E= × 2
4 π ∈0 r υ0
ω I d l sin θ
=
4 π ∈0 r υ20
2 π f I d l sin θ  1 
=  as ω = 2 π f , υ0 = 
1 
√ µ0 ∈ 0 
4 π ∈0 r 
µ0 ∈0

I d l sin θ 
√ µ0 ∈0
= ×f √
µ0 ∈0 ×
2r ∈0

But η0 = √∈µ0
0
, λ=
υ0
f
 RADIATION AND ANTENNAS 159

1 f
or = =f √

µ0 ∈0
λ υ0
60I d l sin θ
So E=
λr
Maximum radiation occurs at
π
θ=
2
60I d l
or Emax = ...(3.54)
λr
The radiated power of current element is
2
 dl 
Pr = 80 π2  ÷ I 2 watts
 λ 
If Pr is assumed to be 1 watt, then
λ
I= amp ...(3.55)
80
√  π dl
From Equations (3.54) and (3.55), we get
60
E(max) = V⁄m ...(3.56)
r√
80

The maximum radiation intensity is given by
2
r E(max)
RI =
η0

r2 602
=
120 π r 2 × 80

3
or RI =
8π
The maximum directive gain, gd (max)
4 π (RI )
gd (max) = [as Pr = 1 watt]
Pr
4 π (RI )
As Pr = 1 watt =
Pr
3
= 4π ×
8π
3
= = 1.5
2
160 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

The directivity of current element

D = gd (max) = 1.5
or Din dB = 10 log10 1.5 = 1.76 dB.

Problem 3.3 Find the directivity of a half-wave dipole.

Solution For a half-wave dipole, from Equation (3.42)
60I
E(max) =
r

But Pr = 73I 2 watts

For Pr = 1 w
1
I=
73
√ 
60 1
or E(max) = ×
r √ 73

4 π (RI)
gd (max) =
Pr

= 4 π (RI) [as Pr = 1 watt]

 2
r2 E2 2 E
= 4π ×  as RI = r 
η0  η0 

4 π × r 2 602 1
=
η0 r 2 73
4 π × 60 × 60 1
=
120 π 73
120
= = 1.644
73

So gd (max) = D = 1.644.

Problem 3.4 An antenna whose radiation resistance is 300 Ω operates at a frequency of 1 GHz and
with a current of 3 amperes. Find the radiated power.
Solution Radiated power,
P r = I 2 Rr
= 32 × 300
= 9 × 300
So Pr = 2700 watts.
 RADIATION AND ANTENNAS 161

Problem 3.5 What is the effective area of a half-wave dipole operating at 500 MHz?
Solution The effective area of an antenna is

λ2
Ae = g
4π d
As f = 500 MHz

3 × 108
λ=
500 × 106
3
= = 0.6 m
5
Directivity of a half-wave dipole is
(gd)max = D = 1.644

0.62
So Ae = × 1.644
4π

or Ae = 0.047 m2.

Problem 3.6 Find the effective area of a Hertzian dipole operating at 100 MHz.

3 × 108
Solution As f = 100 MHz, λ= =3m
100 × 106
Directivity of Hertzian dipole, D = 1.5
Ae = effective area

λ2 32 × 1.5
= = = 1.07 m2
4π 4π

or Ae = 1.07 m2.

1. An antenna is a transducer. (Yes/No)

2. An antenna is a sensor of EM waves. (Yes/No)
3. An antenna acts as an impedance matching device. (Yes/No)
4. Effective length of a wire antenna is always greater than the actual length. (Yes/No)
5. Directive gain = Power gain for an antenna. (Yes/No)
6. The units of radiation intensity are _______________.
7. Directivity is _______________.
8. Eff iciency of an antenna is _______________.
162 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

9. Eff iciency of an antenna in terms of directive and power gains is _______________.

10. Effective area is _______________.
11. The radiation f ields are nothing but far-f ields. (Yes/No)
12. The far-f ield is indicated by the presence of _______________.
13. The induction f ield is indicated by the presence of _______________.
14. The electrostatic f ield is indicated by the presence of _______________.
15. The radiation resistance of an isolated half-wave dipole is _______________.
16. The radiation resistance of a quarter-wave monopole is _______________.
17. The current distribution in a half-wave dipole is _______________.
18. The current distribution in an alternating current element is _______________.
19. The current distribution in very short dipoles is _______________.
20. The radiation pattern of vertical and horizontal dipoles are identical. (Yes/No)
21. The directivity of current element is _______________.
22. The directivity of half-wave dipole is _______________.
23. The patterns of half-wave dipole and quarter-wave monopole are identical. (Yes/No)
24. If a current element is x-directed, vector magnetic potential is _______________.
25. Radiation resistance of short monopole is _______________.
26. Radiation resistance of short dipole is _______________.
27. The radiated f ields of z-directed half-wave dipole consists of Eθ, Er , Hθ, terms. (Yes/No)

28. The radiated f ields of z-directed dipole consists of only Eθ, Er and Hφ. (Yes/No)

29. At LF and VLF, polarisation often used is_______________.

30. dBi means _______________.

31. dBm means power gain in dB _______________

32. If the signal level is 1 mW, power gain is

(a) 0 dBm (b) 1 dBm
(c) 10– 3 dBm (d ) 10 dBm
33. Marconi antenna has a physical length of
(a) λ⁄4 (b) λ⁄2
(c) 3λ ⁄ 2 (d ) λ
 RADIATION AND ANTENNAS 163

34. For a 300 Ω antenna operating with 5 A of current, the radiated power is
(a) 7500 W (b) 750 W
(c) 75 W (d ) 1500 W
35. Effective area of antenna is a function frequency. (Yes/No)
36. Antenna used in mobile communications is _______________.
37. If a current element is z-directed, vector magnetic potential is _______________.
38. If vector magnetic potential has only Az , Eφ is _______________.
39. Radiation resistance of current element is _______________.
40. Radiation resistance of quarter-wave monopole is _______________.
41. Directional pattern of a short dipole in the horizontal plane is a _______________.
42. Directional pattern of a horizontal half-wave centre fed dipole is _______________.
43. Effective length of a dipole is always _______________than the actual length.
44. The directivity in dB of half-wave dipole is _______________.
45. The directivity in dB of current element is _______________.
46. Effective area of a Hertzian dipole operating at 100 MHz is _______________.

1. Yes 2. Yes 3. Yes 4. No 5. No

wr
6. Watts/unit solid angle 7. Maximum directive gain 8. 9. gp ⁄ gd
(wr + wl)

λ2 11. Yes 12.

1
term 13.
1
term 14.
1
term 15. 73 Ω
10. g
4π d r r2 r3
16. 36.5 Ω 17. Sinusoidal 18. Constant 19. Triangular 20. No 21. 1.5

 1 2  1 2
22. 1.64 23. No 24. x-directed 25. 100  ÷ 26. 200  ÷ 27. No
λ λ
28. Yes 29. Vertical
30. Power gain of the antenna in dB relative to isotropic antenna
31. Compared to 1 mW 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. Yes
2
 dl 
2
36. Whip antenna 37. z-directed 38. Zero 39. 80 π  ÷ Ω
 λ 
40. 36.5 Ω 41. Circle 42. Figure of eight 43. Less 44. 2.15
45. 1.64 46. 1.07 m2.
 ANALYSIS OF LINEAR ARRAYS 195

2λ
14. FNBW for broadside array is ×
Nd

15. FNBW for end-f ire array is 2 √Nd

2λ
×

16. In binomial arrays, the excitation levels are found from ncr .
17. SLR is zero for a binomial array.
18. Stub is a piece of transmission line used for impedance matching.
19. Balun means BALanced to UNbalanced.

 4πd  2 1
20. FRIIS formula is La = 10 log  ÷ ×
 λ  GT GR
2
 λ 
21. Free space loss factor is  ÷ ×
 4πd 
Te
22. Noise f igure is given by FN = 1 + ×
T0
S0 SA
23. Antenna signal-to-noise ratio is = ×
N0 (TA + Te) K B
24. Effective noise temperature is Te = T0 (FN – 1).

Problem 4.1 Find out Null-to-Null beam width of a broadside array:

(a) when array length = 10λ and number of elements = 20
(b) when array length = 50λ and number of elements = 100
(c) when array length = 20λ and number of elements = 50.
Solution (a) Array length,
l = 10λ, N = 20
10 λ 1
d= = λ
20 2
2λ 2λ 4
B.W. = = = = 0.2 radians
Nd λ 20
20 ×
2
(b) l = 50 λ, N = 100
50 λ
∴ d= λ=
100 2
2λ 2λ
B.W. = = = 0.04 radians
Nd λ
100 ×
2
196 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

(c) l = 20 λ, N = 50
20 2
∴ d= λ= λ
50 5
2λ 2λ 1
B.W. = = = = 0.1 radians.
Nd 2 10
50 × λ
5
Problem 4.2 Find the Null-to-Null beam width of end-f ire array:
(a) when the array length, l = 10 λ and N = 20
(b) 1 = 50 λ and N = 100
(c) 1 = 10 λ, N = 50.
Solution (a) l = 10 λ, N = 20

B.W. = 2 √Nd
2λ
=2

√ 20 × 
2λ
(λ ⁄ 2)
= 0.8944 radians

(b) l = 50 λ, N = 100

B.W. = 2 √Nd
2λ
=2

√ 2λ
100 ×
λ
2
= 0.4 radians

(c) l = 20 λ, N = 50

B.W. = 2 √Nd
2λ
=2

√ 2λ
2
50 × λ
= 0.632 radians.
5
Problem 4.3 If an array of isotropic radiators is operated at a frequency of 6 GHz and is required
to produce a broadside beam, f ind Null-to-Null beam width if the array length is 10 m. Also f ind
the directivity.
Solution Frequency of operation,
f = 6 GHz
3 × 108
λ= = 0.05 m
6 × 109
Array length, l = 10 m
Null-to-Null beam width
2 2
B.W.F.N. = = × 0.05
(l ⁄ λ) 10
0.1
B.W.F.N. = = 0.01 radians
10
 l 
Directivity, D=2  ÷
λ
 ANALYSIS OF LINEAR ARRAYS 197

10
=2×
0.05
20
= × 102 = 400
5
D = 400.
Problem 4.4 A uniform linear array is required to produce an end-f ire beam when it is operated
at a frequency of 10 GHz. It contains 50 radiators and are spaced at 0.5 λ. Find the progressive phase
shift required to produce the end-f ire beam. Find the array length.
Solution Frequency = 10 GHz

3 × 108
Wavelength = = 0.03 m
10 × 109
Number of radiators, N = 50
Element spacing, d = 0.5 λ
So the progressive phase shift,
αe = – β d
2π
= × 0.5 λ
λ
αe = π radians

Array length, l = Nd
= 50 × 0.5 λ = 25 λ = 25 × 0.03
l = 0.75 m.
Problem 4.5 An array contains 100 isotropic radiators with an inter element spacing of 0.5 λ. It is
required to produce broadside and end-f ire beams
(a) Find Null-to-Null beam width and half-power beam width in degrees.
(b) Also f ind the directivity of both forms of arrays.
Solution (a) N = 100, d = 0.5 λ
Array length, l = Nd = 100 × 0.5 = 50 λ
114.6 114.6 114.6
B.W.F.N. = = = = 2.292o
(l ⁄ λ) 50λ ⁄ λ 50
1 573
H.P.B.W. = × B.W.F.N. = = 11.46o
2 (l ⁄ λ)
 l  λ
(b) Directivity of broad side array = D = 2  ÷ = 2 × 50 = 100
λ
  λ
and directivity of end-f ire array,
 l   50 λ 
D = 4  ÷= 4 ×  ÷ = 200.
λ  λ 
198 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

Problem 4.6 Obtain the resultant pattern of an array of two directional (but point sources) short
collinear dipoles of Fig. 4.27.

Fig. 4.27 Array of short collinear dipoles

Solution Normalised individual element pattern is given by

E1 = sin φ
Normalised array factor,
Ea = cos ψ ⁄ 2, ψ = β d cos φ + αe
If αe = 0, d = λ ⁄ 2
normalised resultant pattern is given by
E = element pattern × array factor
= sin φ cos ψ ⁄ 2
π 
E = sin φ cos  cos ψ ÷
2 

The resultant pattern obtained from multiplication of pattern is shown in Fig. 4.28.

Fig. 4.28 Resultant pattern of the array

Problem 4.7 Obtain the resultant pattern of two short vertical dipoles of Fig. 4.29.
Solution Element pattern is
E1 = E2 = cos φ
π 
Array factor Ea = cos  cos φ ÷, for αe = 0, d = λ ⁄ 2
 2 
 ANALYSIS OF LINEAR ARRAYS 199

Fig. 4.29 Array of two short vertical dipoles

The resultant pattern is given by

π 
E = cos φ cos  cos φ ÷
 2 

The pattern is given in Fig. 4.30.

Fig. 4.30 Pattern of two short vertical dipoles

Problem 4.8 Obtain the pattern of a two-element array fed 180o out of phase (end-fire) and spaced
at d = λ ⁄ 2.

The array factor when αe = 180o, d = λ ⁄ 2 is

200 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

The resultant pattern is

Fig. 4.31 Pattern of two-element array for α e = 180o and d = λ ⁄ 2

Problem 4.9 Find the relative excitation levels of a binomial array of 2 and 3 elements.
n!
Solution ncr =
r ! (n – r ) !
where r = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., (n – 1)
and the length of the array is n half wavelengths long.
1!
If n = 2, 1c0 = =1
0 ! (1) !
1!
1c1 = =1
1 ! (0) !
The excitation levels are 1, 1.
Similarly, if n = 3, the levels are 1, 2, 1.
Problem 4.10 Find the basic and actual transmission losses between two antennas separated by
30 m operating at 10 MHz when the gain of each antenna is 1.65 dB.
Solution d = 30 m = 0.03 km
f = 10 MHz

3 × 108
λ= = 30 m
10 × 106
GT = 1.65 dB
GR = 1.65 dB.
Basic transmission loss,
 4πd  2
Lb = 10 log10  ÷
 λ 
= 20 [log10 4 + log10 π + log10 d – log10 λ]
= 20 [0.602 + 0.497 + 1.477 – 1.477]
= 20 [1.099] = 21.98 dB
Actual transmission loss,
La = Lb – GT – GR = + 18.7 dB
 ANALYSIS OF LINEAR ARRAYS 201

Lb = 21.98 dB
La = 18.68 dB.

Problem 4.11 Find the basic transmission loss between a ground-based antenna and airborne
antenna when the distance between the antennas are 1.6, 16, 160 and 320 km at frequencies equal to:
(a) f = 0.3 GHz (b) f = 3 GHz.

Solution (a) f = 0.3 GHz = 300 × 106 Hz

3 × 108
λ= = 1.0 m
3 × 108
(i ) d = 1.6 km
Lb = basic transmission loss

 4πd  2  4 πd 
= 10 log10  ÷ = 20 log10  ÷
 λ   λ 
 4πd 
 ÷ = 20,106.2
 λ 
Lb = 20 log10 (20,106.2) = 86.07 dB
(ii ) At d = 16,000 m
4 π d = 2,01,062
Lb = 20 log10 (2,01,062) = 106.1 dB

(iii ) d = 160 km = 160 × 103 m

4 π d = 20,10,620
Lb = 126.06 dB.

(iv) d = 320 km = 32 × 104 m

4 π d = 40,21,238.6
Lb = 132.06 dB.

(b) f = 3 GHz = 3 × 109 Hz

3 × 108
λ= = 0.1 m.
3 × 109
(i ) d = 1.6 km
 4πd 
 ÷ = 2,01,061.9
 λ 
Lb = 106.06 dB.
202 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

(ii ) d = 16 km = 16,000 m
 4πd 
 ÷ = 20,10,619.3
 λ 
Lb = 126.06 dB.
(iii ) d = 160 km = 160 × 103 m
 4πd 
 ÷ = 2,01,06,192.98
 λ 
Lb = 146.06 dB.
(iv) d = 320 km = 320 × 103 m
 4πd 
 ÷ = 4,03,22,385.97
 λ 
Lb = 152.087 dB.

Problem 4.12 Find the actual transmission loss between two antennas separated by 1.6 km,
16 km, 160 km, 320 km at the frequencies (a) f = 0.3 GHz, (b) f = 3 GHz, when the gain of the
transmitting and receiving antenna are the same and is equal to 10 dB.
Solution (a) f = 0.3 GHz
(i ) d = 1.6 km
From the previous problem,
Lb = 86.07 dB
Actual loss, La = Lb – GT – GR
La = 86.07 – 10 – 10 = 66.07 dB.
(ii ) d = 16 km
Lb = 106.1
∴ La = 106.1 – 10 – 10 = 86.1 dB.
(iii ) d = 160 km
Lb = 126.06 dB
La = 126.06 – 10 – 10 = 106.06 dB.
(iv) d = 320 km
La = 132.06 dB
La = 132.06 – 10 – 10 = 112.06 dB.
(b) f = 3 GHz
(i ) d = 1.6 km
Lb = 106.06 dB
La = 106.06 – 10 – 10 = 86.06 dB.
 ANALYSIS OF LINEAR ARRAYS 203

(ii ) d = 16 km
Lb = 126.06 dB
La = 126.06 – 10 – 10 = 106.06 dB.
(iii ) d = 160 km
Lb = 146.06 dB
La = 146.06 – 10 – 10 = 126.06 dB.
(iv) d = 320 km
Lb = 152.087 dB
La = 152.087 – 10 – 10 = 132.087 dB.

Problem 4.13 Two dipoles of gain 1.64 each are used for transmitting and receiving purposes.
They are separated by a distance of 10 m. The radiated power by the transmitting antenna is 15 W
at a frequency of 60 MHz. Determine the receiving power.
Solution WT = 15 W
f = 60 MHz
d = 10 m

3 × 108
λ= =5m
60 × 106
The receiving power,

λ2
WR = WT GT GR
(4 π d )2

(15) (1.64) (1.64) (5)2

=
16 π2 × 102
15 × 1.96 × 25
=
15791.36
1008.6
=
15791.36
= 0.06387 W
WR = 63.87 mW.

1. Gain of isotropic radiator is _______________.

2. Effective area of isotropic radiator is _______________.
3. Gain of inf initesimal dipole is _______________.
4. Effective area of inf initesimal dipole is _______________.
204 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

5. Effective area of optimum horn whose mouth area is A, is _______________.

6. Theta polarisation is synonymous with vertical polarisation. (Yes/No)
7. Phi polarisation is synonymous with horizontal polarisation. (Yes/No)
8. The directional characteristics of centre-fed 2 λ dipole is_______________.
9. For broadside array, the excitation phase should be _______________.
10. For end-f ire array, the progressive phase shift should be equal to _______________.
11. The effect of earth on vertical patterns is that the _______________ increases and the radiation
is in the upper hemisphere.
12. Binomial array is a uniform linear array. (Yes/No)
13. The f irst side lobe level of a uniform linear array is _______________.
14. The side lobe level of a binomial array is _______________.
15. The beam width of a binomial array is greater than that of a uniform linear array. (Yes/No)
16. The radiation resistance of a dipole due to earth effect is _______________.
17. The radiation patterns of terminated and unterminated antennas are the same. (Yes/No)
18. Stub is _______________.
19. BALUN means _______________.
20. Basic transmission loss between two antennas depends on
(a) frequency (b) distance
(c) frequency and distance (d ) gain of antennas.
21. Actual transmission loss between two antennas depends on _______________.
22. Antenna temperature is the temperature of the antenna. (Yes/No)
23. The relation between effective noise temperature and noise f igure is _______________.
24. When side lobe level increases, beam width also increases in general. (Yes/No)
25. Half-power beam width in terms of Null-to-Null beam width is _______________.
26. The disadvantage of side lobes is _______________.
27. The number of sources required in a uniform array of 10 elements is _______________.
28. The number of sources required in a binomial array of 11 elements is _______________.
29. Q of an antenna made for a frequency of 15 MHz having a band width of 4 MHz is ___________.
30. The expression for Q of an antenna in terms of resonant frequency and bandwidth is
_______________.
31. The radiation resistance of an antenna which is radiating 10 kW and is fed at 10 amps is
_______________.
32. Directivity of a broadside array of 10 λ length is _______________.
 ANALYSIS OF LINEAR ARRAYS 205

33. Directivity of end-f ire array of 10 λ length is _______________.

34. B.W.F.N. of broadside array of length 10 λ is _______________.
35. HPBW of end-f ire array of length 10 λ is _______________.
36. Antenna wires are associated with _______________ and magnetic f ields.
37. In a dipole antenna, the two ends are at equal _______________ relative to the mid-point.
38. The directive gain is _______________ as the antenna length increases.
39. Grounded vertical antenna of length λ ⁄ 4 is an _______________ antenna which radiates equally
in all directions.
40. In an end-f ire array, there exists no radiation at _______________ to the axis of the array.
41. Antenna radiates maximum when it is at _______________.
42. An electric f ield is developed _______________ the ends of an antenna.
43. The magnetic f ield is developed _______________ an antenna.
44. Hertz antenna operates on _______________ of its fundamental frequency.
45. Receiving antennas in radio receivers normally are _______________.
46. The directivity of an antenna is determined by the beam width. (Yes/No)
47. A dummy antenna is a non-radiating antenna. (Yes/No)
48. A dummy antenna is used for tuning of preliminary transmitter and for approximating the
output power of the transmitter. (Yes/No)
49. The input impedance at the base of a λ ⁄ 8 Marconi antenna is _______________.
50. If radiation resistance is low, antenna eff iciency is _______________.
51. Field strength is improved with a good ground screen. (Yes/No)
52. Marconi antenna is an ungrounded antenna. (Yes/No)
53. Resonant length of a dipole is _______________.
54. Resonant length of a practical dipole is always _______________.
55. Actual resonant length of a dipole depends on its thickness. (Yes/No)
56. In coaxial cables or waveguides, transmission loss per unit length is independent of distance.
(Yes/No)
57. In coaxial cables or waveguides, transmission loss per unit length increases with frequency.
(Yes/No)
58. In radio wave system or microwave links, transmission loss per unit length decreases with
increasing distance. (Yes/No)
59. Actual transmission loss is less than the basic transmission loss between transmitting and
receiving antenna. (Yes/No)
206 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

60. The received power in a communication system is inversely proportional to the square of
frequency. (Yes/No)
61. The number of secondary lobes depend on the number of nulls in the resultant pattern.
(Yes/No)
62. The number of nulls in the resultant pattern are the sum of the nulls in the individual pattern
and array pattern. (Yes/No)
63. An ungrounded antenna near the ground acts as _______________.
64. The standard reference antenna for directive gain is the _______________.
65. Top loading is sometimes used with an antenna in order to increase its _______________.

1. One λ2 3. 1.5 1.5 λ2 5. 0.81 λ 6. Yes

2. 4.
4π 4π
7. Yes 8. 4 directional 9. Zero 10. – β d 11. Directivity
12. No 13. – 13.5 dB 14. Zero 15. Yes
16. Oscillates between 65 and 73 Ω 17. Yes
18. Impedance matching device 19. BALanaced to UNbalanced 20. (c)
21. f, d and gains of antenna 22. No 23. Te = T0 (FN – 1) 24. No
1
25. HPBW = × BWFN 26. waste power in undesired directions 27. One
2
fr
28. 6 29. 3.75 30. Q = 31. 100 Ω 32. 20 33. 40
B.W.
34. 0.2 35. 0.894 36. Electric 37. Potential 38. Increased
39. Omni directional 40. Right angle 41. Resonance 42. Between
43. Around 44. Harmonics 45. ferrite rod and loop antenna 46. Yes
47. Yes 48. Yes 49. (8 – j 500) ohm 50. Low 51. Yes
52. No 53. 0.5 λ 54. Less than λ ⁄ 2 55. Yes 56. Yes
57. Yes 58. Yes 59. No 60. Yes 61. Yes 62. Yes
63. an antenna array 64. Isotropic antenna 65. Band width

1. Obtain radiation pattern of a binomial array of 5 elements. Compare with that of uniform arrays
of 5 elements.
2. Draw the typical radiation pattern of an array of 5 elements with edge excitation given by
1, 0, 0, 0, 1.
 ARRAY SYNTHESIS 231

8. Taylor’s method of array design gives a radiation pattern containing two regions of side lobes.
One region contains side lobes of specif ied equal height. The second region contains decaying
side lobes.
9. Raised cosine type of amplitude distribution yields a pattern with the f irst side lobe level of
– 32.0 dB.

Problem 5.1 If the array factor of a linear array has zeros at φ = 90o, 180o, 270o and the elements
λ
are spaced at , design the array.
4
λ, 2π λ π
Solution d= αe = 0, k d = × =
4 λ 4 2
π,
If zero is at φ = 90o or then
2

x = e j ψ = e j (k d sin φ + 0)
= ejπ⁄ 2 = j
If zero is at φ = 180o or π
x = e j (k d sin (180)) = 1
3π ,
If zero is at φ = 270o or
2
x=–j
The normalised array factor is
E = (x – x1) (x – x2) (x – x3)
or E = (x – j ) (x – 1) (x + j )
or E = – 1 + x – x2 + x3
So the excitation coeff icients are (– 1, 1, – 1, 1).
The number of elements required in the array are 4.
Problem 5.2 Design a line source to obtain a radiation pattern given by
E (φ) = 1 for 45o ≤ φ ≤ 135o and
E (φ) = 0 outside this angular region.
Solution The amplitude distribution for a specif ied radiation pattern is given by
∞
1
A (x) =
2π ∫ E (φ) e– j xy d y
–∞

Here E (φ) = 1 for 45o ≤ φ ≤ 135o

232 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

k
and y = k sin φ for φ = 45o, y =
2
√
k
for φ = 135o, y = –
2
√
k⁄√
2
1
A (x) =
2π ∫ e– j xy d y
–k ⁄ √
2

 sin  k x  
  ÷
 √2  
k  
That is, A (x) =  
2   k x  
π√
  ÷ 
 
√
2
   

The normalised amplitude distribution is

sin (k x ⁄ √
2)
An (x) = ×
kx ⁄ √
2

Problem 5.3 Find the excitation coeff icients of a four-element broadside Dolph- Tchebyscheff
array which produces a radiation pattern with its f irst side lobe level of a = 9.0 below the main beam.
Assume the spacing of the elements to be λ ⁄ 2.
Solution The required side lobe ratio is
a = 9.0
So SLL in dB = 20 log (a)
= 20 log (9.0)
= 19.08 dB
The number of elements in the array, n = 4.
The degree of the polynomial,
m=n–1=4–1=3
We know that
Tm (x0) = Tn – 1 (x0) = T3 (x0)
= a = 9.0
That is, 4x03 – 3x0 = T3 (x0) = 9.0
Adding 6x02 in both sides, we get
4x03 + 6x02 – 3x0 = 6x02 + 9.0
4x03 – 6x02 + 6x02 + 6x0 – 9x0 – 9.0 = 0
2x02 (2x0 – 3) + (6x02 – 9x0) + (6x0 – 9) = 0
2x02 (2x0 – 3) + 3x0 (2x0 – 3) + 3 (2x0 – 3) = 0
 ARRAY SYNTHESIS 233

(2x0 – 3) (2x02 + 3x0 + 3) = 0

Therefore, (2x0 – 3) = 0
and (2x02 + 3x0 + 3) = 0
or x0 = 3 ⁄ 2 = 1.5
As the number of elements in the array are even, the pattern is given by
N –1
ER = ∑ Am cos [(2m + 1) ψ ⁄ 2]
m=0

= A0 z + A1 (4z3 – 3z) = T3 (x)

or A0 z + A1 (4z3 – 3z) = 4x 3 – 3x
x
where z =
x0
2
 x   x   x  3
A0  ÷ + A1   ÷ –3  ÷  = 4x – 3x
x
 0 x
 0  x
 0
Equating the respective terms, we get
 A0 – 3A1 
x   = – 3x
 x0 
A0 – 3A1
=3
1.5
or A0 – 3A1 = – 4.5
Also we have
 x 3
4A1  ÷ = 4x 3
 x0 
 x3 
 ÷ 3
or 4A1  ÷ = 4x
 (1.5) ÷
3
 
A1 = (1.5)3 = 3.375
and A0 = – 4.5 + 3A1
= – 4.5 + 3 × 3.375
or A0 = 5.625
Normalising the coeff icients to a maximum of 1, we get the array excitations as
0.6 1 1 0.6
234 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

1. The extent of visible region can be controlled by the spacing between elements. (Yes/No)
2. The relative position on the circle is controlled by the progressive phase excitation of the
elements. (Yes/No)
3. The Schelkunoff polynomial method is useful to design an array of elements which produces
a pattern with nulls in the desired directions. (Yes/No)
4. Fourier Transform method of array synthesis is more accurate if the array length is very small.
(Yes/No)
5. The Schelkunoff polynomial method of array design gives symmetrical excitation coeff icients.
(Yes/No)
6. Fourier Transform design method is applicable only to discrete arrays. (Yes/No)
7. Continuous line sources and discrete arrays can be designed by Fourier Transform method.
(Yes/No)
8. Any type of radiation beam can be designed by Fourier Transform method. (Yes/No)
9. Beam shaping can be done by Woodward method. (Yes/No)
10. Only odd element arrays can be designed by Woodward method. (Yes/No)
11. Grating lobes are extremely useful. (Yes/No)
12. Dolph-Tschebyscheff method results in a radiation pattern with a maximum band width.
(Yes/No)
13. Dolph-Chebychev method yields a pattern which contains side lobes of unequal level.
(Yes/No)
14. The amplitude taper is very high in Dolph-Chebychev method. (Yes/No)

15. If impulses or large peaks f irst appear in the nth derivative of the excitation, SLL is of the order
of _______________.
16. 3 dB beam width is greater than the Null-to-Null beam width in a typical radiation pattern.
(Yes/No)
17. The last side lobe level is usually higher than that of the f irst side lobe level in several cases.
(Yes/No)
18. The side lobe level of triangular distribution for the array is higher than that of uniform linear
array. (Yes/No)
19. The 3 dB beam width of triangular excitation distribution is smaller than that of uniform linear
array. (Yes/No)
20. If the amplitude distribution is highly tapered towards the end of the array, the side lobe level
becomes small. (Yes/No)
21. The side lobe level in the pattern of cosinusoidal amplitude distribution is higher than that of
uniform array. (Yes/No)
 ARRAY SYNTHESIS 235

22. Radiation pattern remains the same whether there is an element or not in the centre of array.
(Yes/No)
23. Collinear array means _______________.
24. The parasitic antenna element derives power from _______________.
25. A point source is a radiator which _______________.
26. Radiation pattern can be controlled by amplitude distribution only. (Yes/No)
27. Radiation pattern can be controlled by phase control only. (Yes/No)
28. For a binomial array the directivity is _______________.
29. The beam width of a binomial array is _______________ compared to that of uniform linear
array.
30. The advantages of Dolph-Tschebyscheff distribution is that _______________ a minimum
beam width for a given side lobe level.
31. The side lobes of the patterns of Dolph-Tschebyscheff amplitude distribution are ___________.
32. The gain in super directive arrays is _______________.
33. If the side lobe level below the main lobe is 19.1 dB, the side lobe level is _______________.
34. The eff iciency of super directive antenna is _______________.
35. The power gain of super directive gain antenna is _______________.
36. Beam shaping can be done by Fourier Transform method. (Yes/No)
37. In Taylor’s method of array design, σ is called _______________.
38. In Taylor’s method of array design, the parameter A is _______________.
39. In Taylor’s method of array design, scaling factor is def ined as _______________.
40. In an array pattern, the number of nulls are inf luenced by the number of elements in the array.
(Yes/No)
41. The space factor of an array is _______________ of a similar array of non-directive or isotropic
elements.
42. A linear array with certain spacing between the elements can be represented by a polynomial.
(Yes/No)
43. There exists additional phase in an array space factor without introducing phase from
excitation. (Yes/No)
44. The space factor of a linear array of n elements is the product of (n – 1) virtual couplets with
their null points at the zeros of E. (Yes/No)
45. Tschebyscheff polynomials are def ined as _______________.
46. The invisible region is reduced by the spacing of the elements. (Yes/No)
47. The common spacing of radiating elements in linear arrays is _______________.
236 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

48. Super directive characteristics are obtained when the spacing of the radiating elements is
_______________
49. Grating lobes are often produced when the spacing of the radiating elements is _____________.
50. The side lobe level of a triangular amplitude distribution is less than that of uniform.
(Yes/No)
51. Parabolic amplitude distribution is better than the circular distribution as far as side lobe levels
are concerned. (Yes/No)
52. In two-element interferometer, the pattern consists of equal radiation lobes. (Yes/No)
53. The range of visible region depends on _______________.
54. The degree of Tschebyscheff polynomial is equal to the number of elements minus one.
(Yes/No)

1. Yes 2. Yes 3. Yes 4. No 5. Yes 6. No

7. Yes 8. Yes 9. Yes 10. Yes 11. No 12. No
13. No 14. No 15. – 10n dB 16. No 17. No 18. No
19. Yes 20. Yes 21. No 22. No
23. An array in which the antennas are arranged co−axially
24. Driven element by radiation 25. Has no volume 26. No
27. No 28. Small 29. High 30. A minimum
31. At equal level 32. High 33. 9.0 34. Small 35. Small
36. Yes 37. Scaling factor
38. A constant which is related to maximum desired side lobe level
_
n
39. σ =
40. Yes 41. The radiation pattern of 42. Yes
 2  _ 1 2 1⁄2
A +n– ÷ ÷
  2 

43. Yes 44. Yes

45. Tm (x) = cos (m cos–1 x), – 1 < x < 1 Tm (x) = cosh (m cosh–1 x), | x | > 1 46. Yes

λ λ λ
47. 48. < 49. > 50. Yes 51. Yes 52. Yes
2 2 2
53. Elements spacing, excitation phase and frequency 54. Yes.
278 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

20. Turnstile antenna is used for T.V., FM broadcasting purposes.

21. Discone antenna is a broad-band antenna.
22. Notch antenna is used in aircrafts.

Problem 6.1 Design a Rhombic antenna to operate at a frequency of 30 MHz with the angle of
elevation, ∆ = 30o with respect to the ground.
λ λ λ
Solution H= = =
4 sin ∆ 4 sin 30 2
At f = 30 MHz,
v0 3 × 108
λ= = = 10 m
f 30 × 106

Height of Rhombic,
H = 10 × 1 ⁄ 2 = 5 m
Tilt angle, φ = 90 – ∆ = 60o
Length of each wire, l is
λ λ
l= 2
= = 20 m
2 cos φ 2 sin2 ∆

So, The design parameters are φ = 60o, H = 5 m, l = 20 m.

Problem 6.2 Design a Rhombic antenna to operate at 20 MHz when the angle of elevation,
∆ = 10o.
Solution Tilt angle, φ = 90 – ∆ = 90 – 10 = 80o
λ
Rhombic height, H =
4 sin ∆
λ
=
0.6945
or H = 1.439 λ
At f = 20 MHz

3 × 108
λ= = 15 m
20 × 106
H = 21.585 m
λ
l=
2 sin2 10
 HF, VHF AND UHF ANTENNAS 279

l = 16.58 λ
or l = 248.725 m.
Problem 6.3 Obtain design data of a Rhombic antenna to operate at 30 MHz if the angle of
elevation is 10o, 15o, 20o, 25o, 30o, 35o, 40o.
Solution (a) Angle of elevation, ∆ = 10o
Tilt angle, φ = 90o – ∆ = 90o – 10o

φ = 80o
f = 30 MHz
v0 3 × 108
λ= = = 10 m
f 30 × 106

λ λ
Rhombic height, H= =
4 sin ∆ 4 sin 10o

H = 1.439 λ
or H = 14.396 m
λ
Wire length, l=
2 sin2 ∆
l = 16.58 λ
or l = 165.8 m
∴ φ = 80o, H = 14.396 m, l = 165.8 m

(b) Angle of elevation, ∆ = 15o

φ = 90o – 15o = 75o
λ
Rhombic height, H= = 0.966 λ
4 sin ∆
H = 0.966 λ
or H = 9.66 m
λ
Wire length, l=
2 sin2 ∆
or l = 7.46 λ
l = 74.6 m

φ = 75o, H = 9.66 m, l = 74.6 m

(c) Angle of elevation ∆ = 20o

Tilt angle, φ = 90 – 20 = 70o
280 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

λ
Rhombic height, H =
4 sin ∆
or H = 0.73 λ
H = 7.3 m
λ
Wire length, l=
2 sin2 ∆
or l = 4.27 λ
l = 42.7 m

φ = 70o, H = 7.3 m, l = 42.7 m

(d ) Angle of elevation, ∆ = 25o

Tilt angle, φ = 90o – 25o
= 65o
λ
Rhombic height, H=
4 sin ∆

or H = 0.591 λ
H = 5.91 m

λ
Wire length, l=
2 sin2 ∆

or l = 2.79 λ
l = 27.9 m

φ = 65o, H = 5.91 m, l = 27.9 m

(e) Angle of elevation, ∆ = 30o

Tilt angle, φ = 90o – 30o
= 60o
λ
Rhombic height, H=
4 sin ∆
H = 0.5 λ
H=5m

λ
Wire length, l=
2 sin2 ∆
= 2λ
 HF, VHF AND UHF ANTENNAS 281

l = 2 × 10 = 20 m.

φ = 60o, H = 5 m, l = 20 m

( f ) Angle of elevation, ∆ = 35o

Tilt angle, φ = 90o – 35o = 55o
λ
Rhombic height, H=
4 sin ∆

or H = 0.435 λ
H = 4.35 m
λ
Wire length, l=
2 sin2 ∆
= 1.52 λ
or l = 15.2 m

φ = 55o, H = 4.35 m, l = 15.2 m

(g) Angle of elevation, ∆ = 40o

Tilt angle, φ = 90o – 40o = 50o
λ
Rhombic height, H=
4 sin ∆

or H = 0.39 λ
H = 3.9 m
λ
Wire length, l=
2 sin2 ∆

or l = 1.21 λ
l = 12.1 m

φ = 50o, H = 3.9 m, l = 12.1 m.

Problem 6.4 Obtain alignment design parameters of Rhombic antenna to operate at 30 MHz
when the required elevation angle is 30o.
Solution f = 30 MHz

3 × 108
λ= = 10 m
30 × 106
Elevation angle, ∆ = 30o
Tilt angle, φ = 90o – ∆ = 90o – 30o
282 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

= 60o
φ = 60o
λ
Rhombic height, H= =5m
4 sin ∆
λ
Wire length, l= ×k
2 sin2 ∆
λ
= × 0.74
2 sin2 30o
= 1.48 λ = 14.8 m

φ = 60o, H = 5 m, l = 14.8 m.

Problem 6.5 Obtain alignment design parameter of Rhombic antenna to operate at 20 MHz if the
elevation angle is 20o.
Solution Frequency, f = 20 MHz

3 × 108
λ= = 15 m
20 × 106
Elevation angle, ∆ = 20o
Tilt angle, φ = 90o – 20o = 70o
K = 0.74
λ
Rhombic height, H= = 10.96 m
4 sin ∆
λ
Wire length, l= ×K
2 sin2 ∆
l = 47.44 m

φ = 70o, H = 10.96 m, l = 47.44 m.

Problem 6.6 Design a three element Yagi-Uda antenna to operate at a frequency of 172 MHz.
Solution Frequency, f = 172 MHz

3 × 108 300
λ= 6
= = 1.744 m
172 × 10 172

The length of driven element,

478 478
La = = = 2.78 feet
fMHz 172

492
Length of ref lector, Lr = = 2.86 feet
172
 HF, VHF AND UHF ANTENNAS 283

Length of director,
461.5
Ld = = 2.683 feet
172
Element spacing,
142
S= = 0.825 feet
172
La = 2.78′, Lr = 2.86′, Ld = 2.683′, S = 0.825′.

Problem 6.7 Design Yagi-Uda antenna of six elements to provide a gain of 12 dBi if the operating
frequency is 200 MHz.
Solution Required gain = 12 dBi
Frequency, f = 200 MHz
λ = 1.5 m
La = 0.416 λ = 0.69 m
Lr = 0.475 λ = 0.7125 m
L d1 = 0.44 λ = 0.66 m
L d2 = 0.44 λ = 0.66 m
L d3 = 0.43 λ = 0.645 m
L d4 = 0.40 λ = 0.60 m
SL = 0.25 λ = 0.375 m
Sd = 0.31 λ = 0.465 m
Diameter of elements,
d = 0.01 λ = 0.015 m
The length of array = 1.5 λ = 2.25 m.
Problem 6.8 Design a log-periodic antenna to obtain a gain of 9 dB and to operate over a
frequency range of 125 MHz-500 MHz.
Solution Gain required = 9 dB
Lowest frequency, f = 125 MHz
Highest frequency, f = 500 MHz
Longest wavelength corresponds to shortest frequency and shortest wavelength corresponds
to longest frequency.

3 × 108
λlong = = 2.4 m
125 × 106

3 × 108
λshort = = 0.6 m
500 × 106
284 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

To obtain a gain of 9 dB, the values of scale and spacing factors are taken from Isbel’s curves.
They are,
τ = 0.861
σ = 0.162
Now the wedge angle is,
1–τ
α = 2 tan–1  ÷ = 24.2o
 4σ 
Dn Ln
We have τ= =
Dn – 1 Ln – 1
or L2 = τ L1, L3 = τ L2, …
λlong 2.4
L1 = = = 1.2 m
2 2
L2 = τ L1 = 1.0332 m
L3 = τ L2 = 0.8895 m
L4 = τ L3 = 0.7659 m
L5 = τ L4 = 0.6594 m
L6 = τ L5 = 0.5678 m
L7 = τ L6 = 0.4888 m
L8 = τ L7 = 0.4210 m
L9 = τ L8 = 0.3624 m
L10 = τ L9 = 0.3120 m
L11 = τ L10 = 0.2686 m
And the element spacing relation is,
Sn
σ=
2Ln
or Sn = 2σ Ln = (Dn – Dn – 1)
S1 = 2σ L1 = 0.3888 m
S2 = 2σ L2 = 0.3347 m
S3 = 2σ L3 = 0.2881 m
S4 = 2σ L4 = 0.2481 m
S5 = 2σ L5 = 0.2136 m
S6 = 2σ L6 = 0.1839 m
S7 = 2σ L7 = 0.1583 m
S8 = 2σ L8 = 0.1364 m
 HF, VHF AND UHF ANTENNAS 285

S9 = 2σ L9 = 0.1174 m
S10 = 2σ L10 = 0.1010 m
S11 = 2σ L11 = 0.0870 m.

Problem 6.9 Find the induced voltage in a vertical 10 turn loop antenna due to a f ield strength
of 10 mV/m and frequency 2 MHz. The area of the loop antenna is 1.4 m2.
Solution Electric f ield strength,
ERMS = 10 mV ⁄ m
f = 2 MHz
N = 10 turns
φ = 0o when the plane of the loop is in the plane
of propagation of electromagnetic wave

S = 1.4 m2
2 π Emax SN
VRMS = cos φ volts
λ
2π √
2 ERMS SN
= cos φ
λ
2π √
2 × 10 × 1.4 × 10 × 1
=
150
VRMS = 8.29 mV.

Problem 6.10 Find the radiation resistance of a loop antenna of diameter 0.5 m operating at
1 MHz.
Solution Diameter of the loop antenna
= 0.5 m
Its radius = 0.25 m
f = 1 MHz
λ = 300 m
a
Rr = 3720  ÷
λ

0.25
= 3,720 × = 3.1 Ω.
300
Problem 6.11 Determine the directivity of a loop antenna whose radius is 0.5 m when it is
operated at 0.9 MHz.
Solution Radius of loop antenna
a = 0.5 m
f = 0.9 MHz
286 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

λ = 333.33 m
2π a
= 9.42 × 10– 3
λ
2 πa 1 ,
As < D = 1.5.
λ 3
Problem 6.12 If the radius of a small loop is 0.035 λ, f ind its physical area and maximum effective
aperture.
Solution Radius of the loop antenna
a = 0.035 λ
Physical area = π a2
= π × (0.035 λ)2
A = 3.848 × 10– 3 λ2
Maximum effective aperture,

3 λ2
Aem =
8π

Aem = 0.119 λ2.

Problem 6.13 A circular loop antenna has a diameter of 1.5 λ. Find its directivity and radiation
resistance.
Solution Radius of the loop antenna,
1.5 λ
a= = 0.75 λ
2
C 2π a 2 π
= = ×0.75 λ
λ λ λ
= 1.5 π
The expression for radiation resistance,
a
Rr = 3720  ÷
λ

= 3720 × 0.75
Rr = 2790 Ω

The directivity of the loop antenna is

a
D = 4.25  ÷
λ

= 4.25 × 0.75
D = 3.1875.
 HF, VHF AND UHF ANTENNAS 287

λ
Problem 6.14 An array of dipoles of length in end-f ire mode is to produce a power gain of 28.
2
λ
Find the array length, number of elements when spaced at and Null-to-Null beam width.
2
Solution For end-fire array, the power gain is given by
L
gp = 4  ÷, L = array length
λ
L
That is, 28 = 4  ÷
λ
or L = 7.0 λ
λ
Number of elements in the array when spaced at
2
= 7.0 × 2 = 14
Null-to-Null beam width

=2 √Nd
2λ

=2

√ 2λ
14 ×
λ
2
4 4
= =
14
√  3.7416

= 1.07 rad

B.W. = 61.30o.
Problem 6.15 If a helical antenna has a spacing between turns 0.05 m, diameter 0.1 m, number of
turns equal to 20 and operates at 1,000 MHz, find the Null-to-Null beam width of the main beam
and also half-power beam width and directivity.
Solution S = 0.05 m
Dh = 0.10 m
N = 20
f = 1,000 MHz
λ = 0.3 m

115 λ3 ⁄ 2
BWFN, φ0 =
C√
La
where C = π Dh
La = N S
288 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

115 (0.3)3 ⁄ 2
φ0 = = 60.14o
π × (0.1) √

20 × 0.05

52 λ3 ⁄ 2
HPBW, φ= = 27.20o
C√
La

15N C 2 S
Directivity, D = = 54.84
λ3

BWFN = 60.2o, HPBW = 27.2o, D = 54.84.

1. Isotropic radiator radiates equally in all directions. (Yes/No)

2. Isotropic radiator and omni-directional radiator are one and the same. (Yes/No)
3. If Pi is the input to isotropic radiator, power density is _______________.
4. Marconi antenna is nothing but _______________.
5. Standing waves are produced in non-resonant antennas. (Yes/No)
6. Travelling waves are produced in resonant antennas. (Yes/No)
7. Rhombic antenna is _______________
(a) travelling wave antenna (b) standing wave antenna
(c) narrow-band antenna (d ) used in LF bands
λ
8. Resonant antenna has a length in multiples of × (Yes/No)
2
9. When the length of the antenna is λ, the polarity of the current in one-half of the antenna is
opposite to that on the other half. (Yes/No)
10. The radiation at right angles from λ antenna is zero because _______________.
11. Antennas transmit eff iciently when the length is ______________.
12. The voltage distribution on half-wave dipole is _______________.
13. Resonant antenna is
(a) Aperiodic (b) Periodic
(c) Travelling wave (d ) Rhombic
14. If the length of wire antenna is more, beam width is small. (Yes/No)
15. HF band is _______________.
16. UHF band is _______________.
17. Tower antenna is __________________.
 HF, VHF AND UHF ANTENNAS 289

18. A typical inductance loaded LF antenna is _______________.

19. One application of VLF is _______________.
20. Null-to-Null beam width of end-f ire array is _______________.
21. Null-to-Null beam width of broadside array is _______________.
22. Radiation beam in broadside array is along the axis of the array. (Yes/No)
23. If the number of elements is more in an array, beam width is small. (Yes/No)
24. V antennas are _______________.
25. The excitation to each wire of V antenna is _______________.
26. The radiation pattern of resonant V antenna is _______________.
27. The radiation pattern of non-resonant V antenna is _______________.
28. Arrays of V antennas are not possible. (Yes/No)
29. Inverted V antenna is a travelling wave antenna. (Yes/No)
30. The directivity of Rhombic antenna is greater than that of V antenna. (Yes/No)
31. Rhombic antenna is an HF antenna. (Yes/No)
32. The eff iciency of Rhombic antenna is very high. (Yes/No)
33. Rhombic antenna is used for transmission purpose only. (Yes/No)
34. The radiation of Rhombic antenna is _______________.
35. The design parameters of Rhombic antenna are _______________.
λ
36. Radiation resistance of folded dipole is _______________.
2
λ
37. Radiation resistance of three folded dipole is _______________.
2
38. Radiation pattern of folded dipole is the same as that of straight dipole. (Yes/No)
39. The voltage and current in resonant antennas are _______________.
λ
40. The length of non-resonant antenna is in multiples of × (Yes/No)
2
41. In end-f ire array, all the elements are fed with no additional phase. (Yes/No)
42. The impedance of folded dipole is a function of dipole radius. (Yes/No)
43. The disadvantage of non-resonant V antenna is _______________.
44. Isotropic antenna is used as _______________.
45. The director’s reactance in Yagi-Uda antenna is _______________.
46. The ref lector’s reactance in Yagi-Uda antenna is _______________.
47. The sensitivity of Yagi-Uda is very high. (Yes/No)
290 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

48. The band width of Yagi-Uda antenna is limited. (Yes/No)

49. The band width of straight dipole is _______________.
50. In end-f ire two-element array, the elements are fed with a phase difference of 180o.
(Yes/No)
51. In broadside array, the elements are in phase. (Yes/No)
52. The impedance and directivity changes with frequency in log- periodic array. (Yes/No)
53. Log-periodic antenna is frequency independent. (Yes/No)
54. Log-periodic antenna is a wide-band antenna. (Yes/No)
55. Rhombic antenna is more eff icient than log-periodic antenna. (Yes/No)
56. Log-periodic array is a uniform linear array. (Yes/No)
57. The gain of log-periodic antenna is more when τ is small and α is large. (Yes/No)
58. Log-periodic antenna becomes compact when scale factor is small and wedge angle α is large.
(Yes/No)
59. The designed band width is greater than the desired band width in log-periodic antenna.
(Yes/No)
60. The number of dipoles in log-periodic antenna is a function of
(a) desired gain only (b) desired band width only
(c) wedge angle only (d ) designed band width and scale factor
61. Length of the log-periodic array is a function of _______________.
62. The length of the antenna at an operating frequency of 0.5 GHz is
(a) 570 m (b) 5.70 m
(c) 57.0 m (d ) 600 m
63. The equivalent of a small loop antenna is _______________.
64. The Marconi antenna is used in _______________.
65. The loop antennas are used for _______________.
66. Loop antennas may have several turns. (Yes/No)
67. Loop antennas may have ferrite cores. (Yes/No)
68. Ferrite cores in loop antennas increase the diameter of the loop. (Yes/No)
69. Loop antennas with ferrite cores are as _______________.
70. The loop antenna is always circular in shape. (Yes/No)
71. The directional properties of loop antennas at medium frequencies are different from those at
microwave frequencies. (Yes/No)
72. The direction of the given radiation in loop antenna is indicated by maximum signal.
(Yes/No)
 HF, VHF AND UHF ANTENNAS 291

73. The direction of given radiation is indicated by null. (Yes/No)

74. The directional loop antenna is independent of the shape of the loop. (Yes/No)
75. The radiation pattern of loop antenna is the same as that of a half-wave dipole. (Yes/No)
76. Helical antenna is used in _______________.
77. Helical antenna produces circular polarisation. (Yes/No)
78. Helical antenna has wide band width. (Yes/No)
79. Helical antenna is mostly used in normal mode. (Yes/No)
80. Helical antenna is used in axial mode. (Yes/No)
81. Helical antenna can be used in HF, VHF bands. (Yes/No)
82. Helical antenna is only for receiving purposes. (Yes/No)
83. Helical antenna is used for transmission and receiving purposes. (Yes/No)
84. Whip antennas are used in _______________.
85. Whip antennas are used at HF and VHF bands. (Yes/No)
86. Whip antenna is a quarter-wave Marconi antenna. (Yes/No)
87. At 30 MHz, whip antenna has a length of
(a) 2.5 m (b) 25 m
(c) 250 m (d ) 10 m
88. Effective height of quarter-wave grounded vertical wire is _______________.
89. An example of Marconi antenna is _______________.
90. Ferrite rod antennas are used in _______________.
91. The selectivity of ferrite rods is very high. (Yes/No)
92. Radiation resistance of ferrite rod depends on _______________.
93. Antenna eff iciency is _______________.
λ
94. The approximate practical dipole length after taking end effects into account is
2
_______________.
95. If the length of antenna is more, its directivity is high. (Yes/No)
96. The disadvantage of Rhombic antenna is _______________.
97. Loop antennas are used in _______________.
98. Loop antenna can be of any shape including triangular loop for direction-f inding. (Yes/No)
99. For direction-f inding loop antenna is rotated. (Yes/No)
100. The purpose of Adcock antenna is _______________.
101. In general, loop antennas are satisfactory for frequencies between 2 and 30 MHz due to
polarisation error. (Yes/No)
292 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

102. Discone antenna is a broad-band antenna compared to dipole. (Yes/No)

103. Notch antenna is used _______________.
104. Inverted V antenna is balanced fed. (Yes/No)
105. For small square and circular loop antennas, the f ield patterns are identical. (Yes/No)
106. The radiation patterns depend only on the area and the shape of the small loop has no effect.
(Yes/No)

1. Yes 2. No 3. Pi ⁄ 4 π r 2 watts ⁄ m2 4. A quarter-wave monopole

5. No 6. No 7. (a) 8. Yes 9. Yes
10. The currents are out of phase 11. λ ⁄ 2, λ ⁄ 4
13. (b) 14. Yes
15. 3 – 30 MHz
16. 300 MHz – 3 GHz 17. LF antenna

19. Telegraphy 20. 2 √Nd

2λ2λ
Nd
21. 22. No

23. Yes 24. Resonant as well as non-resonant

25. Out of phase 26. Bi-directional
27. Uni-directional 28. No 29. Yes 30. Yes
31. Yes 32. No 33. No 34. Uni-directional
35. Elevation angle, Rhombic height, wire length 36. 292 Ω 37. 657 Ω
38. Yes 39. Are not in phase 40. No 41. No 42. Yes
43. There exists high side lobes 44. Reference antenna
45. Capacitive 46. Inductive 47. Yes 48. Yes 49. Narrow 50. Yes
51. Yes 52. No 53. Yes 54. Yes 55. No 56. No
57. No 58. Yes 59. Yes 60. (d )
61. Frequency, designed band width and wedge angle 62. (a)
63. Magnetic dipole 64. Commercial radio stations 65. Direction finding
66. Yes 67. Yes 68. Yes 69. Portable broadcast receivers
70. No 71. No 72. No 73. Yes 74. Yes 75. Yes
76. Telemetry, satellite, and probe communications 77. Yes 78. Yes
79. No 80. Yes 81. Yes 82. No 83. Yes
84. Mobile communications 85. Yes 86. Yes 87. (a)
2
88. × actual height 89. Quarter-wave antenna 90. Radio receivers
π
91. Yes 92. Diameter of ferrite rod, its effective permeability and frequency of operation
 HF, VHF AND UHF ANTENNAS 293

93. Rr ⁄ (Rr + Rl) 94. 0.475 λ 95. Yes 96. It requires more space
97. Radio receivers and aircraft receivers for direction finding 98. Yes 99. Yes
100. Direction finding 101. Yes 102. Yes 103. On aircrafts
104. No 105. Yes 106. Yes.

1. Design a Rhombic antenna to operate at 25 MHz if the required elevation angle is

(a) 20o (b) 25o.
2. Design a Rhombic antenna to operate at 15 MHz if the required elevation angle is
(a) 30o (b) 35o.
3. Design a Rhombic antenna to operate at 20 MHz if the tilt angle is
(a) 60o (b) 65o.
4. Obtain alignment design parameters of Rhombic antenna to operate at 25 MHz when the
required elevation angle is
(a) 25o (b) 30o.
5. A multiple circular loop of radius 1.0 cm operates at 100 MHz. If its radiation resistance is
10.0 Ω, f ind the number of turns.
 MICROWAVE ANTENNAS 337

23. Microstrip antennas are popular in cellular phones and for installation on body of aircrafts and
so on.
24. The desired polarisation can be obtained by different shapes of the microstrip antenna.
Z0
25. Characteristic impedance of patch antenna is Zp = ×
n√
∈
r

Problem 7.1 Find the null-to-null main beam width of 2 m paraboloid reflector used at 5 GHz.
Also f ind the half power beam width.
Solution Frequency, f = 5 GHz

3 × 108
λ= = 0.06 m
5 × 109
 λ  0.06
BWFN = 140 ×  ÷ = 140 × = 4.2o
 
D 2

BWFN = 4.2o
 λ  0.06
HPBW = 70 ×  ÷ = 70 × = 2.1o
 
D 2.0

HPBW = 2.1o.
Problem 7.2 Find the gain of a paraboloid of 2 m diameter operating at 5 GHz when half-wave
dipole feed is used.
Solution Frequency, f = 5 GHz

3 × 108
λ= = 0.06 m
5 × 109
The gain of the paraboloid is
 D 2  2 2
gp = 6.4  ÷ = 6.4 ×  ÷
 λ   0.06 

gp = 7111.1 = 38.51 dB.

Problem 7.3 Find the band width between first nulls and half power points of the radiation
pattern of a paraboloid operating at 10 GHz which has a mouth diameter of 0.15 m. Also f ind the
power gain.
Solution Frequency, f = 10 GHz
Mouth diameter, Da = 0.15 m
338 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

3 × 108
λ= = 0.03 m
10 × 109
λ
= 0.2
Da

 λ 
BWFN = φ0 = 140 ×  ÷ = 28
o

 Da 

 λ 
HPBW = φ = 70 ×  ÷ = 14
o

 Da 

 Da  2
Power gain, gp = 6.4  ÷ = 160 = 22.04 dB
 λ 

φ0 = 28o, φ = 14o, gp = 160 = 22.04 dB.

Problem 7.4 For a paraboloid reflector antenna with 1.8 m diameter operating at 2 GHz, find the
power gain in dB.
Solution Frequency, f = 2 GHz
Diameter, Da = 1.8 m

3 × 108
λ= = 0.15 m
2 × 109
 Da  2
The power gain, gp = 6.4  ÷ = 921.6
 λ 

gp (dB) = 10 log10 (921.6)

gp = 29.64 dB.

Problem 7.5 A paraboloid operating at 5 GHz has a radiation pattern with Null-to-Null beam
width of 10o. Find the mouth diameter of the paraboloid, half power beam width and power gain.
Solution Frequency, f = 5 GHz

3 × 108
λ= = 0.06 m
5 × 109
 λ 
We have φ0 = BWFN = 140 ×  ÷
 Da 

 λ 
or Da = 140 ×  ÷
 BWFN 
 MICROWAVE ANTENNAS 339

 0.06 
= 140 ×  ÷
 10 

Mouth diameter, Da = 0.84 m

 λ 
HPBW = φ = 70 ×  ÷= 5
o

 Da 

 Da  2
Power gain, gp = 6.4  ÷
 λ 

or gp = 1254.4

Da = 0.84 m, φ = 5o, gp = 1254.4.

Problem 7.6 For a paraboloid ref lector of diameter 6 m, illumination eff iciency, b = 0.65. The
frequency of operation is 10 GHz. Find its beam width, directivity and capture area.
Solution Frequency, f = 10 GHz

3 × 108
λ= = 0.03 m
10 × 109
Mouth diameter, Da = 6 m

π D2a 36
Actual area, A= =π× = 28.27 m2
4 4

Capture area, Ac = 0.65 A = 18.378 m2

 Da  2
Directivity, D = 6.4 ×  ÷ = 2,56,000 = 54.1 dB
 λ 

 λ 
HPBW = φ = 70 ×  ÷ = 0.35
o
D
 a

BWFN = φ0 = 2φ = 0.70o
φ0 = 0.7o, φ = 0.35o, Ac = 18.378 m2
Directivity = 54.1 dB.
Problem 7.7 A paraboloid ref lector operates at 4 GHz. Its mouth diameter is 6 m. It is required
to measure far-f ield pattern of the paraboloid. Find the minimum distance required between the two
antennas.
Solution The minimum distance required

2D2a
r=
λ
340 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

where Da = 6.0 m
f = 4 GHz

3 × 108
λ= = 0.075 m
4 × 109

2D2a
r= = 960.0 m.
λ
Problem 7.8 A paraboloid ref lector is required to have a power gain of 1,000 at a frequency of
3 GHz. Determine the mouth diameter and beam width of the antenna.
Solution Frequency, f = 3 GHz

3 × 108
λ= = 0.1 m
3 × 109
Required power gain,
gp = 1,000
 Da  2
We have, gp = 6.4 ×  ÷
 λ 

6.4
√
gp
Mouth diameter, Da = λ

= 0.1 √1,000
6.4 = 1.25 m
 λ 
HPBW = 70 ×  ÷ = 5.6
o

 Da 

 λ 
BWFN = 140 ×  ÷ = 11.2
o
D
 a

Da = 1.25 m, HPBW = 5.6o, BWFN = 11.2o.

Problem 7.9 A paraboloid ref lector operates at a frequency of 10 GHz and it provides a power
gain of gp = 75 dB. Find the capture area of the paraboloid and beam width.
Solution Frequency, f = 10 GHz

3 × 108
λ= = 0.03 m
10 × 109
 da  2
Power gain, gp = 6.4  ÷
 λ 
But, gp = 75 dB
 MICROWAVE ANTENNAS 341

That is, gp = 10 log10 g = 75

or log10 g = 75 ⁄ 10 = 7.5

or g = 107.5 = 3.162 × 107

 Da  2
So, gp = 6.4  ÷ = 3.162 × 107
 λ 

 Da  2 3.162 × 107
or  ÷ =
 λ  6.4

√ 6.4
7
3.162 × 10
or Da = 0.03 ×

Da = 0.03 × 102 √3162

6.4
Mouth diameter, Da = 66.68 m

π D2a
Actual area, A= = 3492 m2
4
Capture area, Ac = 0.65 × A

= 0.65 × 3492 = 2269.83 m2

 λ 
BWFN = φ0 = 140 ×  ÷ = 0.062
o
D
 a

 λ 
HPBW = φ = 70 ×  ÷ = 0.031
o
D
 a

Ac = 2269.83 m2, φ0 = 0.062o, φ = 0.031o.

Problem 7.10 A parabolic reflector is operated at 2 GHz and it has mouth diameter of 60 m. If it
is fed by non-directional antenna, f ind out HPBW, BWFN and power gain.
Solution Frequency, f = 2 GHz

3 × 108
λ= = 1.5 × 10–1 = 0.15 m
2 × 109
Mouth diameter, Da = 60 meters
 Da  2
Power gain, gp = 6.4  ÷ = 10,24,000
 λ 

or gp = 60.103 dB
342 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

 λ 
HPBW = φ = 70 ×  ÷ = 0.175
o

 Da 

 λ 
BWFN = φ0 = 140 ×  ÷ = 0.35
o

 Da 

gp = 60.103 dB, φ = 0.175o, φ0 = 0.35o.

Problem 7.11 A parabolic reflector with a mouth diameter of 22 meters operates at f = 5 GHz. It
has illumination eff iciency of 0.6. Find the power gain.
Solution Mouth diameter, Da = 22 m
Frequency, f = 5 GHz

3 × 108
λ= = 0.06 m
5 × 109
Illumination eff iciency = 0.6
 Da  2
Power gain, gp = illumination eff iciency ×  ÷
 λ 

2
 22 
= 0.6 ×  ÷ = 80,666.6 or 49.06 dB
 0.06 

Power gain gp = 49.06 dB.

Problem 7.12 For what mouth diameter and capture area of a paraboloid reflector is a BWFN of
12o obtained when it is operated at 2 GHz?
Solution Frequency, f = 2 GHz

3 × 108
λ= = 0.15 m
2 × 109
 λ 
BWFN = 140 ×  ÷ = 12
o

 Da 

140 λ
Da = = 1.75 m
12
Capture area, Ac = 0.65 A

π D2a
Here, A= = 2.405 m2
4

Ac = 1.5634 m2
 MICROWAVE ANTENNAS 343

Mouth diameter, Da = 1.75 m

Ac = 1.5634 m2.

Problem 7.13 A paraboloid ref lector is required to produce a beam width between the f irst nulls
equal to 3o at an operating frequency of 2.5 GHz. Find the mouth diameter and power gain.
Solution Frequency, f = 2.5 GHz
BWFN = 3o

3 × 108
λ= = 0.12 m
2.5 × 109
 λ 
But BWFN = 140 ×  ÷= 3
o

 Da 

 λ   140 × 0.12 
Da = 140 ×  ÷ =  ÷ = 5.6 m
3  3 

 Da  2
Power gain, gp = 6.4  ÷ = 13,937.7 or 41.50 dB
 λ 

Da = 5.6 m, gp = 41.44 dB.

Problem 7.14 A paraboloid ref lector has radiation characteristics whose half power beam width
is 5o. Find out its Null-to-Null beam width and power gain.
Solution HPBW = φ = 5o
BWFN = φ0 = 2 φ = 10o
 λ 
But φ = 70 ×  ÷
 Da 

 λ  φ
or  ÷=
 Da  70

 Da  70
 ÷= = 14.0
 λ  5

 Da  2
Power gain, gp = 6.4  ÷ = 1254.4
 λ 

or gp = 30.98 dB

BWFN = 10o, gp = 30.98 dB.

344 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

Problem 7.15 What is the power gain of a paraboloid ref lector whose mouth diameter is equal to
8 λ?
 Da  2
Solution Power gain, gp = 6.4  ÷
 λ 

Here Da = 8 λ
2
 8λ 
gp = 6.4  ÷ = 409.6
 λ 

gp = 26.12 dB.

Problem 7.16 Determine half power and Null-to-Null beam widths of a paraboloid reflector
whose aperture diameter is 6 λ. Also find its directivity.
Solution Aperture diameter, = 6 λ
 λ   λ 
HPBW = φ = 70 ×  ÷ = 70 ×  ÷ = 11.66o
D
 a  6λ 

Null-to-Null beam width,

φ0 = 2 φ = 23.33o
The directivity of the paraboloid,
2
 6λ 
D = 6.4 ×  ÷
 λ 

= 6.4 × 36 = 230.4

φ = 11.6o, φ0 = 23.33o, D = 230.4.

Problem 7.17 The aperture dimensions of a pyramidal horn are 12 × 6 cm. It is operating at a
frequency of 6 GHz. Find the beam width, power gain and directivity.
Solution Frequency, f = 6 GHz

3 × 108
λ= = 0.05 m = 5 cm
6 × 109
d = 12 cm, w = 6 cm
Half power beam width
= HPBW
λ 5
φE = 56 = 56 × = 23.33o
d 12
λ 5
φE = 67 = 67 × = 55.83o
w 6
 MICROWAVE ANTENNAS 345

4.5wd
Power gain, gp = = 12.96 = 11.12 dB
λ2
7.5Wd 7.5 × 12 × 6
Directivity, D= 2
= = 21.6
λ 52

φE = 23.33o, φH = 55.83o
gp = 11.12 dB, D = 21.6.

Problem 7.18 Find the power gain of a square horn antenna whose aperture size is 8 λ.
4.5wd
Solution The power gain, gp =
λ2
4.5 × 8 λ × 8 λ
= = 288
λ2
gp = 24.59 dB.

Problem 7.19 Find the power gain and directivity of a horn whose dimensions are 10 × 5 cm
operating at a frequency of 6 GHz.
Solution The dimensions of horn are
d = 10 cm, w = 5 cm, f = 6 GHz

3 × 108
λ= = 0.05 m = 5 cm
6 × 109
4.5 wd
Power gain, gp = = 9 = 9.54 dB
λ2
7.5 wd
Directivity, D= = 15 = 11.76 dB
λ2

gp = 9.54 dB, D = 11.76 dB.

Problem 7.20 Find the complementary slot impedance when the dipole impedance is:
(a) Zd = 73 + j 42.5 Ω
(b) Zd = 67 Ω
(c) Zd = 710 Ω
(d ) Zd = 500 Ω
(e) Zd = 50 + j 20 Ω
( f ) Zd = 50 – j 25 Ω
(g) Zd = 300 Ω.
Solution (a) We have
Zs = slot impedance
346 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

η20
= (Rd – j Xd)
4 (R2d + Xd2)
35530.6
= (Rd – j Xd)
(R2d + Xd2)
If Zd = Rd + j Xd = 73 + j 42.5 Ω

Zs = 363.5 – j 211.6, Ω

(b) If Zd = 67 + j 0 Ω

Zs = 530.3 Ω

(c) If Zd = 710 + j 0 Ω

Zs = 50 Ω

(d ) If Zd = 500 + j 0 Ω

Zs = 71 Ω

(e) If Zd = 50 + j 20 Ω

Zs = 612.6 – j 245 Ω

( f ) If Zd = 50 – j 25 Ω

Zs = 568.5 + j 284.2 Ω

(g) If Zd = 300 Ω

Zs = 118.4 Ω.

1. Ideally, ref lector size is inf initely large. (Yes/No)

2. The polarisation and position of the primary antennas control the radiating properties of the
complete system. (Yes/No)
3. Ref lector is called primary antenna. (Yes/No)
4. Microwave frequency range is _______________.
5. Corner ref lector is better than plane reflectors in collimating electromagnetic energy.
(Yes/No)
6. Band width of corner ref lector is more when elements are cylindrical dipoles rather than thin
wires. (Yes/No)
7. A grid-wired corner ref lector reduces the weight of the antenna system. (Yes/No)
 MICROWAVE ANTENNAS 347

8. Eff iciency of corner ref lector is reduced when spacing of feed element becomes small.
(Yes/No)
9. Multiple lobes are produced when the spacing of feed element from the vertex is large.
(Yes/No)
10. In corner ref lectors, the spacing of the feed point should be greater than the length of the sides.
(Yes/No)
11. If the main beam is narrow, the directivity is small. (Yes/No)
12. Collimation of electromagnetic energy means generation of parallel rays. (Yes/No)
13. Parabolic ref lector is different from paraboloid. (Yes/No)
14. Dish antenna and paraboloid are one and the same. (Yes/No)
15. The gain of an antenna with a paraboloid ref lector depends on (Da ⁄ λ) and the illumination.
(Yes/No)
16. In Cassegrain feed, the size of the hyperboloid ref lector depends on its distance from the horn
feed, mouth diameter of horn and frequency. (Yes/No)
17. The size of hyperboloid ref lector is small if its distance from the feed antenna is small.
(Yes/No)
18. Cassegrain feed is best suited for _______________.
19. The disadvantage of Cassegrain feed is the obstruction of electromagnetic energy by hyperbolic
ref lector. (Yes/No)
20. If half power band width is 10o in the radiation of pattern of paraboloid beam width from
Null-to-Null is _______________.
21. The power gain of paraboloid is given by _______________.
22. Capture area of paraboloid is _______________ where K = 0.65 for dipole feed and A is actual
area.

23. If the actual area of paraboloid ref lector is 10 m2, its capture area is _______________.
24. Sector beams are used in _______________ antennas.
25. Cosec beams are used for _______________.
26. Narrow beams are used for point-to-point communication purposes. (Yes/No)
27. For height f inding, the antenna beam is _______________.
28. In pyramidal horn, f laring is done in only one plane. (Yes/No)
29. Power gain of horns is greater than that of paraboloid ref lectors. (Yes/No)
30. Directivity of horns is greater than that of waveguide. (Yes/No)
31. Power gain of a horn is more than its directivity. (Yes/No)
32. Feed system with corrugated horn reduces spill over eff iciency. (Yes/No)
33. Feed system with corrugated horn reduces cross-polarisation. (Yes/No)
348 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

34. Horizontal slot produces vertical polarised radiation f ields. (Yes/No)

35. Horizontal dipole produces horizontal polarised radiation f ields. (Yes/No)
36. If impedance of dipole is inductive, slot impedance is capacitive. (Yes/No)
37. If the impedance of the slot is capacitive, the impedance of complementary dipole is inductive.
(Yes/No)
38. From slot antenna, in a conducting plane, its complementary dipole is formed by interchanging
air and metallic regions in the slot. (Yes/No)
39. Impedance of the slot antenna can be changed by changing feed point. (Yes/No)
40. Back radiation from a slot in a conductive plane can be avoided by _______________.
41. Slot gain is increased by array of slots. (Yes/No)
42. The radiation pattern of annular slot antenna is _______________.
43. Array of slots is used in _______________.
44. An array of slots when excited with appropriate amplitude and phase is suitable in
_______________.
45. Dipole of small length to diameter ratio increases the bandwidth. (Yes/No)
46. Slot of small length to width ratio increases the band width. (Yes/No)
47. Notch antennas are used in aircrafts. (Yes/No)
48. Notch antennas are used in edges of the wing surface of aircraft. (Yes/No)
49. Notch antenna is broad band. (Yes/No)
50. The purpose of dielectric f illing of notch is _______________.
51. Microstrip antennas are used because of _______________.
52. Microstrip antennas are used for frequencies above _______________.
53. The band width of microstrip antenna is _______________.
54. In microstrip antennas, Beam width can be increased by _______________ the thickness of the
strip.
55. If ∈r of substrate is high in microstrip antenna, Beamwidth increases. (Yes/No)
56. If reactive component is added in microstrip antenna, B.W. is increased. (Yes/No)
57. If reactive component is added in microstrip antennas Voltage standing wave ratio is increased.
(Yes/No)
58. The radiation beam of microstrip antenna is _______________.
59. The characteristic impedance Z0 of microstrip antenna is _______________.
60. Trihedral forms of corner ref lectors are used as _______________.
61. Rod ref lectors are nothing but parasitic elements. (Yes/No)
62. The length of the rod ref lector is greater than λ ⁄ 2. (Yes/No)
 MICROWAVE ANTENNAS 349

63. Rod ref lector is an active radiating element. (Yes/No)

64. In Cassegrain feed, the dimension of the hyperboloid depends on its distance from the primary
feed antenna. (Yes/No)
65. In Cassegrain feed, the dimension of the hyperboloid depends on mouth diameter of the horn.
(Yes/No)
66. In Cassegrain feed the dimension of the hyperboloid depends on frequency of operation.
(Yes/No)
67. Flare angle of the horn is related to axial length. (Yes/No)
68. The directivity of the paraboloid is greater than that of horn. (Yes/No)
69. The size of the horn becomes large if the f lare angle is small. (Yes/No)
70. Horn antenna is called secondary antenna when used with paraboloid. (Yes/No)
71. The disadvantage of lens antenna at low frequencies is _______________.
72. The material of lens antenna is _______________.
73. Lens are preferred over parabolic ref lectors at _______________.
74. Lens is used to correct the curved wavefront. (Yes/No)
75. The refractive index of lens material is different from unity. (Yes/No)
76. In fanned beams, the directivity is poor in one of the principal planes. (Yes/No)
77. If the beam width is small, target resolution is high. (Yes/No)
78. Fanned beams are used for _______________.
79. For feed systems using corrugated horns, the aperture eff iciency is _______________.
80. Babinet’s principle is applicable in electromagnetic problems. (Yes/No)
81. Babinet’s principle is valid in optics. (Yes/No)
82. For a slot in conducting sheet, there exists a complementary dipole. (Yes/No)
83. The gain of the horn antenna is _______________.
84. Vertical slot in the narrow wall of rectangular waveguide does not radiate. (Yes/No)
85. Longitudinal centred slot in the broad wall of a rectangular waveguide does not radiate.
(Yes/No)
86. The equivalent circuit of an inclined slot in the narrow wall of a rectangular waveguide is a
_______________.
87. Resonant length of the slot is _______________.
88. Method of moments is useful to solve _______________.
89. Patch antennas are _______________.
90. Patch is made of dielectric material. (Yes/No)
91. Pyramidal horn is nothing but rectangular horn. (Yes/No)
92. Conical horn is excited conveniently by a circular waveguide. (Yes/No)
350 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

93. For lossless antenna, directivity is the same as gain. (Yes/No)

94. Aperture eff iciency is given by _______________.
95. A slot can be excited by a waveguide. (Yes/No)
96. A slot can be excited by an energised cavity. (Yes/No)
97. A slot can be excited by a transmission line. (Yes/No)
98. The eff iciency of patch antenna is _______________.
99. The equivalent circuit of symmetrical vertical slot in the broad wall of a rectangular waveguide
is _______________.
100. For producing circular polarised waves, the shape of the patch antenna is _______________.

1. Yes 2. Yes 3. No 4. 1 GHz – 100 GHz 5. Yes

6. Yes 7. Yes 8. Yes 9. Yes 10. No 11. No
12. Yes 13. No 14. Yes 15. Yes 16. Yes 17. Yes
2
D
18. Low noise receiver applications 19. Yes 20. 20o 21. 6.4  ÷
 λ 
22. K A 23. 6.5 m2 24. Surface search from ship-borne
25. Airport surveillance 26. Yes 27. Sharp in elevation 28. No
29. No 30. Yes 31. No 32. Yes 33. Yes 34. Yes
35. Yes 36. Yes 37. Yes 38. Yes 39. Yes
40. Boxing the slot suitably 41. Yes 42. Narrow beam 43. Aircrafts
44. Scanning radars without antenna movement 45. Yes 46. Yes
47. Yes 48. Yes 49. Yes 50. To eliminate aerodynamic drag in aircrafts
51. Small size, less weight, low cost and so on 52. 100 MHz 53. Small 54. Increasing

55. Yes 56. Yes 57. No 58. Broad 59. Z0 = η √∈µ

r
r
Ω

60. Radar targets 61. Yes 62. Yes 63. No 64. Yes
65. Yes 66. Yes 67. Yes 68. Yes 69. No 70. No
71. Bulkiness 72. Lucite 73. Millimeter and sub-millimeter frequencies 74. Yes
75. Yes 76. Yes 77. Yes 78. Air search from ground 79. 75 – 80%
80. No 81. Yes 82. Yes 83. Moderate 84. Yes 85. Yes
86. Shunt admittance 87. λ ⁄ 2 88. Integral equations
89. Very compact 90. No 91. Yes 92. Yes 93. Yes
94. Ratio of effective aperture and physical aperture 95. Yes 96. Yes
97. Yes 98. Low 99. Series impedance 100. Circular
378 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

(b) AUT is a rotatable probe.

(c) AUT is used as the receiving antenna.
(d ) By varying the probe position, the received signal is fed to the phase
measuring circuit along with the signal from the reference antenna.
(e) The position of the reference antenna is f ixed.
( f ) For each position of the probe, the phase difference is noted.
(g) The phase measuring circuit is a dual-channel heterodyne system.
(h) The variation of phase difference is plotted with θ to obtain phase pattern.
2D2a
(i ) Here, far-f ield distance of more than is maintained between the
λ
transmitting antenna and AUT.

2D2a
1. The far-f ield distance between the transmitting and receiving antennas should be r > ×
λ
2. GTD represents geometrical theory of diffraction.
3. The antenna measurements are mainly classif ied as indoor and outdoor ranges.
4. Anechoic chambers and GTEM cell are popular for measurements.
5. Wheatstone bridge is used to measure antenna impedance upto 30 MHz.
6. The slotted lines are used to measure antenna parameters like VSWR, impedance and ref lection
coeff icient.
7. Antenna gain measurements are made by comparison methods.
8. Antenna polarisation can be easily obtained by received power measurement.

1. Wheatstone bridge is used to measure antenna impedance in the frequency range of

(a) upto 30 MHz (b) between 30 and 50 MHz
(c) UHF (d ) microwave
2. GTD is _______________.
3. MOM means _______________.
4. EMI is less in outdoor ranges. (Yes/No)
5. Anechoic chamber is an indoor range. (Yes/No)
6. One disadvantage of indoor ranges is _______________ for large antenna measurements.
7. Ref lection ranges are used in the frequency range of _______________.
 ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS 379

8. In all antenna measurements, the antenna is illuminated by _______________.

9. The disadvantages of compact ranges are _______________.
10. In anechoic chambers, the materials f ixed to the walls, ceiling, f loor
(a) absorb EM energy (b) ref lect EM energy
(c) refract EM energy (d ) diffract EM energy
11. Real part of antenna impedance consists of _______________.
12. Substitution method of antenna measurement is better than the bridge method. (Yes/No)
13. Impedance measurement by slotted line method is better suited at
(a) VHF (b) VLF
(c) HF (d ) UHF and microwave frequencies
14. Slotted line consists of _______________.
15. VSWR is given by
Vmin Vr
(a) (b)
Vmax Vi
Vi Vmax
(c) (d )
Vr Vmin
16. Wavelength in free space and wavelength in a waveguide are the same. (Yes/No)
17. Ref lection coeff icient magnitude is given by
VSWR – 1 VSWR + 1
(a) (b)
VSWR + 1 VSWR – 1
Vi Vmax
(c) (d )
Vr Vmin
18. Self impedance, Zself of an antenna is the _______________.
19. Field strength pattern is the variation of | E | with θ. (Yes/No)

20. Power pattern is the variation of | E |2 with θ. (Yes/No)

21. For far-f ield antenna measurement, R must be
2D2a 2Da
(a) ≥ (b) ≥
λ λ
 Da  2
λ
(c) = (d ) 2  ÷
2D2a  λ 

22. Effective length of an antenna is always greater than actual length. (Yes/No)
23. Power gain of an antenna is the ratio of maximum radiation intensity of the antenna and
maximum radiation intensity of the reference antenna. (Yes/No)
380 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

24. For a loss-less and matched antenna, gain of the antenna over isotropic source is
(a) directivity (b) greater than directivity
(c) less than directivity (d ) not related to directivity
25. Half-power beam width is _______________ θ2 and θ1 being the angles corresponding to 3 dB
level.
26. Null-to-Null beam width is _______________ θ2 and θ1 being the angle corresponding to two
nulls of the main beam.
27. Antenna eff iciency is defined as radiation power/input power. (Yes/No)
28. Antenna eff iciency is
gd gp
(a) (b)
gp gd
(c) gp (d ) gd
29. Antenna aperture eff iciency is
Aem A
(a) (b)
A D

D gp
(c) (d )
Aeff gd
30. General value of aperture eff iciency lies between
(a) 0 to 0.5 (b) 1 to 2
(c) 0.1 to 0.3 (d ) 0.5 to 1
31. Linear polarised wave is produced by _______________.
32. Circular polarised wave is produced by _______________.
33. In radio astronomy, waves from celestial sources are _______________ polarised.
34. In communications, the electromagnetic waves are _______________ polarised.
35. The polarisation of horizontal dipole is _______________.
36. The polarisation of vertical dipole is _______________.
37. The polarisation of inclined dipole is _______________.

38. produces _______________ polarised waves.

39. produces _______________ polarised waves.

40. Phase difference is _______________.

 ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS 381

41. If the response of a vertical dipole is 1 for a unity normalised input power, the polarisation is
(a) horizontal (b) vertical
(c) circular (d ) elliptical
42. If the response of a vertical dipole is 0 for a unity normalised input power, the polarisation is
(a) vertical (b) unpolarised
(c) horizontal (d ) circular
43. If the response of RCP helix is 0 for a unity normalised incident power, the polarisation of the
test antenna is
(a) horizontal (b) LCP
(c) vertical (d ) RCP
44. If the response of RCP helix is 1 for a unity normalised incident power, the polarisation of the
test antenna is
(a) RCP (b) LCP
(c) linear (d ) horizontal
1
45. If the response of any polarised antenna is for a unity normalised incident power, the
2
polarisation of test antenna is
(a) unpolarised (b) linear
(c) horizontal (d ) circular
46. Range of VSWR is
(a) 0 to 1 (b) 1 to ∞
(c) 0 to ∞ (d ) – ∞ to ∞
47. VSWR is
1+ρ 1 + |ρ|
(a) (b)
1–ρ 1 – |ρ|
1 – |ρ| 1–ρ
(c) (d )
1 + |ρ| 1+ρ
48. Ref lection coeff icient is
z0 – zL zL – z0
(a) (b)
zL + z0 zL + z0
zL + z0 z + z0
(c) (d )
zL – z0 z0 + zL
49. Transmission coeff icient is
(a) 1 – ρ (b) 1+ρ
(c) ρ – 1 (d ) 1 + | ρ|
50. If the response of a horizontal dipole is 1 for a unity normalised incident power, the polarisation
of the test antenna is
382 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

(a) horizontal (b) vertical

(c) circular (d ) elliptical
51. If the feed point of the antenna is at a current maximum, the input impedance is only real.
(Yes/No)
52. Antenna band width is often expressed as a percentage of the optimum frequency of operation
of the antenna. (Yes/No)
53. Antenna gain is inversely proportional to beam width. (Yes/No)
54. The percent band width of an antenna with an optimum frequency of operation of 500 MHz
and – 3 dB frequencies of 475 and 525 MHz is _______________.
55. For an ideal antenna, directive and power gains are equal. (Yes/No)
56. For an ideal antenna, the radiation resistance and input impedance are equal. (Yes/No)
57. The impedance at the ends of the antenna is maximum. (Yes/No)
58. A Hertz antenna is a resonant antenna. (Yes/No)
59. Standing waves are present along half-wave dipole. (Yes/No)

1. (a) 2. Geometrical theory of refraction 3. Method of moment

4. No 5. Yes 6. Space limitation 7. UHF to 16 GHz
8. Uniform plane wave 9. Wall reflections 10. (a)
11. Radiation resistance and loss resistance 12. Yes 13. (d )
14. Longitudinal slot in a waveguide broad wall 15. (d ) 16. No
17. (a) 18. The impedance of isolated antenna 19. Yes 20. Yes
2D2a
21. ≥ 22. No 23. Yes 24. (a) 25. (θ2 – θ1)o 26. (θ2 – θ1)o
λ
27. Yes 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (d ) 31. Dipoles
32. Helical antennas 33. Partially 34. Completely 35. Horizontal
36. Vertical 37. Linear 38. Right circularly 39. Left circularly
40. Product of path difference and wave number 41. (b) 42. (c)
43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (b)
49. (a) 50. (a) 51. Yes 52. Yes 53. Yes 54. 10%
55. Yes 56. Yes 57. Yes 58. Yes 59. Yes.
 M ultiple Choice Questions

1. ∇ × ∇ × E is
(a) ∇ ∇ .E − ∇ 2 E (b) ∇2 E − ∇ ∇ .E
(c) ∇ 2 .E + ∇ E (d) ∇ .E − E. ∇

2. Unit vector of E is
E
(a) (b) |E|(a x + a y + a z )
|E|
|E|
(c) E.E (d)
E
3. E × H is
(a) EH cos θ (b) EH sin θ
(c) EH sin θ a n (d) EH cos θ a n
4. E × (A + C) is
(a) E × C + E × A (b) E.A+E×C
(c) A . E + C . E (d) A×E–E×C
5. Gradient of a scalar is
(a) not defined (b) a vector
(c) a scalar (d) not periodic
6. Divergence of a vector is
(a) not defined (b) a scalar
(c) a vector (d) the same as gradient of a vector
446 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

7. The unit of del

(a) does not exist (b) meter (c) 1/meter (d ) dB

8. ∇2 operates
(a) only on a scalar (b) only on a vector
(c) on a scalar and also on a vector (d ) only on a constant
9. ax . ax is
(a) ax (b) 1 (c) 0 (d ) ay
10. ax . ay is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) az (d ) – az
11. ax × ay
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) az (d ) – az
12. ax × ax
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) az (d ) ay
13. For static fields
.
(a) ∇ × H = D (b) ∇ ×H=J
(c) ∇ × H = 0 (d ) ∇ ×H=E
14. In free space
(a) ∇ × E = 0 (b) ∇ × E = ρυ
.
(c) ∇ . D = ρυ (d ) ∇ ×E=–B

15. Unit of E is
(a) volt (b) Amp/m
(c) volt/m (d ) volt/coulomb
16. Unit of H is
(a) weber (b) Ampere
(c) volt/m (d ) Amp/m
17. The unit of D is
(a) Wb/m (b) Amp/m (c) C/m2 (d ) C/m
18. D is
.
(a) ∈ E (b) ∈H (c) µH (d ) ∈E
.
19. ∇ . D is
(a) ρs (b) ρυ (c) ρ1 (d ) 0

20. ∇ × E is
. . .
(a) B (b) –B (c) D+J (d ) J
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 447

21. The electric flux density, D is

E
(a) ∈E (b) ∈E (c) (d ) µE
∈0

22. The electric flux is

(a) Q (b) ∈D (c) ∈E (d ) ∈Q
23. The unit of electric flux is
(a) Weber (b) Gauss (c) Tesla (d ) Coulomb
24. In free space
(a) ∇ .E=0 (b) ∇ ×E=0
(c) ∇ . E = ρυ (d ) ∇ . E = ρυ ⁄ ∈ 0

25. In free space

(a) ∇ . B = 0 (b) ∇ . B = µ0 H
H
(c) ∇ × B = µ0 H (d ) ∇ .B=
µ0

26. For free space

(a) σ=0 (b) J = 1 Amp ⁄ m2
(c) µr = µ0 (d ) ∈r = ∈0
27. The unit of conduction current density is
(a) Amp/m (b) Amp/m2 (c) Amp/m3 (d ) Amp
28. The unit of displacement current density is
(a) Amp/m2 (b) Amp/m (c) Amp (d ) Amp-m
29. The unit of conduction current is
(a) Amp (b) Amp/m (c) Amp/m2 (d ) Amp-m
30. The unit of permittivity is
(a) Farad (b) Henry (c) Farad/m (d ) Henry/m
31. The unit of permeability is
(a) Henry/m (b) Farad/m (c) Henry (d ) Weber
32. The conduction current density is
E
(a) σE (b) σD (c) (d ) ∈E
σ
33. The displacement current density is
∂E
(a) ∈ (b) D (c) ∈D (d ) ∈0 E
∂t
448 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

34. For uniform plane wave propagating in z-direction

(a) Ez = 0 (b) Ez ≠ f ( y)
(c) Ez ≠ f (x) (d ) Ez = 0, Hz = 0

35. The line integral of E around a closed loop is

(a) zero (b) Q
(c) equal to current (d ) ρυ

36. The unit of attenuation is

(a) dB/m (b) V/m (c) Amp/m (d ) Coulomb/m
37. Velocity of a plane wave in a medium whose ∈r = 4, µr = 1 is
(a) 3 × 108 m ⁄ s (b) 1.5 × 108 m ⁄ s
(c) 6 × 108 m ⁄ s (d ) 2 × 108 m ⁄ s
38. Velocity of uniform plane wave in free space is
(a) 3 × 108 m ⁄ s (b) 3 × 108 cm ⁄ s
(c) 3 × 106 cm ⁄ s (d ) 3 × 1010 m ⁄ s
39. The unit of depth of penetration is
(a) dB (b) meter (c) Neper (d ) radian
40. E . H for a plane wave is
(a) zero (b) 1
(c) does not exist (d ) EH
41. Equation of continuity is
.
(a) ∇ . J = – ρυ (b) ∇ . J = – ρυ
. .
(c) ∇ . J = ρυ (d ) ∇ . J = ρs

42. Magnetic current density is given by

∂D ∂B ∂B
(a) B (b) (c) (d ) –
∂t ∂t ∂t
43. The unit of magnetic current density is
(a) Amp/m2 (b) Volt/m2 (c) Amp (d ) Amp/m
44. Boundary on E is
(a) an × (E1 – E2) = 0 (b) Et 1 = Et 2
(c) an . (E1 – E2) = 0 (d ) an . E 1 = 0
45. The complete boundary condition on H is
(a) Ht 1 = Ht 2 (b) Ht 1 – Ht 2 = Js
(c) an × (H1 – H2) = Js (d ) an × (H1 – H2) = 0
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 449

46. The complete boundary condition on B is

(a) an × (B1 – B2) = 0 (b) an . (B1 – B2) = 0
(c) an . (B1 – B2) = Js (d ) Bn1 = Bn2
47. The complete boundary condition on D is
(a) an . (D1 – D2) = 0 (b) an . (D1 – D2) = ρs
(c) an × (D1 – D2) = ρs (d ) an × (D1 – D2) = 0
48. The complete boundary condition on J is
(a) an × ( J1 – J2) = 0 (b) an . ( J1 – J2) = 0
(c) an × ( J1 – J2) = Js (d ) an . ( J1 – J2) = Js
49. Lorentz Gauge condition is
.
(a) ∇ . A = – µ ∈ V (b) ∇ ×A=H
.
(c) ∇ × A = B (d ) ∇ .A=–∇ V
50. Equation of continuity is
(a) ∫ J . ds = I
o (b) ∫ J . ds = Q
o
s s

(c) ∫ J . ds = J
o (d ) ∫
o J . ds = ρυ
s s

51. Intrinsic impedance of a medium is given by

(a) √∈µ (b) 

√ j ωµ
σ + j ω∈

(c)  ∈µ
√ (d ) 
√ µ∈

52. The characteristic impedance of free space is

(a) 277 Ω (b) 120 Ω
(c) 377 Ω (d ) 120 π2 Ω
53. The wave equation in free space is
. ..
(a) ∇2 E = µ0 ∈0 E (b) ∇2 E = µ0 ∈0 E
..
(c) ∇ 2 V = – ρυ ⁄ ∈ (d ) ∇2 E = µ σ E

54. E and H are always perpendicular to each other

(a) yes (b) some times
(c) only for uniform plane wave (d ) none of these
55. Velocity of propagation of a plane wave is
β ω λ f
(a) (b) (c) (d )
ω β f λ
450 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

56. Attenuation of plane wave in free space is

(a) zero (b) infinite
(c) propagation constant (d ) β itself
57. A medium is a good conductor if
σ σ σ σ
(a) >> 1 (b) << 1 (c) =1 (d ) =0
ω∈ ω∈ ω∈ ω∈
58. A medium is a good dielectric if
σ σ σ σ
(a) >> 1 (b) << 1 (c) =0 (d ) =1
ω∈ ω∈ ω∈ ω∈
59. The ratio of conduction current to displacement current is
σ ω∈
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d ) 1
ω∈ σ
60. Dissipation factor of a dielectric is
σ ω∈
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d ) 0
ω∈ σ
61. Depth of penetration in good conductors is
(a) inversely proportional to conductivity
(b) inversely proportional to square root of conductivity
(c) not a function of conductivity
(d ) directly proportional to conductivity
62. Attenuation constant in good dielectrics is
(a) directly proportional to conductivity
(b) inversely proportional to conductivity
(c) inversely proportional to square root of conductivity
(d ) not a function of conductivity
63. Phase velocity of uniform plane wave is
(a) directly proportional to ∈
(b) inversely proportional to ∈
(c) is not a function of ∈
(d ) is not inversely proportional to square root of ∈
64. Phase constant of a uniform plane wave in a medium is
(a) directly proportional to frequency
(b) not a function of frequency
(c) is inversely proportional to frequency
(d ) is inversely proportional to square root of frequency
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 451

65. The characteristic impedance of a medium is

(a) √∈µ (b) is a function of frequency

(c) is not a function of frequency (d ) is independent of µ, ∈ and f

66. Poynting vector gives
(a) instantaneous power density (b) average power density
(c) total power (d ) total power density
67. Standing waves are produced when
(a) there are no reflections
(b) there are full reflections
(c) there is only transmission
(d ) the waves are incident on good dielectrics
68. The minimum value of voltage standing wave ratio is
(a) 0 (b) – 1 (c) 1 (d ) –∞
69. When the load impedance ZL = Z0, the VSWR is
(a) 10 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d ) ∞
70. Brewster angle is
(a) angle of incidence for which there is no reflection
(b) angle of reflection for which there is no reflection
(c) equal to reflected angle
(d ) equal to refraction angle
71. The range of H F is
(a) 3-30 kHz (b) 30-300 kHz
(c) 3-30 MHz (d ) 30-300 MHz
72. The range of VHF is
(a) 3-30 MHz (b) 30-300 MHz
(c) 300 MHz-3 GHz (d ) 300 kHz-300 MHz
73. The standard antenna for reference is
(a) isotropic antenna (b) half-wave dipole
(c) dish antenna (d ) Yagi-Uda antenna
74. The most common popular prevalent TV antenna is
(a) dipole (b) monopole (c) Yagi-Uda (d ) horn
75. Broadband antenna is
(a) log-periodic (b) dipole (c) Yagi-Uda (d ) horn
76. The non-resonant antenna is
(a) dipole (b) Yagi-Uda (c) monopole (d ) rhombic
452 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

77. The common microwave link antenna is

(a) dipole (b) log-periodic (c) rhombic (d ) parabolic dish
78. Antenna for direction finding is
(a) Yagi-Uda (b) rhombic (c) dish (d ) loop antenna
79. The directivity of a half-wave dipole is
(a) 10 (b) 1 (c) 1.5 (d ) 1.64
80. The directivity of a current element is
(a) 1.64 (b) 1.5 (c) 2.0 (d ) 5.0
81. Reflectors in Yagi-Uda antenna are
(a) 1 (b) more than 1
(c) 3 (d ) 10
82. Directors in Yagi-Uda antenna are
(a) more than 1 (b) 1
(c) 5 (d ) 3
83. Radar antenna is
(a) parabolic dish (b) dipole
(c) horn (d ) waveguide
84. The length of the folded dipole in Yagi-Uda antenna is
(a) l = 468 ⁄ f (MHz) feet (b) l = 492 ⁄ f (MHz) feet
(c) l = 342 ⁄ f (MHz) feet (d ) l = 192 ⁄ f (MHz) feet
85. The impedance of folded dipole in Yagi-Uda antenna is
(a) inductive reactance (b) capacitive reactance
(c) purely resistive (d ) 73 Ω
86. The radiation resistance of a current element is
 dl  2  dl  2
(a) 80 π2  ÷ Ω (b) 80 π  ÷ Ω
 λ   λ 

 dl   dl 
(c) 80 π2  ÷ Ω (d ) 80 π  ÷ Ω
 λ   λ 

87. Circularly polarised antenna is

(a) dipole (b) parabolic dish
(c) Yagi-Uda (d ) helical
88. If the current element is y-directed, the resultant vector magnetic potential is
(a) y-directed (b) x-directed
(c) z-directed (d ) θ-directed
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 453

89. For time-varying fields

.
(a) E = – ∇ V (b) E=–∇ V–A
. .
(c) E = – ∇ V – D (d ) E=–∇ V–H
90. The radiation pattern of a loop antenna is
(a) circular (b) multi-directional
(c) like that of monopole (d ) cardiod
91. The directivity of isotropic radiator is
(a) 1 (b) zero (c) more than 1 (d ) ∞
92. Effective length of a half-wave dipole is
(a) λ ⁄ 2 (b) > λ ⁄ 2 (c) <λ⁄2 (d ) 0.55 λ
93. A Balun is
(a) a resistor (b) an impedance transformer
(c) an antenna (d ) frequency converter
94. The polarisation of horizontal dipole is
(a) horizontal (b) vertical (c) θ-polarisation (d ) circular
95. Crossed dipoles produce _______________ polarisation.
(a) Linear (b) Circular
(c) Horizontal (d ) Vertical
96. For broadside linear array, excitation phase is
(a) α = – βd (b) α = βd (c) zero (d ) 90o
97. For end-fire array, the excitation phase is
(a) zero (b) α = – βd (c) α = βd (d ) 180o
98. The size of the antenna becomes _______________ when the frequency is increased.
(a) Small (b) Large
(c) Impracticably large (d ) Constant
99. The size of the antenna is
(a) inversely proportional to frequency
(b) directly proportional to frequency
(c) independent of frequency
(d ) inversely proportional to the square of the frequency
100. Poynting vector gives
(a) direction of electric field (b) polarisation of electromagnetic wave
(c) power flow (d ) rate of energy flow
101. The length of folded dipole in Yagi-Uda antenna is
(a) frequency dependent (b) frequency independent
(c) equal to λ (d ) equal to 0.2 λ
454 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

102. The spacing between folded dipole and reflector is

(a) λ (b) λ ⁄ 2 (c) > λ ⁄ 2 (d ) <λ⁄2
103. Voltage standing wave ratio is
(a) Vmin ⁄ Vmax (b) Vmax ⁄ Vmin
(c) Vreflected ⁄ Vincident (d ) Vmax

104. Antenna is a
(a) transducer (b) filter (c) regulator (d ) amplifier
105. The radiation resistance of a half-wave dipole close to earth is
(a) 73 Ω (b) < 73 Ω (c) > 73 Ω (d ) infinity
106. If the directivity is high, the beam width is
(a) high (b) low (c) constant (d ) very high
107. Director in Yagi-Uda antenna is
(a) active element (b) driven element
(c) parasitic element (d ) identical to dipole
108. Reflector in Yagi-Uda antenna is
(a) active element (b) driven element
(c) identical to dipole (d ) parasitic element
109. Log-periodic antenna is
(a) narrow band (b) wide band
(c) frequency independent (d ) frequency dependent
110. In vertical dipole, the electric field is
(a) parallel to the dipole (b) perpendicular to the dipole
(c) θ-directed (d ) circular
111. The effective length of a vertical radiator is
(a) increased by capacitive hat
(b) increased by loading with lumped inductance
(c) increased by supplying more power
(d ) increased by resistance loading
112. The Null-to-Null beam width in end-fire array is

(a)
2λ
Nd
(b) √Nd
2λ
(c) 2 √Ndλ (d ) 2 √Nd
2λ

113. The Null-to-Null beam width in broadside array is

(a)
2λ
Nd
(b) 2 √Nd
2λ
(c)
2 λ2
Nd
(d ) √Nd
2λ
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 455

114. The length of resonant dipole is

(a) λ ⁄ 2 (b) λ (c) λ⁄4 (d ) 2λ
115. The first side lobe level in uniform linear array is
(a) 0.212 (b) 0.121 (c) 0.312 (d ) 0.51
116. The side lobe level in binomial array is
(a) zero (b) – 13.5 dB (c) – 20 dB (d ) zero dB
117. In binomial array, the central elements are excited
(a) strongly (b) weakly (c) uniformly (d ) easily
118. In horizontal polarised wave, the electric field is
(a) parallel to the ground (b) perpendicular to the ground
(c) in θ-direction to the ground (d ) elliptical
119. The maximum directive gain of current element is
(a) 1.76 dB (b) 2.15 dB (c) 3 dB (d ) 0 dB
120. Band width of an antenna is
f0 Q f02
(a) (b) (c) f0 Q (d )
Q f0 Q
121. Antenna can be used as
(a) sound sensor (b) light sensor
(c) temperature sensor (d ) colour sensor
122. For far-field of z-directed current element
∂ Az
(a) Hφ = – sin θ (b) Hφ = 0
∂r
(c) Hφ = Hθ (d ) Hφ = Hr

123. Induction and far-field have equal magnitudes at

λ λ λ
(a) r= (b) r= (c) r= (d ) r=∞
2π 6π π
124. Induction and radiation fields have equal magnitudes at
υ0 υ0 υ0 υ0
(a) r= (b) r= (c) r= (d ) r=
ω 2π β λ
125. If the output signal level is 1 W, power gain is
(a) 0 dB (b) 1 dB (c) 10 dB (d ) ∞ dB
126. LF antennas are usually used for
(a) vertical polarisation (b) horizontal polarisation
(c) circular polarisation (d ) elliptical polarisation
456 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

127. The real part of antenna impedance consists of

(a) Rr only (b) Rr and Rl
(c) Rl only (d ) zero ohms of resistance
128. Power and field patterns are related as
1
(a) P µ E2 (b) Pµ E (c) Pµ √
E (d ) Pµ
E
129. For radiation pattern measurements, the distance of the far-field region is
2D2 D2 λ D
(a) r> (b) r< (c) r= (d ) r=
λ λ π λ
130. GTEM cell means
(a) Geometric transverse electromagnetic cell
(b) Giga Hertz TEM cell
(c) Grounded TEM cell
(d ) Geo TEM cell
131. Wheatstone bridge is used to measure antenna impedance at a frequency of
(a) Giga hertz (b) upto microwave range
(c) upto millimeter range (d ) upto 30 MHz

2D2
132. If the field measurements are made at r <
λ
(a) side lobe levels will be high
(b) band width will be small
(c) band width and side lobe level are small
(d ) no side lobes appear
133. Null-to-Null band width is
(a) equal to 3 dB band width (b) greater than 3 dB band width
(c) less than 3 dB band width (d ) not related to 3 dB band width
134. Antenna efficiency is
gp gd
(a) (b) (c) gp (d ) gd
gd gp
135. Phase difference is
ω
(a) β (b)
β
β
(c) path difference × β (d )
ω
136. If the response of a vertical dipole is 1 for a unity normalised input power, the polarisation is
(a) vertical (b) horizontal (c) circular (d ) elliptical
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 457

137. If the response of RCP helix is zero, the polarisation of test antenna is
(a) LCP (b) RCP (c) horizontal (d ) vertical
138. If the response of RCP helix is maximum, the polarisation of test antenna is
(a) LCP (b) RCP (c) horizontal (d ) vertical
139. If the response of LCP helix is maximum, the polarisation of test antenna is
(a) LCP (b) RCP (c) horizontal (d ) vertical
140. If the response of a horizontal dipole is maximum, the polarisation of the test antenna is
(a) horizontal (b) vertical
(c) circular (d ) elliptical
141. If the response of any type of antenna is 0.5 for unity normalised power, the polarisation of the
test antenna is
(a) linear (b) horizontal
(c) vertical (d ) unpolarised
142. The excitation levels of a three element binomial array are
(a) 1, 2, 1 (b) 1, 3, 1 (c) 1, 4, 1 (d ) 2, 3, 2
143. The excitation levels of a four-element array are
(a) 1, 3, 1, 1 (b) 1, 2, 2, 1
(c) 1, 3, 3, 1 (d ) 1, 4, 4, 1
144. The basic transmission loss between transmitter and receiver is
 4πd  2  λ 2
(a) 10 log  ÷ (b) 10 log  ÷
 λ   4πd 
(c) 10 log (GT X GRX) (d ) zero

145. Actual transmission loss between transmitter and receiver is

2 2
 λ  1    4 πd  1 
(a) 10 log   ÷  (b) 10 log   ÷ 
  4 π d  GT GR    λ  GT GR 
  4 πd    λ  
(c) 10 log   ÷ GT GR  (d ) 10 log   ÷ GT GR 
 λ    4 π d  
146. Friis formula is
2 2
 λ   4πd 
(a) La =  ÷ (b) La =  ÷
 4πd   λ 
2
  4 πd  1   4πd  2
(c) La = 10 log10  λ ÷ G G  (d ) La = 10 log10  ÷
  T R  λ 
458 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

147. Noise figure of antenna is

Te Te Te  Te  2
(a) (b) 1+ (c) 1– (d ) 1+ ÷
To To To  To 
148. Actual transmission loss in dB between transmitter and receiver is
(a) greater than basic transmission loss (b) less than basic transmission loss
(c) equal to basic transmission loss (d ) infinite
149. Schelkunoff polynomial method gives
(a) nulls in the desired directions (b) nulls in the undesired directions
(c) desired side lobes (d ) desired beam width
150. Visible region is
(a) realisable part of unit circle (b) realisable part of array
(c) realisable part of excitation (d ) realisable part of spacing
151. Tschebyscheff polynomial method gives
(a) desired side lobe ratio (b) desired beam width
(c) desired overall pattern (d ) desired phase function
152. The advantage of uniform linear array is
(a) the required number of sources is one (b) SLR is small
(c) number of side lobes are less (d ) grating lobes are present
153. The current distribution in half-wave dipole is
(a) sinusoidal (b) constant
(c) triangular (d ) parabolic
154. When the array length is high, the Null-to-Null beam width is
(a) small (b) high (c) constant (d ) infinity
155. Conducting properties of earth are
(a) constant with frequency (b) change with frequency
(c) change with the type of antenna (d ) change with excitation of the antenna
156. X-band frequency range is
(a) 8-12 GHz (b) 2-4 GHz
(c) 4-8 GHz (d ) 1-2 GHz
157. Ku band frequency range is
(a) 12-18.5 GHz (b) 18.5-26.0 GHz
(c) 8-12 GHz (d ) 4-8 GHz
158. UHF frequency range is
(a) 300 MHz-3 GHz (b) 30-300 MHz
(c) 3-30 MHz (d ) 1-20 MHz
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 459

159. Ground wave propagation is used at

(a) MW frequencies (b) VHF
(c) UHF (d ) microwave frequency
160. Ground wave propagation is used for
(a) long distance communication (b) short distance communication
(c) global communication (d ) country to country communication
161. The best polarisation used for ground wave propagation is
(a) vertical (b) horizontal (c) circular (d ) elliptical
162. The ground wave field strength is
(a) inversely proportional to distance
(b) inversely proportional to the square of distance
(c) directly proportional to distance
(d ) directly proportional to the square of distance
163. To obtain ground wave propagation, the transmitting and receiving antennas should be
(a) far-away from earth (b) close to the earth
(c) at isolated heights (d ) at long distance from each other
164. The equivalent circuit of the earth is
(a) a resistance (b) an inductance
(c) a capacitance (d ) a capacitance in shunt with resistance
165. In ground wave propagation, earth introduces
(a) no losses (b) losses
(c) no reflections (d ) refracted rays
166. Earth’s losses in ground wave propagation are estimated from
(a) numerical distance (b) phase constant
(c) numerical distance and phase constant (d ) distance between Tx and Rx only
167. Earth’s losses depend on
(a) conductivity only
(b) dielectric constant only
(c) frequency only
(d ) conductivity, permittivity, frequency and polarisation of the antennas
168. Roughness of earth depends on
(a) frequency only
(b) surface irregularities
(c) angle of incidence only
(d ) frequency, angle of incidence and surface irregularities
460 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

4 π σs sin θi
169. Earth is electrically smooth if R = is
λ
(a) > 100 (b) > 1000 (c) > 50 (d ) < 0.1
4 π σs sin θi
170. Earth is electrically rough if R = is
λ
(a) < 0.1 (b) 0 (c) > 10 (d ) > 0.1
171. The dielectric constant is
(a) only real (b) only imaginary
(c) a good conductor (d ) complex quantity
172. The ground wave due to effect of earth is
(a) elliptically polarised (b) vertically polarised
(c) horizontally polarised (d ) circularly polarised
173. Space wave propagation is used at
(a) f < 10 MHz (b) f < 20 MHz
(c) f > 30 MHz (d ) f < 20 kHz
174. Space wave propagation is useful at
(a) LF (b) HF (c) VLF (d ) VHF and UHF
175. The troposphere is
(a) part of earth
(b) part of ionosphere
(c) part of atmosphere at about 50 km above the earth
(d ) part of atmosphere less than 16 km above the earth
176. Field strength due to space wave is
(a) proportional to distance
(b) inversely proportional to distance
(c) inversely proportional to the square of distance
(d ) not a function of distance
177. Space wave field strength is a function of
(a) curvature of earth only
(b) frequency only
(c) heights of antennas only
(d ) curvature of earth, frequency, heights of antennas and so on
178. The refractive index of a medium is
(a) ∈2r (b) ∈
√ r (c) (∈r)3 ⁄ 2 (d ) ∈0
√

179. Radius of earth is

(a) 6.37 × 106 km (b) 6.37 × 106 m (c) 6.37 km (d ) 6.37 × 108 m
462 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

192. The electron density of D-layer is

(a) 4000 electrons/cc (b) 400 electrons/cc
(c) 400 electrons/m3 (d ) 4000 electrons/m3
193. D-layer exists in
(a) only day-time (b) only night
(c) all times (d ) summer
194. D-layer reflects
(a) HF (b) UHF
(c) microwave (d ) VLF and LF
195. E-layer exists at
(a) about 20 km (b) about 100 km
(c) about 300 km (d ) about 400 km
196. The cross product of E and H gives
(a) complex Poynting vector (b) Poynting vector
(c) wave equation (d ) polarisation
197. The magnetic field inside a perfect conductor is
(a) zero (b) uniform
(c) non-uniform (d ) reduced exponentially
198. The electric field in a perfect conductor is
(a) uniform (b) non-uniform
(c) reduced exponentially (d ) zero
199. The electric field is irrotational if
(a) ∇ .E=0 (b) ∇ E=0 (c) ∇ ×E=0 (d ) ∇2 E = 0
200. One-dimensional wave equation propagating in x-direction is
..
(a) ∇2 E = γ2 E (b) ∇2 E = E
∂2 E ∂2 E ∂2 E
(c) = µ0 ∈0 (d ) =0
∂ x2 ∂t 2 ∂ y2
201. In a conductor, if the charge is not moving, the radiation is
(a) very high (b) zero
(c) the same as when the charge moves (d ) moderate
202. If the charge is moving with a uniform velocity in an infinite straight wire, the radiator is
(a) infinite (b) moderate (c) zero (d ) high
203. If the charge is moving in a curved wire, radiation
(a) exists (b) does not exist
(c) is infinite (d ) same as when the wire is straight.
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 463

204. If the charge oscillates with time in a straight wire, it

(a) radiates (b) does not radiate
(c) stores energy (d ) oscillates
205. If the charge accelerates, there exists
(a) no radiation (b) radiation
(c) stored energy (d ) acceleration of antenna
206. If the charge decelerates, radiation
(a) is zero (b) exists
(c) does not exist in any antenna (d ) exists only in some wire antennas
207. The primary equation for electromagnetic radiation in a very thin z-directed wire of length L
is
d Iz d Iz
(a) L = L ρL a z (b) L = L ρL a y
dt dt
d Iz d Iz
(c) L = ρL a y (d ) L = L ρL
dt dt
208. Radiation with broad frequency spectrum is very strong if
(a) the pulses are of shorter duration (b) the pulses are of longer duration
(c) the pulses have more amplitude (d ) the pulses have small amplitude
209. For frequency independent antennas, the band width is
(a) zero (b) ∞ (c) finite (d ) moderate
210. The radiation intensity of an isotropic radiator is
Pr Pr Pr
(a) (b) (c) (d ) Pr
4 πr 2 4 πr 4π
211. An omni-directional antenna is a
(a) parabolic dish (b) dipole
(c) horn (d ) Yagi-Uda antenna
212. Loop antenna is
(a) isotropic radiator (b) directional radiator
(c) omni-directional radiator (d ) point source
213. Broadside arrays are
(a) omni-directional (b) point sources
(c) directional antennas (d ) isotropic antennas
214. In linear polarisation, there exists
(a) three components
(b) only one component
(c) two components differing by 90o phase
(d ) two components differing by 270o phase
464 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

215. If there exists two orthogonal linear components which are in time phase, polarisation is
(a) linear (b) circular (c) elliptical (d ) not present
216. Effective area of an antenna is
(a) ratio of power delivered to load to power density of incident wave
(b) ratio of radiation intensity to the power density of incident wave
(c) gp ⁄ gd
(d ) gd ⁄ gp
217. Aperture efficiency, ηa of an antenna is
(a) the ratio of gp and gd
(b) maximum effective area to physical area
(c) effective area to physical area
(d ) physical area to effective area
218. In far-field region, the angular field distribution is independent of
(a) transmitter power (b) distance from the antenna
(c) angular region (d ) antenna type
219. Fresnel region is
(a) far-field region (b) near-field region
(c) the region of constant field (d ) the region of no field
220. Fraunhofer region is
(a) far-field region (b) near-field region
(c) the region of constant field (d ) the region of no field
221. Reactive near-field region exists when

(a) R > 0.62 √ D3

λ
(b) R < 0.62 √ D2
λ

R < 0.62 √Dλ R > 0.62 √Dλ

3 2
(c) (d )

222. Fresnel region exists when


√ √
2
D3 D3 2D
(a) R ≤ 0.62 (b) R ≥ 0.62 and R <
λ λ λ

R ≥ 0.62 √Dλ
2D2 3
(c) R≥ (d )
λ
223. Fraunhofer region exists when
2D2 2D2
(a) R> (b) R<
λ λ

√Dλ √Dλ
3 3
(c) R ≥ 0.62 (d ) R ≤ 0.62
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 465

224. Unit of directivity is

(a) watts (b) watts/m2 (c) watts/m3 (d ) nil
225. Unit of solid angle is
(a) degrees (b) radian (c) sterradian (d ) nil
226. If h is the height of an antenna, the number of lobes are
h h λ
(a) ≈  ÷ (b) ≈ 2  ÷ (c) = 4 (d ) =2  ÷
λ λ h

227. Divergence factor of a field from earth is

reflected field from flat earth reflected field from curved surface
(a) (b)
reflected field from curved surface reflected field from flat earth
reflected field from curved surface incident field on curved surface
(c) (d )
incident field on curved surface reflected field from curved surface
228. If Rr is radiation resistance, µe is effective permeability of ferrite core, the radiation resistance
of ferrite loop is
 µ0  2  µe  2
(a) Rr  ÷ (b) Rr  ÷ (c) Rr (d ) R r µ0
 µe   µ0 

229. The resultant field of an array antenna is

(a) the product of element pattern and array factor
(b) array factor
(c) sum of element patterns
(d ) element pattern
230. The excitation required to orient a beam in θ0 direction is
(a) k d cos θ0 (b) – k d cos θ0 (c) – kd (d ) kd
231. Super directivity of an array can be obtained by
(a) reducing the spacing (b) increasing the spacing
(c) reducing the number of elements (d ) decreasing array length
232. Super directivity obtained by reducing the spacing and increasing the number of elements
results in
(a) high reactive power and Q
(b) low reactive power and Q
(c) small Q
(d ) high reactive power and lower Q
233. Circular antennas are most sensitive to
(a) linearly polarised waves (b) elliptically polarised waves
(c) circularly polarised waves (d ) unpolarised waves
466 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

234. Circular antenna has usually a length of

λ λ
(a) (b) λ (c) 2λ (d )
2 4
235. The horizontal pattern of circular antenna is
(a) circle (b) four equal lobe pattern
(c) figure-eight pattern (d ) six equal-lobe pattern

236. Two end-fire circular antenna elements with 90o phasing produce
(a) uni-directional pattern (b) figure eight pattern
(c) multi-directional pattern (d ) no radiation pattern
237. Circular antennas are widely used at
(a) VLF (b) HF
(c) microwave frequency (d ) UHF
238. Directors in Yagi-Uda antenna
(a) reduces the characteristic impedance of driven antenna element
(b) increases the characteristic impedance of driven antenna element
(c) has no effect on the characteristic impedance of driven element
(d ) act as open circuit
239. Directors and reflectors are used to
(a) reduce the impedance (b) increase the impedance
(c) increase the gain (d ) form an array
240. Due to the use of parasitic elements the band width of Yagi-Uda antenna is
(a) increased (b) not affected
(c) made ideal (d ) limited
241. Yagi-Uda antenna has
(a) poor front-to-back ratio (b) good front-to-back ratio
(c) infinite front-to-back ratio (d ) zero front-to-back ratio
242. A good front-to-back ratio
(a) increases co-channel interference (b) reduces co-channel interference
(c) has no effect on co-channel interference (d ) none of these
243. V-antenna yields
(a) bi-directional pattern (b) uni-directional pattern
(c) good signal strength compared to dipole (d ) less band width compared to dipole
244. V-antenna is popular for
(a) satellite reception (b) FM reception
(c) mobile reception (d ) radar signal reception
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 467

245. If the power gain of an antenna is 0.5 dB, the power ratio is
(a) 0.216 (b) 12.6 (c) 1.26 (d ) 1.06
246. If the voltage gain of an antenna is 1.0 dB, the voltage ratio is
(a) 1.26 (b) 0.126 (c) 1.06 (d ) 1.0
247. If the power gain of an antenna is 30 dB, the power ratio is
(a) 1.477 (b) 1000 (c) 100 (d ) 10
248. If the power gain of an antenna is 20, the power gain in dB is
(a) 13 (b) 130 (c) 20 (d ) 200
249. If a dipole is tilted forward, the band width becomes
(a) zero (b) infinite
(c) more (d ) reduced
250. Voltage distribution on a 1.5 λ dipole is

251. Current distribution in 1.5 λ dipole is

252. Radiation pattern of a full-wave dipole is

468 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

253. Voltage distribution on a full-wave dipole is

254. Current distribution on a full-wave dipole is

255. FM band is
(a) 78-98 MHz (b) 88-108 MHz
(c) 108-128 MHz (d ) 100-200 MHz
256. The frequency band of lower five TV channels (VHF)
(a) 50-78 MHz (b) 54-98 MHz
(c) 54-88 MHz (d ) 60-84 MHz
257. The frequency band of upper seven TV channels (VHF) is
(a) 150-216 MHz (b) 174-250 MHz
(c) 174-216 MHz (d ) 100-216 MHz
258. The voltage distribution of a half-wave dipole is

259. Current distribution in a half-wave dipole is

 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 469

260. The line of sight distance for 500 ft and 30 ft transmitting antenna and receiving antenna
respectively is
(a) 31 miles (b) 41 miles (c) 51 miles (d ) 21 miles
261. If a 300 Ω line is terminated in a 75 Ω dipole, SWR is
(a) 4 (b) 0.25 (c) 8 (d ) 2
262. The power density at a distance of 1 km from 1 kW isotropic radiator is
(a) 795 mW ⁄ m2 (b) 79.5 mW ⁄ m2
(c) 795 µ W ⁄ m2 (d ) 79.5 µ W ⁄ m2
263. For radio wave propagation, fresh water is considered to be
(a) very poor (b) poor (c) very good (d ) average
264. For radio wave propagation, cities are considered to be
(a) poor (b) very poor (c) very good (d ) good
265. The phase velocity of a wave in a medium whose ∈r = 0 is
(a) ∞ (b) 0 (c) finite (d ) υ0
266. Directivity of a loop antenna whose radius is 0.5 m at f = 0.9 MHz is
(a) 1.0 (b) 1.5 (c) 2.5 (d ) 3.5
267. The number of log-periodic antenna elements depends on
(a) gain only (b) wedge angle only
(c) band width only (d ) band width, scale and space factors
268. Rhombic antenna is
(a) standing wave antenna (b) narrow band antenna
λ
(c) antenna (d ) travelling wave antenna
2
269. Antenna radiation efficiency is high when its length is
λ λ
(a) (b) λ (c) 3 (d ) ∞
2 2
270. Antenna resonates when its length is integer multiples of
λ λ λ
(a) λ (b) (c) (d )
2 4 3
271. Tower antenna is used for
(a) broadcast communication (b) satellite communication
(c) microwave communication (d ) millimeterwave communication
272. For a 100 Ω antenna with 2 A of current, radiated power is
(a) 400 watts (b) 200 watts
(c) 50 watts (d ) 25 watts
470 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

273. For a perfect conductor, the power transmission coefficient is

(a) 1 (b) zero
(c) ∞ (d ) reflection coefficient

274. For a perfect conductor, the power reflection coefficient | ρ |2 is

(a) equal to transmission coefficient (b) 1 – T
(c) 1 (d ) 0
275. The Rayleigh criterion in the case of reflection of electromagnetic wave from semi-rough
surface is
λ λ
(a) cos θi > (b) cos θi =
8d 8d
λ
(c) cos θi < (d ) cos θi = 0
8d
276. Ground wave propagation requires
(a) high transmitter power (b) high frequency
(c) better seasonal conditions (d ) rainy conditions
277. Maximum usable frequency is
(a) fc cos θi (b) fc sec θi
(c) fc sec θr (d ) fc cosec θi
278. For an operating frequency of 6 GHz, the basic transmission loss at a distance of 50 km from
the transmitter is
(a) 132 dB (b) 152 dB (c) 142 dB (d ) 42 dB
279. The percent band width of an antenna with an optimum frequency of operation of 500 MHz
and – 3 dB of frequencies of 300 and 350 MHz is
(a) 20% (b) 100% (c) 500% (d ) 10%

280. The received power of a receiving antenna whose effective area is 0.2m2 for an available power
density of 100 µ W ⁄ m2 is
(a) 200 µ W ⁄ m2 (b) 20 µ W ⁄ m2
(c) 50 µ W ⁄ m2 (d ) 500 µ W ⁄ m2
281. For an ideal antenna, the directivity is
(a) power gain (b) 1
(c) 1.64 (d ) 1.5
282. For an ideal antenna, the radiation resistance is
(a) 73 Ω (b) 36.5 Ω
(c) 293 Ω (d ) input impedance
283. The power gain in dB of isotropic radiator is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1.5 (d ) 1.64
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 471

284. The radiation resistance of a small loop antenna is

A2
(a) 31,200 (b) 73 Ω
λ4
(c) 36.5 Ω (d ) 292 Ω
285. Half-power beam width of optimum flare horn in E-plane, is
56 λ 28 λ 122 λ
(a) (b) (c) (d ) 112o
dE dE dE

286. Half-power beam width of optimum flare horn in H-plane, is

28 λ 56 λ
(a) (b) (c) 56 λ (d ) 28 λ
dH dH

287. The normalised radiated power of a dipole is

(a) 1 (b) 1.5 (c) sin2 θ (d ) 1.64
288. The directive gain of electric dipole is
(a) 1.5 (b) 1.5 sin2 θ (c) 1.64 (d ) 1.0
289. A magnetic dipole is
(a) a small circular loop (b) a piece of wire
(c) a piece of conducting rod (d ) the same as electric dipole
290. Virtual height of ionospheric layer is measured by an instrument namely
(a) speedometer (b) radar
(c) altimeter (d ) ionosonde
291. If T = time required for the round trip, v0 = velocity of the wave, the virtual height of layer is
ν0 T T
(a) hυ = (b) hυ = v0 T (c) hυ = (d ) hυ = ν20 T
2 ν0

292. Gyro frequency is

qe 2 πm B
(a) B (b)
2 πm qe
2π
(c) 2 π B qe m (d ) B
mqe

293. If the resistance part of antenna is 100 Ω, radiation resistance is 80 Ω, the antenna efficiency is
(a) 0.8 (b) 10/8 (c) 0.4 (d ) 8/18
294. If φ is the angle between the axis of a receiving dipole and the direction of electric field, the
polarisation loss factor is
(a) sin φ (b) cos φ (c) tan φ (d ) sec φ
472 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

295. The effective length of a half-wave dipole is

λ
(a) 0.4 λ (b) 0.45 λ (c) (d ) 0.55 λ
π
296. Effective area of a Hertzian dipole is
(a) 0.2 λ2 (b) 0.25 λ2 (c) 0.119 λ2 (d ) 0.3 λ2
297. Directive gain is equal to power gain if
(a) η = ∞ (b) η = 1 (c) η = gp (d ) η = gd

298. Directive gain and directivity are equal for

(a) directional antenna (b) dipole
(c) parabolic dish (d ) isotropic antenna
299. For an isotropic antenna operating at λ = √
4π , the effective area is
(a) 4π (b) 1 (c) (4 π)2 (d ) 2
300. Equivalent circuit of a half-wave dipole is

301. For direction finding applications, the required radiation beam should be
(a) narrow (b) broad (c) cosecant (d ) ramp
302. Directivity is
(a) inversely proportional to beam width
(b) inversely proportional to square of beam width
(c) directly proportional to beam width
(d ) directly proportional to square of beam width
303. If the direction of propagation of an electromagnetic wave is in z-direction, the polarisation
is in
(a) z-direction (b) y-direction
(c) x-direction (d ) circular polarisation
304. If the quality factor of an antenna is 1000, resonant frequency is 10 MHz, its band width is
(a) 100 kHz (b) 10 kHz (c) 10 Hz (d ) 10 MHz
305. The maximum effective area of an antenna operating at λ = 10 cm with directivity of 100 is
 1  2
(a) 1000 cm2 (b)  ÷m (c) 4 π m2 (d ) 10 π m2
 4π 
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 473

306. The radiation resistance of an antenna which radiates 10 kW when a current of 10 ampere flows
in it, is
(a) 100 Ω (b) 1,000 Ω
(c) 10 Ω (d ) 100 K Ω
307. When an antenna radiates 10 kW in forward and 1 kW in backward directions, the front-to-
back ratio of the antenna is
(a) 1 dB (b) 10 dB (c) 100 dB (d ) 0 dB
308. The maximum gain of 100 element uniform linear array is
(a) 10 (b) 100 (c) 1,000 (d ) 1
309. The radiation pattern of a travelling antenna is

310. If half-power beam width of parabolic antenna is 12o, its Null-to-Null beam width is
(a) 12o (b) 6o (c) 24o (d ) 48o

311. If Null-to-Null beam width of a parabolic antenna is 6.5o, its half-power beam width is
(a) 3.25o (b) 6.5o (c) 13o (d ) 26o
312. If the mouth diameter of a parabolic antenna is 2.5 m and if it is operating at a frequency of
10 GHz, the power gain in dB is
(a) 46.19 (b) 25 (c) 250 (d ) 100
313. If the mouth diameter of a parabolic antenna is 2.5 m, and if it is operating at λ = 0.25 m,
half-power beam width is
(a) 7.0o (b) 14.0o (c) 3.5o (d ) 21o
474 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

314. If the mouth diameter of a parabolic antenna is 2.5 m, and if it is operating at λ = 0.25 m,
Null-to-Null Beam width is
(a) 7o (b) 14o (c) 21o (d ) 3.5o

315. If the critical frequency of an ionospheric layer is 10 MHz and the angle of incidence is 30o,
MUF is
(a) 11.54 MHz (b) 115.4 MHz (c) 11.54 kHz (d ) 115.4 kHz
.
316. The integral form of ∇ × H = D + J is
. .
(a) o ∫ H . dL = o∫ (D + J) . dS (b) o ∫ (∇ × H) × dL = o∫ (D + J) . dS
S S
. .
(c) ∫ (∇ . H) . dL = ∫
o (D + J) . dS (d ) ∫ H . dS = ∫
o (D + J) . dS
S S L

317. If a medium has ∈r = 81, σ = 2 mho ⁄ m, f = 10 GHz, it is

(a) a conductor (b) a bad conductor
(c) an insulator (d ) a good insulator
.
318. If integral form ∇ × H = – B is
.
(a) ∫ H . d L = ∫ B . dS (b) ∫ H . d L = – ∫ B . dS
o
S L S
. .
(c) ∫ (∇ × H) d L = – ∫ B . dS (d ) ∫ H . dS = – ∫ B . dS
L S S S

319. If parabolic dish diameter increases

(a) beam width becomes small
(b) beam width becomes high
(c) beam width becomes high and sometimes small
(d ) beam width remains constant
320. Troposcatter communication is used at
(a) UHF and VHF (b) LF
(c) HF (d ) VLF
321. The relative permittivity of the ionosphere is
(a) more than 1 (b) equal to 1
(c) equal to ∞ (d ) less than 1
322. The radiated electric field is
1 1
(a) µ√
Pr (b) µ Pr (c) µ (d ) µ
Pr Pr
√
323. The radiation resistance of a current element is
1 1
(a) µ dl (b) µ (d l )2 (c) µ (d ) µ
dl (d l )2
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 475

324. Ground wave propagation is affected by

(a) weather conditions (b) rain
(c) temperature changes (d ) ground constant
325. Poynting vector has the unit of
(a) watts/m3 (b) watts (c) watts/m2 (d ) volt-ampere
326. The current element has a directive gain of
(a) 3/2 (b) 2/3 (c) 1 (d ) 1.64
327. The polarisation of horizontal dipole is
(a) vertical (b) horizontal
(c) θ-polarisation (d ) elliptical
328. The ionospheric layer that exists during day and night is
(a) D (b) E (c) F1 (d ) F2
329. To receive horizontally polarised wave, the receiving antenna should be polarised
(a) vertically (b) horizontally
(c) circularly (d ) elliptically

329. The unit of ∫∫ (E × H) . dS

(a) watts/m2 (b) watts/m3

(c) watts (d ) volt-ampere
331. The skin depth of an ideal conductor is
(a) ∞ (b) zero (c) finite (d ) 
√ ω µσ
332. The unit of propagation is
(a) nil (b) 1⁄m (c) 1 ⁄ m2 (d ) rad
333. The conducting properties of a medium depends on
(a) σ only (b) ∈ only
(c) f only (d ) σ, ∈ and f
334. The characteristics of a good dielectric depend on
(a) σ only (b) σ, ∈, f (c) ∈ only (d ) f only
335. The surface current density of a good dielectric medium is
(a) zero (b) infinity (c) finite (d ) –1
336. The surface volume charge density of a good dielectric medium is
(a) – 1 (b) infinity (c) finite (d ) zero
337. In the boundary condition, Dn1 – Dn2 = ρs , the unit of ρs is
(a) C ⁄ m3 (b) C ⁄ m2 (c) C⁄m (d ) C
476 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

338. In the boundary condition, Ht 1 – Ht 2 = Js , the unit of Js is

(a) ampere (b) amp/m (c) amp/m2 (d ) H/m

339. In the boundary condition, Bn1 – Bn2 = 0, the unit of Bn1 or Bn2 is
(a) wb (b) wb/m (c) tesla/m (d ) wb/m2
340. In the boundary condition, Et 1 – Et 2 = 0, the unit of Et 1 or Et 2 is
(a) volt/m2 (b) volt/m (c) volt (d ) volt-m
341. When a wave propagating in free space enters the ionosphere, its velocity
(a) becomes zero (b) increases
(c) decreases (d ) is constant

342. When an electromagnetic wave of critical frequency 20 MHz has an incident angle of 30o, its
maximum usuable frequency is
(a) 20 sec θi (b) 20 cos θi (c) 20 sin θi (d ) 20 MHz
343. The critical frequency of D-layer (Nm = 400) is
(a) 180 kHz (b) 36.00 kHz (c) 360 kHz (d ) 180 Hz
344. H is
B P
(a) ∇ ×E (b) (c) ∇ .B (d )
µ E
345. The permittivity of a space is
(a) 1 (b) ∈0 (c) >1 (d ) ∞
346. The electric field of a circularly polarised wave is represented by
(a) (ax + j ay) e j (ω t – β z) (b) (ax + ay) e j (ω t – β z)

(c) ax e j (ω t – β z) (d ) ay e j (ω t – β z)

347. A quarter-wave line yields

(a) zero impedance (b) infinite impedance
(c) impedance inversion (d ) real and reactive impedance
348. Turnstile antenna consists of
(a) four dipoles (b) crossed dipoles
(c) three dipoles (d ) long dipole
349. The critical frequency of the ionospheric layer of electron density N, is
(a) µ Nmax (b) µ√

Nmax
1
(c) µ (d ) µN
Nmax
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 477

350. The tangential electric field at a perfect conductor is

(a) 1 (b) ∞
(c) zero (d ) – ∞
351. An electromagnetic wave, when incident on a perfect conductor is
(a) reflected completely (b) transmitted completely
(c) reflected and transmitted (d ) refracted completely
352. Dielectric lens act as
(a) directive antennas (b) non-directive antennas
(c) dipoles (d ) monopoles
353. The electric field of elliptically polarised electromagnetic wave is represented by
(a) (ax + j ay) e j (ω t – β z)
(b) (Ex ax + j Ey ay) e j (ω t – β z)
(c) Ex ax e j (ω t – β z)
(d ) Ey ay e j (ω t – β z)
354. The polarisation of radio broadcast antennas is
(a) horizontal (b) elliptical
(c) vertical (d ) nil
355. A transmission line can be converted into
(a) a dipole antenna (b) a dish antenna
(c) a horn (d ) lens
356. The antenna as shown in Fig. 1 is

Fig. 1

(a) bi-directional (b) uni-directional

(c) non-resonant (d ) not a radiator
357. The antenna as shown in Fig. 2 is

Fig. 2
478 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

(a) bi-directional (b) uni-directional

(c) resonant (d ) not a radiator
358. The pattern as shown in Fig. 3 is

Fig. 3

(a) uni-directional (b) bi-directional

(c) multi-directional (d ) non-directional
359. The pattern as shown in Fig. 4 is

Fig. 4

(a) uni-directional (b) bi-directional

(c) multi-directional (d ) non-directional
360. The pattern of rhombic antenna is
(a) uni-directional (b) bi-directional
(c) non-directional (d ) multi-directional
361. In a travelling wave antenna, if the length of wire increases, the major lobes
(a) become closer to the wire axis (b) become vertical to the wire axis
(c) move away from the wire axis (d ) do not appear
362. The common mobile antenna is a
(a) dipole (b) V antenna
(c) whip antenna (d ) dish antenna
363. The length of the mobile antenna is
(a) λ (b) λ ⁄ 2 (c) λ⁄4 (d ) >λ
364. At f = 30 MHz, the length of the mobile whip antenna is
(a) 0.4572 m (b) 4.572 m
(c) 45.72 m (d ) 0.4572 m
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 479

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b)

7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (a)
13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (a)
19. (b) 20. (b) 21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (a)
25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (a) 36. (a)
37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (a) 41. (a) 42. (c)
43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (b)
49. (a) 50. (a) 51. (b) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (c)
55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (a)
61. (b) 62. (a) 63. (d) 64. (a) 65. (b) 66. (a)
67. (b) 68. (c) 69. (b) 70. (a) 71. (c) 72. (b)
73. (a) 74. (c) 75. (a) 76. (d) 77. (d) 78. (d)
79. (d) 80. (b) 81. (a) 82. (a) 83. (a) 84. (a)
85. (c) 86. (a) 87. (d) 88. (a) 89. (b) 90. (d)
91. (a) 92. (c) 93. (b) 94. (a) 95. (b) 96. (c)
97. (b) 98. (a) 99. (a) 100. (d) 101. (b) 102. (d)
103. (b) 104. (a) 105. (b) 106. (b) 107. (c) 108. (d)
109. (c) 110. (a) 111. (a) 112. (d) 113. (a) 114. (a)
115. (a) 116. (a) 117. (a) 118. (a) 119. (a) 120. (a)
121. (c) 122. (a) 123. (a) 124. (a) 125. (a) 126. (a)
127. (b) 128. (a) 129. (a) 130. (b) 131. (d) 132. (a)
133. (b) 134. (a) 135. (c) 136. (a) 137. (a) 138. (b)
139. (a) 140. (a) 141. (d) 142. (a) 143. (c) 144. (a)
145. (b) 146. (c) 147. (b) 148. (b) 149. (a) 150. (a)
151. (a) 152. (a) 153. (a) 154. (a) 155. (b) 156. (a)
157. (a) 158. (a) 159. (a) 160. (b) 161. (a) 162. (b)
163. (b) 164. (d) 165. (b) 166. (c) 167. (d) 168. (d)
169. (d) 170. (c) 171. (d) 172. (a) 173. (c) 174. (d)
175. (d) 176. (c) 177. (d) 178. (b) 179. (b) 180. (b)
181. (a) 182. (a) 183. (a) 184. (a) 185. (b) 186. (a)
187. (a) 188. (b) 189. (b) 190. (c) 191. (a) 192. (b)
193. (a) 194. (d) 195. (b) 196. (b) 197. (a) 198. (d)
199. (c) 200. (c) 201. (b) 202. (c) 203. (a) 204. (a)
205. (b) 206. (b) 207. (a) 208. (a) 209. (b) 210. (c)
211. (b) 212. (c) 213. (a) 214. (b) 215. (a) 216. (a)
217. (b) 218. (b) 219. (b) 220. (a) 221. (c) 222. (b)
480 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION

223. (a) 224. (d) 225. (c) 226. (b) 227. (b) 228. (b)
229. (a) 230. (b) 231. (a) 232. (a) 233. (c) 234. (b)
235. (c) 236. (a) 237. (d) 238. (a) 239. (c) 240. (d)
241. (b) 242. (b) 243. (a) 244. (b) 245. (c) 246. (c)
247. (b) 248. (a) 249. (c) 250. (a) 251. (b) 252. (a)
253. (a) 254. (b) 255. (b) 256. (c) 257. (c) 258. (a)
259. (b) 260. (b) 261. (a) 262. (d) 263. (a) 264. (b)
265. (a) 266. (b) 267. (d) 268. (d) 269. (a) 270. (b)
271. (a) 272. (a) 273. (b) 274. (b) 275. (a) 276. (a)
277. (b) 278. (c) 279. (d) 280. (b) 281. (a) 282. (d)
283. (a) 284. (a) 285. (a) 286. (b) 287. (c) 288. (b)
289. (a) 290. (d) 291. (a) 292. (a) 293. (a) 294. (b)
295. (c) 296. (c) 297. (b) 298. (d) 299. (b) 300. (d)
301. (a) 302. (a) 303. (c) 304. (b) 305. (b) 306. (a)
307. (b) 308. (b) 309. (a) 310. (c) 311. (a) 312. (a)
313. (a) 314. (b) 315. (a) 316. (a) 317. (a) 318. (b)
319. (a) 320. (a) 321. (d) 322. (a) 323. (b) 324. (d)
325. (c) 326. (a) 327. (b) 328. (d) 329. (b) 330. (c)
331. (b) 332. (b) 333. (d) 334. (b) 335. (a) 336. (d)
337. (b) 338. (b) 339. (d) 340. (b) 341. (b) 342. (a)
343. (a) 344. (b) 345. (b) 346. (a) 347. (c) 348. (b)
349. (b) 350. (c) 351. (a) 352. (a) 353. (b) 354. (c)
355. (a) 356. (a) 357. (b) 358. (b) 359. (a) 360. (a)
361. (a) 362. (c) 363. (c) 364. (a)